POST-ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT (LIVCD) – TABLE GRAPE VC DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES, INC. (DAI)

May 2021 - FINAL REPORT

This document was produced for the United States Agency for International Development by Social Impact, Inc. under USAID Contract/Order No. AID-268-C-15-00001. It was prepared by Elia Ghorra and Nadine Hanna in collaboration with Joanna Khater from Social Impact. Note: Limited redactions have been made to this version of the report in accordance with the principled exceptions to the presumption in favor of openness established in OMB Bulletin 12-01, “Guidance on Collection of U.S. Foreign Assistance Data.”

POST-ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT LEBANON INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT (LIVCD) – TABLE GRAPE VC DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES, INC. (DAI)

FINAL REPORT May 2021

This report was prepared by Social Impact, Inc. for the United States Agency for International Development under USAID Contract/Order No. AID-268-C-15-00001: Performance Management and Support Program for Lebanon (PMSPL II).

This document is available to the public through the Development Experience Clearinghouse repository (dec.usaid.gov). For additional information, please contact:

Social Impact, Inc. Corporate Office 2300 Clarendon Boulevard Arlington, VA 22201 Tel: (703) 465-1884 Fax: (703) 465-1888 [email protected] Or Social Impact, Inc. Lebanon Office Arz Street Librex Bldg. Bloc B – 3rd Floor Zalka, Metn, Lebanon Tel: +961-1-879260

DISCLAIMER: The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. PHOTO CREDITS: All photos by PMSPL II.

DISCLAIMER This “Post-Activity Assessment of the Table Grapes’ Value Chain Interventions Financed Under the USAID/LIVCD Project” report was prepared on the basis of the information and technical documents made available to the assessment team by the beneficiaries and Social Impact’s team. The authors do not assume any liability towards the accuracy of the information and content of the documents made available to them for the preparation of this report or towards the feedback provided by the project’s beneficiaries and partners.

i | LIVCD POST-ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT – TABLE GRAPE VC USAID/LEBANON MAY 2021 – FINAL REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS DISCLAIMER ...... I TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... II ACRONYMS ...... III INTRODUCTION ...... 1 LIVCD TABLE GRAPE INTERVENTIONS ...... 1 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 2 MAIN FINDINGS ...... 3 Relevance ...... 3 Efficiency and Effectiveness ...... 4 Sustainability ...... 4 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 5 ANNEXES ...... 8 Annex 1 – Farmers’ Questionnaire ...... 8 Annex 2 – Outcome of Outreach to Beneficiary Farmers ...... 11 Annex 3 – Farmers Willing to Participate in a Similar Project ...... 12 Annex 4 – Photos Taken during the Field Visits ...... 15

ii | LIVCD POST-ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT – TABLE GRAPE VC USAID/LEBANON MAY 2021 – FINAL REPORT

ACRONYMS CCIAZ Chamber Of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of Zahle & Bekaa DAI Development Alternatives, Inc. GCC Gulf Cooperation Council LIVCD Lebanon Industry Value Chain Development LL Lebanese Lira MEBC Middle East Business Company PMSPL II Performance Management and Support Program for Lebanon II TA Technical Assistance USAID United States Agency for International Development VC Value Chain

iii | LIVCD POST-ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT – TABLE GRAPE VC USAID/LEBANON MAY 2021 – FINAL REPORT

