Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60315-7 - The Cambridge Companion to Shostakovich Edited by Pauline Fairclough and David Fanning Frontmatter More information

The Cambridge Companion to Shostakovich

As the ’s foremost composer, Shostakovich’s status in the West has always been problematic. Regarded by some as a collaborator, and by others as a symbol of moral resistance, both he and his music met with approval and condemnation in equal measure. The demise of the Communist State has, if anything, been accompanied by a bolstering of his reputation, but critical engagement with his multi-faceted achievements has been patchy. This Companion offers a new starting point and a guide for readers who seek a fuller understanding of Shostakovich’s place in the history of music. Bringing together an international team of scholars, the book brings up-to-date research to bear on the full range of Shostakovich’s musical output, addressing scholars, students and all those interested in this complex, iconic figure.

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The Cambridge Companion to SHOSTAKOVICH

......

EDITED BY Pauline Fairclough and David Fanning

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60315-7 - The Cambridge Companion to Shostakovich Edited by Pauline Fairclough and David Fanning Frontmatter More information

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

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© Cambridge University Press 2008

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First published 2008

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A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Cambridge companion to Shostakovich / edited by Pauline Fairclough and David Fanning. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 978-0-521-60315-7 1. Shostakovich, Dmitrii Dmitrievich, 1906–1975–Criticism and interpretation. I. Fairclough, Pauline, 1970– II. Fanning, David (David J.) ML410.S53C36 2008 780.92–dc22 2007050142

ISBN 978-0-521-84220-4 hardback ISBN 978-0-521-60315-7 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

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Contents

Notes on the contributors page vii Chronology ix Abbreviations xv

Introduction 1 Pauline Fairclough and David Fanning

PART I. Instrumental works 7 1 Personal integrity and public service: the voice of the symphonist 9 Eric Roseberry 2 The string quartets: in dialogue with form and tradition 38 Judith Kuhn 3 Paths to the First Symphony 70 David Fanning 4 Shostakovich’s Second Piano Sonata: a composition recital in three styles 95 David Haas 5 ‘I took a simple little theme and developed it’: Shostakovich’s string concertos and sonatas 115 Malcolm MacDonald

PART II. Music for stage and screen 145 6 Shostakovich and the theatre 147 Gerard McBurney 7 Shostakovich as opera composer 179 Rosamund Bartlett 8 Shostakovich’s ballets 198 Marina Ilichova 9 Screen dramas: Shostakovich’s cinema career 213 John Riley

PART III. Vocal and choral works 229 10 Between reality and transcendence: Shostakovich’s songs 231 Francis Maes 11 Slava! The ‘official compositions’ 259 Pauline Fairclough [v]

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vi Contents

PART IV. Performance, theory, reception 285 12 A political football: Shostakovich reception in Germany 287 Erik Levi 13 The rough guide to Shostakovich’s harmonic language 298 David Haas 14 Shostakovich on record 325 David Fanning 15 Jewish existential irony as musical ethos in the music of Shostakovich 350 Esti Sheinberg

