Regrni Iteeearch (Private) Ltd, Kat�u, January l, 1970.

Regmi. Research Series .. Year 2, No. 1, Edited By:

H3.be sh C. Regmi.

Contents

� l. · NePa]., Newar An d The Hewari Language. • •• l

2. And The 1857 Indian Mu tiny. ••• l6 3. Jajaricot. ••• 17 4. Land Taxaticin In Garhifal. ... . lB S� Fiscal Privil eges ot An d : . �ura, 186.3 • . . .. ••• 19 6. � On �patiaia, ·· 1.952. ••• 20 7. Ancient LalitP11r. •••• 22 · Nepal, Newar And The Newari Language., By • Ba.buram Acharya ("Nepal, Newar Ra Newari Bhasha. 11 Navakunja (Nepali, i,v"x)nthly ), Year 5, No. 1, Jest.ha 20'26 ( June 1969).

· :Four centuries ago, a poet created: the legend that Nepal owes its F:�i.£.l he name to a1 sage called Ne. At another place, gave the name of the sage as Neni:i..h Sylvain Levi has expressed the viaw tha term Nepal was derived 2 t the from 11Nepa" or valley. But such a construction is ,�ontrary to the rules

.o t Sanskri.: t grammar, . . 3 Dr. Thomas Young ., supported by Sir George Grierson., holds that the _ ,. terma Nepal and Newar have a common origin.e Onth contrary, according to Prof. 'P:urner, either:one of these terms is derived from the other. (Paee Li). "This, •again, is cCtltrary to the rules of philology. The view put forward by Young and Griersone app ars to be correct. The original term from which both Nepal and Newar emerged_migh t have been "Nyarba 11, which belongs to �ha 4 ))unni or Tamang dialeqt. . . . The first reference to. the term Nepal is towld in the Artha�hastra of Kauti�a, 5 a minister of the Mauryan Emperor Chandra Gupta. (321-297 B.C.). Kautilya mentions blankets called "Bhingise", which used to be exported f:°m Nepal to Pataliputra (modern Patna). The Magadhi language spoken in Bihar _at that time which was always spoke!' did not contain the sound "ra", 11 � "la". In his inscriptions, Emperor Ashok describes himself.as a 11Laj:1 instead. of "" . This shows that 11 Newar" was pronounced "Nepal" in Pa t:11 i• · putre• Kautilya clearly- used this term to refer to a country.

1vide Pashupati Puran. 2 .!!_ Nepal, Vol. II, P. 66-67. 3 . . ; . . Li . . nguistic Survey ot �dia, Vot. I�;·. . Part I, P.. 213 4vansittart, in ''Gurkhas 111 writes, -:11A· Nerba "is th� progeny \ornof intercourse between a Murmi.and a Ne•�·r�4 TheNe has the highest, social standin� �ng' the At�arajat and r�s nearly equal to the Barathamang." (Pe J.42) ., . . . , .. . ·. 5 Arthashastra, 2-11�30.

Contd•• � No such ancient reference is available to the term Ne-war. The term was first used by Europeans who visited Nepal in the 18th century. It �;e::::·1;,':: tha��m was .origip.ally 11 Ne.par", whicll. lat.er corrupted to -"Nebar\7�'1

then:'..if.6 nifewar". 'n._le .terin rttNya ba" has, hQwev,er, retained th e ,sound 11ba11 f. even-now. (Page 5).· It appears to have borrowed the Til>et� suffix 11 Pa 11.' . '. ... . :. Valley· pap ears to have been ·t)'le "riginal hanes of the Nep,i:."'S • Anand Bhikshu, a disciple of the Buddha, had visited this place? as a rei'ugee men Kapilavas�u was eV'a d stated, during the last -da¥S of the Buddha. (563- 483 B.c.). The Jain saint Bhadrabahu too %ad cone here when a famine oc�u�r,J during the reign of Chandra Gupta M3.urya. After the death of .Ashok,Bud,1hL::t Chaityas and Bahals were constructed in . Lichchhavi Ki:nl�s constructe d temples here. Kathmandu Valley,· moreover,a w s the capital of the Lichchhavi, Baish. and Malla Kings. It-is for. this reason that Kathm,mdu . Valley i e s sometimes called Nepal,.· although the'.t rm Nep· al :i,s more·. widely used to denote all territories ruled from Kathmdndu:.

The geographical area denoted by the term Nepal during the time of the Newars is not clear. Until e th time of the• Buddha, Vrijji and Malla J republics existed in .tha areas south of Nepal. It may therefore be maint1:'..1;� that the (Page 6) Nepars too comprised a republic at that time. King Aja.trJ-1 shatru (491-459). of the Sisurag dynasty annexed these two republics to his empire. It.was then .natural that monarchy should have emerg0d among the Nepars as well. Grierson has given much praise·to a Vamshavali compiled around the end of the 14th century.9 This work, · called Goeal Vamshav:t l i. is! in the Government Library. It contains a list of 32 Kirat Kll'l3s who ru1,3J before the Lichchhavi Kingdom was founded. These Kings appear 'to be Ne pars. · In the Sanskri.t lang:u,a.ge,' the inhabitants of regions sitU'.l.ted to tho south­ east of are call.ad Kirats. The Nepars of Nepal too lived in these sou.th-eastern regions . 10

6 11 m the Tibetan lang�ge,· the suffix "Pa · is used to· denote residence. An inhabitant of Syar is thus Syarpa, and of Dhuk, Ihukpa� 7Le Nepal, Vol. III, P. 188.

8te Nepal:, Vol. II, P. 65. 9 tinguistic Survey of India, Vol. III, Part I ., P. 214.

10There exists considerable 4if!ere�ce in the meanings of the term Kirat and the term as it is used in· our language� thIn· e_ 15th century, the Sen Kings of' Makwanpur described areas occupied by as "Magarat." In the 16th century, the Sen Kings conquered the hill regions east of tht, Dudhkoshi river as well as the Tarai ragions of Saptari and Morang. The h.i.ll ..ree;tons east of the Dudhkoshi.;ware inhabited by Kirats, who were contemp- . tuous)¥ called 11Kiruwa_11 by the Bajis of the Tarai. The Sen Kings, on tho .J ana'.l.ogy of 11Magarat11, gave the name of Kire.t to regions inhabited by 11KiruH;,1 The term Kirat thus denoted a region and not \an ethnic commmity. In other words, Kirats inhabiting the Ki.rat regions alone are not Kirats. This har. given rise to the confusion that the anc�ant Kirat·Kir€s of Nepal actually belonged to the Kirat ethni� community. (See Wright: History of N3pal,P. 10

Contd••• · · It is strange that the 1-hhabharat, which started be.ing c ompiled after the 2nd century A.U., contains no reference to Napal.11 This work date s back to the last year of the rule of the Kirat Kings of Nepal. The Maha­ bharat, although it doe.s not contain any di rect reference to Ne pal, m:mtions at on e place that Bhimsen visited Videha and vanquished seven Kirat Chieftains in the area near the Aindra mountain. 12 It is not clear whether.thi s sto ry. is correct, but we can use it to under stand th e contorn­ porary situation. Videha at that tim:3 comprised the present Darbhanga, Mahottari and Saptari . Sindhuli-Gadhi s i the only mountain near this area• ..It$ - lie s on the main route from central$· Nepal to Videha. Petty Kirat princi­ palitie$s apRe ar to have existed in this areaa t that ti me . The Kingdom of '. ep N al and that of the Tharus in the Tarai mus t have been two of them. 'I'h-� other five may have been th ose of Tharnis, Khambus, ·etc in the hi11 re:gio ns . Thus this storypr oves that there existed petty Kirat principalities east and west of Nepal at that ti.me . During the 1st century A. D. , the Lichchhavis dis:placed the Ne.pars and founded the first Arya: kingdom. By the 4th cent 1.1ry A. D., th es·e petty principalities appear to have been incorporate d into th.-: ��gdom of _N9pal . .. · · · · ·