INTRODUCTION The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)’s Lebanon Industry Value Chain Development (LIVCD) project was a $42-million program implemented by Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) between September 2012 and January 2019. It aimed at developing inclusive and competitive value chains (VCs) in rural areas to help increase the local population’s income. The LIVCD project was subject to a mid-term review in November 2016 and to a final performance evaluation upon its completion in January 2019. The two reports assessed the project’s activities, described the challenges it faced, and provided a set of lessons learned. Given that the outcomes and impacts of a project like LIVCD cannot be measured during its lifetime, it is fundamental to assess the financed interventions’ sustainability beyond the project’s end date especially that considerable funds have been invested in the form of grants and cost-sharing with the private sector. The table grape VC was one of eight VCs supported by LIVCD. The activities implemented included the provision of technical assistance (TA), equipment, and grants. The current post-activity assessment evaluates the level of compliance of LIVCD’s activities and outcomes within the table grape VC with the objectives and indicators initially set. It provides a set of recommendations to be considered by USAID and/or other donors or agencies wishing to invest in Lebanon’s agricultural sector, especially in the table grape VC. The findings of this assessment will help improve the design of future projects and programs and allow implementing partners to mobilize their resources in a more targeted way and implement their interventions more smoothly and efficiently. This post-activity assessment is based on three main pillars: a. Relevance. Evaluating the appropriateness of the technical knowledge and advice provided to farmers on the grape production methods they should adopt and on how to maintain their linkages with exporters and markets. b. Efficiency and Effectiveness. Assessing the production and quality improvements achieved (if applicable) and their impact on the farmers’ economic gains, taking into account the farmers’ capability to maintain their operations financially. c. Sustainability. Assessing the viability of the linkages created between exporters and farmers and their impact on the selling/export channels adopted by the farmers. The assessment team conducted interviews with LIVCD’s beneficiaries and two main partners in the table grape VC in addition to field visits to the financed vineyards. They looked at the facilities’ functionality and the beneficiaries’ capacity to properly maintain their vineyards, become self-reliant, and achieve sustainable results.

LIVCD TABLE GRAPE INTERVENTIONS The main objective of LIVCD’s grape component was to encourage the implementation of new and improved varieties of table grapes and to support the farmers throughout the VC, from production to harvesting to post-harvest activities, with the ultimate aim of boosting the export of Lebanese grapes to European and Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The interventions were done in a way to reinforce the vertical integration of small and medium farmers in the table grape VC, linking them to input suppliers and service providers as well as traders and exporters. To achieve this objective, LIVCD offered several farmers in the Beqaa governorate training, TA, agricultural equipment, and linkages with various stakeholders. In addition, the project provided grants to the following two grape exporters to help farmers invest in new grape varieties desired in international markets:

Middle East Business Company The aim of this grant was to stimulate investment in new varieties of grape with high market demand based on the experience of Middle East Business Company (MEBC) s.a.r.l. According to the Economic Impact Assessment conducted by DAI in May 2018, MEBC worked with 18 beneficiary farmers (two in west Beqaa, eight in Zahle, eight in ), helping them to plant new varieties of grapes (especially Red Globe). MEBC’s cooperation with LIVCD resulted in planting around 231 dunums of land through co- investment (19% LIVCD grant, 81% cost-share from farmers). The vines were planted in 2015 and started producing grapes in 2018-2019. The 2021 yield is expected to be high if the farmers continue to follow the prescribed production techniques. Through its field visits and interviews with the farmers, the assessment team found that after LIVCD’s close-out, MEBC stopped doing any technical follow-up with the farmers. The company now only acts as a customer, buying their grapes when enough quantities of good quality are available.

Medigardens This grant also aimed at stimulating investment in new varieties of grape with high market demand. Since Medigardens has more than 30 years of experience and knowledge in export markets and is considered as one of the leading exporters to Europe, LIVCD contracted it to guide 19 farmers (12 in Zahle, seven in ) to plant new varieties of grapes (especially Red Globe and Crimson). The cooperation between LIVCD and Medigardens resulted in planting around 371 dunums of land through co-investment (32% LIVCD grant, 68% cost-share from farmers). In this grant too, the vines were planted in 2015 and started producing grapes in 2018-2019. The 2021 yield is expected to be high if the farmers continue to follow the prescribed production techniques. During its interview with the assessment team, Medigardens’ management expressed its readiness to buy grapes from the farmers if the product meets the required quality standards in terms of size, color, shape, harvesting techniques, etc.

ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY To perform this post-activity assessment, the team prepared a questionnaire (Annex 1) to administer to beneficiary farmers over the telephone or in person. This questionnaire was also used as a guiding document during the interviews with MEBC and Medigardens to get their feedback on LIVCD’s activities and outcomes and understand the main challenges they faced during the implementation phase. The team also conducted site visits to a number of farmers who benefited from LIVCD’s technical and financial support to upgrade their vineyards (installation of trellis and drip-irrigation systems). The farmers were mainly asked about the added value of LIVCD’s support and their capability to sustain the financed interventions. In total, the assessment team attempted to contact 171 farmers from a list of 210 beneficiaries provided by Social Impact and that was originally shared by LIVCD within the scope of the LIVCD Final Evaluation in 2018. Of those, 72 were not reachable (wrong mobile number, no answer, number out of service, etc. – refer to Annex 2). Twenty others were deemed ineligible to participate in the assessment (18 said they weren’t beneficiaries of the Medigardens and MEBC grants, one said he no longer worked in grape farming, and one only benefited from a one-day training.) At the end, the team was able to complete calls and in-person meetings with 79 farmers. This assessment has therefore targeted around 38% of LIVCD’s total table grape VC beneficiaries.

MAIN FINDINGS

RELEVANCE Since the cultivated vineyards focused on market-oriented varieties due the increase in local and international demand, the technical knowledge provided through the LIVCD project remains relevant. Adapting agricultural varieties and practices to the requirements of international markets is very important under the current circumstances (Lebanon’s economic and financial crises) to increase exports and give farmers access to foreign currency to allow them to maintain their vineyards and ensure their sustainability. The new grape varieties cultivated by the beneficiary farmers (based on the advice and guidance of LIVCD’s team and consultants) can be considered appropriate in this context, with most farmers reporting no major issues. However, two of the 23 interviewed farmers who received grants (and not only training and/or TA) stated that these new varieties did not reach the needed maturity levels in due time, which resulted in financial losses. Their accounts are described below: - Farmer #1 stated that the variety cultivated was not adapted to the soil and micro-climate of his vineyard, which is why the grapes’ color and sugar content did not reach their optimum levels by harvest time. As such, he had to graft a different variety that has already proven to be more adapted to the area. - Farmer #2 reported that he had not been able to ensure the irrigation needs of the cultivated variety due to the lack of water in his area, which negatively affected the grapes’ maturity. He did not indicate, however, whether he had informed the LIVCD team about this water shortage prior to the selection of the variety. Eventually, he decided to switch to a well- known and more traditional variety which he considers easier to manage. Furthermore, according to all 23 farmers who received grants, the vineyard establishment methods suggested/implemented by LIVCD are no longer relevant, as the vineyards have now moved to the production stage and require a different set of practices. When asked about the capacity building they received from LIVCD, specifically whether the training targeted both cultivation phases (establishment and production) or just one, the farmers did not provide conclusive answers, mostly because the majority perceive themselves as highly experienced in the agricultural sector, including grape cultivation, and do not need training in this field. But that’s not entirely true, as the interviews with MEBC and Medigardens showed that the farmers still needed support to improve the quality of their grapes to meet exportation standards. Such support includes guidance on pesticide residues, irrigation schedules, berry size and color, cluster size, etc. Among the main challenges mentioned by the interviewed farmers with regards to maintaining their vineyards was the increasing cost of equipment (for ploughing, spraying, etc.) and other input materials (such as pesticides and fertilizers) due to the devaluation of the Lebanese Lira (LL). This is further aggravated by the difficulty they face in selling their grapes (more details on this in the following sections). In addition, 78% of the interviewed farmers (62/79) said that since planting their vineyards in 2015- 2016, they had been selling their product locally through wholesale markets or other local outlets. They said LIVCD’s partner exporters had completely stopped dealing with them after the intervention ended. Both MEBC and Medigardens explained that engaging with small farmers was quite challenging and time-consuming due to the small quantities (and average quality) they produced. This is why they did not maintain a relationship with most beneficiaries (around 75/79 or 94%), be it in terms of commercial/marketing support or TA.

EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS A vineyard usually starts producing grapes three years after its establishment and reaches its full production capacity within five years. As such, the LIVCD-supported vineyards that were planted in 2015-2016 supposedly reached their full potential by 2020. However, to properly assess the scale of this full production capacity, one has to wait until the 2021 harvest season in order to base the analysis on more reliable and tangible results. The same applies to assessing quality enhancement. It is safe to say that through these interventions, LIVCD facilitated the cultivation of abandoned lands and allowed farmers to make a profit. In addition, the grape varieties selected and the practices prescribed were appropriate and are expected to increase production size and improve quality. For example, the use of drip-irrigation systems instead of sprinklers resulted in a bigger production, a lower cost, and a better grape quality. Moreover, the positive impact of these drip-irrigation systems outweighs their relatively high maintenance cost (incurred by farmers) since they allow for a higher income due to increased quantity and improved quality. Furthermore, according to MEBC and Medigardens, the international experts hired by LIVCD to provide TA to the farmers were very helpful, given the latter’s lack of expertise in the field. Be that as it may, the farmers said they had actually appreciated the local experts’ assistance more, since those had a better knowledge of the local context and conditions and were able to communicate with them more efficiently. From a financial point of view, the farmers said the excessive increase in prices was keeping them from properly maintaining their vineyards. Since the vineyards have not reached their full production capacity yet (next harvest season is in August-September 2021), they have not achieved any substantial return on investment so far. Moreover, they have not been able to sell their product to foreign markets and instead had to sell it locally in LL at an exchange rate situated somewhere between the official rate and the black-market rate. Some farmers in dry regions such as said substituting solar panels for generators to pump irrigation water was much needed currently, as subsidized diesel fuel is rarely available and prices are expected to rise in the coming months. Most farmers are presently looking for more sustainable and less-costly alternatives to fuel energy. There are still, however, some favorable factors at play. For example, input suppliers are still providing payment facilities to farmers, and the labor force is still relatively affordable despite the fact that it nearly doubled in 2021 following the devaluation of the LL. MEBC and Medigardens both emphasized that they preferred to work with larger farmers as opposed to smaller ones, who still needed to improve their grapes’ quality (in terms of pesticide residues, irrigation schedule, berry size and color, cluster size, etc.) in order to be eligible for export. Lastly, like in the previous section, only 5% of the interviewed beneficiaries (4/79) said the two exporters remained in touch with them to sell their product to international markets.

SUSTAINABILITY As mentioned above, no more than 5% of the interviewed farmers are currently engaged in trading activities with MEBC and Medigardens. Such is the case because their product’s quality is aligned with the requirements of international markets. The remaining farmers are selling their grapes locally via regional wholesale markets or third-party agents, as the product is below the exportation standards. More collaboration between the exporters and the beneficiary farmers is certainly possible and requires some minor investments by the latter (such as using European pesticides). Better

