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Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: the Role of the State Government in the Insulation of Jigawa State Against Boko-Haram Insurgency (2009-2015)

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Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: the Role of the State Government in the Insulation of Jigawa State Against Boko-Haram Insurgency (2009-2015) Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: The Role of the State Government in the Insulation of Jigawa State against Boko-Haram Insurgency (2009-2015) BY Mustapha Sule Lamido P16SSPS9071 Department of Political Science and International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria February, 2019 i FLY PAGE ii Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: The Role of the State Government in the Insulation of Jigawa State against Boko-Haram Insurgency (2009-2015) BY Mustapha Sule Lamido P16SSPS9071 A MPhil Dissertation submitted to the Department of Political Science and International Studies Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria In partial fulfillment of the requirements of Mphil Political Science Department of Political Science and International Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria ` February, 2019 iii DECLARATION I declare that this MPhil dissertation entitled: “Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: The Role of the State Government in the Insulation of Jigawa State against Boko-Haram Insurgency (2009-2015)” was conducted by me in the Department of Political Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria under the supervision of Dr. AliyuYahayaand Dr. D. O Moveh.I also declare that all information derived from the literature has been duly acknowledged in form of references. No part of this dissertation was previously presented for the award of another degree or diploma at any university. ______________________ _______________________ Mustapha Sule Lamido Date P16SSPS9071 iv CERTIFICATION This dissertation entitled: “Insurgency and Counterinsurgency: The Role of the State Government in the Insulation of Jigawa State against Boko-Haram Insurgency (2009-2015)” by Mustapha Sule Lamido meets the regulations governing the award of the degree of MPhil Political Science of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and is approved for its contribution to knowledge and literary presentation. ____________________________ ___________________ DrAliyuYahaya Date Chairman, Supervisory Committee ____________________________ ___________________ Dr. David O. Moveh Date Member, Supervisory Committee __________________________ ___________________ DrAliyuYahaya Date Head of Department __________________________ ____________________ Prof.S. Z Abubakar Date Dean, Postgraduate School v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All praise and thanks to Almighty Allah for the inspiration and ability to undertake this programme. I must acknowledge the untiring efforts of my supervisors Dr. AliyuYahaya and Dr. David Moveh towards the completion of this dissertation. They both took time out of their busy schedules to read and make suggestions on earlier drafts of the work. I also want thank Prof U.M Kaoje was the internal examiner during my internal defense. His comments and suggestions no doubt added value to this work. I also wish to acknowledge the cooperation and support of other members of staff at the Department of Political Science and International Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria Particularly my lecturers during the course work period. I also want to acknowledge the cooperation of the commissioner of police, Jigawa state police command Inspector BalaYanchi, the Director of the Department of State Security (DSS) Alh. A.J Ibrahim and other respondent who graciously agreed to be interviewed in the course of this study. Lastly I want to acknowledge the cooperation of my parents and family for their contributions in several ways to the completion of this study. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page……………………………………………………………………………. i Fly Leaf……………………………………………………………………………….. ii Title Page……………………………………………………………………………… iii Declaration……………………………………………………………………………. iv Certification…………………………………………………………………………… v Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………….. vi Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………... vii List of Tables………………………………………………………………………..... viii List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………. ix List of Appendices…………………………………………………………………….. x List of Acronyms……………………………………………………………………… xi Abstract……………………………………………………………………………….. xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 General Background to the Study………………………………………….. 2 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem………………………………………… 4 1.3 Research Questions…………………………………………………………. 5 1.4 Aim and Objectives…………………………………………………………. 5 1.5 Research Assumptions……………………………………………………… 6 1.6 Significance and Justification of the Study…………………………………. 6 1.7 Scope of the Study………………………………………………………….. 7 1.8 Organization of the Study…………………………………………………… 7 1.9 Conceptual Clarification…………………………………………………….. 