© Andrew Cole 2020

The Great Depression presentation 2020. Sources References list. Andrew Cole

Books read from which the bulk of the presentation’s information was distilled.

The Great Crash 1929 John Kenneth Galbraith 1955 Britain between the Wars 1918-1940 Charles Loch Mowat 1956 The Great Contraction, 1929-1933 Milton Friedman & Anna Jacobson Schwartz 1963 Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression Studs Terkel 1970 After the Crash: America in the Great Depression John Rublowsky 1970 The New Deal: the critical issues. Otis L Graham 1971 Britain in the Depression: Society and Politics 1929-39 Chris Cook, John Stevenson 1994 The global impact of the Great Depression, 1929-1939 Dietmar Rothermund. 1996 The Great Depression in Europe, 1929-1939 Patricia Clavin 2000 The forgotten man: a new history of the Great Depression Amity Shlaes 2007 The Great Depression & New Deal: A Very Short Introduction Eric Rauchway 2008 The Great Crash Selwyn Parker 2008 (How the Stock Market Crash of 1929 plunged the world into depression) Great Depression: People and Perspectives Hamilton Cravens 2009 Lords of Finance: Liaquat Ahamed 2010 (1929, The Great Depression, and the Bankers who Broke the World)

Sources for numerical data and facts. Not listed if from the fully read books listed above.

[1] Andrew Cole online research of the named social media sources. For books, used the British Library, US National Library of Education, the University of Oxford Library, Amazon.com/Books and Google.com/Books then cross referenced and de-duplicated. Categorisation of books into topics by Andrew Cole. Based on the dominant topic (either the full book was read or its abstract, the contents index or a publication review article). In the few cases where none of these were available, used the title as a guide or defaulted to “general” category.

[2] Detailed GDP and population figures for the 20 largest economies: Historical Statistics for the World Economy. A Maddison 2003 (OECD data). Full spreadsheet file. http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_03-2009.xls

[3] Unemployment for the 20 largest economies. Sources varied by country… US: Historical Statistics Table D1-10. By S. Lebergott. 1983 (US Census). Chosen based on review of unemployment analysis sources in paper “Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s”. By Gene Smiley. The Journal of Economic History. 1983 at https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~gwallace/Papers/2120839.pdf UK: UK Office for National Statistics, Long-term trends in UK employment: 1861 to 2018. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/compendium/economicreview/april2019/longtermtr endsinukemployment1861to2018#introduction Germany: Unemployment and real wages in Weimar Germany by N.H. Dimsdale, N. Horsewood and A. Van Riel. University of Oxford. 2005 at https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2292/56dimsdale.pdf Japan: Hidden from view? The measurement of Japanese Interwar Unemployment by Michiya Kato. 1997 at https://journal.osaka-sandai.ac.jp/pdf/077-104k.michiya.pdf Czechoslovakia: Deflation and the Czechoslovak Experience by Jana Tumova. 2015 at file:///C:/Users/andrew/Downloads/DPTX_2014_2_11230_0_415884_0_163822.pdf All other nations: Economic Policy and Labour Markets in Nordic Countries During the Great Depression by O.H. Grytten 2006 (using previous research across Europe by Maddison 1982, Grytten 1995, Grytten & Brautaset 2000). http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers1/Grytten.pdf Note: China, India and Latin American countries unemployment data excluded, no reliable sources

[4] US Industrial Production decline. Download of Industrial Production Index data from the US Federal Reserve website into a dedicated spreadsheet. Calculated peak (1929) to trough (1932). https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/INDPRO

[5] Wholesale Price Index decline. Historical Statistics of the US: from colonial times to 1970. Table E40-51. P200. Produced by US Department of Commerce. Held by the Bureau of the Census. https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/histstats-colonial- 1970.pdf Calculated peak to trough.

[6] Average rise in the FTSE Index in the 1920s. Table of FTSE All Shares Index for the 20th century at www.finfacts.ie/Private/curency/ftseperformance.htm – a data service provider on share trading

[7] US Car production in 1929 from book The Great Depression & the New Deal by Eric Rauchway 2008. P13. US population used source [2]. US car sales 2019 (4.8M) from www.Marklines.com - a data service provider to the US car industry.

