DOCSLIB.ORG

Nuclear Structure Studies of Rare Francium Isotopes Using Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Nuclear Structure Studies of Rare Francium Isotopes Using Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) ARENBERG DOCTORAL SCHOOL Faculty of Science Nuclear structure studies of rare francium isotopes using Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) CERN-THESIS-2015-236 01/09/2015 Ivan Budinceviˇ c´ Supervisor: Dissertation presented in partial Prof. dr. G. Neyens fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Science September 2015 Nuclear structure studies of rare francium isotopes using Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) Ivan BUDINČEVIĆ Examination committee: Dissertation presented in partial Prof. dr. M. Huyse, chair fulfillment of the requirements for Prof. dr. G. Neyens, supervisor the degree of Doctor Prof. dr. P. Van Duppen in Science Prof. dr. R. Raabe Prof. dr. N. Severijns Prof. dr. E. Janssens dr. K. Flanagan (The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom) September 2015 © 2015 KU Leuven – Faculty of Science Uitgegeven in eigen beheer, Ivan Budinčević, Celestijnenlaan 200D box 2418, 3001 Leuven (Belgium) Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, elektronisch of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, electronic or any other means without written permission from the publisher. Acknowledgements "I’m bored" is a useless thing to say. You live in a great, big, vast world that you’ve seen none percent of. Louis C.K. This thesis marks the end of an important chapter in my life, a chapter filled with many exciting adventures and discoveries, but also many challenges. I am proud to have been able to contribute to the advancement of human knowledge, however humble the contribution may have been. However, I would have by no means been able to finish this journey without the help of many wonderful people, whom I am very happy to be able to thank here. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Gerda Neyens, for giving me the opportunity to come to Leuven and to experience being a scientist at CERN. I have learned many things and had unforgettable experiences, all for which I am very grateful. Secondly, I would like to thank the members of my Examination Committee: Mark Huyse, Piet Van Duppen, Riccardo Raabe, Nathal Severijns, Ewald Janssens and Kieran Flanagan. Thank you very much for your helpful comments and our interesting discussions concerning the thesis. I am very grateful to have had such wonderful colleagues from the Nuclear Moments group: Jasna, Wouter, Hanne, Ronald, Ruben, Xiaofei, Stijn, Matthias and Sarina. Thank you for all the things I have learned during "Cultural Fridays", all the times you have helped me when I got stuck with theory, all the laughs we had and so much more. I will also always be indebted to everyone from the CRIS team: Kieran, Jon, Kara, Thomas, Tom, Ilya, Mark, Shane, Greg, thank you all for being a very fun but also very efficient team, and helping me manage my way around i ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS the CRIS beamline. I wish you countless more successful experiments, but I do hope they are not all on francium. For the other members of the ISOLDE family: Frank, Vladimir, Bruce, Sebastien, Ralph, Tom, Laura, Stephan, Martin, Tomica, Magda and many others, thank you all for letting me borrow your tools and for being great neighbors. I am very grateful to everyone from the secretariat: Isabelle, Fabienne, Sally and Danielle, to Luc and Bert for fun talks and their IT support, to Willy, Dries, Bart and everyone from the mechanical and electronics workshops for all of their hard work. Luckily my four years at Leuven were not limited to just working, and I am very grateful for having wonderful colleagues who were not related to my field but with whom I had many interesting discussions over our Alma lunches, coffee breaks and beers in the Oude Markt. Hiwa, Gergely, Tomas, Camillo, Daniel, Manisha, Vera, Johana, Riccardo, Freddy, Sara, Deyan and everyone, thank you for all the fun conversations we had. As for everyone outside of IKS, the volleyball gang, my Japanese class buddies, everyone from Dutch class, kung fu and salsa, all of my friends from Serbia, thank you for the countless fun times. To my loving parents, thank you for all of your support throughout my