The Activities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia As Cultural Diplomacy to Enhance Indonesian Image in Singapore (2013-2016)

THE ACTIVITIES OF RUMAH BUDAYA INDONESIA AS CULTURAL DIPLOMACY TO ENHANCE INDONESIAN IMAGE IN SINGAPORE (2013-2016)

By KADEK DEWI ADNYANI 016201300078

A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in International Relations Concentration in Diplomacy

2017

PANEL OF EXAMINER

APPROVAL SHEET

The Panel of Examiners declare that the thesis entitled “The Activities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as Cultural Diplomacy to Enhance Indonesian Image in Singapore (2013-2016)” that was submitted by Kadek Dewi Adnyani majoring in International Relations from the School of Humanities was assessed and approved to have passed the Oral Examinations on 16th February 2016.

Dr. phil. Reza A.A Wattimena Chair – Panel of Examiner

Riski M. Baskoro, S.Sos., MA. Examiner 2

Dr. Endi Haryono, M.Si Thesis Adviser

i THESIS ADVISER

RECOMMENDATION LETTER

This thesis entitled “THE ACTIVITIES OF RUMAH BUDAYA INDONESIA AS CULTURAL DIPLOMACY TO ENHANCE INDONESIAN IMAGE IN SINGAPORE (2013-2016)” prepared and submitted by Kadek Dewi Adnyani in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in International Relations in the School of Humanities has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense.

Cikarang, Indonesia, 26 January 2017

Recommended and Acknowledged by,

Dr. Endi Haryono, M.Si

Thesis Adviser

ii DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY

I declare that this thesis, entitled “THE ACTIVITIES OF RUMAH BUDAYA INDONESIA AS CULTURAL DIPLOMACY TO ENHANCE INDONESIAN IMAGE IN SINGAPORE (2013-2016)” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree.

Cikarang, Indonesia, January 2017

Kadek Dewi Adnyani

iii ABSTRACT

Title: The Activities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as Cultural Diplomacy to Enhance Indonesian Image in Singapore (2013-2016)

This research attempt to describe about the use of Indonesia cultural diplomacy in order to enhance Indonesian image with Singapore through the promotion of Indonesian House of Culture (Rumah Budaya Indonesia). Rumah Budaya is a public space of cultural diplomacy, which serves as a tool to promote the culture of Indonesia abroad in order to improve its image, appreciation and building bonds (culture) the international community towards Indonesia. This research is trying to explore the practices of Indonesia cultural diplomacy through the establishment of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as the result from the activity of national discussion by Ministry of Education and Culture. The qualitative research is used to explain the phenomenon discussed. Books, reports, journals from government agencies, government websites and interview were used as the primary resources. This research showed that culture also could play a role in improving the relationship between Indonesia and Singapore.

Keywords: Cultural Diplomacy, Public Diplomacy, Bilateral Relations, Rumah Budaya Indonesia, Country image

iv ABSTRAK

Judul : Kegiatan Rumah Budaya Indonesia sebagai Diplomasi Budaya untuk meningkatkan citra Indonesia di Singapura.

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menjelaskan tentang penerapan diplomasi budaya Indonesia di Singapura dalam rangka meningkatkan citra, pandangan positif Indonesia kepada Singapura melalui aktifitas rumah budaya Indonesia. Rumah Budaya Indonesia merupakan ruang publik diplomasi budaya yang berperan sebagai sebuah alat untuk mempromosikan budaya Indonesia di luar negeri dalam rangka meningkatkan citra, apresiasi dan membangun ikatan (budaya) masyarakat internasional terhadap Indonesia. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk mengeksplorasi usaha pemerintah Indonesia dalam memanfaatkan kebudayaannya untuk meningkatkan hubungan dengan Singapura melalui pendirian Rumah Budaya Indonesia sebagai salah satu hasil dalam nasional rembug oleh kementrian pendidikan dan kebudayaan. Penelitian kualitatif digunakan untuk menjelaskan fenomena yang didiskusikan. Buku, jurnal, laporan dari agensi pemerintahan, website resmi pemerintahan, serta interview digunakan sebagai sumber utama dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini pada akhirnya menunjukan bahwa budaya dapat meningkatkan citra Indonesia dan Singapura.

Kata Kunci: Diplomasi Budaya, Publik Diplomasi, Hubungan Bilateral, Rumah Budaya Indonesia, citra negara

v ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, I thank to the most Beneficent and Entirely Merciful, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa who always listens to my prayers and giving me strengths for helping me to get through this since the beginning until it’s finished. This would be impossible without the help and support from these super awesome people around me. Therefore, I have to thank those who have supported and encouraged me with their suggestion, love, and prayer.

To my family who encouraged me, prayed for me throughout the time of my research and fully supported me from the very beginning. For my mom who was always remembering me and stand beside me when I am tired of all the process, ensure the rest things that I always forget to take care with. Your prayer for me was what sustained me thus far. For my dad thank you for all of the sacrifices that you’ve made on my behalf, and gave me support in ways that none of the people in this world could give. My one and only sister, Sari Puspita Dewi Thank you for supporting me for everything, I promise I am going to be the little sister that you can be proud of.

To Mr. Endi Haryono and Mr. Riski M Baskoro, Thank you for all the assistance and guidance from the beginning until this thesis is done. I have been lucky to have supervisors who always gave a time to meet and share the difficulties in writing thesis even when you two were very busy.

I cannot forget these lovely people who went through hard times together, stay around me during my lowest point, helping and pushing me to finish this thesis, and cheer me up: Elena Minarni, Kezya Abbyesha, Ina, Sarah Philips, Naomi Kifta, Hanna Uli, Akhsa Sinaga, Agung Subagiya. I could not imagine how bored my university life will be without all your presence. Every single thing you did, it mean a lot for me. You all complete me totally!!

To my close friends in Bali, Amei Fransisca and Dewi Aryawati, thank you have

vi also been generous with their love and encouragement despite the long distance between us, they were supporting me during these stressful and difficult moments.

Last but not least, my gratitude goes to those who directly and indirectly contribute in helping me finish this research paper, thank you for making this happen. I am happy having you all.