. No c;t�� referenc:e to· th e bo undaries of Nepal du ring the Lichchhavi pariod is_ available , Ao.cording to the Prayag insoription (circa .350 A .D.$) of the Gupta imperor �amudra Gupta, N epal denoted the rogion situated between Kamrup (Assam) �d Kartripur (Kumaun ) . 13 Tho Tista riv�r forms a natural b�unda.r,y between Kamrup and Napal, although this is a matter of SIX,culation . The Changu inscription o£ the Lich chhavi King Hann de v of Nepal (464-491 A.D.·) describeshow he crossed thi:l Gandaki river and co1Jqu(.rt:d Mallapuri.14 The Malla Kingdom of Pc\l"bat on the banks of tho Kali rivm· . had not been founded at that time . It thus appears that this Mallapuri was situatud in .the .Karnali basin. Yuan Chwang, th o famous Chi.nose: travelln:· , who visited Nepal duri,ng trn first half of the 7th century, stat os that Nopa.l cove:red an -�ea of 4, 000 li15 or 1,333 square 1rrl.lus . This shows that. . Nopal a'\, that t ima extonded at least from the Tista ri$ver to Sakhika-I..ekh, that is, from llam to Pyuthan, ,King Jayapi d of Kash mir ·1nvad,id Nepal at the beg:inning of the · 9tti contury. 16 HG was resisted by King Va:nnadev of · No pal on th q banks of a. bi g river beyond e th Gandaki . This big riv�r mTy be the Bheri or th e• Kamali. But Nepal's de c:l.iria had setin$ _ ai'ter the ...nd 1 ½-he re is a ref'erence in the Karnadigv$ij&a Parva, but this is cle:.n- l.r a late:r addit ion. 12 . . .- Sabhaparva 31�15. . . J · 13 · . . ... · Fle et, Gupta Inscriptioru;., P . 8, . :1-4i.e Nepal·, Vol, III, P . 14•. 15 . a111, Buddhist Records, �f �h� Wa storn W�r�, Vol, II, P. 80.

1�-Hajatarangini, Chapter 530-$45. 4, Contd••• 4.

of the Lichchhavi regime and the founding of the. Baish regime in 880. During the 5 centuries of this regime, · 'l'iqet grad,ua.14' encroached on,. its noNMn front.iers: and it appe'ars that _Nepal . had already lost the bti.½4,,., regio11s·ea �t, of.. the Singhlila, The Maµa Kitigdom in the ·west had already become · indqpenden�.· Th� Karnat:King� of Simi.a.UQ.garh had.. fo unded a new . k ingdo·m in_ the · ��a·ter�. · Tarai··soutp of N�pai� .'f:�e Tarai· area. of Butaul had already been·subjugated by the.Malla �ings. N.epal thus-canprihsed onlY the hil:1 regions �1·0111 . the �ghlila to th e _"S·*•liUca.. �1 kh" . For one century]>a fore its· collapse ., _ il)� .1¥1,ish regi.Ioo sufi'1;1red fr0m · internal confllpt and external aggression. µi· 13 80 A.D.; the last Baish or King, Arjun Dov .Arjun- · MalJ.a, ·was de posed· by his ministers andrep laceJh_ by a called Sttuti ·Malla � During a period of 200 years, the Kingcto� . of Nepal' split ·i.rito ·:qea.I'lyh_30 · i'rB:�ents, incl"Q.cl;ing Kathmandu , Gorkha, 'I : ' Lamjung., Tanahu ani · £1al<:Wanp ur.• Even the n, the ·Kings ·ar Kathmandu, Lal itpurJ arid Dolakha:, !lhi ch were situate.�h)1or:tp of the-.Mahabharat roountd� · between the_ Trishuli' an�. Ta.makosi rivers,. µSE.l�, to _!iescribe - t�ei.r territor · as N£pal. This is tfi'e reason why the Nepal Mahatmya describesthis region , · as N6 pal. Later the Kings of Dolakha began to ca11· themselves Dolakhadhip (lord of Dolakha) and _not lfopaladhi.pati {lqrd of _Nep µ).• ;1.7 _The eastern boundary of Nepal thus contracted toh. the Sunkoshi river. Only the Malla Kings of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and lalitpur · called themselves Kings of N,�p until the end� The 'kings of Go?'kha, Palpa, Makwanpur and·o ther principali, regarded their territoriehs as situate d . outsid_e of Nepal. In 1769 A.D. K�g Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha· founded the praat:nt r Kingdom of Nepal. Since then, the territories comprising Nepal cont inue d ·, to eJtpand.· By 1792 A.D., the entire territory from the Tistah. river in th� east to the Alaknanda river in the west began to be called Nepal. By 1805 · A.D., the bou.�daries of Nepal had reached tha Sutlej river in the west . English ma!)� published in 1811., , Kumaun, Garh�lal and Si1nla too ha< been placed in:�ide Nepal� �n 1816, the iboundarie s of Nepal again contrac · to theh· Mechi ri ver -�x:id �tie Singhlila.range -in the east anq. the Mahakali river in the west. Ne -e,al now denotes the territory situate d _wi thin these boundariesh. The inhabitants of . this territory ,are calledh· Nepalis and ttrn Khaskura or Parbatiya langl.¥1.geh., · whj.ch is to1;1·h. na.ti.onal language., ·is calbd Nepali. , . . -. . . m . Nepal .• owes it� narra to the Nepar comunity. But with thep assage of ' time, all _ conne ction betwe·en the two has been severed. '!'he Nepali lang mg1 has no connection with the language spoken by the Nepars. The term Newar l ndght have been derived from Nepar, but the' -100der_n Newars. have only lin- ] quistic affinitie s with the Nepars . In other words ., th e Ne1'liri language has e�olved rom the la.ngu e po '?n byth e pa �t there is no evide f � � � _h _ � � � - 1 1 7see coin or Jayendra Singh·-Dev in Nepalh· �eum.

Contd••• ,. that the mod3rn Newars are the descendants of the Nopars . The general be li0f th at they may ·be due to the tac t that alltho se 'Who speak the N3wari language aro regarded as Newars., and that no other de finition is available. This leads us -to a discussion of the Newari language .

Philologist s have expressed the view that the Newari language , like the Yakthumba, Khambu, Sumiwar, Tham i, Mlrmi and other dialects �poken in the hill regions of Nepal, belongs to th e Tibeto-Buruan family . ltl Too se dialects have no relationshi p whatsoever with Sanskrit, Hindi ., Nepalj and othe r Ar.,an languages of India. Of course many words of the Indian Aryari arxl Tibetan languages have infiltrated into the Newari language in the same manner as Arabic ., Pe rsi an and Engl ish words have infiltrated into the . But Newari verbs and nwnerals have no relati on :­ ship with the languages. The rule$s of gralllllar and syntax too are different. According to Griers on, these are offshoots of th G Tibetan language . But tha fact is that there is as much difference betwe en tho Tibetan and Newari languagas as with the Yakthumba and other dialects .

