UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA a Probabilistic Approach to Classify

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UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA a Probabilistic Approach to Classify ALMA MATER STUDIORUM A.D. 1088 UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA SCUOLA DI SCIENZE Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Geologia e Territorio Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali Tesi di Laurea Magistrale in idrologia e rischio idraulico - costruzioni idrauliche e protezione idraulica del territorio A probabilistic approach to classify the levee reliability Candidato: Relatore: Andrea Franco Prof. Mario V. L. Martina Correlatore: Dott. Ing. Alessio Domeneghetti Sessione Marzo 2016 Anno Accademico 2014-2015 Dedicato ad Arturo ed Augusto i nonni che avrei tanto voluto conoscere. Summary 1. Scopo della tesi (Abstract)………………………………………………………………………………………………1 INTRODUCTION AND PREMISE 2. Introduction to the work….……………………………………………………………………………………………5 2.1 The hydraulic risk………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 2.1.1 The risk formula..........................................................................................8 2.1.2 The Residual Hazard...................................................................................9 2.2 The Po basin............................................................................................................10 2.3 The Po river levee system……………………………………………………………………………………13 2.3.1 Characteristics..........................................................................................13 2.3.2 Evolution in time......................................................................................14 2.4 The historical flood event and levee breaches of Po River…………………………………….16 2.4.1The historical flood from 19th century.......................................................17 2.4.2 Levee breaches of Po River.......................................................................20 3. Case of study: the levee system from Piacenza to Cremona……………………………………………23 3.1 Geographical location…………………………………………………………………………………………23 3.2 Hydrographic characteristics…...…………………………………………………………………………25 3.2.1 The dam of Serrafini Island……………………………………………………………………27 3.2.2 The levee system between Piacenza and Cremona……………………………….29 3.3 Geological framework and land use.…………………………………………………………………..31 3.3.1 Geology and land cover………………………………………………………………………..31 3.3.2 Land use……………………………………………………………………………………………….34 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4. The probabilistic dike failure assessment………………………………………………………………………37 4.1 Monte Carlo Method and the fragility function…………………………………………………...38 4.2 The limit state equation for levee failure………………………………………………….………….41 4.2.1 Rupture due to overtopping………………………………………………………………….41 4.2.2 Rupture due to piping…………………………………………………………………………..42 5. Physical knowledge of the failure mechanisms……..………………………………………...……………45 5.1 The overtopping discharge………………………………………………………………………………….45 5.2 The gradient method………………………………………………………………………………………….46 6. Data and useful information…………………………………………………………………………………………49 6.1 Topographic information ……………………………………………………………………………………49 6.2 Dataset from Literary Research ……………………………………………………………….…………51 7. Levee reliability model…………………………………………………………………………………………………53 7.1 Approach 1: centered sections …………..……………………………………………………………...54 7.2 Approach 2: sections limits………………………………………………………………………………….56 DATA PROCESSING 8. Study approach to levee geometry……………………………………………………………………………….59 8.1 Geometrical analysis…………………………………………………………………………………………..59 8.1.1 Source of uncertainty and errors correction …..……………………………………61 8.2 Morphological trend …………………………….……………………………………………………………64 9. Reliability analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………………….69 9.1 Probability distribution of variables associated to morphological variability………69 9.2 Failure probability distribution………………………………………………………………………..…72 9.2.1 Fragility surface for overtopping……………………………………………………...….72 9.2.2 Fragility curves for piping ……………………………………………………………………73 CLASSIFICATION PROPOSAL 10. Classifications of reliability …………………………………………………………………………………….…75 10.1 Definition of indexes ……………….………………………………………………………………………75 10.1.1 Overtopping classification……………………………………………………………….…75 10.1.2 Piping classification……………………………………………………………………..…….77 10.2 Classes for discreet levee stretches………………………………………………………………….78 HAZARD ANALYSIS 11. Hydraulic modeling and residual hazard estimation……………………………………………………85 11.1 HEC-RAS 1D modelling………………………………………………………………………………………85 11.1.1 Calibration…………………………………………………………………………………………85 11.1.2 Linear interpolation…………………………………………………………………………..87 11.2 Hazard estimation for different approaches…………………………………………………..…90 11.3 Flooding water volumes …………………………………………………………………………….…....95 11.3.1 Breaches dimension …………………………………………………………………..