Cikarang, January 2017

Kadek Dewi Adnyani

vii LIST OF ACRONYMS

KBRI Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia

Atdikbud Atase Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan

MoEC Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia

RBI Rumah Budaya Indonesia

UNESCO United Nation Education, Social, Culture Organization

UUD Undang - Undang Dasar

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

GAYA Gelar Budaya

ICN Indonesia Cultural Night

PPIS Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia Singapura

KKC Korean Cultural Center

NTU Nanyang Technological University

viii TABLE OF CONTENT

PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET ...... i THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER ...... ii DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ...... iii ABSTRACT ...... iv ABSTRAK ...... v ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... vi LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... viii TABLE OF CONTENT ...... ix LIST OF FIGURE ...... xi CHAPTER I ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 I.1 Background ...... 1 I.2 Problem Identification ...... 3 I.3 Research Question ...... 5 I.4 Research Objective ...... 5 I.5 Significant of Study ...... 5 I.6 Scope of Limitation of the Study ...... 5 I.7 Definition of Terms ...... 6 I.8 Research Methodology ...... 7 I.9 Theoretical Framework ...... 8 I.10 Literature Review ...... 12 1.11 Thesis Structure ...... 18 CHAPTER II ...... 20 INDONESIA – SINGAPORE RELATIONSHIP ...... 20 II.1 Countries Profile of Indonesia – Singapore ...... 20 II.1.1 Indonesia Profile ...... 20 II.1.2 Singapore Profile ...... 23 II.2 History of Indonesia – Singapore Relationship ...... 26 II.3 Factors that Support Indonesia to use Cultural Diplomacy towards Singapore ...... 29 CHAPTER III ...... 31 The Program of Rumah Budaya Indonesia (RBI) ...... 31 III.1 The Explanation about Rumah Budaya Indonesia ...... 31 III.1.1 Facilities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia ...... 33 III.1.2 Indonesia Targeted Countries ...... 33

ix III.2 The concept of Rumah Budaya Indonesia ...... 34 III.3 The Program of Rumah Budaya Indonesia ...... 36 III.3.1 Indonesian Cultural Night (ICN) 2016 ...... 36 III.3.2. GAYA 2016: Sang Pengibar : The Untold Story of Surabaya ...... 37 III.3.3 RBI Singapore Collection ...... 39 CHAPTER IV ...... 40 Rumah Budaya Indonesia Activities in order to Enhance Indonesian Image in Singapore (2013-2016) ...... 40 IV.1 The analysis of Rumah Budaya Indonesia activities ...... 40 IV.2 Indonesia's Cultural Diplomacy Efforts in Singapore ...... 44 IV.3 Indonesia Implementation of Policy Related to The Use of Culture . 48 IV.4 Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore as Cultural Diplomacy ..... 51 IV.4.1 The Implementation of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as Public Diplomacy in Singapore ...... 53 IV.4.2 Rumah Budaya Indonesia as The Implementation in Emphasizing Indonesia Soft Power ...... 54 IV.5 The Importance of Building a positive image of Indonesia in Singapore ...... 55 CHAPTER V ...... 59 CONCLUSION ...... 59 Appendix ...... 69

x LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1.1 Logical Flow of the Theoretical Framework

Figure 2.1 Indonesia Map

Figure 2.2 Singapore Map

Figure 3.1 The Audiences of ICN

Figure 3.2 Media and Partner of ICN 2015

xi LIST OF TABLE

Table 3.1 Indonesia Targeted Countries of Establishment RBI

Table 3.2 List of RBI Singapore Collection

xii CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background

Indonesia is a diverse country, which is also considered as the country with the wealthiest cultural heritage in the world. The diversity of Indonesia’s culture must be maintained through preserving and protecting it from the claim of other countries. A lot of Indonesia’s arts and cultures have been shaped by hundreds of ethnic groups, each with cultural differences that have shifted over the centuries. 1 As a result of the country’s geography and unique history, Indonesian culture covers as many as 750 languages and 300 ethnic groups2. Therefore, Indonesia is rich in the cultural heritage of high historical value

Cultural heritage is the identity and pride of the nation that must be preserved. One of the ways to conserve cultural heritage is by the recognition from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for world Heritage Sites. 3 Some of the world cultural heritage developed by UNESCO as: Borobudur temple, Prambanan temple, Sangiran site, Wayang puppet Indonesia, Keris, Batik, Angklung, and Saman dance.4

1 Cultures of Indonesia - Unity in Diversity | Indonesia Investments. Retrieved January 20, 2017 from http://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/item8? 2 "Culture & Religion of Indonesia - Indonesian Culture - Cultural Indonesia - Religion & Culture of Indonesia." Indonesia Travel Guide- Indonesia Travel Information. Retrieved January 22, 2017, http://www.indonesiapoint.com/culture-religion-of-indonesia.html. 3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites In Indonesia - WorldAtlas.com. Retrieved January 10, 2017, from http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/unesco-world-heritage-sites-in-indonesia.html 4 Pelestarian Warisan Budaya Indonesia Perlu Sinergi. (2014). Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Retrieved September 11 2016, from http://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2014/09/pelestarian-warisan-budaya-indonesia-perlu- sinergi-3269-3269-3269

In order to avoid the Indonesia’s cultural heritage claims by the other countries, Indonesia uses the cultural diplomacy as the tool to promote the Indonesia’s culture to the world. Cultural diplomacy cannot be separated from the diplomatic efforts and it has conducted by the government. Hence, the cultural diplomacy aims to strengthen the national and international position of the state and nation. Cultural diplomacy can be a tool for countries to get a position in the international community.5 Cultural diplomacy campaign was developed in the program to reflect a positive image of Indonesia in the international world.6 Thus, The country’s image can be sculpted through various tools such as culture.

Indonesia’s culture needed to be introduced to the international community as part of efforts to improve the image and appreciation of the Indonesian culture in the eyes of the international community. Therefore, the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia initiated an idea to improve cultural diplomacy through Indonesian House of Culture named "Rumah Budaya Indonesia” (RBI) program, which set to be placed in several countries. 7 Rumah Budaya Indonesia can be a tool to encourage the entire Indonesian diplomatic representatives in foreign countries to promote the national culture to the local communities and aims to introduce Indonesian culture in the eyes of the world. Rumah Budaya Indonesia (RBI) is a program that is based on specific concerns of Indonesian culture abroad. The idea of building RBI aims to build relations between the two countries, which is to facilitate educational and cultural exchange as well as to improve relations between the people of Indonesia and the countries concerned.8

5 KARL-ERIK NORRMAN. "Definitions, Ideas, Visions and Challenges for Cultural Diplomacy." E-International Relations. Retrieved 30 December, 2016, from http://www.e- ir.info/2013/01/03/definitions-ideas-visions-and-challenges-for-cultural-diplomacy/ 6 LUCIAN JORA. "NEW PRACTICES AND TRENDS IN CULTURAL DIPLOMACY*." Romanian Review of Political Sciences and International Relations. n.d. Retrieved 12 January, 2016, from http://journal.ispri.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/43-52-Lucian-Jora.pdf 7 "Indonesia Bangun Rumah Budaya Di 10 Negara - Berita." Kementerian Dalam Negeri - Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 13 November 2016, from http://www.kemendagri.go.id/news/2014/03/13/indonesia-bangun-rumah-budaya-di-10-negara. 8 Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia Di Dunia Internasional, dalam Retrieved 14 January, 2017, from http://ditpolkom.bappenas.go.id/?page=news&id=31,

The existence of RBI in a number of countries could be a tool to promote Indonesian culture to foreign countries. Understanding Indonesia culture through the RBI program, it is expected to be able to enhance the positive image of Indonesia. The Ministry of Education and Culture initiated the concept of cultural diplomacy in the form of Rumah Budaya Indonesia (RBI), which is planning to be established in 10 countries. There are United States, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Australia, Turkey, Japan, Singapore, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste.9 Rumah Budaya Indonesia (RBI) in Singapore, as one of the 10 House of Culture Indonesia in various countries, through its various activities, strives to continue to introduce the cultural heritage of Indonesia. RBI Singapore conducts culture activities for the Indonesian and Singaporean as the participants with mostly averaged secondary school students of Singaporeans. The presence of RBI is expected to improve the image of Indonesia’s culture to develop an appreciation, create understanding between nations and civilizations, increase cooperation among nations in cultural aspect and provide information about Indonesia. Hence, RBI Singapore serves as a center of cultural diplomacy Indonesia in Singapore through a variety of interesting programs and it also plays an effective role as a soft-diplomacy Indonesia.10