[8] Liberty Bond ownership. Federal reserve History website section on Liberty Bonds at www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/liberty_bonds

[9] Divergence of stock prices to company earnings. From the book Lords of Finance by Liaquat Ahamed. 2009 Pages 309

[10] General Motors and Radio Corporation large share price rises. From book The Great Crash 1929 by John Kenneth Galbraith. 1954. P40-42

[11] Albert Wiggin of Chase National Bank shorting own shares. From book The Great Crash 1929 by John Kenneth Galbraith. 1954. P167

[12] Goldman Sachs trust irregular trading. From book The Great Crash 1929 by John Kenneth Galbraith. 1954. Pages 85-90.

[13] US interest rates in the 1920’s and 1930’s. Graph of figures from online paper “The Federal Reserve in the 1920s: Interest Rates”. By Nathan Lewis. 2012 at www.newworldeconomics.com/the-federal-reserve-in-the-1920s-2-interest-rates/

[14] The Knickerbocker Trust Company failure. From the book Lords of Finance by Liaquat Ahamed. 2009 Pages 51-2

[15] US Immigration levels in the early 1920’s. From the US Migration Policy Institute at https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/us-immigration-trends

[16] Detailed GDP per Capita for 4 nations – US, UK, Germany and Sweden Historical Statistics for the World Economy. A Maddison 2003 (OECD data). Full spreadsheet file. http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_03-2009.xls

[17] Inter allied war debts after World War I. Chart from Alfred Suavy analysis of 1965 in the book “The Great Crash” by Selwyn Parker. 2008

[18] World War I war reparations size (Germany, added actual paid by other Axis countries) from Wikipedia “World War I reparations” at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_reparations

[19] Gold Standard valuations. From the book Lords of Finance by Liaquat Ahamed. 2009 Various pages.

[20] Number of US shareholders at the point of the crash. From the book “The Great Crash” by Selwyn Parker. 2008

[21] US average import tariffs by period. Data from research paper “The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression: Who Succumbed and Why?” by Barry Eichengreen and Douglas Irwin. 2009

[22] Index of International Trade 1920-1940. Chart From research paper “Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World Trade during the Great Depression. By Jakob B. Madsen. 2001

[23] US bank bankruptcies in the 1920’s and 1930’s. From the research paper “Bank failures - a historical perspective” by Carl M Gambs. 1977

[24] Selection of US unemployment figures to use. From research paper “Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s”. By Gene Smiley. The Journal of Economic History. 1983

[25] FERA and CWA employment levels. From Wikipedia article on FERA at (no source ref) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration

[26] Number of participants in the Civilian Conservation Crop (CCC) scheme. From Wikipedia article on FERA at (no source ref) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps

[27] WPA employment levels (1935-1943). From Wikipedia article on FERA at (no source ref) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration

[28] US paid wages, prices and real wages. From Historical Statistics of the US: from colonial times to 1970. Table D722-727 P164. Produced by US Department of Commerce. Held by the Bureau of the Census.

[29] UK paid wages, prices and real wages. From the UK Office for National Statistics Wages data: https://www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk/work-pay-and-benefits/pay-and-income/pensioner- income/latest Price inflation data: https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/inflationandpriceindices/timeseries/cdko/mm23

[30] Homeowner loans Act. From Wikipedia article on the HOLC (no source ref) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Owners%27_Loan_Corporation

[31] US lost working days due to strike action. From Historical Statistics of the US: from colonial times to 1970. Produced by US Department of Commerce. Held by the Bureau of the Census. Table D970-985 Page 179

[32] Migration from the Dust Bowl States. From the book “Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s” by Donald Worster. 2004.

[33] Farm Credit Act loans. From website Living New Deal on history of the New Deal initiatives. https://livingnewdeal.org/glossary/farm-credit-act-1933/

[34]. Blacks versus Whites unemployment rates. From the research paper “Racial Differences in Unemployment in the United States, 1890–1990” by R. Vedder and L. Gallaway. 2009 https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/racial-differences-in-unemployment-in-the- united-states-18901990/7A18A11199E3E8396E2886AA92CD7983

[35] Blacks versus Whites income levels. From the research paper "Black progress and the persistence of racial economic inequalities" by R. Higgs. 1989

[36] US election results in the 1930s. A record of all statistics relating to voting in US elections is held at https://history.house.gov/Institution/Election-Statistics/