These non -Aryan dialects of the Himalayan reg:j.ons nay be divided int$c two categories ,· pronominal and non-pronomin al, according to 'Whe ther or not pron ouns are put together with nouns and verbs . Thus in the Yakthumba dialect of he t Tamor-Khola area, the sentence "a man had two sons " is written as fo llows:-

Lochohha Yami Thilc-1.e Nechchhi Ku-aa Biy:1.-Chhi. In this sentence ;

Iochchha means Saue�$. -Yami ,; Man, Thik-le '.,., In one. Nechchhi .., Two •

. Ku-sa .,, �is sons • Bil!-chhi .,., They :were• Thus the pronouns ••Kun and "Cnhi" arij joined with_· a noun and a verb respectively.

; 8 . l L inguistic Survey of Indiq., Vol. IJ;I,- . �:t II. . � . - <;:ontd•• • 6.

In the Khambu dialect, the same senteme is read as fo llows :­

Tik-Pu Min-Po Sak-Pu...... Yu.:.C. .· hu ·. Mo�. In this sentence :

· Nik-Pu !lleans$. 'One$.

Min-Po Man• s� � ... ,,, Sak.:..Pu .,, .. Yu-Chu . , , his s ons ... Mo ,, .were$. . •! ' I • Here the pronotiri · 11 yu11 i s joined only with the noun. . . . In th e Newa r;L language,$' ttus sentence is re ad as follows:-

: - Ch hahma Manuya Nihma Kaya Du.·

Here pronouns are not joined to nouns or verbs$. But _the word 11Hma11 has been added to the numeral (Chha) to denote an animate object . The verb 11du 11 i� used als·o in the·prese nt tense. The dialects spoken by Magars , who fo llow· the Hindu religi on, by 0u!'Ul'.gs, Murmi s and Sy.;u-pas, 'who .follow Buddhism, and by Newars, who follcnii both religi on::; , are all. non-pronominal . The dialects of Y3kthurnbas, Kh::urbu:i Dhimals, Thami s, Hayus, Chepangs and other comnunities who follow neither relif ion are pronominal. The$·$Sunuwars started . adopting the Hindu religion after 1829 A.D. At that time, (Brian) Hodgson found tmir d!a.lect to bo .;1 pronomi nal. Bt�t 50 years ·1ate r., Grierson found. that it was non-pronouri n'.11. -'I This change during such a short period appears to have been the result of int$ercourse wj_th Brahm:ms who were religious teachers and spoke, th a non­ pronominal Nepali lan guage . The 'l'i betan lan guage too is non-pronominal. It is spa culat,ed that theGurung ., Murmi and Syarpa dialec_ts$; have be coma non-pronominal as a result of intercourse with Tibetan teachers . The Munda. dial£cts of the Santhals and other colllllunities inhabitir:€ th�$. hill regions of Bihar are pron ominal. fhilologists have include d the se languages . in thtl Tibeto-Burman fain:1.ly. ·r he Sataars ·inhabiting the e astern Tara i · a:Ls o spe ak a dia lec t similar to th at spoken by the Santhals . Hence it may be approprii to designate all the pronominal dialects currentl.¥ in use in Nepal as 'l'ibc.:$� ;, ·...... � Linguistic Survey of Incli.�., ·vol . III, Part I ., P. 199�

Contd ••• . . . Burrr.an, As stated abov e , the oonrnunity speaking ·ribeto-Burman dialects is cal led Kirats in the Sanskrit languaga . 2 0 The dialects spoken by i"h !:1.n .. and other conmunities were also included in the Kirat group, since th8y are pronorrd.nal. The opinion has therefore been e�ressed that the Nepar dialect toe be longed to the Kirat group,

While no specimens of the Nepari dialect are available, there can be no doubt that the mn-Sanskrit words found in th e stone inscriptions in the Sanskrit language left by Lichchhavi Kings in Nepal (Ka thmandu ) Valley re a Nepar,i. Thay are all proper nouns. He re are some examples of such non-Sanskrit words.

, _The unpublished stone inscription left by Ratna Sangha at Deopatan contain these words:

. �lang Khepung Hyasprin g Dungprang Khenam . Ali these are nameeof villages. ·

.The word 11Khripung" , which is the name of a village, appears in the stone inscription of Shiva Deva found at Tulachhe Tole in Bh aktapur. This inscription has already b�en publish ed.

· The stone inscription located at Taujhya Tole in Lalitpur, which d!tes b ack to th e period of Jishnu Gupta, contains the names of theae villages : Thagwoo, Garigul, Asinko, Khadpring and Kankulang. This inscription too bas been published.

: The words 11Katungll and 11 Phirang" , which too are names of :vi$llages$, are mentioned in- the stone inscriptio n (still unpublished) o.f Shiva Deva at -Satungal . This stone inscrip tion also contain the non-Sanskrit words "Kattarak 11 and 11Kudhuthre" which refer to taxes .

The words 11Bhatta", "Map-Choka" and 1tPitalja", which too refer to taxes , occur in -the stone inscription of Lalitpur dat ing .back to the period o f Narendra Dev.

· -.'. 'I.he prope r nouns appe aring in the ab ove-mmtiom d stone inscriptions, which- were installed nsarly.500 years after the destruction of the kingdor,i of the Nepar c$anmunity, are hars h-sounding$. Thay might have been mo:v e so at the time when the Ne par Kingdom was in erlstence. Even now , words in the pronominal diale cts sound very harsh. As a matter of fact, it is characteristic of every pronominal word to sound harsh. The mor e the

20 Northey and Morris : The Gurkhas , P. 66.

Contd••• 8.

dialect ce ases to be pronominal ., the le$ss harsh-sounding it beco u¥3 s. 'nlaxifar.,t,.o the impact of the .Aryan languages of Indi a, Newari as they ard spoken now-a-days is m::>re swee t-sounding · than even the Nepali language . This proves that .the Ni3war:i, ; language was$·.once pronominal, though it is nownon-pro nom!.nal� ard th.at it was spoken by the Ki.rat community$. Physi­ ognomy is th e primary crttierj,on for id enti fying the race to which any particular community belongs. The have ge nerally a wh ite or wh8at:ls' complex.ion, are tall, .and ;heavily bearde d ., have a long and sharp nose , a wide forehe ad and pig eyes. But the Aryans who came from the east graduallJ, lost such physiognomic featurt:1s as they· began coming illlder the influe$r.ce 9f the local clinute and environs and started es•tablishing$· rri.:1.triomeini:::l ·relations with non-.Aryans. '£he complexion of the hon-Aryans of the south- i eastern regions vary according to the countries inhabite d by them. 'l'he complexion of tho non-1\ryan Kirats$· inhabit ing the Himalayan regions is of a Mongolian 't,ype. That is ;;o say, th ey have· a flat nose ., with pr omimntj cheek-bones the ir face is flat, and their eyes are small. They do not h.w u · nu ch hair on their fac.e . In the case of Kirats inhubiting Nepal, howover, these fe atures are fully found among some of them and partially among somi:I: othors . Tho sec-,nd critorion is language or dialect. Those who spaak the languages of the Aryan g roup are ide ntified as Aryans, while those who speak the Ki�� nt dialect belo1!6 to the Kirat community. Thare al"l:3 , however , · instances in whi$ch comnunities belonging to one race have forgotten their own languages and adopted those spoken by oth er races. One example is thA 'lharu community of the Tarai region. The Thar us have a Mongolian complexion but they spe$-"'.J -: the Aryan language of Ind ia. While the Indian .Aryans are divided into different castes such as Brahman and , the Tharus are not so divided. As suc h, the Tharus are :regarded as a Kirat comnunity , even thoogh th ey spBak: Aryan dialects .

