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Structural Analysis of the Mona Rift, Puerto Rico

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Structural Analysis of the Mona Rift, Puerto Rico MORPHOLOGY, STRUCTURE, AND TECTONIC EVOLUTION OF THE MONA CANYON, PUERTO RICO Steven A. Mondziel A Thesis Submitted to the University of North Carolina Wilmington in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Department of Geography and Geology University of North Carolina Wilmington 2007 Approved by Advisory Committee ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Chair Accepted by ______________________________ Dean, Graduate School This document has been prepared according to the guidelines for submission to the Journal of Marine Geology ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Overview and Significance of the Research ....................................................................... 1 Pinning and Extension Model................................................................................. 4 Rotating Block Model............................................................................................. 5 Incised Canyon Model ............................................................................................ 7 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................. 10 Geologic and Tectonic Setting.......................................................................................... 10 Previous Studies................................................................................................................ 11 MARINE GEOPHYSICAL DATA AND METHODOLOGY ........................................ 16 Multibeam Bathymetry Data............................................................................................. 16 Single-Channel Seismic Reflection Data.......................................................................... 19 Multi-Channel Seismic Reflection Data ........................................................................... 20 Interpretation of Single- and Multi-Channel Seismic Reflection Data................. 21 Earthquake Data................................................................................................................ 28 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION OF MARINE GEOPHYSICAL DATA............. 29 Morphology and Structure ................................................................................................ 29 Southern Mona Canyon ........................................................................................ 30 Central Mona Canyon........................................................................................... 35 iii Northern Mona Canyon and Mona Block............................................................. 40 STRUCTURAL RESTORATION OF CENTRAL MONA CANYON........................... 53 DISCUSSION................................................................................................................... 60 Comparison of Evidence with Proposed Tectonic Models............................................... 60 Pinning and Extension Model............................................................................... 60 Rotating Block Model........................................................................................... 66 Incised Canyon Model .......................................................................................... 67 Summary of Tectonic Models............................................................................... 69 Tectonic Evolution of Central Mona Canyon................................................................... 69 Tectonic Phase I: Initial Rifting in Central Mona Canyon: Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene ........................................................................................................ 71 Tectonic Phase II: Later Rifting in Central Mona Canyon: Late Miocene to Recent ................................................................................................................... 76 Tsunami Implications........................................................................................................ 78 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................................... 85 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 87 iv ABSTRACT The Mona Canyon is a z-shaped, 20-30 km-wide, 140 km-long, and 2-3.5 km- deep atypical submarine canyon that incises the Greater Antilles island arc off the northwest coast of Puerto Rico. This is the first study to systematically integrate multiple sets of marine geophysical data, including multibeam bathymetry, sidescan sonar imagery, single- and multi-channel seismic reflection profiles, and earthquakes to evaluate the morphology, structure, and the tectonic evolution of the Mona Canyon. The data suggest that the Mona Canyon is a half-graben structure that is controlled by the listric Mona Canyon master fault on the east side of the canyon, and antithetic faults on the west side of the canyon. The interpreted marine geophysical data leads to a proposed extensional model for the formation of the Mona Canyon. A structural restoration of the central Mona Canyon performed in this study indicates that extension in the Mona Canyon appears to have initiated in the Middle Oligocene, approximately 30 Ma. This is in contrast to the previous estimate of 1.2 Ma that was predicted using differential GPS vectors between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. The extension is proposed to have occurred over two phases. Phase I occurred from the Middle Oligocene to Late Miocene, and was a slow, initial stage of at least 1.66 km. Phase II occurred from the Late Miocene to the Recent, and was a more rapid, late stage extension of at least 4.39 km, for a total minimum extension through the Recent of 6.05 km. On October 11, 1918, a M7.2 earthquake near the southern end of the Mona Canyon generated a 4-6 m-high tsunami that inundated the northwest coast of Puerto Rico, and claimed over 100 lives. This study presents evidence for a 7 km-wide, 200 m- v high amphitheater-shaped headscarp in the southern Mona Canyon that is located in the same region as two submarine cable breaks that occurred after the 1918 tsunami. Numerical modeling performed using the southern Mona Canyon mass wasting feature as a source mechanism for the deadly 1918 tsunami generates a wave that matches well with the observed 4-6 m-high run-up, phase, and timing. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank my committee members, Drs. Nancy Grindlay, Lew Abrams, and Dave Blake for their guidance and support throughout my stay at University of North Carolina Wilmington (UNCW). I would also like to thank Dr. Paul Mann at the University of Texas at Austin Institute for Geophysics (UTIG) for being an outside reader of this Master’s thesis. I would like to thank Roger Shew for his willingness to help me interpret my seismic data, as well as helping me become an experienced teacher, and subsequently, a much better geologist and public speaker. I would also like to thank Catherine Morris and Anne Sutter for their logistical support, as well as for being the backbone of the UNCW Geography and Geology Department. I would like to thank Drs. John Diebold and Neil Driscoll at the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) for allowing access to the EW9501 multi-channel seismic (MCS) data. I would like to thank Joyce Alsop at LDEO and Lisa Gahagan at UTIG for facilitating the transfer of the EW9501 data. I would like to thank Steffen Saustrup and Dr. Kirk McIntosh for helping me to process the three EW9501 MCS lines at UTIG in an incredibly short time period. I would like to thank Dr. Alejandro Escalona for providing his expertise in seismic interpretation and structural restorations. I would like to thank Drs. Katherine Ellins and Sabine Wulf for providing me with residence during my stay in Austin, Texas. I would also like to thank Dr. Matthew Hornbach for his help in the tsunami aspects of this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my family and friends for providing me with the two most important kinds of support, emotional and monetary, throughout my education. Without them, none of this would have been possible. vii This research has been partially supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE-9796189 (NRG) and OCE-9504118 (PM)), University of Puerto Rico SeaGrant Program (R-122-1-04 (NRG)), the UNCW Center for Marine Science, and the UNCW Geography and Geology Department. viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Combined multibeam bathymetry data collected over the Mona Canyon and used in this study………………………..…………………………………......17 ix LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1. Bathymetric and tectonic index map of a portion of the northeast Caribbean ....... 2 Fig. 2. Pinning and extension model.................................................................................. 6 Fig. 3. Rotating block model.............................................................................................
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