Notes 368 Select bibliography 387 Index 390

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Notes on the contributors

Rosamund Bartlett’s publications include Wagner and Russia (Cambridge, 1995), Shostakovich in Context (Oxford, 2000) and Chekhov: Scenes from a Life (New York, 2004). She has contributed to The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians and The Cambridge History of Russia, and is editor of the forthcoming Cambridge Companion to Russian Music. Pauline Fairclough is Lecturer in Music at the University of Bristol. She has pub- lished on Shostakovich and Soviet culture in The Musical Quarterly and Music and Letters; her book A Soviet Credo: Shostakovich’s Fourth Symphony was published by Ashgate in 2006. David Fanning is Professor of Music at the University of Manchester and has a varied career as scholar, pianist and critic. Author of several books and articles on Nielsen and Shostakovich, his most recent publications include a study of Shostakovich’s Eighth String Quartet for Ashgate Press (2004) and a five-volume performing edition of Russian Opera Arias for Peters Edition. David Haas is Professor of Music at the University of Georgia. His book Leningrad’s Modernists (New York, 1998) was concerned with the new music and musical thought of Leningrad in the 1920s. His edition of Symphonic Etudes by Boris Asafyev (Lanham, Md., 2007) is a translation with commentary of a classic of twentieth-century Russian operatic criticism. He is currently at work on a study of the nineteenth-century Russian symphony and a novel about an American symphonist. Marina Alexandrovna Ilichova danced with the Mariinsky Theatre before working as a ballet historian and critic. She has taught at the Vaganova Russian Ballet Academy in St Petersburg and since 2003 she has worked at the Russian Institute of the History of Arts. She is the author of many books and articles on ballet, including Irina Kolpakova (Leningrad, 1979; 2nd edn, Leningrad, 1986) and Oleg Vinogradov (Hamburg, 1994 (in English and German)). Judith Kuhn teaches at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. She has published articles in Music Analysis and in Ernst Kuhn et al., eds., Dmitri Schostakowitsch und das jüdische musikalische Erbe (Berlin, 2001). Her book, Shostakovich in Dialogue: Form, Imagery and Ideas in Quartets 1–7 is forthcoming from Ashgate. Erik Levi is Reader in Music at Royal Holloway University of London. Author of the book Music in the Third Reich (London, 1994) and numerous chapters and articles on German music from the 1920s to the 1950s, he is also an experienced performer and writes regularly for BBC Music Magazine. He is currently writing a book about Mozart and the Nazis for Yale University Press. Gerard McBurney is a composer, arranger and broadcaster. He has made performing versions of many Shostakovich works including a chamber ensemble score of the musical comedy Moscow Cheryomushki and an orchestral suite from the [vii]

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viii Notes on the contributors

music-hall show Uslovno Ubitïy. Since 2006 he has been creative director of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra’s Beyond the Score series. Malcolm MacDonald is the editor of a short catalogue of Shostakovich’s works (London, 1977; two subsequent editions). His books include the Dent Master Musicians volumes on Brahms and Schoenberg, monographs on Ronald Stevenson and John Foulds and a three-volume study of the symphonies of Havergal Brian. His most recent book is Varèse, Astronomer in Sound (London, 2003), and the new enlarged edition of his Schoenberg is imminent in 2008. Francis Maes was artistic director of the Flanders Festival and currently teaches musicology at Ghent University (Belgium). He is the author of A History of Russian Music, from Kamarinskaya to Babi Yar, published by the University of California Press (2002). John Riley is a lecturer, writer, broadcaster and curator. His publications include : A Life in Film (London and New York, 2005). As a curator he works with various cinemas and produced the first BBC Film Promenade Concert. He wrote, produced and directed Shostakovich – My Life at the Movies, which was premiered by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra with narrator Simon Russell Beale. It was then produced at the Komische Oper, Berlin. Eric Roseberry is a freelance musician and writer who has specialized in the music of Benjamin Britten and Dmitry Shostakovich. His publications include his PhD, Ideology, Style, Content and Thematic Process in the Symphonies, Cello Concertos and String Quartets of Shostakovich (New York and London, 1989). He has contributed essays to the Cambridge Opera Handbook series to Britten’s Death in Venice (1987), Aldeburgh Studies in Music On Mahler and Britten (1995), Shostakovich Studies (1995) and The Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Britten (1999). Esti Sheinberg teaches Music Theory and Music Literature at Virginia Tech, Virginia, USA. Her publications include Irony, Satire, Parody and The Grotesque in the Music of Shostakovich (Aldershot, 2000) and ‘Shostakovich’s “Jewish Music” as an Existential Statement’ in Dmitri Schostakowitsch und das jüdische musikalische Erbe (Berlin, 2001).