[37] Detailed GDP per Capita for Sweden. Historical Statistics for the World Economy. A Maddison 2003 (OECD data). Full spreadsheet file. http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_03-2009.xls

[38] Key factors in the Swedish economy in the Great Depression. From two research papers: “Sweden – Economic Growth and Structural Change, 1800-2000”. By Lennart Schön Lund University https://eh.net/encyclopedia/sweden-economic-growth-and-structural-change-1800-2000/ “The Keynesian Revolution in Sweden” By D Winch. University of Sussex. 1966. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1828837?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A3d99ee77140995525d8495f6ffe4478c&seq=1

[39] Swedish reassessed unemployment figures. From "Research paper: Economic Policy and Labour Markets in Nordic Countries During the Great Depression” by O.H. Grytten 2006. http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers1/Grytten.pdf

[40] Detailed GDP per Capita for Germany. Historical Statistics for the World Economy. A Maddison 2003 (OECD data). Full spreadsheet file. http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_03-2009.xls

[41] Unemployment in Germany. 3 different sources (3 sources, 1 taken as most representative) Source 1: Most representative: Unemployment and real wages in Weimar Germany by N.H. Dimsdale, N. Horsewood and A. Van Riel. University of Oxford. 2005 at https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/2292/56dimsdale.pdf Source 2: Statistiken zu Detlev Humann:»Arbeitsschlacht«. Arbeitsbeschaffung und Propaganda in der NS-Zeit by Göttingen: Wallstein, 2011. Page 11 file:///C:/Users/andrew/Downloads/Statistiken_Humann_AS%20(1).pdf Source 3: Research paper: Economic Policy and Labour Markets in Nordic Countries During the Great Depression by O.H.Grytten. 2006. http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers1/Grytten.pdf

[42] German unemployment regional variances. From Statistiken zu Detlev Humann: Arbeitsschlacht. Arbeitsbeschaffung und Propaganda in der NS-Zeit by Göttingen: Wallstein, 2011 file:///C:/Users/andrew/Downloads/Statistiken_Humann_AS%20(1).pdf Page 54

[43] Weimar federal parliament election seats allocation 1930. Wikipedia list of German Federal election results, a web page detailing the voting and seat results for each one. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Germany#List_of_federal_election_results

[44] The debt status of Germany as a % of GDP, by year. Used two sources: Research paper “Reparations, Deficits, and Debt Default: the Great Depression in Germany”. By A. Ritschl. 2012. http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1149.pdf From the book Lords of Finance by Liaquat Ahamed. 2009. P415

[45] Detailed GDP per Capita for the UK. Historical Statistics for the World Economy. A Maddison 2003 (OECD data). Full spreadsheet file. http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_03-2009.xls

[46] UK deflation in the 1920’s and 1930’s. From website economicshelp.org graphs on the history of UK inflation (original data from the Office for National Statistics) https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/2647/economics/history-of-inflation-in-uk/

[47] UK unemployment rate. UK Office for National Statistics, Long-term trends in UK employment: 1861 to 2018. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/uksectoraccounts/compendium/economicreview/april2019/longtermtr endsinukemployment1861to2018#introduction [48] Geographical and industry variations in UK unemployment. Two sources: By Area: Book "Britain between the wars 1918-1940" by C. Mowat. 1968. Page 465 (originally from the Ministry of Labour report 1934) By Industry: Book. "The interwar economy, Britain 1919-39". By D.H. Aldcroft. 1973 Page 312

[49] UK working days lost due to labour disputes. Source: UK Office for National Statistics dataset from the Labour market statistics time series https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/timeseries/bbfw/lms

[50] British Empire share of total UK imports and exports in the 1930’s. From the book "Britain between the war years 1918- 1940” by C. Mowat. Page 437 (and earlier years on P265-6)

[51] Industrial restructuring and new sectors. From the book "Britain between the war years 1918-1940” by C. Mowat. Various pages.

