Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1975 Reconsideration of underdevelopment and problems of development: an application of an alternative model of change to the Third World countries Son-Ung Kim Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Growth and Development Commons, and the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Kim, Son-Ung, "Reconsideration of underdevelopment and problems of development: an application of an alternative model of change to the Third World countries " (1975). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 5487. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/5487 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. 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Reconsideration of underdevelopment and problems of development: An application of an alternative model of change to the Third World countries by Son-Ung Kim A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department: Sociology and Anthropology Major: Sociology Approved Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of 'Hsijéf Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the GradiAce College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1975 il TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Statement of Problem 1 1. Unfavorable initial conditions 4 2. Theoretical inadequacy 6 3. Insufficient methods of research inquiry 8 B. The Objectives and Limitations of this Study 10 C. The Approach of this Study 11 D. The Organization of this Study 13 II. REVIEW OF THE THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE AND FORMULATION 15 OF AN ALTERNATIVE INCLUSIVE MODEL OF CHANGE A. Overview of the Theories of Social Change 15 B. Review of Hodemlzation Theories 26 1. The ideal-typical index approach 30 2. The diffuslonlst approach 34 3. The psychological approach 35 4. The historical-critical approach 37 5. The Marxist development approach 38 6. The general systems approach 39 C. Formulation of an Alternative Model of Change 42 1, The incipient structural conditions of 44 natJ on-building 2. External factors In the current International 46 relationships ill Page 3. Internal societal dynamics of development 49 4. Internal conditions and related problems of 51 underdevelopment 5. A schematic outline of the major components and 53 their process of current changes In less developed countries III. PRODUCTS OF HISTORICAL PROCESS AND CURRENT INTERNATIONAL 57 RELATIONSHIPS A. The Historical Consequences of Colonialism 58 1. Colonialism and underdevelopment 58 2. Patterns of colonialism and nature of colonialism 60 3. Decolonlallzatlon and Independence 64 4. The Initial conditions of nation building 67 B. International Relationship 74 1. wiuêîting gap 74 2. The nature of dependent relation 78 3. Trade situation of less developed countries 80 4. The nature of foreign aid policy 84 C. Summary and Conclusion 95 IV. INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF CURRENT CHANGES 97 A. Ideals and Realities of New Nationalism 97 B. Social Valuations Underlying Development Objectives 111 1. Natlca^-bailding 112 2. Economic growth and material well-being of 114 individuals 3. Equalities 4. Radicalism and new order 116 / iv Page 5. Rationality: attitude and behavior 117 C. Elites 119 D. The Public Administrations 125 INTERNAL CONDITIONS AND RELATED PROBLEMS OF UNDERDEVELOPMENT 136 A. Population Problems 136 1. Factors affecting population growth 137 2. Population growth and its impact on productivity 142 3. Population composition 146 4. Population distribution 155 B. Qualitative Aspects of Population 166 1. Health and nutrition 167 2. Education 174 C. Social Conditions 185 1. Political corruption 187 2. Inequalities 193 3. Land ownership and land reform 200 D. Conclusion 206 DEVELOPMENT PLANNING AND A GENERAL STRATEGY 209 A. Modernization and Development 209 B. Development Planning Process 214 C. Social Indicators and Planning 220 D. The Strategy Proposed with Reference to the 225 Framework of Planning Models E. General Strategy in Formulating Development 227 Planning Model V Page VII. SUMMARY 233 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 238 IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 249 X. APPENDIX: DATA SOURCES 250 A. Data Collection 250 B. Country List 253 C. Secondairy Sources 255 1 I. INTRODUCTION A. Statement of Problem During the period following the first World War a massive scale stiruggle for national liberation began to spread widely among the colonial and semi-colonial areas. In a number of places, these nationalist struggles led to the emergence of independent political units during the interwar period. For the most part, however, the colonial areas have been decolonized since the second World War; becoming Independent coun­ tries largely on the basis of their colonial heritage — without regard to ethnicity, language, or other aspects of cultural homogeneity. Since the second World War, the newly Independent countries have consciously tried to construct some basis for national autonomy and elim­ inate the legacy of imperialist domination. While some of these new states took to the path of socialist reconstruction, others have been shap­ ing their economies and social structures on the basis of "free market economies". These newly ladependsnt countries are described popularly as the "Third World" (Horowitz, 1966; Worsley, 1964), or simply as the "new states" (Shils, 1966). They are also characterized as "underdeveloped countries" and have been recently, in a more diplomatic sense, called "developing countries" or "less developed countries" (bfyrdal, 1968: Appendix I). In this study, however, all these terms will be used synonymously. Those underdeveloped countries based on market economies consist of Central and Latin America, Africa, and Asia (excluding the socialist countries, Japan, and Israel), and Oceania (excluding Australia and New 2 Zealand). These underdeveloped countries, constituting more than two- thirds of the world population, exhibit certain characteristics which distinguish them from developed countries. These characteristics, as described by a number of scholars, are: (1) technologically — a pre­ dominance of human and animal power over Inanimate power (such as steam power, electricity, or other sources) as a means of production; (Levy, 1972); (2) economically — low levels of labor productivity and per capita Income, a predominance of the primary sector over the manufacturing sector and relatively low development of organized large-scale machine- based industry; (3) ecologically — a low level of urbanization; (4) soclo-demographlcally — low levels of living standard for the mass of people as is manifested in specific deficiencies (insufficient food-intake, bad housing conditions. Inadequate public and private provisions for hygiene and medical care, and inefficient educational and cultural facil­ ities, massive Illiteracy,