communication and closer cooperation between the two parties will help farmers meet international markets’ requirements. The availability of a dedicated technical team assigned by the exporters to follow up with the engaged farmers on a regular basis is crucial. Such team would be responsible for providing overall technical guidance to the farmers in addition to advice regarding the financial obligations and the costs to be incurred. The above measures can help the farmers overcome the following challenges: - Grape quality that does not respond to international markets’ needs. - Low selling prices in local markets. - Difficulty securing all needed inputs and equipment because of financial crisis. - Continuously-changing market standards. - Need to adapt to current financial situation and manage resources more efficiently. Some farmers said they could very much benefit from cold storage rooms in which to place their harvested product until it is shipped to the market. Storing grapes at ambient temperatures for extended periods of time affects their quality, which in turn reduces their selling price. For MEBC and Medigardens, the main challenge they face with LIVCD’s beneficiary farmers remains the unavailability of sufficient quantities of grapes with the required quality (It is worth noting here that this is not the case with all Lebanese grape farmers, as many of them are able to provide both quantity and quality to the two exporters). By collaborating more with LIVCD’s beneficiary farmers and offering them the needed guidance and advice, MEBC and Medigardens can significantly improve the sector’s performance.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Of the 79 interviewed farmers, 57 (or 72%) expressed their satisfaction with LIVCD’s support and their readiness to take part in a similar project in the future. (Annex 3) Although the beneficiary farmers still face many challenges, they acknowledge that LIVCD’s interventions offered them many technical and financial benefits. They recognize the importance of the technical guidance and capacity-building activities they received from the project, especially those related to the international markets’ standards and requirements. They consider that the practices suggested by LIVCD to establish and manage their vineyards were appropriate (installation of trellis and drip-irrigation systems) and had a significant impact on their production size (up to 2.5-3 tons/dunum) and product quality. The technical support provided through LIVCD’s local consultants was efficient as well, even if the beneficiary farmers have not applied all recommendations. This assessment revealed that LIVCD’s implementation modality had two major gaps: - The linkages created between the beneficiary farmers and the two grape exporters were not properly sustained and did not achieve the initially-set objectives. - The financial sustainability of the financed interventions faces some obstacles, which, according to the interviewed exporters and farmers, can be traced back to certain weaknesses in the project’s design. For instance, both large and small farmers were asked to contribute financially to the establishment of the vineyards without assessing their future capacity to sustain them, while it is widely known that the return on investment needs five to seven years to materialize. During the design phase, the two exporters explained to LIVCD the challenges they faced when working directly with small farmers, saying this process required increased resources to conduct direct follow-up with the latter. Other obstacles hindering the financial

sustainability of the interventions include the impact of the current financial crisis, which could not have been predicted during LIVCD’s lifetime. The three pillars of this post-activity assessment can thus be evaluated as follows:

Assessment Question Evaluation YES for introducing new/market driven varieties 1. Are LIVCD’s interventions still relevant? NO for training related to production phases 2.a. Were LIVCD’s interventions efficient? YES PARTIALLY YES 2.b. Were LIVCD’s interventions effective? Farmers were able to sell their product locally but were not able to export it NO for sustained linkage with exporters. 3. Were LIVCD’s interventions sustainable? NO for sustained operation financing. YES for keeping vineyards productive.

Based on these conclusions, it is recommended that any similar projects in the future rely on the same design and objectives adopted by LIVCD under this project but with a slightly revised implementation modality to make sure the interventions are more sustainable and allow the beneficiaries to become more self-reliant. This assessment has the following recommendations to make for future projects and programs in the table grape VC: - Recommendation 1: USAID and its implementing partners should make sure that the technical and financial support provided to beneficiary farmers covers all aspects and stages of the VC including the post-harvest part (cold chain, packaging, and storage). - Recommendation 2: USAID and its implementing partners should make sure that the provision of contracting work (establishment of the vineyard) is done at the very early stages of a project’s implementation to allow sufficient time for any needed follow-up and corrections, or at least to make sure that the beneficiaries continue to receive technical guidance over a sufficient period of time after their vineyards reach their optimal production size. Extending this support will also ensure the strengthening of the linkage with exporters by guaranteeing that the product meets the requirements of markets and exporters in terms of quality (i.e. pesticide residues, berry size and color, cluster size) and quantity. - Recommendation 3: In order to ensure the financial sustainability of the interventions, USAID should consider supporting beneficiary farmers in complying with international market standards. Lebanon produces around 120,000 tons of grapes per year, of which only 20,000 tons are exported, mainly to Middle Eastern countries, and a small percentage (3.5%) to EU countries (mainly Germany and UK), whereas the EU imports around 1.5 million tons of grapes yearly. As the main suppliers of grapes to the EU are South Africa (in winter), Chile (in spring), and Italy and Spain (at the end of summer), a potential window for Lebanon is in October – November, especially since the peak harvest period here is September – October. It should also be noted that EU countries prefer seedless varieties. - Recommendation 4: USAID should support/encourage small farmers to establish collectives in their respective regions. Each collective would have an appointed representative who would be in charge of handling the relationship with the grape exporters, especially that ensuring sufficient quantity and standard quality is a solid incentive for these firms to engage with small