I.2 Problem Identification

Indonesia is a country with diverse ethnicities and cultures, this is an advantage for Indonesia to harness these strengths in order to promote Indonesia globally through its diverse cultures. As the largest archipelagic country in the world, 735,358 square miles (1,904,569 sq km)11. Indonesian culture has values, institutions, historical roots, customs, and beliefs that many of its people share, but it is also additionally a work in progress that is undergoing specific particular

9 Rumahbudayaindonesia.sg,. Rumah Budaya Indonesia | Rumah Budaya Indonesia Angkat Kekayaan Lokal ke Dunia Internasional. Retrieved 7 January, 2017 from https://rumahbudayaindonesia.sg/rumah-budaya-indonesia-angkat-kekayaan-lokal-ke-dunia- internasional/ 10 About us – Overview Rumah Budaya Indonesia. Retrieved 13 February, 2017 from https://rumahbudayaindonesia.sg/tentang-kami-rumah-budaya-indonesia-singapura/ 11 Briney, A. (2014). Geography of Indonesia. About.com Education. Retrieved 26 January 2017, from http://geography.about.com/od/indonesiamaps/a/indonesiageography.htm

3 stresses at the beginning of the twenty-first century. 12 The art and culture of Indonesia have been shaped around its diverse ethnic groups, each with variations cultural differences that have shifted over the centuries. Indonesia is a country full of diversity, home to numerous different ethnic groups, languages, and religions. And now, Indonesia is known for its diverse culture that is unique and very interesting eyes of the world, especially among foreign tourist.13 The promotion of culture aims to shape the image and introduce the culture of a country, therefore Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemdikbud) promotes Indonesian culture to the international arena. At least 10 houses of culture Indonesia (RBI) will be established in 10 countries, such as the United States, German, Netherland, France, Turkey, Japan, East Timor, Singapore, Myanmar and Australia. 14 Director General of Culture Kemendikbud, Kacung Marijan says cultural diplomacy is an exchange of ideas, information, values, systems, traditions, beliefs, and other cultural aspects with the desire to promote mutual understanding between countries. Therefore, Diplomatic relations should always be maintained, as a way for countries in building up their relations among nations in order to provide an essential framework for the conduct of foreign relations. The existence of Rumah Budaya Indonesia (RBI) in a number of countries is expected to be a tool to introduce the richness of Indonesian culture to foreign countries.15 Thus, by knowing about the culture of Indonesia, it is to reflect a positive image of Indonesia in the international world.

12 Culture of Indonesia - history, people, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social. Everyculture.com. Retrieved 22 January 2017, from http://www.everyculture.com/Ge- It/Indonesia.html 13 "Indonesia's Culture Change in the 21st Century - Indoconsult - Consulting for Business in Indonesia." Indonesia Business Consulting - Indoconsult - Consulting for Business in Indonesia. Retrieved September 10, 2016, from https://www.indoconsult.de/2016/05/20/indonesia-s-culture- change-in-the-21st-century/ 14 "Rumah Budaya Indonesia Di 10 Negara | Voice of Indonesia - VOI | Voice of Indonesia Siaran Luar Negeri RRI." Voice of Indonesia - VOI | RRI World Service Voice of Indonesia | Voice of Indonesia - Connecting, Informing, Dignifying. Retrieved December 21, 2016, from http://voi.co.id/www/multisites/id/voi-warna-warni/5914-rumah-budaya-indonesia-di-10-negara 15 Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. Retrieved December 29, 2016, from http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id

I.3 Research Question

As have been elaborated above, the topic and question for this research are defined as follow: Topic: This research is a study of Indonesia Cultural Diplomacy: Activities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia to enhance the Indonesia’s image Questions: How did the activities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as cultural diplomacy enhancing Indonesian image in Singapore (2013-2016)?

I.4 Research Objective

According to the statement of the problem mentioned above, the main objectives of this research are as follows:

1. To provide information about the program of Rumah Budaya Indonesia that related to enhance the country image of Indonesia. 2. To define Indonesian Cultural Diplomacy efforts in order to promote the country image through the promotion of Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore.

I.5 Significant of Study

The purpose of this study will be explained below: 1. To gain deeper knowledge about the use of culture in enhancing country image of Indonesia in Singapore. 2. To understand the Indonesia public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy practices.

I.6 Scope of Limitation of the Study

This research will analyze how the practices of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as Indonesian cultural diplomacy towards Singapore in enhancing the country

5 image of Indonesia in Singapore. Due to the limitation, the substances will be focused on three major tasks, which are (i) “The Program in Rumah Budaya Indonesia”; (ii) “Indonesian Public diplomacy and Cultural Diplomacy in Singapore”; (iii) enhancing the image of Indonesia by its culture by the program of RBI. It is important to note that Rumah Budaya Indonesia is a public space of cultural diplomacy initiated by the Ministry of Education and Culture, with purpose to introduce Indonesian culture to the world in order to improve its image, appreciation and building bonds (culture) the international community towards Indonesia. The author would take the time frame for this research starting from 2013 – 2015 in which the Rumah Budaya Indonesia established in Singapore on 30 November 2013.

I.7 Definition of Terms

Here are the following terms will be defined in this thesis, as follow:

House of Culture (Rumah Budaya) In this research, the term “House of Culture” is used to mean “the 'public space' to introduce the richness of Indonesian culture to the world in order to improve its image, appreciation and building bonds (culture) the international community towards Indonesia”.

Cultural Diplomacy In this research, the term “Culture Diplomacy” is used to mean, “As a course of actions, which are based on and utilize the exchange of ideas, values, traditions and other aspects of culture or identity, whether to strengthen relationships, enhance socio-cultural cooperation or promote national interests”.

Country Image In this research, the term “Country Image” is used to mean, “As the total of all descriptive, inferential and informational beliefs one has about a particular country”.

I.8 Research Methodology

A method is a kind of systematical work plan in order to make the research work become clear, so that it can achieve its main purpose. The method in research is selected by considering its appropriateness with the research object. In research methodology, the author will give overview of the method used throughout the findings. 16In the way to solve a research problem systematically, the author tries to enrich this research with finding sources collectively to understand phenomena at the precise time. The author used Qualitative methodology17 that take role and implement by observing, explain, compare and interpret meaningful patterns of the subjects studied. Trying to find the fact on how the activities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as cultural diplomacy in enhancing Indonesian image in Singapore. The technique to collect data was by interview, which aims to gain the valid data. The respondents answered some questions about the research topic. To support and ease the author in arranging the answers thus here the method used is the literature study to gain various information and data. The literature study includes books, journals, articles, and reports, official documents. The data research mostly uses secondary data or sources. The secondary source means, the author relied on the information reported from media.