entire life and for giving me so many opportunities. I will be forever grateful. Finally, thank you Maro for all the fun things you have shown me, thank you Mali for always wanting to play with me and for visiting me in Leuven and in CERN and for always being my wonderful little brother, and thank you Tatjana, thank you for all of your support throughout my PhD and for all of the awesome adventures we had. Thank you all. Ivan September 2015, Leuven Preface The goal of this PhD work was to study the structure of exotic francium isotopes by measuring their magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole moments as well as changes in mean-square charge radii, using the newly developed technique of Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS). The first experimental campaigns yielding hyperfine structure and alpha decay results for the francium isotopes 202−206Fr and 218m,219,229,231Fr were performed in August and October 2012 at ISOLDE, CERN. These experiments used the low-resolution pulsed lasers from the RILIS group at ISOLDE, resulting in highly-sensitive background-free measurements, with a linewidth of 1.50(5) GHz. That was sufficient to deduce charge radii and magnetic moments of isomers and ground states, but not sufficient to resolve hyperfine components from isomers and ground states nor to determine quadrupole moments. Four articles were published as a result of this work. The first article by Cocolios et al. [1] gives a description of the CRIS experimental setup. The second article by Flanagan et al. [2] reports on the novelty and sensitivity of the CRIS technique and its application to the study of neutron-deficient francium isotopes and isomers down to 202Fr. The third article by Lynch et al. [3] was the subject of the PhD thesis of Kara Lynch (University of Manchester) who focussed on the analysis and interpretation of the neutron-deficient francium isotopes using decay-assisted collinear resonance ionisation spectroscopy [4]. The fourth article by Budinčević et al. [5] is the core article of this PhD thesis and it is added in the discussion section. It focuses on the study of the neutron-rich francium isotopes in a region of reflection asymmetry. The measurement of the magnetic dipole moments provided insights into the orbital occupations of the valence protons in 219,229,231Fr and supported the tentative spin assignments in 229,231Fr, while the changes in mean-square charge radii provided additional support for the transitional character of 220Fr, having weak octupole correlations, and showed that 228Fr lies outside of the region where such octupole correlations cause reflection-asymmetric nuclear deformations. iii iv PREFACE During the ISOLDE long shutdown period, an upgrade to the CRIS off-line stable ion source was performed as part of this PhD work, enabling tests of a pulsed CW (continuous wave) laser system leading to high-resolution studies on francium isotopes in November 2014. Thanks to the improvement in resolution by nearly 2 orders of magnitude, the spectroscopic quadrupole moment of 219Fr could be measured, which confirmed that the motion of the odd proton in this nucleus is decoupled from the core deformation. This was previously suggested from decay spectroscopy studies. A thorough description of the laser system technical developments, which forms the subject of the PhD thesis by Ruben de Groote, has been described in the paper by de Groote, Budinčević et al.[6], along with a short discussion on the evolution of the structure in the odd neutron-rich francium isotopes. This paper is given in the Appendix of this thesis, while a more extended discussion about shapes and deformation in the francium isotopes is given in the Discussion chapter. In summary, the following papers resulted from the experiments that were carried out as part of my PhD thesis: 1. The Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (CRIS) experimental setup at CERN-ISOLDE T.E. Cocolios, H.H. Al Suradi, J. Billowes, I. Budinčević, R.P. de Groote, S. De Schepper, V.N. Fedosseev, K.T. Flanagan, S. Franchoo, R.F. Garcia Ruiz, H. Heylen, F. Le Blanc, K.M. Lynch, B.A. Marsh, P.J.R. Mason, G. Neyens, J. Papuga, T.J. Procter, M.M. Rajabali, R.E. Rossel, S. Rothe, G.S. Simpson, A.J. Smith, I. Strashnov, H.H. Stroke, D. Verney, P.M. Walker, K.D.A Wendt and R.T. Wood Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 