Communities among the Kirats are distinguishad by the diale qts spote2n by them. But there is no restriction whatsoever in .commensal or merital relations among members of any community speaking a particular dialoct$. All n1embers of t. he . M:1gar comm.mi ty are equal . Thd Gurungs are said to bu divided into Cc.:trjat .::i.nd Sorhajat . But this .division is not .of any signifi. ... cance. The Munnis are divided into 12 diff erent sub-communitllls and 18 1 different casteo. But this division is of recent origin. rhe same is t.�• , ill of tho Sunuwars , who are said to be divided into 10 sub.:.corra11unitic s ruvl 12 difforont castes. The other Kirat communities such as the 'l'hami, th•J Hayu., the ChepanJ, the Bara.mu and thu ., h.:l.ve tho sume equality ::1;3 the 1-'iagara . 'l'ho Yakthumbas$. and the Kharnbus speak ferentdif dialects. 'l'h0u_ { . bolor;ging to two different communitiies, they ·$share tho same kitchen and establish ma.trilqonial relations among themselves.

Contd••$. 9.

But the Newars , though the ir mother -tongue is Kirati , pre ctise casteism and untouchability like the Aryans of India. Their phys iognomy contains Aryan fe atures. Hence it is definite that tra Newars do not belon!!. to the Kira t community. In orde r to show how this Aryan comnunity moved into the heartland of Nepal, ceased speaking its own language, adopted the .�ewari language, and t}lus came to be known as Newars, it is necessary to go back into a certain period in the history of Nepal .

During the se cond century A .D., missionaries sent by Ashok visited the heartland of Nepal and started converting Neparso tor Buddhi sm. As it was difficult for. old persons from the w arm re gions Bihar and Ut tar Pradesh to stand th e cold climate of Nepal, young_Bu ddhist monks and wu 1 �, were sent to Nepal. The se monks and nuns propagated Buddhism and gradt.wl ly mixe d themselves with the Nepars, thus infusing Aryan blood among thorn. This process continued for a long time . The Newars then came to bo known as Newars, who were cultured and civilize d. They made considerable pro1-r0:.; : :in the fields of agriculture , sculpture , etc . But having lost thtJir fi: litin1: spir.i, t as a result of the ir conversion to Buddhism, the Newars ware u ltiln

2 21 Manusmriti, _ Chapter 10 Stanza "2' . 22 u:; Antistonequary-insc,:-, 1ption �f Jaya De:y loc�ted at Pashupati. Indian · Vol'. IX.

! • . Cont_4 ! 10.

In the begiJ:lriing of the ninth century;e· there was a· flood of Buddhist migra tion frorn Bihar,e: in the wake of which the entire Lichchhav is becawe Buddhists and fort)led th�mselves into a distinct community . The potters , washermen"· ar:t,isanse·· and·others· beli,nging ·toe· ·the :Tharu community who had mi.grated to Nepal from Bihar were •also assimilated intoe. the Lichchhavi community. ·

Dwns and Dusads began to be called Podes and Chyamesrespe ctively.

. .. At tha end .of the ninth century, Bainsas :from Uttar· Prad0t>h entere d · Kathmandu Vallt3y, de fea.L.ud the Lichchhavis and establishe d a new Kingdom of their own . The new Bains rulers removed Lichchhavis from all politi cal. posts, and made them peasantse. ( Jyapus ).23 Hav ing thus been re ndered we.:!k the Lichchhavis later began to be c ontemptuously called as V1 chhis

(the distorted form of. ,11 Lichchhavi11 ), which means 11 coward11• Lichchhavis . wr�re qlso calle d Baji, (Briji)e. The Bainsas therefor e contemptuously rd'8r; to th em as Bajiya,: meaning a wretched fello;,1e. ·, :•··•, , ,' I ·• 'f he Bainsas described. themse lves as Ksht riy1s and ·clairre d their ..origin to the Sun-God. ·rill the last, too Bains Kings seteadfastly adhered to the Hindu religion be cause they were uru.18:r the influsnce of the Kamats of the Karnat. state established by N3.I1Ya Dev in S:unraungadh at the end of the 11th.centurye. llccor ding to legend, the Nowars had o riginally come to Ne pal from Silnraungadh along withNa nya Dev. But this is oot true. During the 200 years of tha Karnat Kingdom, ' Nepal was be ir, '.i; · ruled by Bains Kings . Sometiloos there was conflict and soneet:iJnos concilin· tion between the Baeins and Karnat Kingdoms , who had comrr.on borders. At thdi t:ime.t hey were on good terms, they exchanged customs and usages, and, more over, leading offic ers of the Karriat state permane ntly migrated iEt(.l Nopal . Arong these officials wer e l-1ahaj us and Kasajus . Hahajus . were minis'II who belonged to thee royal Karnat fa.Yflily, and the Kasajus who ;.;ame frow Lll<'I Kayastha community were chief accounting officers .

During the 500 years of'.Bain s rule , Buddhism was being propagated J.i : Tibet in full swing. The Tibetan Lamas entered ·into Nepal and started converting Gurungs, Sherpas und Murmis to Buddhism. By the Gnd of th0 twelfth c.�ntury, Buddhist . monks from Bihar where Buddhism nas survi vin�; till th en also arrived in No pal and conv erted a section of the �ngoli,ff, comlllunity known as Bara.mu. The Bains King s gave shelter t,o Buddhists J'1.•• :T ,I both Bihar cUld 'l' i'bet . A number of Buddhist Viharas ('Ba.hals ) ,mre estal)listl

23 T.: · · · .. �c h c hha v i stone inscript ions are loca t a d a t 1·'. .'.ltbm ano.u, ' I.alit pu:::: aned Handigaun are concentr:Jted in .settlammts inhabited by Jynp1YJ . _e

Cont •••ed . 11.

in Lalitpur and Kathmanduc. All but 3 or 4 Bahals that we now see in tLe:-;c, two cities were built by Bains Kingsc. The .Bahals then repre sented tho · culture of Nepal. The Buddhis t monks or Bandas who liiie d in Bahals were ·, philosophers andphys iciansc. The Bahals served as schools, s·inca locture:J o�.cBuddhismcwere delivared there, and.alsoas health centEirs, as the . , · Buddhis ts or Ba.ndas treate d people therec. Picture.a of gods were paintod and the il' images engraved. Hence every Bahal s erved as an workshop of ar ;, as we 11. Nonk::; and nuns who desired to lead a wordly life cama out of · a B hals and becam3 ·upas ak or Udn as . They engage d thems elves in trade and _ hand:i.craftsc. Howev� r, even iside Bahals , vice used to 1::>e rarnpa nt . Nom:::i and nuns living together in Bahals indulge d in immoral practice s , \Jbic l:, however, were not tre�ted as a crime .·

The inhabitants of Bahals refused to bear any arms to fight agaird t · the :ir enemies . Inste&d, they relied on and prayers. 'l'hi s provnJ. to b1:; tm cause ofc. their ultiniate ruin. In 1349, Pa than invaders from e B nga l raze d all Banale to the ·cgr ound. The Bains King s to did not no.i11tr1in .armed troopsc. This is the reason why these foreign inv adecrs also dostroy'-:,1 the palaces of Ba.ins King as well as temples built by the m, bofore returnir," from Nepal� The (Bains) Kings thereafter �tarted repairing temples. Buddhi:,t :, among whom there were still several artisans, repaired all the Pagoda::.: :: i:d Bahals within 20 or 25 years . But by then too faith of people in s and other rituals had declined, so that the O;!Cline of Bahals started.