[52] Development (Loan Guarantees and Grants) Act relief levels. From the National Archives online record of cabinet papers on welfare, social security and self-help. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/cabinetpapers/themes/labour-conservative-policy.htm

[53] Figures on the impact of the UK Special Areas Act of 1954. From Wikipedia Act summary. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Areas_Act_1934

[54] Impact of Great Depression on public taking investment risk. From research paper “Depression Babies: Do Macroeconomic Experiences Affect Risk-Taking?”. By U. Malmendier & S. Nagel. 2007 http://www.econ.yale.edu/~shiller/behmacro/2007-11/malmendier.pdf

[55] Changes in US back voting. Online factcheck.org article “Blacks and the Democratic Party” https://www.factcheck.org/2008/04/blacks-and-the-democratic-party/

[56] 20th century seismic events. A. Cole Google search “Great human tragedies 20th century”

Photographic archive, newspaper and video sources

[71] Photographs of the US Great Depression. The Farm Security Administration Photographs Archive collection held by The New York Public Library Digital Collections https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/collections/farm-security-administration-photographs#/?tab=navigation

[72] Video showing life in the Great Depression. Extract from documentary produced by the History Channel and ABC News, held on YouTube.com https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtttXC9tFPU

[73] New York Times newspaper headlines. From the New York Times (subscription), TimesMachine web site https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/browser

[74] Videos showing economic contrasts in Germany during the Great Depression Positive view of life in Berlin. From Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ls8SPpRXgU

[75] Videos showing economic contrasts in Germany during the Great Depression German crises. From Encyclopedia Britannica video library. https://www.britannica.com/video/180214/Overview-crises-Weimar-Republic-World-War-I

[76] Videos showing economic contrasts in UK. Extract from “Poverty in the 1930’s”. BBC. Wealthy car owning and housing poverty. From Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqpNcHTG4uM&t=258s

[77] Video Historian recounts his experiences. Extract Roche Productions “The great Depression Part 1” by William Karel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCEJ65H_1XE

[78] List of films (fiction) that directly depict the Great Depression. Google and IMDb searches https://www.imdb.com/find?ref_=nv_sr_fn&q=Great+depression+films&s=all

[79] All other photos used in the presentation from Google.com subject>image searches – see itemised list below.

Health and Mortality Rates references:

[80] League of Nations, Health Organisation 3 works on linkage between the economic slump and health. From research paper “Mortality rates or socio-medical indicators? The work of the League of Nations on standardizing the effects of the Great Depression on health” by Monica Garcia. 2014 https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/29/1/1/599144

[81] Social Science study into relationship between health and economic downturn. Research paper “Unemployment and health in the context of economic change” by M. Brenner & A. Mooney 1983 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0277953683900059?via%3Dihub

[82] Social Science study into relationship between health and economic downturn. Research paper “Are Recessions Good For Your Health?” by Christopher Ruhm. 1996 https://www.nber.org/papers/w5570.pdf

[83]. Claim that 7M were killed in the Great Depression. Online article/research “Famine killed 7 million people in USA” by Boris Boriosov. https://www.northstarcompass.org/nsc0903/amholomor.htm

[84] States population health evolves better during recessions than in expansions. From research paper “Life and death during the Great Depression” by J.A. Tapia Granados & A.V. Diez Roux. 2009. https://www.pnas.org/content/106/41/17290.full

[85] Research paper “Banking crises and mortality during the Great Depression: evidence from US urban populations, 1929– 1937. By D. Stuckler and Co. 2010 https://jech.bmj.com/content/66/5/410 Full copy on PC

[86] Pellagra mortality rates through the Great Depression period. From the Research paper “Rise and Fall of Pellagra in the American South” by Karen Clay and Co. 2017 http://eh.net/eha/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ClayTroesken.pdf

[87] Infant mortality rates during the Great Depression. Two papers: Research paper. “Infant Mortality in the 20th Century, Dramatic but Uneven Progress” by M. Wegman. 2001 https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/131/2/401S/4686951 Research paper. Infant Mortality During the Great Depression in Hamilton, Ontario (1925-35): Trends, Causes, and Implications”. By M. Janjua. 2009 https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/handle/11375/9043

Missed in earlier indexing, added later.