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Chronology

Shostakovich’s life and career (works listed under Year year of completion) Contemporary political events

1906 (25 September) Shostakovich born 1909 (24 August) Sister Zoya born 1914 (August) First World War begins 1915 Begins piano lessons with his mother and almost immediately composes first piano pieces; first visit to opera (Rimsky-Korsakov, The Tale of Tsar Saltan); (autumn) begins piano lessons with Olga Glyasser 1916 Transfers to piano class of Ignaty Glyasser Murder of Rasputin 1917 ‘Funeral March in Memory of Victims of the (February) Revolution – overthrow of Tsar Revolution’ (March) Formation of Provisional Government; abdication of Tsar (October) Revolution – Bolshevik seizure of power Formation of People’s Commissariats (NKs, i.e. Ministries), including People’s Commissariat for Enlightenment (Narkompros) subsuming the arts under education and propaganda, and NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) (December) creation of Cheka (Extraordinary Commission for the Suppression of Counter-revolution and Sabotage) 1918 Begins piano lessons with Alexandra Rozanova (March) Treaty of Brest-Litovsk takes Russia out of War (April) Civil War begins (September) Red Terror begins in aftermath of attempt on Lenin’s life 1919 (Autumn) Enrols at Petrograd Conservatoire – (March) Campaign against churches piano under Rozanova, composition under Comintern established Maximilian Steinberg 1920 (Autumn) Transfers to piano class of Lev War with Poland Nikolayev (November) Civil War effectively ends, with Red Op. 2 Eight Preludes for Piano (begun in 1919) Army victorious. Hostilities continue until October 1922 1921 Op. 1 Scherzo in F sharp minor (March) Kronstadt and Tambov rebellions crushed; New Economic Policy (NEP) introduced at 10th Party Congress; famine in Volga regions (until 1922) kills millions 1922 (24 February) Father dies (February) Cheka reorganized as GPU (State Op. 3 Theme and Variations for Orchestra Political Administration) within NKVD Op. 4 Two Fables of Krïlov (3 April) Stalin elected General Secretary of Party Op. 5 (piano) (May and December) Lenin suffers strokes Op. 6 Suite for Two Pianos (December) Founding of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) 1923 (Spring) Operation for tuberculosis of lymphatic Formation of ACM (Association of system; graduates as pianist Contemporary Music) and RAPM (Russian (July) Meets and falls in love with Tatyana Association of Proletarian Musicians) Glivenko at sanatorium in Crimea (October) Begins works as silent film accompanist [ix] Op. 8 Piano Trio no. 1

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x Chronology

Shostakovich’s life and career (works listed under Year year of completion) Contemporary political events

1924 Op. 7 Scherzo in E flat (21 January) Death of Lenin; Petrograd renamed Op. 9 Three Pieces for Cello and Piano (lost) Leningrad (Autumn) Begins works on First Symphony GPU renamed OGPU and removed from NKVD (Republic level) to SovNarKom (USSR level) (December) Stalin announces policy of ‘’ (as opposed to priority of International Revolution) 1925 (March) Meets Marshal Tukhachevsky, who becomes his sponsor and patron Op. 10 Symphony no. 1 (completed 1 July) Op. 11 Two Pieces for String Octet 1926 (April) Accepted for postgraduate study at (April) ‘United opposition’ (opposed to NEP and Leningrad Conservatoire Socialism in One Country) of Trotsky, (12 May) Triumphant premiere of First Zinoviev and Kamenev formed, but largely Symphony defeated by October Op. 12 Piano Sonata no. 1 1927 (January) Awarded diploma of honour at first (November–December) Expulsions of Trotsky, Chopin Piano Competition (Warsaw) Zinoviev and Kamenev from Party (February) Returns via Berlin; meets Prokofiev in Leningrad (May) Beginning of friendship with Ivan Sollertinsky (June) Attends performance of Wozzeck and meets Berg (Summer) Meets Nina Varzar (future first wife) (Autumn) Meets Vsevolod Meyerhold Op. 13 Aphorisms (piano) Op. 14 Symphony no. 2, Dedication to October Op. 16 (orchestration of Vincent Youmans’‘Tea for Two’) 1928 (January) Works as pianist and musical director (January) Trotsky exiled to Alma-Ata at Meyerhold Theatre in Moscow (May–July) Wreckers’ Trial Op. 15 (opera, after Gogol) (October) Beginning of First Five-Year Plan 1929 (May) First published article ‘On the Ills of Music (November) Defeat of ‘Right opposition’; Criticism’ Bukharin expelled from Politburo Op. 18 (film score) (December) Stalin’s fiftieth birthday marks Op. 19 The Bedbug (incidental music) beginning of ‘cult of personality’; he calls for Op. 20 Symphony no. 3, The First of May mass collectivization of agriculture and (December) Beginning of collaborations with ‘’ (elimination of resistance Leningrad TRAM (Theatre of Working amongst supposedly wealthy peasantry) Youth) 1930 Op. 22 The Golden Age (ballet) (April) Suicide of Mayakovsky; height of cultural domination by Proletarian organizations 1931 Op. 27 (ballet) 1932 (13 May) Marries Nina Varzar (23 April) Central Committee resolution ‘On the (August) Joins directorate of Leningrad branch of restructuring of literary-artistic organizations’ Union of Soviet Composers disbands factions and establishes cultural Op. 21 Six Romances on Texts by Japanese Poets Unions Op. 29 The Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District (Until 1934) Famine in Ukraine and elsewhere (opera, after Leskov, begun October 1930) kills millions Op. 32 Hamlet (incidental music) 1933 (November) Elected as deputy to the October (1933–7) Second Five-Year Plan district Soviet of Leningrad Op. 34 24 Preludes (piano) Op. 35 Piano Concerto no. 1 1934 (January) Premieres of Lady Macbeth in (July) OGPU reorganized under NKVD Leningrad and Moscow (August) First congress of Union of Soviet Suite for Jazz Orchestra no. 1 Writers proclaims (May) Meets and falls in love with translator (December) Assassination of Kirov gives pretext Elena Konstantinovskaya (affair lasts until for coming Terror mid-1935) Op. 40 Cello Sonata