Sthiti Milla, the founder of the later Ma lla eyna.sty married the daughtar of a Bains feudal 'L>rd, and lived in his father-in-:-law • s housa for a long timec. Later, he beca.xoo King o:t Nepal . He regarded himself as a KshatriyQ., and claimadt o be the descendant_ of t he Sun-God. The Brahr:acn:3 a�c?Inpany:ing him were probably Sarbariyas. Sthit:i. Malla retained the fr;1.in;;; rn 7m.stors or courtiers because they had assiste d him to ascend the thrcr1u . His succe ssor, Jyotirnalla, divided his subjects into different c 3 stes a n-.:: allotted occupations to them accordingly. In the course of such divis ion , ho proclaimc:d the community to which he belonged as Kshatriyas and th 0 Priests and teachers accornpaeying him as Brahmans, By this timec., ths E.mtir� 11 Bainsas had· adopted the Nawari dialect and made themselves known as 11 l'Jewasc • Nonetheless, th&y added the wor d 11 Singh" (100aning lion) after thair name . as a s ign that th3y still regarded themselves as Ksh11.triya.s . Jyotirmall�, however, did rot include th em inthe Ksh ... triya community, He put thcum in the ca�gory of � The Bain�s reluctantly accepted this ca.c1ss division as a pplie d to themc. Ona of the_ group of prie sts from among the Bainsas w as called Acharya (Achaju) and the other as Jo shi . Jyotirmalla included thclJO Bainsas not in t.ha Brahman but in the. Vais_hya group.. . .

Contd ••c• 12 .

Jyotirmalla alld his su1;cessors star� 4,.th e practice of inviting the

. sons and daughters ·.of Rajputs from Uttar11 Pradasll and Bitar and establ ishi� matrimon. . . ial ties -with them. Only th& of.f-springs. of. the ma.rried wives of l · Jyotirmalla11 be11 gan• tc{ ba· .calle d 11l'1a.lla ; ·whiie -those of his concubines -:.1er� called Singh Even s ons-in -l aw who lived ,.-ith their fa thers-in-law were ! given the surname o f Singh. Gradually, the sons and daughters of Rajput s be came courtiers (Bhardars ). A new class of these courtfors crone into bciril as a result of the fact that they establish_ed matrimonial relations exc lu-: .siv ely with n�c:lnbers of thoir commuruty and did · not have comnensal ro Lrti.mi 1,ith other co 111u.unities . ConSoquo ntly, t hoy" enjoy0da str-. t�.: . ld.gh0r th:1 n that o f tt... Bainsn.s . Tl1oso BainsL.s who fail.a d to get tho privilP.ge of becoming cou:cti"':i·s took to coirJnerce. Such Ba:i.nsas 'began to be known as Shrestha•. T hQ Achajus: and Jo shis who performed the functions of priests .• at, the royal p:c.lace , were include d in the upper cL".ss . The other Achajus 1 . and Jo shis join1;;d the lower caste. This .caste division continued wall unt.il the End of th:: l'la.lla; rule. The Bainsas belonging to tho Dhardur class of the fourKin gdoms of Kat hmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur and Dolakha had mon.: than 40 surnw;:es. But th:i Bhardar::1 of Gorkha had 6 differe nt surnames , Y including Panda ar.d Pantha. . They thareforo called. thonwelvc s as ChhaU.dr�tJ while; contemptously calline Bainsas of the lower ca.s tcs a::; PanchUar. ' hl practice continues even toda;y'. as Maithili Brahmans and Baniyas (also known Thokade) alno arriv e.Lt in llfpal during tho rule oi'th e later Malla Kings. They too had adoptud the· Newari languuge. However,th&y ref.used to call themselves llcwars .

Ai'te r tll0 destructiDn of Viharas by Patha,ns, pu cple'. liad got disencL.:i� with the monks or Band.as -dwelling there . Hous eholders cnused going to Vihi to become monks or nuns'. When few Buddhist monks and nuns or Band,as, 2nci tho illegitimate children born of nuns wh o indulged in inunor:-tl practic-:s were left in VjJ1aras, King Jyotirm'll la rrado them liva a family li fe , sincq then thG practi ce of initiating sons and·., daught ers instead c ...' disdple s ·,,:4 mo:n.ks or nuns :rtartE;d. Just at this time a new· class of Gurubhaju or Gubhaj� origir.ate d from among the Bandas , who wero · Buddhi·sts. 'l'his cla�i s _of people worl::ed as priests for Bandas, Udasas ar.d Jyapus . Band::i.s contintlJ to be Puja ris (priests) ; i1!. �z�, ·ourllllgs, � . Along th Bainsas and Bho tiyas, . Sherpa:; c1nd Murmis too Ubed to come to th ese Buddhist Viharas in orde r to be initiat0d a.; JI 10,lks o nuns . H.:ince one find Mongolian foaturas ., aJlk)ng the dfJS endants � _ � � . � � & Gubhc!JJ.:l, : mas li!ld Udas""s sirnply on this ground cortain 1ore 1�n scholJJ hav e made the assertion that the e nt ire Ne�r com.'Tlunity is of Moncoliar, oricin. This �s a £also view.

Contd ••• ·13.

Even toough Gubhajus and Bandas had opted for family life, the Baha b in wh ich they lived continued to be public propewas rly . Tho rent th11 at wa[;11 • d1.:..rged from strangers who stayed in Ballals also known as Bahal However, during the past 100 years, Gubhajus and Bandas appropriated BahaL for themselv es and startedu sing them as private., property. Only Pagodas (Chaityas ) rt:1main as public property. Even then Bahals continue as r6l jgi,xt' : centers . It is compuls ory forof Gu bhajus or Bandaof sthe toir perfo rm the s aBahcread­ls . tr�ead investiture cererr�ny everyme mber families in Re ligious lectures are no longer de livered, nor is any medical or artist :. c work carried on there. But they have deep faith in their religi.on. Wea1thJ traders offer donations for religious purposes more liberally than Hirilus .

· 2 'llhe condit ion of Lichchhavis or J�pus who once claimed that they h�d extended their fame as far as the ocean 4 deteriorated dUI'iri'g the Malla period, Jyoti:nnalla included them in the Shudra caste. He placed gardey ners , such low-grade artisans as painters, boatmen, black-smiths, in a class inferior to that of Jyapus. This caste system is prevalent even todJ. . SU CCtlSDor :3 With the end of the Malla rule , Prithvi Narayan Shah and his 111 in.. · followed the policy of not recruiting Newara ., in the army. Conseque ntly , Chhathar.i Bainsas became unemployed . However they di d not suffer any lo's.:;L',:: bec au se they w ere taken into the civil service , Moreover, nnuy of thorn t,1 ,)k to commerce in Kathnandu, the capital of the country, Shresthas and B.:tiri:J:t:1:.0,, iJho -were engaged in trade in Kat hmandu , got an unpre cedented opportunity amass wealth. But after 1740 A.D. Indian Marwaris and Baniyas too wel·e granted permission t o start commer'cial activities on a permanent basis in Kathmandu.· They eventually gained control of trade in goods ilnported f:t·o m India • The Bandas and Udasa.s were able to trade o nly with Tibet . Thoy lost control of this trade too when the nnvement of goods between Lru.sa and Kathmandu stopped as a result of the opening of the Chur1'b i route after l883 A'. D. Thi s is why Shresthas and Udasas have never been able to stand co · . Bai.ns as masp eti. tor s of �a rwaris and Baniyas , but have beco· me their agents in a way. Even then, Shresthas and Ucbsas are more prosperous than theCh hatha ri

· 'Iha Jyapus engaged in farming are living in pov erty because they ha.ct be1::n highly exploited. The fact that the administration during th e Shah :rule as well as during the Rana regime was military-<;>rienta d. On the other hand, was responsible tbr their pligh t,artisans were able to bring about gradual improvement inor tt wir condit ion. They got substantial -..iork in the wake of construction new houses in Kathmandu according t.o British mod13 ls'. The co nstruction of s uch houses was s tarte d after the an-ival of the fi rst . British Residant' in Kathmandu· in'181.6. The thenof r ule rs admired British sculpture., and paintings, while despis ing those N3pali artists . As a result art C·Juld not make any progres's in Nepal • 2 . . 4Quat6uat5ion from the stone inscription of Narendra Deva dating b&ck to A.D., which is located at lalitpur. 14 .

