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The Coloniser and the Colonised: Reflections on Translation

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The Coloniser and the Colonised: Reflections on Translation WACANA VOL. 8 NO. 2, OKTOBER 2006 (157—169) The Coloniser and the Colonised: Reflections on Translation as Contested Space Harry Aveling Abstrak Tulisan ini mengemukakan pentingnya pemahaman penerjemah mengenai “Nata” dari seEuah Narya. .ata “coloniser” dan “colonised” yang muncul dalam Narya AlEert 0emmi memiliNi relevansi dengan pengertian Nolonial yang Eersifat metaforis. 2leh Narena itu, seorang penerjemah, dalam melihat kedua kata itu, haruslah terfokus pada teks itu sendiri dan merefleNsiNannya. Secara singNat ada EanyaN cara untuN melihat NaraNteristiN yang beragam dari hubungan antara penerjemah beserta terjemahannya dan penulisnya Kata Kunci coloniser, colonised, colonial metaphor, translator, translated ,n her “critical introduction” to postcolonial theory, /eela Gandhi speaNs the “new fields of knowledge – often classified under the rubric of the ‘new humanities’ – [which] have endeavoured first, to foreground the exclusions and elisions which confirm the privileges and authority of canonical knowledge systems, and second to recover those marginalised knowledges which have Eeen occluded and silenced Ey the entrenched humanist curriculum “(Gandhi 1998: 42). These fields are, in the words of 0ichel Foucault, “suEMugated Nnowledges … Nnowledges that have Eeen disTualified as inadeTuate to their task or insufficiently elaborated: naïve knowledges, located low down on the hierarchy, beneath the required level of cognition or scientificity (Foucault 1980: 82); Gandhi 1998: 43).” From among these knowledges, Foucault cites “that of the psychiatric patient, of the ill person, of the nurse, of the doctor … of the delinTuent, etc” (Foucault 1980: 82). Gandhi’s examples are perhaps these days more respectaEle: “disciplines such as women’s studies, cultural studies and gay/lesbian studies” – and postcolonial studies, of course (Gandhi 1998: 42). Translation Studies is one of “the new humanities”1 and sits somewhere between the types of knowledge which Foucault and Gandhi describe. In this paper, I come as both a practitioner and a scholar of translation. I 1 Susan Bassnet’s EooN Translation Studies, 0ethuen, /ondon 1980, p. 1, credits the name of the new discipline to a proposal made by André Lefevere in 1976: her book is “an attempt to demonstrate that Translation Studies is inded a discipline in its own right; not merely a minor branch of comparative literary study, nor yet a specific branch of linguistics, but a vastly complex field with many far-reaching ramifications.” Wacana Oktober 2006.indb 157 30/11/2006 09:42:02 158 WACANA VOL. 8 NO. 2, OKTOBER 2006 have translated extensively from Indonesian and Malay, co-translated from Hindi, and have done some preliminary work on Francophone Vietnamese writing. Here, I am interested in using Albert Memmi’s book, The Colonizer and the Colonized, as providing a metaphor which might Ee useful for thinNing about the act of translation and its problems. Albert Memmi Albert Memmi was born in Tunisia in 1920, a Jew in a predominantly Muslim French colony. His father was a saddler. Memmi’s maternal language was Arabic. He was educated firstly in a rabbinical school, then at the Alliance israélite, and finally at a French high school in Tunisia. His studies at the University of Algiers were interrupted by the Second World War, when he was interned in a forced-labour camp in 1943, but he later proceeded to the Sorbonne, receiving his agrégation in philosophy. Returning to Tunisia, with a French wife, he Eegan worN in the field of child psychology and campaigned actively for Tunisian independence as editor of the literary page of the Tunisian daily L’Action. After Tunisia acTuired its independence in SeptemEer 1956, he settled permanently in 3aris, where he suEseTuently divided his time Eetween academic work and writing. Memmi has written five novels, La Statue de sel (1953), Agar (1955), Le Scorpion (1969), Le Désert (1977), and Le Pharoan (1989), as well as a collection of poetry, /e 0irliton du Ciel (1990). His most influential worN is the essay Portrait du Colonisé précédé du Portrait du Colonisateur (A Portrait of the Colonized, preceded Ey a 3ortrait of The Coloniser), first puElished in 1957 and translated into English Ey Howard Greenfield in 1965. 