[88] US farm prices decline. From Historical Statistics of the US: from colonial times to 1970. Produced by US Department of Commerce. Held by the Bureau of the Census. Table K344-357

[89] Reduced US immigration levels. From the Migration Policy Institute (US). https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/us-immigration-trends

[90] Punch cartoon library https://www.punch.co.uk/search-page

[91] War reparations final settlement and payment. Online article in The Guardian newspaper. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/29/germany-reparations-first-world-war

[92] Explanation of Buying on Margin. From Investopedia investing education series. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/buying-on-margin.asp

Individual links for web-based generic images: cartoons, newspapers and photos:

[79a] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge#/media/File:Calvin_Coolidge_cph.3g10777_(cropped).jpg

[79b] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#/media/File:President_Hoover_portrait.jpg

[79c] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/FDR_in_1933.jpg

[79d] https://sites.google.com/site/2mckennlylillard/home/causes-of-the-great-depression

[79e] https://www.periodpaper.com/collections/vintage-advertising-art/products/1920-ad-pneuvac-company-electric- sweeper-vac-motor-driven-brush-vintage-yrr2-223985-yrr2-033

[79f] https://aeon.co/ideas/we-have-the-tools-and-technology-to-work-less-and-live-better

[79g] https://i.pinimg.com/originals/7b/3f/4e/7b3f4e4dcbb9be68382037f444d9a888.png

[79h] https://hdl.huntington.org/digital/collection/p9539coll1/id/23584/

[79i] http://www.vintageadbrowser.com/money-ads-1920s

[79j] http://tickertapemachines.com/files/universalrestored1.jpg

[79k] https://www.history.com/news/decades-before-they-had-the-vote-women-launched-their-own-stock-exchange

[79il https://www.firstrade.com/content/en-us/education/margin/marginbenefits

[79m] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_H._Wiggin

[79n] http://footage.framepool.com/en/shot/355880737-pecora-commission-jp-morgan-jr-confession-banker

[79o] https://www.flickr.com/photos/pr9000/2867415537

[79p] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors#/media/File:US_Federal_Reserve_Board_of_Governors _meeting_1922.jpg

[79q] https://www.ocregister.com/2011/07/02/amity-shlaes-myth-of-the-businessman-president/

[79r] no longer used

[79s] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1893#/media/File:Panic_at_the_NYSE_5_May_1893_cph.3b13869.jpg

[79t] https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-florida-land-boom-1926-na-satirical-cover-from-judge-16-january-1926- 95469170.html

[79u] http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7655472.stm

[79v] https://www.tapatalk.com/groups/theerant/wall-street-in-panic-news-headline-t10785.html

[79w] https://clickamericana.com/topics/money-work/great-depression-newspaper-headlines-stock-market-crash-1929

[79x] http://www.grips.ac.jp/teacher/oono/hp/lecture_J/lec05.htm

[79y] http://www.sitesofnj.com/Bethlehemsteel/BethlehemSteelHistory.html

[79z] https://www.slideshare.net/LOAPUSH/loapush-ch-32

[79aa] https://www.history.com/news/how-did-the-gold-standard-contribute-to-the-great-depression

[79ab] http://sebhistory12.weebly.com/gussaf-stresemann-and-the-dawes-plan.html

[79ac] https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/sturm28.htm

[79ad] https://www.kuer.org/sites/kuer/files/styles/x_large/public/3132804-1364061767.jpg

[79ae] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek#/media/File:Friedrich_Hayek_portrait.jpg

[79af] https://www.armstrongeconomics.com/world-news/sovereign-debt-crisis/did-tariffs-cause-great-depression/

[79ag] http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/DEPRESSION.htm

[79ah] https://hoovervillet.weebly.com/the-great-depression.html

[79ai] https://www.sutori.com/story/the-new-deal-first-days-finance--mbsd7ucr2vv7spgekuSyHM79

[79aj] https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/glass-steagall-act

[79ak] https://en.uncyclopedia.co/wiki/File:St_Peter%27s_Soup_Kitchen.gif

[79al] https://depts.washington.edu/depress/hooverville_photographs.shtml

[79am] http://www.cutoday.info/Fresh-Today/Beacon-Becomes-1st-Privately-Insured-CU-OK-d-By-FHLB-System

[79an] http://205snewdeal.weebly.com/social-security-act-ssa.html

[79ao] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Army#/media/File:Bonus_marchers_05510_2004_001_a.gif

[79ap] http://theconversation.com/martin-luther-king-jr-union-man-110004

[79aq] https://theconversation.com/detroit-1932-when-diego-rivera-and-frida-kahlo-came-to-town-38884

[79ar] https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Agriculture_in_the_United_States

[79as] https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/photos/new-madrid- missouri?sort=mostpopular&mediatype=photography&phrase=new%20madrid%20missouri

[79at] https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/dust-bowl-cause.htm

[79au] http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/dustbowl/photos/