317, 565-569 (2013) 2. Collinear Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy of Neutron- Deficient Francium Isotopes K.T. Flanagan, K.M. Lynch, J. Billowes, M.L. Bissell, I. Budinčević, T.E. Cocolios, R.P. de Groote, S. De Schepper, V.N. Fedosseev, S. Franchoo, S. R.F. Garcia Ruiz, H. Heylen, B.A. Marsh, G. Neyens, T.J. Procter, R.E. Rossel, S. Rothe, I. Strashnov, H.H. Stroke, and K.D.A Wendt Physical Review Letters 111, 212501 (2013) 3. Decay-Assisted Laser Spectroscopy of Neutron-Deficient Fran- cium K.M. Lynch, J. Billowes, M.L. Bissell, I. Budinčević, T.E. Cocolios, R.P. de Groote, S. De Schepper, V.N. Fedosseev, K.T. Flanagan, S. Franchoo, R.F. Garcia Ruiz, H. Heylen, B.A. Marsh, G. Neyens, T.J. Procter, R.E. Rossel, S. Rothe, I. Strashnov, H.H. Stroke, and K.D.A Wendt Physical Review X 4, 011055 (2014) PREFACE v 4.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IA Metals: Alkali Metals
    IA Metals: Alkali Metals INTRODUCTION: The alkali metals are a group in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs). You should remember that there is a separate group called the alkaline earth metals in Group Two. They are a very different family, even though they have a similar name. The seventh member of alkali metals group – francium, is radioactive and so rare that only 20 atoms of francium may exist on Earth at any given moment. The term alkali is derived from an Arabic word meaning “ashes.” PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: Shiny Soft (They can all be cut easily with a knife ) Highly reactive at standard temperature and pressure Because of their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air Their density increases as we move from Li to F White/metal coloured Very good conductors of heat and electricity Have the ability to impart colour to the flame. This property of alkali metals is used in their identification. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: The atom of any given alkali metal has only one valence electron. The chemical reactivity of alkali metals increase as we move from the top to the bottom of the group. Like any other metals, ionization potential is very low. In fact, alkali metals have the lowest ionization potential among the elements of any given period of the periodic table. Any alkali metal when comes in contact with air or oxygen, starts burning and oxides are formed in the process. At the end of the chemical reaction, lithium gives lithium monoxide (LiO), sodium gives sodium peroxide (Na2O2) and other alkali metals give superoxides.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • FRANCIUM Element Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87
    FRANCIUM Element Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87 An initiative of IYC 2011 brought to you by the RACI KAYE GREEN www.raci.org.au FRANCIUM Element symbol: Fr Atomic number: 87 Francium (previously known as eka-cesium and actinium K) is a radioactive metal and the second rarest naturally occurring element after Astatine. It is the least stable of the first 103 elements. Very little is known of the physical and chemical properties of Francium compared to other elements. Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France in 1939. However, the existence of an element of atomic number 87 was predicted in the 1870s by Dmitri Mendeleev, creator of the first version of the periodic table, who presumed it would have chemical and physical properties similar to Cesium. Several research teams attempted to isolate this missing element, and there were at least four false claims of discovery during which it was named Russium (after the home country of soviet chemist D. K. Dobroserdov), Alkalinium (by English chemists Gerald J. K. Druce and Frederick H. Loring as the heaviest alkali metal), Virginium (after Virginia, home state of chemist Fred Allison), and Moldavium (by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois after Moldavia, the Romanian province where they conducted their work). Perey finally discovered Francium after purifying radioactive Actinium-227 from Lanthanum, and detecting particles decaying at low energy levels not previously identified. The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal (such as co-precipitating with Cesium salts), which led Perey to believe that it was element 87, caused by the alpha radioactive decay of Actinium-227.
