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Endangered Species¥ CONSERVE ONTARIO’S CAROLINIAN FORESTS Preserve Endangered Songbirds Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers are migratory birds that share essential breeding habitat in the forests of Ontario’s Carolinian Zone. Like many songbirds that nest in Canada, these species winter in Central and South America, and migrate each year to eastern North America for the warm months. In Canada, the birds nest only in Ontario, in the moderate climate found in the southwestern portion of the province. Natural areas in this region are under intense pressure from agricultural and urban expansion. Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers prefer large, mature woodlands for nesting. In Ontario’s Carolinian Zone, the preferred habitat of these birds has diminished by as much as 90 per cent since European settlement. Acadian Flycatchers are listed as an endangered species in Canada, with only 35 to 50 nesting pairs occurring annually. Hooded Warblers are a nationally threatened species, with just 150 to 210 nesting pairs found each year. Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers are fairly abundant in highly forested regions of the eastern and southeastern United States. However, they have both been identified as “Species of Concern” in Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois and Wisconsin, 1. owing to significant loss and frag- mentation of forest habitat. In Canada, Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers are known to have nested in fewer than 100 individual forests. Preserving these populations in Canada is contingent on conserv- ing the remaining Carolinian forests in Ontario. 1. Acadian Flycatcher / To protect and enhance the habitat of Bill Rayner & these songbirds, co-operative efforts Ron Kingswood are required from landowners, forest 2. 2. Hooded Warbler / managers, foresters, wildlife biolo- M.K. Peck gists, planners, municipalities, habitat restoration groups, and community conservation groups. The Species Ranges and the Carolinian Zone A Closer Look at Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers 1. 1. 2. 1: Acadian Flycatcher / Judie Shore 2: Hooded Warbler / Judie Shore Acadian Flycatchers are olive-coloured birds that make their homes under tall, closed tree canopies in the middle levels of mature forests, often along steep-sided ravines. The small birds have an explosive song that sounds like “peet-sah,” which resounds from shady spots along creeks and swamps. Their nests are generally built at low heights (two to four metres) over bare, open areas like streams and pools of water. Nests are typically suspended from the horizontal branches of American beech, eastern hemlock 2. and flowering dogwood trees. They can be distinguished by long, hanging strands of grass or other materials. Hooded Warblers are easily identified by their yellow masks and underbodies. The males have full black hoods, whereas North American Distribution Map the females may have nearly complete hoods or no hoods at The small songbirds reach the all. Their loud song suggests the phrase “weeta-weeta-wee- northern limits of their breeding ranges in the Carolinian forests tee-o.” The nest – a bulky mass of dry leaves – is placed of southwestern Ontario. in the low, shrubby understory that occurs in small gaps in 1: Acadian Flycatcher mature, dry forests. Hooded Warblers prefer to nest close 2: Hooded Warbler to the ground, often in wild raspberry thickets. 2 Canada’s The majority of forest songbirds in Canada are neotropical migrants, which Recovery Plan means that they breed in North America in the summer months and winter in Central and South America, or the Caribbean. Acadian Flycatchers and In 1994, Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers are two of Canada’s rarest neotropical migrants. Hooded Warblers received their current, respective designations, Both species reach the northern limits of their breeding ranges in the “Endangered” and “Threatened.” Carolinian forests of southwestern Ontario. Wildlife found at the edges of The Committee on the Status of their breeding range can provide important benefits to the whole species. Endangered Wildlife in Canada, These populations often evolve unique genetic and behavioural variations known as COSEWIC, is the national that can contribute to species survival in the event of rapid changes to assessment body that makes recom- the environment or climate, which may affect the larger group adversely. mendations on the status of species believed to be at risk of extinction. ONTARIO’S CAROLINIAN ZONE COSEWIC consists of distinguished The Carolinian Zone lies south of an imaginary line between Grand Bend scientists and wildlife managers repre- on Lake Huron and Toronto on Lake Ontario. This region enjoys warmer senting 20 member agencies and year-round temperatures than any other