Internet The Internet source is the most used instrument to gather the data. Through Internet usage, the books, journals, articles, reports, and official documents are easily gathered. Therefore, Internet will ease the writer in searching the detailed information about the data from various times. Books

16 Matthew B. Miles & A. Michael Huberman, Analisis Data Kualitatif : Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-Metode Baru, terj. Tjetjep Rohendi Rohidi, Jakarta, Universitas Indonesia Press, 1992, hal. 15. 17 Sandelowski, Margarete. 2005. "Book Review: Interactive Qualitative Analysis: A Systems Method For Qualitative Research". Qualitative Health Research 15 (5): 719-720.

Books are significant as the research instrument in order to give best references on the theory used in this research as well as its relevance to the finding of the research. Furthermore, books are also used as a literature review on the variables of the research.

Publications Press release, journals, article, survey of individual, newspaper mainly from the Indonesia and Singapore embassy regarding the Indonesian cultural diplomacy serve as important role in contributing the author with tons of important information. Interview Interviewing the expert in the same field of this research is aiming to get their personal thought related to the topic. And serve as one of the primary resources that researcher used to analyze the research. In this research the author doing the interview with Mr. Darwin Tampubolon as the Head of Minister of Sub Direktorat Diplomacy Budaya Luar Negeri to get the insight regarding of his experience and thought about Indonesia and Singapore relationship.

I.9 Theoretical Framework

Soft Power

Public Diplomacy

Culture Diplomacy

(Figure 1.1 Logical Flow of the Theoretical Framework)

1.9.1 Soft Power

The definition of soft power diplomacy, according to Joseph Nye is an: “Ability to influence other countries through cooperation in shaping the agenda, encouraging and positive activities to get the desired results”.18

In a sense, this kind of diplomacy conducted through the desire of each of party voluntarily, and the results make a positive contribution to every party involved. According to Nye “Soft power rests on the ability to shape the preferences of others” (Nye, 2004)

Nye puts more emphasis on the element of interest, not coercive, in power. Soft power is something else, which is more attractive to run. Moreover, that all this is to achieve the objective interests of the country. Soft power is it incorporated in cultural diplomacy, which is conducted by the state or a nation. In this context, soft power is the ability of a nation or state to use the powers, which is not military or hard power in order to reassure or achieve national interest in foreign countries.19

1.9.2 Public Diplomacy

Public diplomacy activities that involve public participation will be needed in order to complement the activity of traditional diplomacy. Public diplomacy is a major challenge for all countries. The way public diplomacy is defined by the government may influence its practice. Contextualization of public diplomacy can be influenced by the history and culture of the particular country while nation branding is a more uniform concept.20

Definition of Public Diplomacy expressed by Tuch (1990) as:

18 Nye, J. S.. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, (80), (pp. 153) 19 Sociostudies.org,. "Soft Power As A State's Foreign Policy Resource". Web. 29 Feb. 2016. 20 Clingendael | Netherlands Institute of International Relations. Retrieved January 14, 2017, from http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20061200_cdsp_paper_melissen.pdf

“Public diplomacy is a government’s process of communicating with foreign publics in an attempt to bring about understanding for its nation’s ideas and ideals, its institutions and cultures, as well as its national goals and current policies” 21

Gyorgy Szondi describes that “Government communication aimed at foreign audiences to achieve changes in the ‘heart of minds’ of the people. Public diplomacy however can also refer to domestic public(s) in two ways: either as domestic input from citizens for foreign policy formulation (engaging approach), or explaining foreign policy goals and diplomacy to domestic public (explaining approach)”. 22

One example of public diplomacy is through cultural approach or known as cultural diplomacy. Culture is an effective media for diplomacy, because the culture was part of universal elements where the elements contained in all the cultures of the nations of the world. 23

1.9.3 Cultural Diplomacy

The definition of Cultural Diplomacy used by the American scholar Milton Cummings brings together many of these components. Cummings defines cultural diplomacy as: “The exchange of ideas, information, art and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding’ which ‘can also be more of a one-way street than a two-way exchange, as when one nation concentrates its efforts on promoting the national language, explaining its policies and point of view, or “telling its story” to the rest of the world”.24

21Alexander E. Hopkins. "Government Public Relations: Public Diplomacy or Propaganda?" Retrieved January 11, 2017, from www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1012/2/government-public- relations-public-diplomacy-or-propaganda 22 "Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Differences." Clingendael | Netherlands Institute of International Relations. n.d. Retrieved November 24, 2016, from https://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20081022_pap_in_dip_nation_branding.pdf. 23 Berridge, G.R. (2010), Diplomacy: Theory and Practice, Ch.11.) 24 Simon Mark. "A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy." Clingendael | Netherlands Institute of International Relations. n.d. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from https://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20090616_cdsp_discussion_paper_114_mark.pdf.

Cultural diplomacy’s functional objectives are also including about advancing trade, political, diplomatic, and economic interests, developing bilateral relationships across the board, including economic, trade, political, cultural and diplomatic elements, connecting with groups abroad that are important to the cultural diplomacy practitioner (such as diasporas), and helping to maintain bilateral relationships in times of tension. 25

The actor in cultural diplomacy is not only the government, but also the private parties or certain individuals included. The pattern of relationship can be between anyone as actors, be the relationship of governments, public-private and private- private. This emphasize as the act to encourage culture as the way in introducing and promoting a nation to a foreign public. 26Key objectives in conducting cultural diplomacy are to gain the host nation’s interest and to enhance the image and reputation of one’s country.

Indonesia in running cultural diplomacy, that there are some legal foundations that talking about the use or the importance of culture in international relation, which are the Indonesia constitution No.32 amendment 4 of 2002, and Indonesia law about international relation No.37 of 1999.

The practice of cultural diplomacy is related with public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy is now considered to be both conceptually and practically subsets of public diplomacy, which can be defined as a government’s communication with foreign audiences in order to positively, influence them.27

25 Nye, Jr., Joseph S. (2004), Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs, Ch.1. 26 Titi Vidyarini, Danielle Brady.(2012). Cultural Diplomacy as Public Relations in an Indonesian Consulate in Australia. Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal, Vol 13. Pg 28-29 27 By Hwajung Kim. "Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age." Culturaldiplomacy.org | English | Welcome to the Institute for Cultural Diplomacy. Retrieved 29 December 2016, from http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/pdf/case- studies/Hwajung_Kim_Cultural_Diplomacy_as_the_Means_of_Soft_Power_in_the_Information_ Age.pdf).

I.10 Literature Review

In this chapter, the author will review roughly five literatures that related to this research, in order to know the basic understanding of cultural diplomacy, Indonesian cultural diplomacy, Indonesia – Singapore cooperation’s. Here are several important kinds of literature regarding those issues.