, . . .. ·-,."'' "'-'"'.•-'. £he . dialects spoken by the Mongolian conanunities do not liave a. cap ·to spread, Maga.rs , Gurungs and other· communitie s migrating f'rQll their na'. areas tci a ey other :region forget their dialects aftsr'one or two generat: The most .recent example . is that o f the GurUl'lgs of Rwnjatar. Not more tha 200 years 11.ave passed since they migrated 'to Rumj atar from Lamjung and K _· But within such a short period they have · forgotten their original dialect This is true of the. lia wars too.'· Nepal Valley, Banepa, Satgaun arrl Dolakha_ are 1;,he orig inal homes of' the Nawars'. The main language spoken in the se 1 ··areas is Newari11 . The Halla K�1 , s had propagated the Newari language and l'unamed it as Nepal Bhasha. with a view t� making it the national lansU Hoirnver, the Parbatiya dial.bet spread to Kathmandu, and King Pratap i.,1au.a: used it in the stone inscription of 1612 A.D. at· Ranipokhari. During the' " 17th century, some Newars in Nepal Valley migrated to Gorkha. They have now totally forgot:ten the Newari language and adopted the Parbatiya dia l as tr. air mother tongue . Tho se Newars who had _been driven off from the ir orig inal homes between 1712 and 1848 nd.gr�ted to P9khara, JDhankuta and some other najor townsof .· Th ey too· have already forgotten the Newari langu . or are in tha process doing so. This' has been the case/with those Newa-_ who had subs equently mi.grated elsewhere voluntarily . -also

Notwithstanding this, the Kirigs of Bhaktapur had dramas writttin in the'· Newari language, and thus preserved the ancient arts of danc ing and music. The oldest form of the Parbatiya dialect can be found in th ese drama s'. As such, we can l?ring about renaissance in the ;t.' iold of art ,md culture in Nepal in case we can revive the old Newari languag'e . By cre:.-it-· a new (Newari) literature by profuse ly using new words in the Aryan l:ir.�: we shall only be rendering a blow to the Newari language . Nepali sch0la , uould therefore do we ll to coll!)ile all available old words from the Nc•,r: \·1e language, and its rule s o f grarr�a r and mold the Newari language according In cas e we can do so, may be able to preserve our national treasure'.

Of the 7 million Uepalis who have the200 mixe, 000d blood·of Aryans and the Mongols, 300, 000 are Newars . Among then, Newars liv e in their'. original homes . One common chara cteristic among these Newars is civic consciousne'ss, and consequently they have developed a s trong cons ciou3;1;.. .:. of unity. Newars always prefer to live'· togeth er, not separately . ·rhis i.�; ; evident from the fac t that whether in urb an <µ- in rural areas, their ho . tff ,t:L� are joined together . l)wevor, one bad thing common to the Nowars is thc• ·c. do nee· show any .interest _in travelling beyond their areas . Vt:: r"j' f'ew Ne who' · go to the Tarai or the hill regions for taking up trade ar governinc·nt' . service move outside thair office or markets. Thoy do not e�ow any interC in l.mdertalcing tr:;lps to remote villages in order to know the condit:iDn of , people belonging to · othor .co�itias. This de fect in their behavior is n� gradually changing. Contd� •• 15.

The Chhathari Bainsas, who occupy a promir.snt status among t re Nn1r u· ;, suffer from superiority complex. They practise discrimination comniansal 1 and matrimonial relations with others . They hold strong caste prc judicc::i, Chbu.thari Bainsas engaged in go vernment service have a tendency to bol1<1 \ dishonestly whenever they feel any pressure from the governmant or froui their superior officers. They also indulge in usury an:i even in gamblinf,. , and hav e a penchant for high living . Ye t they are not so wealthy as P&nch­ thari Shresthas most of whom are engaged in tradet, . Panchthari Shre sthas . are hone st in their dealings'. In orde r to gain he tru st of the: ir cust.vnk'l' ,c' " they behave with them very honestly . Buddhist Newars are even more hon.• st Among the Udas as who are artisans, there are var:, few dishonest pe:csons _ But one shortcoming fran which they suffer is that they do not finish work in time, but deliberately delay it. The Jyapus who are engaged in farming are also hone st, simple ,industrious and patient . Jyapu women a.rt:• honest and chasa5te . No Jyapu woman except those who have lost their ch;..,_s r,i�.\ while world.ng maid servants in the house s of ot�rs has been found to hav e indulged in actul tery. They are as hard-working as their husbands.

Cont d ••'• 16.

Nepal And The 1857 Indianl'f- Mutinz

Proclwnations Of 'l'he GoverrmientOf Nepal l 1 . Any Naw ab , Raja, Babu, officer, soldier or ryo t fightin6 against. the British Governroont or in:luging in assault and plunaar shall be immediately·ar ra ste d and ha nded over to the British Governu'.( n�. if he sets foot on Nepali territory. In case he offers re sis tc1J1ca while being arrested, ·he ·sha ll be killed. l\. treaty lus b0en sign'� l betweon the British Government nnd the Nepal Gov ernment providiLl'. for the extradition of murderers on a reciprocal basis . There ,rL i: be no departure from -the provisions of the treaty signed between tllo governments. Only a person whose dea.th is nenr will indulge in hostili ty against the British1?15 Gov eriunent1858 and). set f cot on Ne pa1i territory . Date d Ashadh Sudil , (July

2. Any person who conducts correspondence or ma.intains friendly relations with Nawab s, , Ba bus , soldiers, ryots and other rebels who are hos tileno to the British shall be heavily fined. In C'.lse any person ... joins the rebels in fighting ag2inst the British Gov ernme nt and indulging in assault and plunder, his propei•ty shall be auc ti one d and he shall be imprisone d. Any per,,or who enters into the t erritory of the British Gove'rnment and co1:,t :i:' :; murder shall ba ha:ng od. 'l' t�re will not be slighte s t deviation f:cu1r ·1. tbis order. Let all persons , from Sub bas to ryots, unde rs tand tii:i.' ) and protect tha ir Lurls .. and property by engaging themselves il:: .., trade(July, 1858agricul ). ture andoth er pursuits . Date d Ashadh Sudi 1, 1915°

�-1:�-!Hr: HH*'

Regmi Research c ollections, Vol. 29, 247-249 Pp.

Contd ••• 17 .

Jajarkot was the first principality to be,come a vassal of Kathmnndu, 25, 1825, On 1-.agh 1 Prittrv i Narayan Shah wrote to King Gajendra Shah of

· J aj�l'kot:

Throughout your Kingdom, your ancestral authority as well. as your right to awa rd capital pi.mishment , or shaving , deprive or restor e c?ste , impose the Chumawan, Godhuwa 3.!ld Dhar1 madhiklandsari lev ie s, grant or confisc�te Birta and appropriate the proceeds of Panchakhat and other judi­ cial fin.as, e sc_haats, fines on adulterers (Chak-Chakui), "fee s for stamping weights and measures, are confirrred to you . Wha�­ ever, thero is a, succession to our throne , y9u shall paya Salami of Rs 701 . Whenever there is a succession t.o your throna ;coll.ect custom14,ary ch.lE.s- f:rom your subjects. On Na.rga Badi 18�0, the payment due from Raj a. of Jajarkot w:is

reduced by Rs 3,000 year� when he pleaded: (1) the size ·of his fnail;:/ . . . ' . had increased, (2) lands . had been da�ged by floods and landslides (J; grea·tlj impoverished were the peasantry had be en a_nd• unable to pay an'H hj ;; ·

1 Naraharinath Yogi, Itihas Prakash M!. Sandhi-Patra Sang4 •.- raha'. (A Collection of Treatie s In Light on History). P. 2&gmi Research Collections , Vol. 1, P. 542 .