    [Show full text]
  • The R-Process Nucleosynthesis and Related Challenges
    EPJ Web of Conferences 165, 01025 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201716501025 NPA8 2017 The r-process nucleosynthesis and related challenges Stephane Goriely1,, Andreas Bauswein2, Hans-Thomas Janka3, Oliver Just4, and Else Pllumbi3 1Institut d’Astronomie et d’Astrophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 226, 1050 Brussels, Belgium 2Heidelberger Institut fr¨ Theoretische Studien, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany 3Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Postfach 1317, 85741 Garching, Germany 4Astrophysical Big Bang Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan Abstract. The rapid neutron-capture process, or r-process, is known to be of fundamental importance for explaining the origin of approximately half of the A > 60 stable nuclei observed in nature. Recently, special attention has been paid to neutron star (NS) mergers following the confirmation by hydrodynamic simulations that a non-negligible amount of matter can be ejected and by nucleosynthesis calculations combined with the predicted astrophysical event rate that such a site can account for the majority of r-material in our Galaxy. We show here that the combined contribution of both the dynamical (prompt) ejecta expelled during binary NS or NS-black hole (BH) mergers and the neutrino and viscously driven outflows generated during the post-merger remnant evolution of relic BH-torus systems can lead to the production of r-process elements from mass number A > 90 up to actinides. The corresponding abundance distribution is found to reproduce the∼ solar distribution extremely well. It can also account for the elemental distributions observed in low-metallicity stars. However, major uncertainties still affect our under- standing of the composition of the ejected matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Photofission Cross Sections of 238U and 235U from 5.0 Mev to 8.0 Mev Robert Andrew Anderl Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1972 Photofission cross sections of 238U and 235U from 5.0 MeV to 8.0 MeV Robert Andrew Anderl Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Nuclear Commons, and the Oil, Gas, and Energy Commons Recommended Citation Anderl, Robert Andrew, "Photofission cross sections of 238U and 235U from 5.0 MeV to 8.0 MeV " (1972). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 4715. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/4715 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This dissertation was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction, 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity, 2.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Lecture Notes in Nuclear Structure Physics B. Alex Brown November
    1 Lecture Notes in Nuclear Structure Physics B. Alex Brown November 2005 National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824 CONTENTS 2 Contents 1 Nuclear masses 6 1.1 Masses and binding energies . 6 1.2 Q valuesandseparationenergies . 10 1.3 Theliquid-dropmodel .......................... 18 2 Rms charge radii 25 3 Charge densities and form factors 31 4 Overview of nuclear decays 40 4.1 Decaywidthsandlifetimes. 41 4.2 Alphaandclusterdecay ......................... 42 4.3 Betadecay................................. 51 4.3.1 BetadecayQvalues ....................... 52 4.3.2 Allowedbetadecay ........................ 53 4.3.3 Phase-space for allowed beta decay . 57 4.3.4 Weak-interaction coupling constants . 59 4.3.5 Doublebetadecay ........................ 59 4.4 Gammadecay............................... 61 4.4.1 Reduced transition probabilities for gamma decay . .... 62 4.4.2 Weisskopf units for gamma decay . 65 5 The Fermi gas model 68 6 Overview of the nuclear shell model 71 7 The one-body potential 77 7.1 Generalproperties ............................ 77 7.2 Theharmonic-oscillatorpotential . ... 79 7.3 Separation of intrinsic and center-of-mass motion . ....... 81 7.3.1 Thekineticenergy ........................ 81 7.3.2 Theharmonic-oscillator . 83 8 The Woods-Saxon potential 87 8.1 Generalform ............................... 87 8.2 Computer program for the Woods-Saxon potential . .... 91 8.2.1 Exampleforboundstates . 92 8.2.2 Changingthepotentialparameters . 93 8.2.3 Widthofanunboundstateresonance . 94 8.2.4 Width of an unbound state resonance at a fixed energy . 95 9 The general many-body problem for fermions 97 CONTENTS 3 10 Conserved quantum numbers 101 10.1 Angularmomentum. 101 10.2Parity ..................................