Simon Mark, (2009), A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy, Simon Mark with the same perception of positive effects of cultural diplomacy also written in Simon Mark paper with tittle A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. This book could define and updates the concept of cultural diplomacy and explores the possible roles it may play domestically and internationally. A case is made for governments to make better use of the practice of cultural diplomacy, given its effectiveness in reaching government and non-government audiences. This book could be divided into three parts. Part one explores the semantic muddle, which surrounds cultural diplomacy and sets out the core elements of cultural diplomacy. Part two is examined aspects of the practice that warrant explication – cultural diplomacy’s role in presenting a national image. For the final part is discusses the prerequisites for realizing cultural diplomacy’s full potential. Simon Mark. 28

Simon defines cultural diplomacy as the ‘the deployment of a state’s culture in support of its foreign policy goals or diplomacy.’ There are 4 core elements of cultural diplomacy, namely first are actors and government involvement. Cultural diplomacy is carried out in support of a government’s foreign policy goals or its diplomacy, or both. Thereby, caused by its connection to foreign policy or diplomacy, cultural diplomacy usually involves directly or indirectly the government’s foreign ministry. Second are the objectives, cultural diplomacy is undertaken for purposes. For instance, advancing trade, political, diplomatic, developing bilateral and economic interests, connecting with groups abroad that are important to the cultural diplomacy practitioner (such as

28 "DISCUSSION PAPERS IN DIPLOMACY - A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy." Clingendael | Netherlands Institute of International Relations. n.d. Retrieved January 8, 2017, from https://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20090616_cdsp_discussion_paper_114_mark.pdf

12 diasporas), and helping to maintain bilateral relationships in times of tension. Third, the Activities, cultural diplomacy undertakes a wide range of participant. Not only the government but also an artist, singer and the manifestations of their artistry (film), the promotion of aspects of the culture of a state (language), and the exchange of people, such as academics. Fourth, is the audience, the main audiences in cultural diplomacy are the civil society. Perceptions of countries influence how well they are able to advance their interests.29 A public’s positive perceptions can help create a market for products and attract investment, students, and tourists, while a public’s negative perceptions can be extremely damaging to foreign policy goals, including economic interest.

This research gives a rich knowledge to the author in understanding the main substance of cultural diplomacy itself, such as the actor/government involvement, the objective, the activities and the audience. And also a little- studied tool of diplomacy is generally regarded as just one of the components of public diplomacy. When better understood, however, it has the potential to become a much more powerful tool for improving a country’s image and its relations with other countries. It may also contribute to domestic nation building.

Hwajung Kim, (2011), Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age, In this literature, Hwajung Kim explains about cultural diplomacy has been developed since the 1930s to gain soft power and convey how cultural diplomacy has adapted to the information age. After analyzing the cultural diplomacy in the information age, and how the future of cultural diplomacy should be directed with suggestions to improve the cultural diplomacy with key recommendations. 30

Specifically, these papers also explain about Cultural Diplomacy in an Information Age. That which has been written in the paper that cultural diplomacy

29 Mark, S. (2009). A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. Netherland: Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ . pg 7 30 Hwajung Kim. Culturaldiplomacy.org | English | Welcome to the Institute for Cultural Diplomacy. Retrieved January 20, 2017, from http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/pdf/case- studies/Hwajung_Kim_Cultural_Diplomacy_as_the_Means_of_Soft_Power_in_the_Information_ Age.pdf

13 in the information age to gain soft power can be defined as the ability to attract one's culture and ideology or the agenda of political choices with sharing intelligence and capabilities with others through information technology. If cultural diplomacy uses the Internet with the specific purpose to shape culture, it would strengthen the soft power effectively. The example of New Culture in an Information Age is the presence of the Internet in the information age provides for youth to interact globally on issues of mutual interests. 31It impacts on human communication and shapes human culture.

This literature helps the author to know about how cultural diplomacy has been developed. Cultural diplomacy refers to reciprocal cultural exchanges between peoples to promote national cultures. It means that cultural diplomacy would inspire people over the world despite political differences and national borders as soft power would be enhanced through cultural diplomacy. Further, it is expected to enhance engagement in people-to-people diplomacy based on mutual understandings of cultural interests. With the arrival of the information age, information technologies are having a specific impact on how cultural policy makers would do interaction with the public. Also, it cans influences national identity because a new culture has been formed in cyberspace and both the local and Individual identities are affected. Accordingly, the cultural identity of a nation has been blended since due to rapid involving information technologies.

Prof. Dr. Tulus Warsito, M.Si., Wahyuni Kartikasari, S.IP., S.T., M.Si. (2007), Diplomasi Kebudayaan Konsep dan Relevansi bagi Negara Berkembang: Studi Kasus Indonesia, In this book explains that diplomacy is not only interpreted as negotiation (negotiation), but also how to manage relations between nations, both in peacetime and in war. Hence the term cultural diplomacy in this book spread of micro programs, which considers culture was limited to art alone, up to the macro level, which considers culture more broadly, to the values of ideology, nationalism, or globalization. Conventionally, diplomacy in the form

31 Hong, Ki Won. (2011). Cultural Diplomacy form a Cultural Policy Perspective – Some Contestable Issues, Korea Association of Arts Management.

14 of negotiations carried out by the official State as parties representing the national interests of each country. In a later development, the actors of diplomacy not only state officials, but also the private sector or individuals who represent the interests of his country with the knowledge or consent of the government. 32

Tulus Warsito and Wahyuni Kartikasari argued that cultural diplomacy is an attempt to achieve the national interest of a country through culture, in micro, such as sports and the arts, or macro for example propaganda and others, which in the conventional sense can be regarded as non-political, economic, or military. In a micro sense, culture is usually manifested in education, the arts, science and sports. Both in micro such as education, science, sports and the arts, or in macro accordance with the main characteristic, for example: propaganda and others, which in the conventional sense can be regarded as non-political, economic or military. Also, these books explain about the effort of Indonesia cultural diplomacy. Indonesia is a country rich with diverse cultures. 33The culture utilized by the Indonesian government to establish diplomatic relations with other countries. Cultural diplomacy simply cannot be used to achieve the goals or objectives are concrete and specific. Culture is used to help achieve a goal that is limited and have a general nature, namely the formation of a positive image of Indonesia. Thus indirectly help achieve diplomatic goals more concrete or specific.

The writer uses this book as the recommendation to see more detailed explanation of cultural diplomacy. Therefore from the explanation above, "cultural diplomacy" is if the first effective diplomacy that is required the support of political or economic or military power are real, but now this is precisely the

32 Tulus Warsito, and Wahyuni Kartikasari. "Diplomasi Kebudayaan Konsep dan Relevansi bagi Negara Berkembang: Studi Kasus Indonesia." UMY Repository. n.d. Retrieved October 24, 2016, from http://repository.umy.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/4115/Diplomasi%20Kebudayaan.pdf?seq uence=1&isAllowed=y. 33 Tulus Warsito dan Wahyuni Kartikasari, Diplomasi Kebudayaan: Konsep dan Relevansi Bagi Negara Sedang Berkembang: Studi Kasus Indonesia, Ombak, Yogyakarta, 2007, hal. 4.

15 strength of the economic, political, and military in certain things would be "counter-productive”, it will not help achieve the intended results.

Martina Topić, Cultural diplomacy and Cultural imperialism, The dissemination of cultural diplomacy is not just simply on how cultural diplomacy manifests itself in a variety of practices and policies as explained by Martina Topić in her book titled “Cultural diplomacy and Cultural imperialism”. 34This book explains about it is apparent that cultural diplomacy manifests in many fields and that, sometimes, it becomes exceptionally difficult to distinguish where cultural diplomacy ends and public diplomacy begins. Sometimes it is difficult even to distinguish among policies of cultural diplomacy itself where placing these policies in one place becomes a rather difficult task because each aspect has various connotations. This is why there is no agreement on what cultural and public diplomacy are, how they are being enforced, how they manifest in practice, what effect do they have or even how to define them.