part of Ontario. The accommo- organizations from across Canada, dating climate supports ecosystems found nowhere else in Canada, along plus the chairs of its eight Species with levels of biological diversity unsurpassed elsewhere in the province Specialist Groups. In 1996, the and possibly the nation. Canadian Wildlife Service, through the committee for Recovery of “Carolinian” is a name coined by early botanists, who observed that Nationally Endangered Wildlife, hardwood forests in southwestern Ontario share many characteristics or RENEW, established the first with forests as far south as the Carolinas. Forests in Ontario’s Carolinian multi-species recovery team in Zone are enriched by trees having a strong southern affinity, such as Canada, the Acadian Flycatcher and tulip, sassafras, Kentucky coffee, cucumber magnolia, black gum, Hooded Warbler Recovery Team. This and papaw. group developed a National Recovery Carolinian forest is one of Canada’s most threatened habitats. More Strategy and Recovery Action Plan than 40 per cent of the national list of endangered and threatened to preserve the two species. species occur in the Carolinian zone – more than in any other Canadian The National Recovery Strategy aims life zone. Throughout the Carolinian Zone, agricultural and residential to substantially increase the current pressures have caused extensive wildlife habitat destruction. In parts of populations of the birds in Ontario. southwestern Ontario, over 90 per cent of the original forests are gone. Successful recovery will raise the Most of the remaining forests are too small and isolated to accommo- populations to 250 nesting pairs of date Acadian Flycatchers, Hooded Warblers and other species that Acadian Flycatchers and 500 nesting depend on the specialized habitats found in large forests. pairs of Hooded Warblers. The recov- Recovery actions are needed to ensure the conservation of the remaining ery team is realizing these goals by: Carolinian forests in Ontario. Preservation and enhancement of the habitat • encouraging private landowners favoured by Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers will benefit other and public managers of Carolinian forest birds, including three species of special concern: Red-shouldered forests in Canada to protect and Hawks, Cerulean Warblers and Louisiana Waterthrushes. More common enhance these rare ecosystems; forest bird species, such as Wood Thrushes, Ovenbirds and Pileated Woodpeckers, will also gain from the conservation and wise management • providing management guideline of mature forest habitat. options to concerned landowners, managers and foresters that are designed to maintain and enhance Carolinian forest habitat; and • assisting landowner stewardship and the creation of broad partnerships between landowners, government, and interest groups around six Core Woodland Complexes identified in the Recovery Action Plan. 3 Building Better Forest Habitat Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers prefer extensive forest cover for FOREST INTERIOR nesting. In Canada, the largest amount of forest cover within the Carolinian HABITAT REQUIRED Zone is found in Norfolk and Elgin counties, which are 25 and 16 per cent forested, respectively. Consequently, these two regions support the greatest Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded concentrations of Acadian Flycatchers and Hooded Warblers in Canada. Warblers are considered “area- sensitive” species because of their Under the national Recovery Action Plan for the two species, six key woodland preference for nesting in large wood- complexes in southwestern Ontario have been identified as having national lands. The birds occasionally inhabit importance for the maintenance of one or both species. These large forest forests as small as 20 hectares (about complexes have been designated for special conservation effort: 50 acres), but are much more common in forests of at least 100 hectares 1. Lambton County Heritage Forest (Lambton County); (about 250 acres). Small woodlots 2. Bothwell Forest / Skunk’s Misery and County Line Woods ( Middlesex can, and do, attract these species if County and the Municipality of Chatham-Kent); they are in close proximity to larger forest cover within the region. 3. Clear Creek Forest (Municipality of Chatham Kent); Large woodlands are more likely to 4. Backus Woods, St. Williams Forest, South Walsingham Forest and Deer contain the variety of microhabitats Creek Valley (Norfolk County); these songbirds require for nesting, 5. Dundas Valley (Regional Municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth); and foraging and cover. In addition, large woodlands offer extensive interior 6. the Niagara Escarpment Plan area encompassing Short Hills Provincial habitat, the inner part of the forest Park and the Fonthill area (Niagara Regional Municipality).
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