8 1.9.1 The Concept of Insurgency………………………………………………….. 8 1.9.2 The Concept and Methods of Counter Insurgency………………………….. 13 1.9.3 The Concept of Insulation……………………………………………………. 16 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY 2.1 A Review of Selected Cases of Insurgencies and Counterinsurgencies ……. 17 2.1.1 The Mau Mau Insurgency and the Counterinsurgency of the Colonial Government in Kenya (1952–1956)………………………………. 17 2.1.2 Overview of the African National Congress (ANC) Insurgency and the Apartheid Governments Counterinsurgency in South Africa (1960-1990)……………………………………………………. 19 2.2 An Overview of Selected Insurgent Movements in Post-Independence Nigeria………………………………………………… .. 24 2.2.1 Declaration of Niger Delta Republic, Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta and related insurgencies……………........... 25 2.2.2 Nigerian Civil War (Biafra War) ……………………………………………. 26 2.2.3 Odua People‟s Congress……………………………………………………… 26 2.3 A Review of the Theories of Insurgent Activities in Nigeria………………… 27 vii 2.3.1 Politics, Economics and Insurgency in Nigeria………………………………. 27 2.3.2 Ethnicity/Religion and Insurgency in Nigeria………………………………… 29 2.4 An Overview of the Boko-Haram Insurgency………………………………… 31 2.5 The Geography and Historical Phases of the Boko- Haram Insurgency……………………………………………………… 33 2.6 Review of the Response of the Nigerian Government against the Boko Haram Insurgency…………………………………………… 44 2.7 Theoretical Framework of the Study………………………………………….. 48 2.7.1 The Conflict Management Theory…………………………………………….. 48 2.7.2 The Territorial Imperative Theory…………………………………………………. 51 CHAPTER 3 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 3.1 Geography and Historical Overview of the Study Area……………………. 53 3.2 Population of the Study Area………………………………………………. 54 3.3 Sample of the Study………………………………………………………… 55 3.4 Sources of Data Collection…………………………………………………. 56 3.5 Method of Data Analysis ………………………………………………….. 58 CHAPTER FOUR SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS INSULATING JIGAWA STATE AGAINST BOKO-HARAM 4.1 Social Capital, Territorial Imperative and the Insulation of Jigawa State against Boko-Haram………………………………………….. 59 4.2 Socio-Economic Development and the Insulation of Jigawa State against Boko-Haram………………………………………. 61 4.3 The Reinvigoration of Jigawa State Security Council and the Intensification of Intelligence Gathering Against Boko-Haram……..…. 66 4.4 The Establishment of Temporary IDP Camps and the Insulation of Jigawa state against Boko-Haram Insurgency………………… 68 4.5 Validity of Research Assumptions ………………………………………….. 70 CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary……………………………………………………………………. 72 5.2 Conclusion………………………………………………….......................... 74 5.3 Recommendations…………………………………………………………… 75 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………. 76 Appendix…………………………………………………………………………….. 79 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 Selected Cases of Insurgencies across the Globe……………………...... 12 Table 2.1 Geographical Distribution of Boko-Haram Attacks from 2011-2016…… 34 Table 2.2 Timeline and Location of Some Major Boko-Haram Related Incidents in Nigeria (2003-2015)……………………………….. 35 Table 3.1 Population of Jigawa State According to Local Government Areas……. 55 Table 3.2 List of Interviewees for the Study……………………………………….. 57 Table 4.1 Summary List of Internally Displaced Persons in the 27 Local Government Areas in Jigawa State ……………………………….. 69 ix LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Map of Nigeria Showing the Geographical Distribution of Boko-Haram attacks………………………………………………… 40 Figure 2.2 Theoretical Context of the Study: Conflict Management in the Conflict Cycle Model…………………….. 50 x LIST OF ACRONYMS ANC - African National Congress CDF - Comprehensive Development Framework CJTF - Civilian Joint Task Force DIA - Defence Intelligence Agencies DSS - Department of State Security IDPs - Internally Displaced Persons MASSOB - Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra MEND - Movment for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta NDVF - Niger Delta Volunteer Force NIS - Nigerian Immigration Service NPF - Nigeria Police Force OPC - Odua People‟s Congress SMJTF - Special Military Joint Task Force UN - United Nations xi ABSTRACT Since 2009, the Boko-Haram insurgency became deadly and extremely violent particularly in the three north-eastern states of Adamawa, Borno and Yobe. Other states which were also significantly affected by the Boko-Haram insurgency include: Kano, Bauchi, Kaduna and the Federal Capital Territory. Jigawa state which shares borders with Kano, Bauchi and Yobe states was however relatively insulated from the Boko Haram insurgency. This study therefore examined how and why Jigawa state was insulated from the Boko-Haram insurgency. The major objective of the study was to investigate what socio-economic and political factors accounted for the insulation of Jigawa state against the Boko-Haram insurgency. The study was conducted within the framework of the conflict management theory which argues that conflict is not a static situation
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