Diplomacy is conventionally understood to mean government-to- government (and diplomat-to-diplomat) exchange. The term public diplomacy draws itself to the level of the people – to indicate government to people (of another country) and further to the level of people more generally (of one country) to people (of another country). Actually, this book does not intend to propose a fixed definition of the term.35 It considers some of the problems of definition, some of the ways it is used, and scholarly work to differentiate between public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, and cultural relations.

This literature assists the author as the foundation in analyzing cultural diplomacy, it has two levels of meaning: “One refers to the negotiation of formal cultural agreements, the other applies to the execution of these agreements and the

34 Martina Topić. "Cultural diplomacy and Cultural imperialism: A Framework for the analysis." n.d. Retrieved December 16, 2016, from http://content.schweitzer- online.de/static/catalog_manager/live/media_files/representation/zd_std_orig__zd_schw_orig/012/ 345/922/9783631621622_foreword_pdf_2.pdf. 35 Martina Topić. "Cultural diplomacy and Cultural imperialism: A Framework for the analysis." n.d. Retrieved January17, 2017, from http://content.schweitzer- online.de/static/catalog_manager/live/media_files/representation/zd_std_orig__zd_schw_orig/012/ 345/922/9783631621622_foreword_pdf_2.pdf.page10

16 conduct of cultural relations flowing from them. The goal of cultural diplomacy is to produce positive attitudes towards one's own country with the hope that this may be beneficial to the over-all diplomatic goal achievement

Rigo Rakanaya, Diplomasi Kebudayaan Indonesia Terhadap Perancis melalui Rumah Budaya, The publication of cultural diplomacy is not just to promoting the identity of a nation but also as the effort to achieve national interest as explained by Rigo Rakanaya in his research titled “Diplomasi Kebudayaan Indonesia Terhadap Perancis melalui Rumah Budaya”.36 This research talked about cultural diplomacy efforts undertaken by the government of Indonesia is part of the public diplomacy efforts. Public diplomacy itself become a fundamental element of the new diplomatic and fundamentally influences foreign policy. The involvement of the wider community outside of official government agencies in diplomacy is very important. This is because the public diplomacy involving the wider community will bring a positive impact in the fight for the interests of the state.

Rigo Rakanaya argued that Rumah Budaya Indonesia as a government's program to realize the practice of cultural diplomacy Indonesia. Due to the Indonesian government aware of the importance the existence of national culture abroad and the recognition by the foreign nation. Therefore, Rumah Budaya Indonesia became the only one government’s program, which includes the activities of cultures through cultural programs that have been described previously.37 So Rumah Budaya Indonesia also became a venue for performances or exhibits a wide range of traditional crafts and cultural exchange in certain countries.

The author uses this paper as the references to see the system of collaboration between Indonesian citizens and Ministry of Foreign Affairs in

36 Rakanaya, Rigo, Diplomasi Kebudayaan Indonesia Terhadap Perancis Melalui Rumah Budaya, pg 15- 16, 37 Rakanaya, Rigo, Diplomasi Kebudayaan Indonesia Terhadap Perancis Melalui Rumah Budaya, pg 84

17 operating Indonesia cultural diplomacy strategy overseas.

1.11 Thesis Structure

Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter will introduce the issue being examined in this thesis, the topic on Indonesian Cultural diplomacy through Rumah Budaya Indonesia with Singapore. This chapter also consists of several sub-chapters such as the background of the study, the problem identification, the statement of the problem, the research objective, the research methodology, theoretical framework, the scope and limitation of the study, and the definition of terms. This chapter aims to give the readers a brief knowledge of the topic and the main issue on this topic.

Chapter 2: Indonesia-Singapore Relationship This second chapter will discuss the country profile and brief background of Indonesia and Singapore. Also, this chapter will show the brief explanation about the history of Indonesia-Singapore relationship. It will also explain the factors that support Indonesia to use cultural diplomacy towards Singapore.

Chapter 3: The Program of Rumah Budaya Indonesia

This third chapter will be used to highlight the explanation of Rumah Budaya Indonesia, the facilities, and the target country of Rumah Budaya Indonesia. Explain the concept of Rumah Budaya Indonesia, Also the chapter will consist of the activities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore, RBI Singapore collection.

Chapter 4: Rumah Budaya Indonesia activities in enhance Indonesian image in Singapore 2013-2016

This is the core part of the whole research in which the discussion will answer the research question. This chapter will analyze Rumah Budaya Indonesia activities, Indonesia’s Cultural Diplomacy Efforts in Singapore, Indonesia Implementation of Policy Related to The Use of Culture, and Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore as Cultural Diplomacy, The implementation of Rumah Budaya

Indonesia as Public Diplomacy in Singapore, RBI as the implementation in emphasizing Indonesia soft power, and the importance of building a positive image of Indonesia in Singapore.

Chapter 5: Conclusion

This chapter will be the last part of the thesis, which would provide the conclusion that summarizes from the previous chapter.

CHAPTER II

INDONESIA – SINGAPORE RELATIONSHIP

This chapter is analyzing about Indonesia and Singapore Relationship. Started from countries profile (Indonesia-Singapore), history of Indonesia and Singapore relationship, and factors that support Indonesia to use cultural diplomacy towards Singapore.

II.1 Countries Profile of Indonesia – Singapore

II.1.1 Indonesia Profile

Indonesia is a rich and unique country with its highly diverse ethnics, with more than 300 local languages, by far the largest and most varied archipelago on Earth. It is proved by various identities and traditional culture that live hand in hand creating national identity without losing the traditional identity itself. 38

Figure 2.1 Indonesia Map39

38 One world nations online. "Indonesia - Country Profile - Nations Online Project". Retrieved December 28, 2016, from Nationsonline.Org. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/indonesia.htm 39 About Indonesia, Indonesian Map. Retrieved January18, 2017, from http://www.mapsofworld.com/indonesia/

Republic of Indonesia is a country located in South East Asia and known as archipelagic country by comprising approximately of 17,508 islands. Indonesia is also part of one of the countries in ASEAN, also known as the biggest archipelagic country in the world with 13.466 islands, more than 500 tribes and 700 dialect that used by more than 240 million inhabitants in 33 provinces, and the citizens of Indonesia consists of several ethnic groups, cultures, and languages. 40

The cultural diversity in Indonesia is cannot be denied its existence. In the context of understanding of plural society, in addition to the culture of ethnic groups, people of Indonesia also made up of many different cultures territorial area, which is a meeting of different cultures, or ethnic groups that exist in the area. The diversity of Indonesian culture has advantages compared to other countries. 41 Indonesia has a cultural portrait that is full and varied. Last but not least, socio-cultural and political fabric of the history of the people of Indonesia has the dynamics of interaction between cultures strung together a long time. Interaction between cultures is woven not only covers between different ethnic groups, but also includes among civilizations in the world.