Contd••• 18 .

Land Ta."

<"f ., The Kingdom Ga.rhwal which had ., been redooedto feudato:r-y status in 1849, was finally annexed in Ashadh 1861.

In 1866, laJr�e-s ca.le emigration of ryots was reporwd frcm the 'l'ar,i ureas of Gnrhwal. The goverfo•.ent realized that such emigration had re sultel from the oppression porpatrated .by its adl11ini::itrativ 0 officialD . (40/13 ). It therefort;j remincbd them that Garhwal was .a newly-an11a:xad territory nnd ... thcr(:jforo no injustice should., be practised thera (40/12 ) . With the ob jt1cj of ch eck ing overtaxation new land tax assestiment sche dules \;Jre introduce, · in Baisakh, 1866'. (40/4). .·

According to these schedule s , agricultural lands in the Tarai• are,.l�J beti;een the Ganga and Jann.ma rivers were divided into 3 catagories, Junar, Tap.,1.d and Wakhal. Junar meant lands already under cultivation. Tax as90:.:;:3- m,: mt on such lands were fixed at 50% of each crop. On Tapad lar.ds, which me��t newly-reclaimed lands of superior quality, the rate amounted to 33J% of each crop during th3 first year and .50% the1--eafto r. On Wakhal b:1' which me ant newly-r cla:illled lands' of fari.or quality, th1e r te50- amt our, ts, d •·' � . ,W a 1 to 25;t dur ing the fl.r at year, 33�% during the second yerM" andcB dUI· in.:� .._ tho third and sub sequant years. On unirrigatad land s, a s well on 1.:rncls •· growing cotton, the tax ass e ssment was made in cash at the rate s of l?. :lnrr;Jti and 6 annas for the first and third grade s. Such lands , if they 1al ongod •rapn.d grudu, were not treated as a separate category for pUl."l)OLJea of tcLX assessroont. (40/4).

Simul taneously, efforts we re nn

Contd.'•• Fiscal Privilages Of Rajputs And Thakurs, 186)1

From King Surendra Bikram Shah,

To all the Rajputs and Thakurs re siding in our country.

Prime l1inister Jung Bahadur, acknowledging the holp rendered in 1n�- in the: war 'Wit h Tibet and in 1914 in the battle of Lucknow, has uplift,Jd the status of Khaa and made them equal to Chhatriae. He has permitted 1:-Jal�:•1· ,, and tbe Gurun.;:s to be promoted up to the rank of Colonel, and now th ey '.tl enlisted in the regular m· nv. Other classes of subjects (Prajas ) too ha\1 8 ,-,, 1::nlLt0d as soldiers, an d corrpanies have been formed of th em. fb has promulgated a law which prohibits the enslavement of Newars who wero tr.:,c";-­ tionally enslaved. Limbus and Kiratis have also · been recruited in the ,,u• ,;,'1 and a company has be en fortr'.3d of th em. T!leir enslavement has been prohi l1 h ,, i. 'rhakuris, Rajputs and or.her castes have been exempted from peyirients wt.L:h they had been making until 1919 Serma l levies in lieu of compulsory of 2 labor (Jhara, Khara, Beth, Begari, Hulak ), Walak and levies payable to Zaminckirs and local administrators (A.mall ) from the year 1920 up to 4 :i,rn · 8 annas , 12 annas and l rupee respectively. You are directe d tc present. yourself whenover r,,equired by us and to carry out the tasks assigned tc ;;,),,_

- Dated Kartik Badi 6, 1920 (November 186))e.

1 Sandhipatra �ngraha,- P. 6lle.

•� • l If . 2. \ 1..e. a tax on homesteads.

. Contd•• • 20. 19521 · Inw On Occupations ,_ &3ction 1

No p:irticular occupation has been ass igne d to any partic ular cas te'. All the four classes and thirty-six castes ara free to earn tri}ir livel:LLL• ,d by adopting any trade or occup atic,n except su.ch as is prohibited by the Gove rnment, unless it cause the los s of the ir caste. No one shall be prob:> bit;:;d to share kitchen or touch Wb.ter on the ground thut ho has adoptod ;, particular trad·._, ur occupation .

Se ction 2

No person shall harness a brande d bull or a cow, No man or woman b,,lon,;i1� to any class or castu sh.1 U lo.:rn his o'r hur cao:t,o ot• :;hall bo livblCJ to ai.J sort oi' punif.,hment if ha or she cbes or does' · not· harnes s any other male or fomale animal, and plm �he: field on any day including any featival and th:::: last . dBy of the dark fortnight, out 01' reJ.igious considerati ons .

Section 3

A person belonuing to any of the castes which doos not contand.nat e aqy wator, inc luding the Brahmai1 , may during emergencies, carry on his back p£::rson belonging to any of the castes that contaminates wator; and per::r nns other than Brahmans may do so at aey time with their own consent . Ka$ ahis, howt:iver, may carry in th e Deli, Myana, Cha.upala (palanquins) and ovtin on the back, a person belonging to any caste irrespectivd of whether it canyontam inates water or not aand also whe ther it is inferior to his cX5te, in cortlit ion whatsoever. p0rson so carrying palanquins shLJll not be held to have committed any offen:;a .

Sclction 4

If a porson arreats and penalizes anyone for doing anything permitted unciu.L· the law or hinders anyone from doing .:.u \}'"thing permitt od hereundor, ht' srli.111 bo liable to a fine rnng:i.ng from Rs l to Rs 10,., at the discre tion 1.0of t.h� Hakim . If such person has weactod somo fine also he shall be rnado rGturn it5 . Section

A complainant who50 fails to pr25ove his allegation shall be liable to a i'ino ranging from pico to Rs ture of the cas according =.•t o th • e na . e. Ko. II 1aove rnment of Ne pal, IID .-,.m Roji (On Occupations And Employment) . In .t"hl luki Ain (legal Co de) (Part III) (19.52 ed.' ) Pp •.12-13 .. This law was eff'ectL- � until April 12 , 1963.

Contd •.• 21.

Section 6

A per;:;oan who has done fr�msome Rsthing 1 prRsohibit 50 ed und3r this law shall beHak im. liable to fine ranging to at the discretion of the

Saction 7

kny complaint alleging that a person has pursued an occupation prohibited oy the Government o ther than those which, b esides being prohibited by th e Governn1ent, ·is being run as a state monopoly or the manufacture or war matorials, or that he has harnessed a branded bull or cow, shall bo enter­ tained only within 3 months of the ac tual commiss ion of the off ense. A cornplaint filed afte r the expiry 9f this time-limit _shall notbe enttn•tairwd.

·Se ction 8 11 11 1 Persons of any caste m ay work as Kalshyanli (maid carrying a vessel with holy water) and "Madyauli " (bride- s maid) during marriage or othor 1 11 occasion1 s , the se being auspicious and of fes tive occasions . Aa for carryin� "Dolin Myana and "Tamdans" (litters and palanquins'), all ca stes may do s•)_, this being a w ork to be done on payment of wages'. Everybody shall there i\)r<' act accordingly .

Contd • •·• 22 .