farmers. Since the Chamber Of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of Zahle & Bekaa (CCIAZ) provides training courses on the functioning, administration of law, and management of agricultural cooperatives, it could assist small farmers in establishing such collectives. Through its agricultural extension office, the CCIAZ could also play the role of intermediary between exporters and farmers. - Recommendation 5: USAID and its implementing partners should ensure that the TA provided to beneficiary farmers covers and emphasizes the importance of acquiring international certifications. They should offer the farmers the needed training in this regard and keep them informed about any changes in the international markets’ requirements and standards. Grapes produced in accordance with international standards are guaranteed to have a superior quality, which makes exporters more likely to do business with small farmers. Subsidizing a backward linkage between exporters and farmers will incentivize the former to coordinate with small holders. Backward contract farming is a solution to facilitate the financing of farmers. It will give farmers leverage when negotiating with suppliers and incentivize them to produce better quality since the contract will specify minimum quantities, a minimum required quality, and a minimum price.

ANNEXES

ANNEX 1 – FARMERS’ QUESTIONNAIRE

Name: Date: Region: Cultivated Variety: Cultivated Surface:

Relevance

1. What type of intervention was applied in your vineyards? □ Grants specially in______□ Trainings □ Coaching □ Other: ______

2. What are the main topics that were covered by LIVCD project? □ Technical itinerary □ Good agriculture practices for grapes □ Irrigation □ Pesticide usage □ Harvest and post-harvest practices □ Export and access to market

3. Do you still get technical support from the project? □ Yes. Specify who: ______□ No. I’m under supervision of an external agricultural Engineer □ No. I’m applying my own knowledge

4. How are you marketing your products? □ One of the Exporters engaged with the LIVCD project □ Other Exporter □ At the wholesale market □ Through a third agent □ Lease □ Other:

5. What Market are you targeting? □ Local Market □ GCC Market □ European Market □ Africa

6. What are your current vineyards’ needs concerning? □ Financial assistance, specifically for______□ Technical follow-up and guidance □ Marketing of the products □ Others: ______

Efficiency and Effectiveness

7. Did the Project intervention help increase your production quantity at your vineyard? □ No □ Yes. Increased by ______%

8. Did you benefit from the Project’s interventions to improve the quality of your products? □ No (skip Questions 9 and 10) □ Yes

9. How did the quality of your products improve? □ Bigger Berries Size □ Increased Firmness □ Better Color □ Less Pesticides Residues □ Access to International Certification □ Other: ______

10. Did the products’ price increase in line with the improvement of quality? □ Yes, a high gross margin was achieved □ Yes, but an increased cost was incurred □ No, the products prices were the same

11. How have you been financing your operations? □ Self-financing □ Credits from Banks □ Credits from inputs’ suppliers □ Down-payments from Exporters □ Others: ______

Sustainability

12. Through which channel are you currently selling your products? □ One of the two Exporters (Medigardens or MEC) □ Other Exporters: ______□ Direct Sale □ Wholesale market □ Through a third agent

13. Are you still receiving any type of support by Medigardens or MEC? □ No □ Regularly □ Frequently □ On demand

14. Do you think the project’s intervention facilitated your access to export or local markets? □ Yes □ No

15. Do you think that it would be useful to replicate the intervention with other grape farmers? □ Yes □ Yes, with focus on different topics. Please specify: ______□ No