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xi Chronology

Shostakovich’s life and career (works listed under Year year of completion) Contemporary political events

1935 Divorce from Nina Varzar; remarriage following (4–6 February) ‘Discussion about Soviet her pregnancy Symphonism’ at Moscow Composers’ Union Premieres of Lady Macbeth in New York, (Shostakovich takes part) Czechoslovakia, Stockholm etc. Stalin declares ‘Life has improved, life has become Op. 39 (ballet) more joyous’ (September) Beginning of (encouraging exceptional feats of industrial production) 1936 (26 January) Stalin attends Lady Macbeth (17 January) Establishment of ‘All-Union production Committee for Artistic Affairs’ (later to (28 January) Pravda editorial article ‘Muddle become USSR Ministry of Culture); cultural instead of Music’ (on Lady Macbeth) attacks extended to architecture, literature, (6 February) Pravda editorial article ‘Balletic film and fine arts Travesty’ (on The Bright Stream) (August) Political show trials (Zinoviev, (30 May) Birth of daughter Galina (Galya) Kamenev and others) Op. 43 Symphony no. 4 (September) Yezhov appointed head of NKVD in (December) Scheduled premiere of Fourth succession to Yagoda Symphony withdrawn (eventually premiered (December) Stalin constitution promulgated in 1961) 1937 Spring: Joins staff of Leningrad Conservatoire; Height of Great Terror (until late 1938), millions begins teaching in September deported, hundreds of thousands executed Op. 46 Four Romances on Texts of Pushkin (June) Marshal Tukhachevsky (Shostakovich’s Op. 47 Symphony no. 5 (triumphant premiere on patron) executed 21 November) 1938 (10 May) Birth of son, Maxim Terror continues Op. 49 String Quartet no. 1 (1938–June 1941) Third Five-Year Plan (December) Beria succeeds Yezhov as head of NKVD 1939 (23 May) Confirmed as professor at Leningrad (March) 18th Party Congress effectively brings Conservatoire Terror to an end Op. 54 Symphony no. 6 (August) Nazi–Soviet non-aggression pact (September) Nazi invasion of Poland brings UK into War (November) USSR invades Finland 1940 Op. 57 Piano Quintet (March 1941 awarded (March) Peace treaty with Finland Stalin Prize, first class) (April) – NKVD shoots 15,000 Op. 58 Boris Godunov (orchestration of Polish prisoners of war Musorgsky’s opera) (June) USSR annexes Baltic states (August) Assassination of Trotsky in Mexico 1941 (June–July) Volunteers for army service, joins (22 June) Nazi invasion of USSR Home Guard, arranges popular songs and (July) Beginning of siege of Leningrad opera arias for performance at the battlefront (From October) Partial evacuation of Moscow (August) Refuses offer of evacuation (December) Red Army counter-attacks and (1 October) Evacuated with family to Moscow, drives Nazis back from Moscow then Kuybyshev (arrives 22 October) Op. 60 Symphony no. 7 ‘Dedicated to the City of Leningrad’ (premiere in Kuybyshev, 5 March 1942) 1942 (9 August) Performance of Symphony no. 7 in (May) Anglo-Soviet alliance blockaded Leningrad (August 1942–January 1943) Battle of Stalingrad Op. 62 Six Romances on Texts of Raleigh, Burns and Shakespeare Abandons incomplete opera The Gamblers (after Gogol) 1943 (April) Resettles in Moscow, begins teaching at NKGB (People’s Commissariat for State Security) Conservatoire split from NKVD Op. 61 Piano Sonata no. 2 (July) Nazis defeated at tank battle of Kursk Op. 65 Symphony no. 8