[79av] https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/08/13/the-time-a-president-deported-1-million- mexican-americans-for-stealing-u-s-jobs/

[79aw] https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/there-no-way-like-american-way-1937/

[79ax] https://www.newframe.com/the-power-of-the-black-working-class-in-the-us/

[79ay] https://1.files.edl.io/M0b8hlWissGThnkLxQx9l21tChcu6xXv5D0DdxjyZLCNeo0Z.jpg

[79az] https://i.pinimg.com/originals/0d/61/fc/0d61fc7c7617e0351facbf39692a3157.jpg

[79ba] https://anna-eleanor-roosevelt.weebly.com/the-great-depression.html

[79bb] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_agencies#/media/File:Editorial_cartoon_mocking_FDR's_%22Alphabet_agencies%22 .jpg

[79bc] http://apushcanvas.pbworks.com/w/page/52180645/New%20Deal%20Cartoon%20Explained

[79bd] https://kallahistory12.weebly.com/the-young-plan-1929.html

[79be] http://acampusdivided.umn.edu/index.php/essay/student-activism-in-context-of-1930s/

[79bf] https://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I0000jqWtnWPsFlg

[79bg] http://zefys.staatsbibliothek-berlin.de/index.php?id=start&L=1

[79bh] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danatbank#/media/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102- 12023,_Berlin,_Bankenkrach,_Andrang_bei_der_Sparkasse.jpg

[79bi] https://scottishunemployedworkers.net/history-of-unemployment/

[79bj] https://www.thevikingcentre.co.uk/jarrow-march/

[79bk] https://www.reddit.com/r/ukpolitics/comments/5h9p0t/this_was_the_famous_election_poster_1935_national/

[79bl] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/05/uk-fascism-oswald-mosley

[79bm] https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/communist-party-great-britain/

[79bn] https://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I0000g1AkKcmJN40

[79bo] https://www.businessinsider.com/1920s-germanys-hyperinflation-was-in-this-astonishing-chart-2014-12?r=US&IR=T

[79bp] https://fineartamerica.com/featured/great-depression-iowa-farm-family-1936-daniel-hagerman.html?product=poster

[79bq] https://www.delsjourney.com/close-ups/us/waltons/waltons_story.htm

[79br] http://americainclass.org/sources/becomingmodern/prosperity/text4/politicalcartoonscrash.pdf

[79bs] https://www.archelaus-cards.com/store/archives/images/1931-01-02-c.gif

[79bt] https://thegreatdepressionlife.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/stock-crash2.png

[79bu] https://mtviewmirror.com/american-political-cartoons-1920s/

[79bv] http://www.begbiecontestsociety.org/DEPRESSION.htm

[79bw] https://mtviewmirror.com/hoover-blamed-for-great-depression/

[79bx] not found original source for this cartoon

[79by] http://coffeewithken.blogspot.com/p/cartoons.html

[79bz] https://www.nps.gov/articles/closing-the-door-on-immigration.htm

[79ca] https://www.archelaus-cards.com/store/archives/20090301.php

[79cb] https://paw.princeton.edu/article/bonus-cartoon-slideshow?page=8

[79cc] http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/2661/2725147/images/img_w309.html

[79cd] https://blogs.baruch.cuny.edu/his1005spring2011/files/2011/03/new-deal1.jpg

[79ce] https://1.files.edl.io/8yJoCzUA9JNruTB8t4oOdiH4qMvcdquSPrutsDb2emXhGtxd.gif

[79cf] https://blog.independent.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/32102601.gif

[79cg] https://punch.photoshelter.com/image/I0000T83Ua2suS40

[79ch] https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/483714816199867394/?lp=true

[79ci] https://spartacus-educational.com/ARTmuccutcheon.htm

[79cj] https://www.archelaus-cards.com/store/archives/images/1930-12-12-c.gif

[79ck] https://www.archelaus-cards.com/store/archives/images/1931-12-c.gif

[79cl] https://gretchenturnerr.weebly.com/blog/coolidge-is-president

[79cm] http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/549965

[79cn] https://slideplayer.com/slide/4886033/ slide 11

[79co] https://depts.washington.edu/depress/hunger_marches.shtml

[79cp] https://www.bechtel.com/projects/hoover-dam/

[79cq] https://historicipswich.org/2015/12/23/wpa-ccc-ipswich/