    [Show full text]
  • 14. Structure of Nuclei Particle and Nuclear Physics
    14. Structure of Nuclei Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 14. Structure of Nuclei 1 In this section... Magic Numbers The Nuclear Shell Model Excited States Dr. Tina Potter 14. Structure of Nuclei 2 Magic Numbers Magic Numbers = 2; 8; 20; 28; 50; 82; 126... Nuclei with a magic number of Z and/or N are particularly stable, e.g. Binding energy per nucleon is large for magic numbers Doubly magic nuclei are especially stable. Dr. Tina Potter 14. Structure of Nuclei 3 Magic Numbers Other notable behaviour includes Greater abundance of isotopes and isotones for magic numbers e.g. Z = 20 has6 stable isotopes (average=2) Z = 50 has 10 stable isotopes (average=4) Odd A nuclei have small quadrupole moments when magic First excited states for magic nuclei higher than neighbours Large energy release in α, β decay when the daughter nucleus is magic Spontaneous neutron emitters have N = magic + 1 Nuclear radius shows only small change with Z, N at magic numbers. etc... etc... Dr. Tina Potter 14. Structure of Nuclei 4 Magic Numbers Analogy with atomic behaviour as electron shells fill. Atomic case - reminder Electrons move independently in central potential V (r) ∼ 1=r (Coulomb field of nucleus). Shells filled progressively according to Pauli exclusion principle. Chemical properties of an atom defined by valence (unpaired) electrons. Energy levels can be obtained (to first order) by solving Schr¨odinger equation for central potential. 1 E = n = principle quantum number n n2 Shell closure gives noble gas atoms. Are magic nuclei analogous to the noble gas atoms? Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Production and Properties Towards the Island of Stability
    This is an electronic reprint of the original article. This reprint may differ from the original in pagination and typographic detail. Author(s): Leino, Matti Title: Production and properties towards the island of stability Year: 2016 Version: Please cite the original version: Leino, M. (2016). Production and properties towards the island of stability. In D. Rudolph (Ed.), Nobel Symposium NS 160 - Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements (Article 01002). EDP Sciences. EPJ Web of Conferences, 131. https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201613101002 All material supplied via JYX is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, and duplication or sale of all or part of any of the repository collections is not permitted, except that material may be duplicated by you for your research use or educational purposes in electronic or print form. You must obtain permission for any other use. Electronic or print copies may not be offered, whether for sale or otherwise to anyone who is not an authorised user. EPJ Web of Conferences 131, 01002 (2016) DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201613101002 Nobel Symposium NS160 – Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements Production and properties towards the island of stability Matti Leino Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland Abstract. The structure of the nuclei of the heaviest elements is discussed with emphasis on single-particle properties as determined by decay and in- beam spectroscopy. The basic features of production of these nuclei using fusion evaporation reactions will also be discussed. 1. Introduction In this short review, some examples of nuclear structure physics and experimental methods relevant for the study of the heaviest elements will be presented.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 3: Nuclear Structure 1 • Why Structure? • the Nuclear Potential • Schematic Shell Model
    Lecture 3: Nuclear Structure 1 • Why structure? • The nuclear potential • Schematic shell model Lecture 3: Ohio University PHYS7501, Fall 2017, Z. Meisel ([email protected]) Empirically, several striking trends related to Z,N. e.g. B.A. Brown, Lecture Notes in Nuclear Structure Physics, 2005. M.A. Preston, Physics of the Nucleus (1962) Q B.A. Brown, Lecture Notes in Nuclear Structure Physics, 2005. Adapted from B.A. Brown, C.R. Bronk, & P.E. Hodgson, J. Phys. G (1984) P. Möller et al. ADNDT (2016) Meisel & George, IJMS (2013) A. Cameron, Proc. Astron. Soc. Pac. (1957) First magic number evidence compilation 2 by M. Göppert-Mayer Phys. Rev. 1948 …reminiscent of atomic structure B.A. Brown, Lecture Notes in Nuclear Structure Physics, 2005. hyperphysics hyperphysics 54 3 Shell Structure Atomic Nuclear •Central potential (Coulomb) generated by nucleus •No central object …but each nucleon is interacted on by the other A-1 nucleons and they’re relatively compact together •Electrons are essentially non-interacting •Nucleons interact very strongly …but if nucleons in nucleus were to scatter, Pauli blocking prevents them from scattering into filled orbitals. Scattering into higher-E orbitals is unlikely. i.e. there is no “weak interaction paradox” •Solve the Schrödinger equation for the Coulomb •Can also solve the Schrödinger equation for energy potential and find characteristic (energy levels) shells: levels (shells) …but obviously must be a different shells at 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 86 potential: shells at 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 …you might be discouraged by points 1 and 2 above, but, remember: If it’s stupid but it works, it isn’t stupid.