16. Based on your experience with the Project, what are its weaknesses?

17. Based on your experience with the Project, what is needed to improve the table grapes value chain in the Beqaa?

ANNEX 2 – OUTCOME OF OUTREACH TO BENEFICIARY FARMERS

ANNEX 3 – FARMERS WILLING TO PARTICIPATE IN A SIMILAR PROJECT

Name Contact Location Variety 1 Variety 2 Cultivated surface (dnm)

[redacted] [redacted] Bednayel crimson red globe 12

[redacted] [redacted] baytamoune

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol red globe superior 16

[redacted] [redacted] Zahle Aradi syrah 9

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune 40

[redacted] [redacted] red globe/black chile 40 pearl

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune chile/royal 37

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune black pearl 20

[redacted] [redacted] Niha 3

[redacted] [redacted] Niha baytamoune mat3oum 6

[redacted] [redacted] Touaite red globe 5

[redacted] [redacted] Terbol red globe n/a 13

[redacted] [redacted] Zahle Aradi chili red globe 30

[redacted] [redacted] Zahle Aradi baytamoune 12

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol red globe baytamoune/chil 50 e

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol red globe black superior 60 magic

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune 2

[redacted] [redacted] El Karak baytamoune 15

[redacted] [redacted] crimson chile 20

[redacted] [redacted] Bednayel crimson red globe 12

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune 200-300

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune black magic 8

[redacted] [redacted] Niha baytamoune 10

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol superior black pearl/chili 35

[redacted] [redacted] Haouch er Rafqa crimson chile 10

[redacted] [redacted] Bednayel crimson red globe 12

[redacted] [redacted] Hermel baytamoune red globe 60

[redacted] [redacted] Haouch er Rafqa chili 20

[redacted] [redacted] Terbol red globe 40

[redacted] [redacted] Niha baytamoune 9

[redacted] [redacted] Zahle Aradi autumn king 8

[redacted] [redacted] Zahle Aradi baytamoune 5

[redacted] [redacted] Mansoura red globe 100

[redacted] [redacted] Kefraiya superior 11

[redacted] [redacted] Ras Baalbeck red globe black pearl 60 superior

[redacted] [redacted] Taalabaya baytamoune chile 120

[redacted] [redacted] Dahr el Ahmar baytamoune 2

[redacted] [redacted] Lala red globe 100 crimson superior

[redacted] [redacted] Rachaiya red globe 100 crimson superior

[redacted] [redacted] Aita el Foukhar red globe 100 crimson superior

[redacted] [redacted] Mansoura red globe 100 crimson superior

[redacted] [redacted] Hazerta superior 10

[redacted] [redacted] Mansoura cabernet 35

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune 8

[redacted] [redacted] El Qaa red globe 10

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol crimson

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune black pearl 28

[redacted] [redacted] Terbol black pearl royal 28

[redacted] [redacted] Rachaiya baytamoune n/a 4

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol superior n/a 24

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol baytamoune redglobe/chile 30

[redacted] [redacted] Libbaya baytamoune superior chile 3

[redacted] [redacted] Rachaiya crimson black pearl 13

[redacted] [redacted] El Qaa black magic n/a 10

[redacted] [redacted] red globe n/a 8

[redacted] [redacted] El Mhaidthe baytamoune n/a 5

[redacted] [redacted] Kefraiya n/a n/a 4

[redacted] [redacted] El Fourzol crimson superior 10

[redacted] [redacted] Kefraiya n/a n/a 11

ANNEX 4 – PHOTOS TAKEN DURING THE FIELD VISITS

Photo 1: Superior Variety cultivated in Photo 2: Vineyards cultivated in El Fourzol Kefraiya Village- West Bekaa

Photo 3: Crimson variety Cultivated in El Photo 4: Prime Variety cultivated in Qaa Region Fourzol

Photos 5: Vineyards and their irrigation system Photo 6: Black Magic variety cultivated in Qaa in Bedanyel Region

Photos 7 and 8 : The grafted variety in 2020, in Qaa Region

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