Culture has so many definitions, which is culture is not just an artistic or customs but also a reflection of the life of a nation. Identity, behavior, and self- image of a nation can be explained by culture. 42 Culture that is inherent in the community and has been handed down since the first will be conceptualized in people's lives so that it becomes a belief in things that are associated with a conviction that it is difficult to remove. Thus, the culture inherited from

40 Indonesia - Country Profile - Nations Online Project." Your Guide to the World :: Nations Online Project. n.d. Retrieved October 21, 2016, from http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/indonesia.htm 41 Kemajemukan Budaya Bisa Menjadi Kekuatan Bangsa. Retrieved October 12, 2016, from http://news.metrotvnews.com/peristiwa/0k87G7Pb-wcf-2016-kemajemukan-budaya-bisa-menjadi- kekuatan-bangsa 42 See Kirsten Bound, Rachel Briggs, John Holden and Samuel Jones, Cultural Diplomacy (London: Demos, 2007), pp. 54-55, for examples of how this can work in practice)

21 generation to generation cannot be separated from one another. The existence of links is so great between the culture and the society makes culture as something that is very important for humans that people are unable to leave the culture itself.

Indonesia has a distinctive cultural identity which is could make identity of Indonesia as a rich culture and well known in the world. Various ethnic groups and ethnicity is a source of how culture is produced. Indonesia country has a diversity of cultures and customs, varying from 400 ethnic groups in Indonesia. Indonesia consists of various ethnic groups, which inhabit tens of thousands of islands. 43Each ethnic group has its own cultural diversity. In every culture there are the social values and high art. This diversity of Indonesian society can be reflected in various other artistic expressions. The diversity of ethnic groups led to the state of Indonesia has habits and customs are different. Diversity in culture can be seen among others in the language, forms of traditional houses, traditional arts and specialties, and many more. 44Indonesian traditional arts in the country poured into various forms, including traditional dances and traditional musical instruments. Traditional dance can also be called the dance area. The aims of making traditional dances, among others, for the great welcome guests, express gratitude, and funerals. Meanwhile, traditional musical instruments, such as angklung originating from West Java, kolintang from Borneo, and tupa from Papua. 45

Known as a country that rich of culture, it makes Indonesia as a country that is so rich. Imagine, Indonesia is known in having many islands, the population is quite dense, culturally diverse, and various other such relics uniqueness that has been still maintained well until this day. Indonesia has a diverse ethnic, cultural, language, customs, and mores deliver Indonesia on travel

43 The Cultural Life Of Indonesia. 1951. 1st ed. Washington: Embassy of Indonesia, Educational and Cultural Arts Division. 44 "INDONESIAN CULTURE; ARTS AND TRADITIONS | Embassy of Indonesia, Athens." Embassy of Indonesia, Athens |. Retrieved January 14, 2017, from http://indonesia.gr/indonesianculture-arts-and-traditions/. 45 "About Indonesia - CULTURAL INDONESIA." Wonderful Indonesia. n.d. Retrieved December 5, 2016, from http://www.indonesia.travel/en/facts/about-indonesia

22 destinations world culture which is often visited by international tourists who want to enjoy culture to participate in the study of native culture so as not to be lost. Even though Indonesia has its diverse and varied things but it does not make Indonesia are divided, however, it makes Indonesia to get even closer in the inside of its society. 46 This is often the main attraction for the tourists. Cultural diversity of Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke is an invaluable asset, and should be retained and continue to be preserved. Indonesian culture should be introduced in addition to future generations in the homeland as the next generation responsible for preserving the richness of Indonesian culture, which is cultural heritage is also to be introduced to the international community as part of efforts to improve the image and appreciation of the culture of Indonesia in the eyes of the international community. 47

II.1.2 Singapore Profile

Singapore is one of the countries located in South East Asia. The strategic location of the country, rapidly developing infrastructure facilities, fascinating cultural contrasts, as well as tourist attractions, all contribute to the success of the destinations featured for both business and travel. 48

46 Sardjono, Agus. 2011. "Culture And Intellectual Property Development In Indonesia". Indonesia Law Review 1 (3): 237. 47 "Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia Di Dunia Internasional." Website Direktorat Politik Dan Komunikasi Kementerian PPN/Bappenas. n.d. Retrieved November 8, 2016, from http://ditpolkom.bappenas.go.id/?page=news&id=31 48 "Singapore Country Profile - BBC News". 2017. BBC News. Retrieved January 19, 2017, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15961759

Figure 2.2 Singapore Map49

Singapore is an island country in Southeast Asia, located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia. Singapore has a total land area of 719.1 square kilometers. Singapore consists of 63 islands, including the main island, known as the island of Singapore. 50 Singapore is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to the north, and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the Singapore Strait to the south. Singapore is also the name of the capital and largest city of Singapore. About 65 percent of people in Singapore live in this town and its surroundings. This city is the seat of government as well as the center of trade and industry. The streets are wide and skyscrapers contrast with narrow winding streets, along with a dense row of houses and shops. The heavy traffic in the city is controlled by traffic management systems and advanced rapid transit system using a network of underground tunnels. 51 Singapore is an important British colony from 1946 until 1959, when it gained self-government. In 1963, Singapore joined the Malaysian Federation of the newly formed, but resigned in 1965 to become a nation that stands alone.

49 Singapore Map. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from https://www.onemap.sg/index.html 50 "PROFIL NEGARA SINGAPURA | ALYA RAISA NADYA Barabai - Academia.edu." Academia.edu - Share Research. n.d. Retrieved September 4, 2016, from http://www.academia.edu/12404617/PROFIL_NEGARA_SINGAPURA 51 NOVPRAS. "Profil Singapura." getasean.com. Retrieved January 24, 2017, from www.getasean.com/info/profil-singapura/

Singapore economy is highly dependent on trade, particularly in consumer electronics, information technology products, pharmaceutical and financial services sectors advanced. Singapore is a country with a high-backed economic life of the industry and the trade sector travel and services. 52 Singapore is supported by strategic location both sea and air thus it makes Singapore easily to promote its trade. In the other side, Singapore attracts the tourist as well with its cheap shopping in the country. In the agricultural sector produced fruit, flower and vegetable (horticulture) while the need for food imported from countries - neighboring countries. Because of its strategic location in Southeast Asia, an adequate transportation facilities (by sea, air and land) overall economic growth and a significant increase in the disposable income of the population, Singapore has become an important seafood business center and a major distribution hub in the region. Thus, Singapore serves as an export market of fish and fishery products from the countries of Southeast Asia as well as a transshipment base for fishery products from around the world. 53

In history, culture in Singapore is a very unique population of various ethnic groups living in harmony and peace yet, a countries that respect each other and love the diversity. Culture in Singapore is very diverse, because there are various ethnic tiger in Singapore, is what makes this country interesting and many cultural sights born in Singapore. A Chinese culture was prominent in Singapore, that there are many places that can visit the oriental scent, such as Chinatown, Buddha Tooth Relic and Temple, Chinese Garden and many more. Is the oldest ethnic Malays in Singapore and the second largest after a Chinese, Malay society in general is the people of the island of Java and Kalimantan, Indonesia and Peninsular Malaysia. 54 Their usual language also Malay, the Malay Society of whom were Muslims. Culture in Singapore is diverse frame into a dynamic and

52 Liu, Qiang. 2007. "Core Culture Values And Beliefs Of Singapore". American Journal Of Culture And Philosophy 2 (2). 53 GORDON, IAN. 2006. "Singapore. Life Is Not Complete Without Shopping: Consumption Culture In Singapore . By CHUA BENG HUAT. Singapore: Singapore University Press, 2003. Pp. 209. Index.". Journal Of Southeast Asian Studies 37 (01): 169. 54 Clammer, John. 1982. "The Institutionalization Of Ethnicity: The Culture Of Ethnicity In Singapore". Ethnic And Racial Studies 5 (2): 127-139.