    [Show full text]
  • Range of Usefulness of Bethe's Semiempirical Nuclear Mass Formula
    RANGE OF ..USEFULNESS OF BETHE' S SEMIEMPIRIC~L NUCLEAR MASS FORMULA by SEKYU OBH A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE COLLEGE in partial fulfillment or the requirements tor the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June 1956 TTPBOTTDI Redacted for Privacy lrrt rtllrt ?rsfirror of finrrtor Ia Ohrr;r ef lrJer Redacted for Privacy Redacted for Privacy 0hrtrurn of tohoot Om0qat OEt ttm Redacted for Privacy Dru of 0rrdnrtr Sohdbl Drta thrrlr tr prrrEtrl %.ifh , 1,,r, ," r*(,-. ttpo{ by Brtty Drvlr ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. G. L. Trigg for his assistance and encouragement, without which this study would not have been concluded. The author also wishes to thank Dr. E. A. Yunker for making facilities available for these calculations• • TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGIES AND 5 SEMIEMPIRICAL MASS FORMULA RESEARCH PROCEDURE 11 RESULTS 17 CONCLUSION 21 DATA 29 f BIBLIOGRAPHY 37 RANGE OF USEFULNESS OF BETHE'S SEMIEMPIRICAL NUCLEAR MASS FORMULA INTRODUCTION The complicated experimental results on atomic nuclei haYe been defying definite interpretation of the structure of atomic nuclei for a long tfme. Even though Yarious theoretical methods have been suggested, based upon the particular aspects of experimental results, it has been impossible to find a successful theory which suffices to explain the whole observed properties of atomic nuclei. In 1936, Bohr (J, P• 344) proposed the liquid drop model of atomic nuclei to explain the resonance capture process or nuclear reactions. The experimental evidences which support the liquid drop model are as follows: 1. Substantially constant density of nuclei with radius R - R Al/3 - 0 (1) where A is the mass number of the nucleus and R is the constant of proportionality 0 with the value of (1.5! 0.1) x 10-lJcm~ 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
    Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Physics
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology 22.02 INTRODUCTION to APPLIED NUCLEAR PHYSICS Spring 2012 Prof. Paola Cappellaro Nuclear Science and Engineering Department [This page intentionally blank.] 2 Contents 1 Introduction to Nuclear Physics 5 1.1 Basic Concepts ..................................................... 5 1.1.1 Terminology .................................................. 5 1.1.2 Units, dimensions and physical constants .................................. 6 1.1.3 Nuclear Radius ................................................ 6 1.2 Binding energy and Semi-empirical mass formula .................................. 6 1.2.1 Binding energy ................................................. 6 1.2.2 Semi-empirical mass formula ......................................... 7 1.2.3 Line of Stability in the Chart of nuclides ................................... 9 1.3 Radioactive decay ................................................... 11 1.3.1 Alpha decay ................................................... 11 1.3.2 Beta decay ................................................... 13 1.3.3 Gamma decay ................................................. 15 1.3.4 Spontaneous fission ............................................... 15 1.3.5 Branching Ratios ................................................ 15 2 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 17 2.1 Laws of Quantum Mechanics ............................................. 17 2.2 States, observables and eigenvalues ......................................... 18 2.2.1 Properties of eigenfunctions .........................................
    [Show full text]