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xii Chronology

Shostakovich’s life and career (works listed under Year year of completion) Contemporary political events

1944 (11 February) Death of Sollertinsky (January) Siege of Leningrad lifted Op. 67 Piano Trio no. 2 (August) Warsaw uprising Op. 68 String Quartet no. 2 Completes and orchestrates Rothschild’s Violin (opera by Shostakovich’s pupil, Veniamin Fleyshman, after Chekhov) 1945 Op. 69 A Children’s Notebook (seven pieces for (February) discusses shape of piano) Europe after War Op. 70 Symphony no. 9 (April) Soviet and US forces meet at River Elbe (9 May) Surrender of Germany 1946 Op. 73 String Quartet no. 3 (1946–50) Fourth Five-Year Plan NKGB becomes MGB (Ministry for State Security); NKVD becomes MVD (Ministry for Internal Affairs) (March) Churchill’s ‘Iron Curtain’ speech; effective beginning of (August) Beginning of Andrey Zhdanov’s anti- formalism campaign in the arts (Zhdanovshchina – the Zhdanov business). Central Committee decree attacks writers Akhmatova and Zoshchenko for ‘reactionary individualism’ 1947 (February) Reappointed professor at Leningrad Famine in Ukraine Conservatoire, though continues to live in (September) created (official forum Moscow. Moves to apartment on of international communist movement) Mozhayskoye Shosse Op. 74 Poem of the Motherland (patriotic cantata) 1948 (February) Shostakovich condemned in anti- (January) Murder of Solomon Mikhoels signals formalism campaign beginning of anti-Semitic campaign (14 February) Various works included on Main (10 February) Resolution ‘On the opera The Repertoire Commission list of banned Great Friendship by ’ compositions (February) Communist coup in Czechoslovakia (August) Loses teaching posts (November) Dissolution of Jewish Anti-fascist Op. 77 Violin Concerto no. 1 Committee Op. 79 (song cycle) 1949 (March) Visits USA as part of Soviet delegation to Closure of Jewish State Theatre in Moscow Peace Congress (first of several such duties) (April) Formation of NATO (16 March) Ban on ‘formalist’ works lifted (August) Soviet atomic bomb test Op. 81 (oratorio; awarded Stalin Prize, first class in December 1950) Op. 83 String Quartet no. 4 1950 (July) Attends Bach bicentenary festival in (June) Leipzig Op. 84 Two Romances on Texts of Lermontov 1951 (February) Re-elected Deputy to Supreme Soviet (1951–5) Fifth Five-Year Plan of the Russian SFSR. Many initiatives to help victims of Stalin’s purges Op. 86 Four Songs on Texts of Dolmatovsky Op. 87 Twenty-Four Preludes and Fugues (piano) Op. 88 Ten Poems on Texts by Revolutionary Poets (for unaccompanied mixed chorus) 1952 Op. 90 The Sun Shines over our Motherland Stalin prepares for another purge (patriotic cantata) Op. 91 Four Monologues on Texts of Pushkin Op. 92 String Quartet no. 5 1953 Op. 93 Symphony no. 10 (January) Discovery of (fabricated) ‘Doctors’ Plot’ (5 March) Deaths of Stalin and Prokofiev; Malenkov becomes prime minister, Beria head of NKVD, Molotov foreign minister MGB and NKVD fused into new MVD (July) Arrest of Beria (September) Khrushchev appointed first secretary of Party