0emmi has also puElished other studies,including Portrait d’un Juif (1962), La Libération du Juif (1966), L’Homme Dominé (1968), La Dépendance (1979) and Le Racisme (1982). He is the subject of two volumes of interviews, Entretien (1975) and La Terre intérieure (1976); and has also edited two anthologies of North African Francophone writing: L’Anthologie des écrivains maghrébins d’expression française (1964) and L’Anthologie des écrivains française du Maghreb (1969) (Monego 1984: 91—93); Déjeux 1973: 303—304). ,n descriEing his own life in /a Terre intprieure, Memmi says: “This will be, in sum, the history of a certain type of provincial Frenchman, who earned the necessary capital with which he was able to lead an acceptable life. There is nothing more to add but the date of my death …”. But, in fact, he continues: “it is not that simple; there was also colonisation, the war, decolonisation … Let me say things differently: I was the first son in a family which had eight children; my father, a saddle-maker, had some difficulty in earning enough to procure what we needed. We were thoroughly Jewish in an Arabic country which, even if the land was a French protectorate, still created many difficulties. Finally, we were Tunisians, Eoth colonised and belonging to the second zone of France. I always wanted to write, I’m sure of that. Always, through every difficulty, the experience of Eeing humiliated, the daily witnessing of injustice, the atrocious brutality of modern warfare, the Wacana Oktober 2006.indb 158 30/11/2006 09:42:02 HARRY AVELING, THE COLONISER AND THE COLONIZED 159 German occupation, the extraordinary historical surprise of decolonisation, my journeys throughout the world, where I was exposed to other situations, discovered other itineraries similar to my own, has all made me a polemical writer (un pcrivain de comEat). Finally, in that regard, I have said almost all that I would like to say: I would like to return permanently to writing fiction, to the novel. Let us add, for the sake of completeness, that I would have liked to have been a physician or a priest … But I was required to study to become a professor; very well, I have learned to love this trade, I feel comfortable in it, and I can write a little almost every day …” (Memmi 1985: 216—217). The Colonizer and the Colonized As a writer, 0emmi has Eeen associated with the “Generation of 1952”, descriEed Ey -oan 0onego as “the first generation of accomplished 0aghreEian writers (0emmi 1984: 21); (,Enlfassi 1996: 11—30).” 0emmi says of these writers in his introduction to L’Anthologie des écrivains maghrébins d’expression française: “For the first time, North Africa can be seen to take itself on. Accepted, assumed, or discussed, she ceases to be a simple décor or a geographic accident. These new authors are at grips with their country as with the essential of themselves … It was necessary to dare at last to grasp at one’s own life, at that of one’s fellow citizens, at the relations with the colonizer. It was necessary, in sum, to discover and affront one’s veritable domain, one’s specific object. And that isn’t to be taken for granted when one has lost the habit of disposing of one’s own destiny”(Memmi 1984: 20—21). In the 1965 Preface to The Coloniser and the Colonised, Memmi similarly suggests that: “I undertook this inventory of conditions of colonized people mainly in order to understand myself and to identify my place in the society of other men” (p. 4). His conclusions are given briefly in this opening preface and worth summarising here. At the heart of the colonial relationship is the economic privilege of the coloniser. The deprivations of the colonized – his daily humiliation and objective subjugation – are the almost direct result of the colonizer’s advantages (p. 8). The relationship is, thus, one of “implacable dependence”, which has “molded their respective characters and dictated their conduct”. Nevertheless: “Just as there was an obvious logic in the reciprocal behavior of the two colonial partners, another mechanism, proceeding from the first, would lead, , Eelieved, inexoraEly to the decomposition of this dependence” (p. 5). 0emmi concludes: “,t was proEaEly sufficient to descriEe with precision the facts of colonization, the manner in which the colonizer was bound to act, the slow and inevitable destruction of the colonized, to bring to light the absolute iniquity of colonization; and at the same time, to unveil the fundamental instability of it and predict its demise” (p. 13). As a postwar commentator on French colonialism, 0emmi’s worN is contemporary with that of Franz Fanon, a physician from Martinique, and (DominiTue) 2. 0annoni, an ,talian psychologist practising in 0adagascar. He has a similar interest to them in the emotional conseTuences of oppression, and especially the factor of dependence. Here I wish simply to describe the rest of Wacana Oktober 2006.indb 159 30/11/2006 09:42:02 160 WACANA VOL. 8 NO. 2, OKTOBER 2006 Memmi’s book in brief detail, before I look for the possible parallels between the colonized and the colonized, and the translator and the translated. The Colonist 3art 2ne of The Coloniser and the Colonised presents a “3ortrait of the Colonizer”. 0emmi opens with a paragraph drawn straight from the French eTuivalent of the Boys 2wn 3aper: “:e sometimes enMoy picturing the colonizer as a tall man, bronzed by the sun, wearing Wellington boots, proudly leaning on a shovel – as he rivets his gaze far away on the horizon of his land. When not engaged in battles against nature, we think of him laboring selflessly for mankind, attending the sick, and spreading culture to the nonliterate.
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