Ancient Lalitpur1

Pa tan is an ancient town. It has been refe rred to by different names , ; such as Yupagram, Manigar., Manigal, Manigla ., Manigla, Mangla (probably '. corrupt fo rms of Ma.na-Griha)$., Lalitapattan, Lalitapuri, Ialitpur, Lalitpa� (11tta11 so rt), Ialitabruma, Lalitabruma (lvng ua,u at the end), Lalitakrama� Lalitakrarra. (long "a" at the end), Pa tan and Yala .

The name 11Patan" emerged towards the concluding period of the reign � the later Mallas. It was no t generally in popular use, nor in the Newari and Sansk rit languages . The term is used in a letter written by King RajY4 Prakash Malla to Kaji Kalu Panda of Gorkha in the Nepali lan6ruage (which was then called Khas-Ku:ra ). In an inscription of King Shiva Simha Mall.a of Kathmandu of 1595, we find Patan referred to as Lalitapattan (soft 11 t 11 sounds ). Later tho hard 11t 11 sounds became common. That was how the name of Pattan was derived.

The term 11Ia.litpur$11 appears to have be en used even prior to 13 79. nui, the reign of Jaya Sthiti Malla, 11 lalitpur 11 became 11 Lalitapuri$. 11 Tho word J 11 Iali t11 denote s aesthetic qualities �·beauty. lalitpur therefore denot� a beautiful tow n.

The town is still known as Pat.an and Lalitpur. 'r he name s: lalitabrui� and Lalitakrama (with the 11a11 at the end both long and short in both caS� remained :in vogue until the 18th century$.

Until about half a century ago , the Judicial Court of Patan was kno�� as Manglabhatta. A stone water spout north of the Patan roy �.. l palac:e b called 11Mangahiti" arid the adj acent settleme nt is called 11angal Bazaar . Th ese terms are as sociated with IIManigla. 11

Tbs Malla Kings of Pa.tan during the later Mall'3. peri od styled themsel 11Manigladhipati . 11 In the inscription found at Bhimsenthan, Lalitpur , du� Marga t-hukla Shasthi, 1737 Vikra.m'i (Nov ember, 1680), wo find the words 11Hanigladhipati Ma.harajadhiraj Shrinivasa Malla}' Inscri bed on a bell at· j Kwabaha l, Lalitpur, we find a corrupt. form of 11 Manigladhipati11, viz., 11Manig aradhipati Ha.ri simha Dev a."

King Ranjit Halla of Bhaktapur ruled over Patan also once or twice . , a copper inscription of his time, we find local Judicial Officer boil the 11 referred to as 11Manglabhatta11 , while he styled himself 11 Mlnigladhipati. 1 -----This cop-per------inscription is date------d circa 1818 Vikrama. (1761) . 1 1:ila Raj Shrestha, 11 Prachin lalitpur (Yupagram) • 11 (Ancient Lalitp'-a'i (Yupagram)$. Gorkhapatra, Magh 16, 2022 (January 29, 1966). ,,.

Contd ••• 23 .

., Variations of this term., are : 1'ianig al Manigla, Manigl.aka, l'lanigar, M:lnigla, Manigal, Manigwal Mangal and Manga . ., 1 11 Originally the term Manigla was1 us ed, to describe the royal palace of 1 1 Pa an •' Later, alo d.th the suffix Ic a 1 it was used to de scribe' the1, town'. � . � i'" . This view is confirmed by a- book entitled Bodnicharyavatar a Panj1ka 11 11 written in circa 1134 Vikrana (1087),w hich is datedk t he lJepaJ. year 198'. 11 An -inscription of Shankar Deva refers to Rarnya'11 (charming) Lalitpur, also known as ManiglakaW.'.3.S. It is thus clear that Maniglaa referred to the Unp;r._{l:i;)lll•;, 1 11 of P atan. This the1 reason weyall the late r Mall.a Kings r uling over stylE::d t hemselves as 1'1:lnigladhipati. 11 11 11 11 · · 11 According to Bafu Ram Acharya, the• tenns Manirgal and Manigar are derived from the Sanskr1t t1Ma.nagrlha

It is cl&ar that the place where the great Lichchhavi King Nana lklva (520-561 Vikrama - 463-504 A .D. ) built a royal11 palace ca11 lle d }'anagriha later came to b e known as Manigla. The tann Managriha' is used to refer to the royal., palace- in the in561scrip tion at 1bankot· of Basanta Deva , grandson of l-tl.na Deva which is dated Vikrama (504). Thankot was at that ti.mo called Jayapallika.

Many royal orders issued by the Lichchhavi Kings after ManaDev a f'ro-r:1 Munagriha are available . The t erm is still used in an inscription of thu Lichchhavi K ing Bhimarjuna n:i va (circa 697 Vik rama - 640 A.D. ) and tho 11 11 • Abhira / Chief B ishnu Gupta at Sunaguthi. Ins criptions of the Lichchhavi Kings Gana De va', and Shiva 03v136a also u se the term Managriha The us e c,f this term covers a period of years'.

lJ.l. this shows that at this time Managriha was the royal palace . It i.::, difficult to say precisaq how during t he subsequent period of .345 year � , from 698 t o 1 043 Vi.krama. (641 to 986) the te rm corrupted.as Manirgala and lfanigla'.

From a s tudy of Newari philology, it is evident t.hat Manirgala -and Manigla in t.ime pecame �ala and Manga.

However, the Newari language also uses another term for Patan to1-., m - Yala, as is clear from the inscription of King Yoga Uarendra Malla Bhupa­ londra Malla ok in Patan. Ranjit Malla, King 11 11 and Bhupatindra Malla at Mulch of B haktapur, ( 1787 Vikrama (1730 ) refers to Patan a Ya.la (with the firs t a nacalized) , after the Bhaktapur fashion. From the 14th century of thG Vikrazra era to date, Patan has been called Yala in popular usage. There i;; no doubt that Yala was derived from the term Yup agrama.

Contd••• 24.

'l"h e term Yupagrama ooc-u.rs for the first time in the ins�ription of Dhruva Sangh at Bhadre sh.-m.r in the PasYhupatinath temple area, which is dated circa 589 Vikrama (532), then in the inscription of Ratna Sa ngha at Natveshwar in Deopa-tan, .and theYn in one· of the Lichchhavi King Narendr�

a. at the Golden Window I>'1l.a.ce , whiYch is' ' da:ted . circa 701 Vikrama. ( chb ) • J Dev . } .· • 1 Yupagrruna was ,probably situated in the we �tern part of !1:m igal· j (Managriha ). ,Orde rs issue d in thG namaY· of tho ,people o f Yupagrruna we re 1 maintaine d at Managriha . Yupngrama in course of time corrupyed as Yaglct , .. �r then as Ya.la. It is only Yala .frozo among the ·numerous terms denoting P::it.'.11'� as mentioned ab ove that is used in popular parlance . I . . ' 11Yupa 11 • is a Kira.ti term the meaning of which is not clear. In Sanckritl the term means 11a sacrificial po st11, suc h as those fo und at the Kot and � near the R:lnipokhari at Kat hnandu,. but whetha:r this meaning ha::; any relev:1 to the term when used to de scribe the town ·of Patan is a mattor for i'ur tL.:;l r:)soarch . 'fhe Lichchhavis added the term 11Grama.Y11 to Kirati place nrund s, � such US YUP.'.l.crar,a (Ialitpur), Ienibatigr'.Ulk'l. (Le�) 1 Khopri11iJer1ll(l (Bhokt.�q:-tij r Koligrcma (Kathmo.ndu ) ·. Wld 'l'ru:wtugrnma (Thaibo). 'l' ha term YaL:t is thu;; dt.ri] from the Kirat i 11 Yupa 11 • ,iti

(S.B.N. )