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xiii Chronology

Shostakovich’s life and career (works listed under Year year of completion) Contemporary political events

1954 (March–April) Moscow discussion of Tenth The Thaw (novella) published, Symphony lends name to post-Stalin era (4 December) Death of Nina (first wife) (May) commission established Op. 94 Concertino for two pianos Responsibility for security transferred to KGB Op. 96 Festive Overture (Commission for State Security) Op. 98 Five Romances on Texts by Dolmatovsky 1955 (9 November) Death of mother (May) Warsaw pact established Bulganin replaces Malenkov as prime minister 1956 (July) Marries Margarita Kaynova (Komsomol (February) Khrushchev’s ‘secret speech’ to 20th activist) Party Congress denounces Stalin’s excesses (September) Awarded (June) Central Committee resolution ‘On Op. 100 Spanish Songs overcoming the Cult of Personality and its Consequences’ (November) Invasion of Hungary crushes uprising 1957 Op. 101 String Quartet no. 6 (July) Khrushchev crushes ‘opposition’ and gains Op. 102 Piano Concerto no. 2 supreme power Op. 103 Symphony no. 11, The Year 1905 (October) First sputnik launched 1958 (March–April) President of first Tchaikovsky (February) Khrushchev replaces Bulganin as International Competition prime minister (May) Records Piano Concertos in Paris. Feels (28 May) Central Committee resolution partially first symptoms of muscular condition, later rescinds 1948 anti-formalism resolution diagnosed as form of polio or motor neuron (October) Pasternak awarded Nobel Prize for disease Literature for Doctor Zhivago Op. 105 Moscow, Cheryomushki (operetta) Op. 106 Khovanshchina (orchestration of Musorgsky’s opera) 1959 (August) Separates from second wife (1959–65) Seven-Year Plan to regenerate (November) Visits USA agriculture (December) Buys dacha at Zhukovka, near Moscow Op. 107 Cello Concerto no. 1 1960 (9 April) Elected First Secretary of Russian SFSR Beginning of incarceration of dissidents in Composers’ Union psychiatric hospitals (September) Accedes to candidature for Party (May) American spy plane shot down over Soviet membership (ratified 14 September 1961) air space (September) Meets Britten in London, beginning of friendship Op. 108 String Quartet no. 7 Op. 109 Satires (song cycle) Op. 110 String Quartet no. 8 1961 (30 December) Symphony no. 4 premiered (April) First manned Soviet space flight (Yury Op. 112 Symphony no. 12, The Year 1917 Gagarin) (August) Berlin Wall erected 1962 (18 March) Elected deputy to Supreme Soviet for (October) Cuban missile crisis Leningrad (November) Publication of Solzhenitsyn’s A Day (April) Moves to apartment on Nezhdanova in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Street (June) Marries Irina Supinskaya (literary editor) (August–September) Attends Edinburgh Festival as featured composer (1 and 10 October) Meets Stravinsky in Moscow (12 November) Conducts Cello Concerto no. 1 and Festive Overture at festival of his music in Gorky Op. 113 Symphony no. 13, Babiy Yar (premiere 18 December) Op. 114 Katerina Izmaylova (revision of Lady Macbeth; unofficial premiere on 26 December)

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xiv Chronology

Shostakovich’s life and career (works listed under Year year of completion) Contemporary political events