……..97 11.3.2 Different scenarios of levee breaches………………………….………………..……98 FINAL CONSIDERATION 12. Results and discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………103 12.1 Reliability classes…………………………………………………………………………………………….103 12.1.1 Indexes correlations………………………………………………………………………….103 12.2 Comparison between the classes and the hazard value…………………………….……107 12.2.1 Flooding volumes estimation……………………………………………………………109 13. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………………….………………111 14. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…117 ATTACHMENTS 1. Topographic input data 2. Classifications and indexes 3. Indexes maps 4. Classification maps 5. Residual Hazard maps 6. Summary sheet of flooding water volumes C'era la gente del mio paese sull'argine, ferma, con le facce trepide, infantili anche quelle senili. E da lontano veniva un rombo: l'onda di piena arrivava e avrebbe rotto in qualche parte.... Cesare Zavattini da E I'uomo creo la terra: il Po tra Casalmaggiore, Colorno, Sabbioneta, Viadana Ci sono cose che i geologi non sanno fare e gli ingegneri si, ci sono cose che gli ingegneri non vedono ma i geologi si… la soluzione è una stretta collaborazione, per proteggere insieme questo mondo e renderlo un posto migliore. Introduction and premise 1. Scopo della tesi Al giorno d'oggi è ormai noto, anche per chi di questa materia non se ne intende, che l'Italia è un paese ad alto rischio idrogeologico, dove le frane e le alluvioni non vengono più percepite come un evento eccezionale o “catastrofico” ma sono parte della nostra vita quotidiana, senza sapere esattamente dove e con quanta imprevedibilità queste possano avvenire. Sin dall'antichità le popolazioni si sono insediate nelle vaste piane fluviali e sempre più vicino ai corpi idrici e ai grandi fiumi per poterne sfruttare al meglio le risorse, finché la natura non ha avuto il sopravento e “si è ripresa gli spazi a lei rubati”, ieri come oggi, ed è in queste occasioni che l'uomo si rende conto di essersi esposto troppo a rischio. Da quando se ne ha consapevolezza, per proteggersi da questi fenomeni noti come alluvioni oppure “onde di piena”, opere note come costruzioni idrauliche vengono poste in sito allo scopo di impedire l'allagamento delle aree limitrofe ai corsi d'acqua. Tra le costruzioni idrauliche più note e usate, ci sono i sistemi arginali, lunghe dighe in terra di svariate forme e dimensioni che si estendono per chilometri nelle aree golenali e anche a ridosso del corpo idrico. Ma queste opere non sono destinate a durare e a proteggere per un tempo illimitato e, come tante altre cose create dall'uomo, anche gli argini possono aver dei difetti e dunque possono “fallire”. Il lavoro in questione ha lo scopo di andare a valutare l'affidabilità degli argini fluviali, andando a calcolare la probabilità di “fallimento” per determinati tratti arginali condizionati da diversi livelli di carico, utilizzando metodi probabilistici che fanno uso delle Curve di fragilità ottenute attraverso il Metodo Monte Carlo. Come meccanismi di rottura sono stati considerati il sormonto arginale e il sifonamento (dal momento che questi risultano essere i più frequenti) e si prende in analisi il sistema arginale maestro del fiume Po nel tratto compreso tra Piacenza e Cremona, nel settore medio basso della Pianura Padana. La novità di questo approccio sta nel verificare l’affidabilità di interi tratti arginali, e non solo delle singole sezioni, tenendo conto della variabilità della geometria del sistema arginale tra un tratto e l’altro. 1 Introduction and premise Inoltre si va a considerare, per ogni tratto arginale analizzato, una distribuzione di probabilità delle variabili di carico in gioco per la definizione delle curve di fragilità, dove questa viene influenzata della diversità della topografia e della morfologia dell’alveo fluviale, lungo l’asta analizzata, associata all’andamento del sistema arginale nello spazio. Viene in oltre proposta una classificazione, per entrambi i meccanismi di rottura, volta a definire un’indicazione del grado di affidabilità del tratto arginale analizzato su base delle informazioni ricavate dalle curve di fragilità. A completamento del lavoro si è ricorso ad un modello idraulico, dove viene simulata una piena cinquecentennale utile per determinare il valore di pericolosità di allagamento, attraverso le curve di fragilità utilizzate nelle analisi, per ogni tratto arginale in corrispondenza dei relativi tiranti idrici, e dunque confrontare i risultati con le classi ottenute. Questo lavoro ha inoltre lo scopo di porsi come interfaccia tra il mondo della geologia applicata e l'idraulica fluviale, dove al giorno d'oggi un stretta collaborazione tra le due figure professionali è necessaria per risolvere e migliorare la stima del rischio idraulico. 2 Introduction and premise ABSTRACT Since antiquity, people have settled down in vast fluvial plains near water bodies and major
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