Mitteilungen Der Botanischen Staatssammlung München

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Mitteilungen Der Botanischen Staatssammlung München © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at Mitt. Bot. München Band VIIT p. 219-538 30.6.1969 DIE SAMENMERKMALE UND VERWANDTSCHAFTSVERHALTNISSE DER LILIIFLOREN von H. HUBER (Würzburg) Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 222 Erster Hauptteil. Die Samen der Liliifloren 224 A. Die Gestalt der Samen 224 B. Eläosomen und homologe Anhängsel .... 230 C. Die Samenschale 233.. Das äußere Integument (Ä. I. ) 234 Das innere Integument (I. I. ) 245 Die Cuticulae 247 Die Chalaza 249 D. Der Nuzellusrest 250 E. Das Endosperm 251 F. Der Embryo 260 Zweiter Hauptteil. Sippengliederung und Verwandt- schaftsverhältnisse 266 A. Die dioscoreoiden Liliifloren 266 I. Die Dioscoreaceen nebst Stenomeris und Trichopus 266 II. Die Roxburghiaceen und Trilliaceen . 277 Die Roxburghiaceen 277 Die Trilliaceen (Parideen) 284 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at 220 - III. Rhipogonum, Smilax und die "Luzuriagoideen" 291 Rhipogonum 291 Smilax 294 Die "Luzuriagoideen" 297 B. Die asparagoiden Liliifloren 304 IV. Die Herreriaceen 304 V. Die "Asparagoideen" und "Ophiopo- gonoideen" 305 VI. Die Dracaenen 317 Dracaena und Sansevieria 317 Die Nolinaceen 322 VII. Astelia, Cordyline und die Anthericum- Gruppe 325 VIII. Die Asphodelaceen 341 IX. Die Agavaceen 349 Die Agaveen und Yucceen 349 Hosta 356 X. Doryanthes und Phormium 3 58 Doryanthes 358 Phormium 362 XI. Acanthocarpus, Lomandra und Xanthorrhoea 3 66 XII. Hemerocallis und die zwiebelartigen asparagoiden Liliifloren 372 Hemerocallis 373 Die "AUioideen" 376 Die "Scilloideen" 383 Die Amaryllidaceen 394 Ixiolirion 404 XIII. Die Hypoxidaceen 406 XIV. Die knollentragenden Gattungen um Cyanella, Walleria und Eriospermum . 409 C. Die colchicoiden Liliifloren 420 XV. Uvularia, Colchicum und die Iridaceen 420 Uvularia, Colchicum und verwandte Gattungen 420 Campynemanthe und die Iridaceen . 430 XVI. Die Alstroemeriaceen 447 XVII. Calochortus, Veratrum und die eigent- lichen Liliaceen 452 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at 221 - Tricyrtis und die eigentlichen Liliaceen . 453 Calochortus, Tofieldia und die Gattun- gen um Veratrum 461 D. Die haemodoroiden Liliifloren 475 XVIII. Die Taccaceen 475 XIX. Die Haemodoreen und Conostylideen. 482 E. Die Familien von unsicherem Anschluß . 497 Bürmanniaceen und Corsiaceen 497 Velloziaceen 498 RDntederiaceen und Philydraceen 502 Zusammenfassung 505 Verzeichnis der im zweiten Hauptteil genannten Gattungen 524 Zitierte Literatur 529 © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at - 222 - VORWORT Obwohl die Liliifloren seit Jahrhunderten in reicher Zahl die botanischen Gärten bevölkern, gehören sie ihren Verwandt- schaftsverhältnissen nach zu den am wenigsten bekannten Angio- spermen. In was für einem tiefen Dunkel das natürliche System der Liliifloren liegt, illustrieren am deutlichsten die unglaubli- chen Vereinfachungen, die noch in den jüngsten Auflagen der da- mit beschäftigten Hand- und Lehrbücher abgedruckt sind. Derweil liegen die Schwierigkeiten beim Aufhellen ihrer na- türlichen Entwicklungslinien gar nicht, wie man angesichts der Darstellung dieses Formenkreises in den herkömmlichen Syste- men glauben könnte, im Fehlen von "Indikator- Merkmalen" (TERENTJEW 1931), sondern in dem Umstand, daß diese zu einem großen Teil in Organbezirken liegen, denen die meisten Autoren keine Bedeutung zuerkennen. Bekanntlich ist die Familiengliederung der Angiospermen im großen Ganzen auf die Grobmorphologie der Blüten begründet; diese gilt bei den Liliifloren als äußerst einförmig. Im Gegen- satz zu dieser landläufigen Meinung stehen freilich die von GRASSMANN (1884), SCHNIEWIND-THIES (1897), DELPINO (1903) und FORSCH (1914) beschriebenen, ganz verschiedenartig kon- struierten Nektarien, die von SCHÄPPI (1939) gefundenen Unter- schiede im Bau der Staubblätter und die von SCHLITTLER (1943) untersuchte Blütenabgliederung sowie das Vorkommen von Peri- kladien ''. Um eine hinreichend tragfähige Unterlage für die Neuord- nung der Liliifloren zu erhalten, bedarf es indessen eines reiche- ren Merkmalsbestands, als ihn der Blütenbau allein abgibt. Aus dieser Einsicht entstand, angeregt durch KARL FRITSCH, zwi- schen 1910 und 1925 eine Reihe von anatomischen Untersuchungen über die vegetativen Organe der Liliifloren, von denen sich die Arbeit BUXBAUMS als die bedeutendste erwies. Neuerdings ha- ben vor allem CHEADLE (1953), FAHN (1954a und b) sowie 1) Perikladium nennt VELENOVSKY (1910) die stielförmige, vom Pedicellus abgegliederte Blütenbasis, die aus der Verwach- sung der Blütenhülle nebst dem Andrözeum mit einem Gynophor hervorgeht. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at 223 STEBBINS und KHUSH (1961) weitere Beobachtungen zur Anatomie der Vegetationsorgane beigesteuert. Eine wesentliche Vertiefung erfuhr die Kenntnis der Lilii- floren mit der Durchforschung ihrer gametophytischen Merkmale, um die sich, neben vielen anderen, SUESSENGUTH, PALM, GUERIN, ONO und besonders STENAR und SCHNAUF sowie in jüngster Zeit CAVE, DE VOS und WUNDERLICH verdient gemacht haben. In diesem Bereich stellten sich die Liliifloren als unver- gleichlich plastisch heraus. Unterschiede zeigen sich vor allem im Antherentapetum, das zwar im allgemeinen als Sekretionsta- petum ausgebildet ist, gelegentlich aber amöboid wird und sogar in ein Periplasmodium übergehen kann, im Teilungsmodus der Pollenmutterzelle, im Verhalten der primären Archesporzelle, die teils eine Deckzelle abgliedert, teils unmittelbar zur Embryo- sack-Mutterzelle wird sowie in der Entstehung des Endosperms. Diese Aufzählung erschöpft die Vielfalt der gametophytischen Merkmale noch lange nicht, doch sind die übrigen zumeist nur fragmentarisch bekannt. Die starke Differenzierung in diesem Merkmalsbereich ist an sich kein Beweis gegen die Zusammen- gehörigkeit der Liliifloren, bei denen es eine ganze Anzahl von durchaus natürlichen Familien und Triben gibt, die sich, wie bei- spielsweise die Amaryllidaceen (in der engen Fassung von Seite 402), sowohl was die Abgliederung von Deckzellen, als auch was die Endospermbildung angeht, ganz unterschiedlich verhalten. Ebensowenig verbürgt eine weitgehende Übereinstimmung in den gametophytischen Merkmalen verwandtschaftliche Zusammenhänge. Häufig fallen beispielsweise die Abgliederung einer Deckzelle und helobiale Endospermbildung oder die Unterdrückung der Deckzel- len und nukleare Endospermbildung zusammen, ohne daß die so ausgezeichneten Gattungen, für die im einen Fall Ornithoga- 1 u m, Veratrum und Wachendorfia, im anderen Allium, Colchicum und Trichopus stehen mögen, auch sonst irgend etwas miteinander zu tun haben. Abgesehen von den verbreiteten Konvergenzen wirkt sich die mangelhafte Durchforschung, zumal der südhemisphärischen Formenkreise, nachteilig auf alle Versuche aus, die Verwandt- schaftsverhältnisse der Liliifloren mit Hilfe der gametophyti- schen Merkmale aufzuhellen. Unter diesen Verhältnissen wäre es wenig ermutigend, wenn auch möglicherweise nicht gerade aussichtslos gewesen, der natürlichen Gliederung der Liliifloren nachzuspüren, hätte sich nicht in den Samen ein Organbezirk gefunden, der dem game- © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at 224 - tophytischen Bereich in seiner Differenziertheit nicht nur nicht nachsteht, sondern ihm wegen seiner Unverwüstlichkeit sogar überlegen ist. Es taugen nämlich die meisten Samen selbst nach jahrzehntelangem Aufenthalt in einem Herbarium noch uneinge- schränkt zu einer anatomischen Untersuchung. Diesem Umstand und dem großzügigen Entgegenkommen von Herrn Professor H. MERXMÜLLER, der mir die Samen' der im Staatsherbarium München aufbewahrten Liliifloren zur Verfü- gung stellte sowie Herrn Professor O. H. VOLK, der mich mit weiteren Samen und jederzeit mit Rat und Tat unterstützte, ist es zu danken, daß ich in wenigen Jahren Samen aus immerhin 240 (von insgesamt etwas über 400) Liliifloren-Gattungen unter- suchen konnte. Die Bildungsweise des Endosperms, als Beispiel für eines der bedeutendsten gametophytischen Merkmale, ist im Gegensatz dazu trotz den sich bereits über ein halbes Jahrhundert hinziehenden Bemühungen mehrerer Autoren noch immer erst von einem Viertel aller Liliifloren-Genera bekannt. Besonderen Dank schulde ich Herrn Dr. G. LYSEK für die gewissenhaften histologischen Zeichnungen, die er in selbstloser Weise für mich angefertigt hat. ERSTER HAUPTTEIL DIE SAMEN DER LILIIFLOREN A. Die Gestalt der Samen. Die Samen der Liliifloren gehen im allgemeinen aus ana- tropen Samenanlagen hervor. Viele Gattungen behalten den Bau- plan der Ovula ohne wesentliche Änderung bei, aber häufig erfah- ren die Samen oder Samenanlagen durch eine Förderung der von der Raphe abgewandten Seite eine leichte bis mäßige Krümmung; ihre Achse beschreibt dann einen Bogen von 30 - 60°. So verhal- ten sich beispielsweise Agave, Anthericum, Geitono- plesium, Ixia, Ornithoglossum, Sparaxis und viele andere. Weil sich dieses Merkmal in den meisten Entwicklungs- linien konvergent herausgebildet hat, verdient weniger sein Vor- kommen als sein vollständiges Fehlen, wie bei den Aloineen und Melanthiaceen nebst Aletris und Tofieldia, Erwähnung. © Biodiversity Heritage Library, http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/; www.biologiezentrum.at - 225 Abb. 1: Längsschnitte durch die Samen von Dichopogon strictus (links oben), Thysanotus multiflorus (links unten; das Eläosom ist punktiert gezeichnet)
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