1963 Attends preparations for various new productions of Katerina Izmaylova, including Covent Garden in November 1964 Op. 117 String Quartet no. 9 (14 October) Brezhnev replaces Khrushchev as Op. 118 String Quartet no. 10 first secretary of Party Op. 119 The Execution of Stepan Razin (vocal- symphonic poem; awarded USSR State Prize November 1968) 1965 Op. 121 Five Romances on Texts from Krokodil Magazine 1966 (30 May) First heart attack, followed by two (1966–70) Eighth Five-Year Plan months in hospital (February) trial of Sinyavsky and Daniel Op. 122 String Quartet no. 11 (dissident writers) Op. 123 Preface to the Complete Edition of My Works and a Brief Reflection apropos this Preface (song) Op. 126 Cello Concerto no. 2 1967 (September) Breaks leg in fall Stagnation (zastoy) begins Op. 127 Seven Verses of Blok Op. 128 Spring, spring (romance to words by Pushkin) Op. 129 Violin Concerto no. 2 Op. 131 October (symphonic poem) 1968 (April) Resigns as first secretary of RSFSR (April) Chronicle of Current Events launched Composers’ Union (dissident samizdat, i.e. self-publishing, Op. 133 String Quartet no. 12 journal, lasts until 1983) Op. 134 Violin Sonata (August) Invasion of Czechoslovakia, crushing Antiformalist Gallery (satirical scena, assembled attempts at liberal reform intermittently since ?1948) 1969 Op. 135 Symphony no. 14 1970 Op. 136 Loyalty (eight ballads for Soviet Human Rights Committee founded by unaccompanied male chorus) Sakharov et al. Op. 138 String Quartet no. 13 1971 (17 September) Second heart attack 1971–5: Ninth Five-Year Plan Op. 141 Symphony no. 15 (February) Beginning of large-scale Jewish emigration 1972 (July) Visits Britten in Aldeburgh Strategic arms limitation talks (SALT) begin (December) Hospitalized for treatment for lung cancer 1973 (June) Visits USA, consults American doctors (3 September) Letter condemning nuclear Op. 142 String Quartet no. 14 physicist Andrey Sakharov appears in Pravda, Op. 143 Six Verses of Marina Tsvetayeva signatories including Shostakovich 1974 Op. 144 String Quartet no. 15 (February) Expulsion of Solzhenitsyn from USSR Op. 145 Suite on Texts of Michelangelo Buonarroti Op. 146 Four Verses of Captain Lebyadkin 1975 (9 August) Dies of lung cancer (1 August) Helsinki Accord on human rights (14 August) Funeral at Novodevichy cemetery, (October) Sakharov awarded Nobel Peace Prize Moscow Op. 147 Viola Sonata

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Abbreviations

ASM [Assotsiatsiya sovremennoy muzïki] Association of Contemporary Music DDR [Deutsche Demokratische Republik] German Democratic Republic FEKS [Fabrika ekstentricheskogo aktyora] Factory of the Eccentric Actor GDR German Democratic Republic GTsMMK [Godsudarstvennïy tsentral’nïy muzey muzïkal’noy kul’turï imeniM.I.Glinki] Glinka State Central Museum of Musical Culture, Moscow ISCM International Society for Contemporary Music LASM [Leningradskaya assotsiatsiya sovremennoy muzïki] Leningrad Association of Contemporary Music NEP New Economic Policy NKVD [Narodnïy komissariat vnutrennïkh del]People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs OBERIU [Ob’’edineniye real’nogo iskusstva]SocietyforRealArt RIAS Radio in the American Sector (main radio station in Berlin, 1946–89) RAPM [Rossiyskaya assotsiatsiya proletarskikh muzïkantov] Russian Association of Proletarian Musicians RAPP [Rossiyskaya assotsiatsiya proletarskikh pisateley]Russian Association of Proletarian Writers RGALI [Rossiyskiy gosudarstvennïy arkhiv literaturï i iskusstva] Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, Moscow RSFSR [Rossiyskaya sovetskaya federatsiya sovetskikh respublik] Russian Soviet Federation of Soviet Republics TRAM [Teatr rabochey molodyozhi] Theatre of Working Youth TsGALI [Tsentral’nïy gosudarstvennïy arkhiv literaturï i iskusstva] Central State Archive of Literature and Art, St Petersburg

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