25 harmonious community, another ethnic in Singapore, namely Indians and most of the Tamils, most of the Indians in Singapore Hindu. Most Indians work as traders, ranging from food, spices, perfumes and fabrics, and now many are venturing into the world of politics in Singapore. 55

II.2 History of Indonesia – Singapore Relationship

Foreign policy and diplomacy Indonesia conducted for ensuring the security of Indonesia's national interest, national development goals, economic growth, social welfare, the consolidation of democracy and the achievement of social justice for all the people of Indonesia. 56 Diplomatic relations between Indonesia and Singapore conducted officially in 7th September 1967, followed by the opening of the embassies of each country. Basically, the relationship between Indonesia and Singapore has fluctuated based issues as problems related to national interests of each country, however, both countries have a strong basic foundation to strengthen and improve relations between the two countries more constructive, pragmatic and strategic.

Indonesia and Singapore each have a very important role in the Southeast Asian region, especially in the effectiveness of ASEAN, although the two countries have a territorial area, population size, and economic growth is very different. The bilateral relations between Indonesia and Singapore have shown improvement in various areas of cooperation, especially cooperation relationship of political, economic cooperation and socio-cultural cooperation relationship. Besides visits among government officials and private sector in both countries

55 Montsion, Jean Michel. 2013. "Chinese Ethnicities In Neoliberal Singapore? State Designs And Dialect(Ical) Struggles Of Community Associations". Ethnic And Racial Studies 37 (9): 1486- 1504. 56 "DIPLOMASI INDONESIA." Kementerian Luar Negeri Indonesia - Beranda. n.d. Retrieved 2 January, 2017, from http://www.kemlu.go.id/Documents/Buku%20Diplomasi%20Indonesia%202010.pdf

26 have made a great contribution to the development of relations of cooperation and increased investment in both countries. 57

As one of the neighboring states based on geographic, Indonesia and Singapore need to develop and strengthen the bilateral relations in order to be balanced and mutually beneficial based on the principles of similarity sovereignty, non-intervention, respect for the political independence and territorial integrity of each. In this regard, the relationship between Indonesia and Singapore is clearly needed to create an external environment that is favorable to the interests of national security and development of the Republic of Indonesia. Framework of relations of cooperation between Indonesia and Singapore, mentioned above, has been the foundation for the development of bilateral relations between Indonesia and Singapore are more binding, one through visits between Heads of State or Government of both countries that produced agreements substantial to improve and develop bilateral relations both countries. 58

Singapore cooperative relationship with Indonesia has existed long enough either in the social, political, cultural, tourism, education and security. In here, Singapore was keen to cooperate with Indonesia in the field of tourism as well by recognizing Indonesia as one of the countries, especially in Southeast Asia, which have excellent diplomatic relations with Singapore. In fact, Singapore is the largest tourist contributor to Indonesia. In 2015 there was 1.51943 million Singaporean tourists visiting Indonesia. 59 In 2016, Indonesia is targeting tourists visit Singapore many as 1.8 million people with a favorite destination for travelers Singapore is Batam, Jakarta, Bali and Surabaya.

57 Ministry of foreign affairs of Republic Indonesia. Retrieved December 30, 2016, from http://www.kemlu.go.id/Documents/Buku%20Diplomasi%20Indonesia%202010.pdf.page10- singapura 58 "Singapore Establishes Diplomatic Relations with Indonesia Singapore History 7 Sept 1967." n.d. Retrieved November 8, 2016, from http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/ccdd6bc9- cd18-4acb-9c45-1d60b38d8a79. 59 Alan Chong, RSIS. "Taking the Long View of Singapore–Indonesia Relations." East Asia Forum. Retrieved September 2, 2016, from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/09/17/taking-the- long-view-of-singapore-indonesia-relations/

Indonesia and Singapore have agreed to develop cooperation in the field of tourism. President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) and Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong witnessed the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) or Memorandum of Cooperation in Tourism between the Ministry of Tourism of Indonesia Arief Yahya and Minister of Trade and Industry of Singapore representing Singapore Tourism Board (STB) S. Iswaran at Wisma Perdamaian Semarang, on 14 November 2016. 60 The agenda got extra attention from both countries. Reflected from the President, Joko Widodo and the Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong was present to witness the MoU in the forum Leader's Retreat. Minister of Tourism, Arief Yahya said the cooperation will be developed by the two countries in covering three areas, namely marketing together, sightseeing cruises and provision of meetings, conventions and exhibitions (Meeting, Incentive, Convention, Exhibition / MICE). 61

The activities will include the development of tourist destinations and ports, development of human resources through training, seminars and workshops as well as research and development of tourism industry, tourism investment, and exchange of information. 62 The cooperation in Tourism is one of the focuses of bilateral relations between Indonesia and Singapore. Therefore, it is no doubt the importance of the MoU signing Tourism Cooperation between Indonesia and Singapore to further Enhance tourism relations are mutually beneficial for both countries.

60 "Indonesia-Singapura Sepakat Tingkatkan Kerja Sama – Kantor Staf Presiden." Kantor Staf Presiden. n.d. Retrieved September 7, 2016, from http://ksp.go.id/indonesia-singapura-sepakat- tingkatkan-kerja-sama/ 61 "MFA Press Statement: Singapore-Indonesia Leaders' Retreat in Semarang, Indonesia on 14 November 2016." Retrieved November 14, 2016, from https://www.mfa.gov.sg/content/mfa/media_centre/press_room/pr/2016/201611/press_20161114.p rintable.html?status=1 62 "Visit by PM Lee Hsien Loong to Semarang, Indonesia, for the Singapore-Indonesia Leaders' Retreat, 13 to 14 November 2016 | Prime Minister‘s Office Singapore." Prime Minister‘s Office Singapore. Retrieved November 23, 2016, from http://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/visit-pm-lee- hsien-loong-semarang-indonesia-singapore-indonesia-leaders-retreat-13-14

II.3 Factors that Support Indonesia to use Cultural Diplomacy towards Singapore

There are several factors that support Indonesia to use cultural diplomacy towards Singapore. The first is during this time the Indonesian cooperation with Singapore more intense in economics sector because Singapore's economy is one of the most open economies country in the world. 63 The result is proven of the ease in investing into one of the hallmarks of this country which in the Selat Malaka. Singapore is Indonesia's main trading partner and the biggest investor in Indonesia. In the field of investment, Singapore is the largest investor in the last 4 years in investment issues with a total investment in 2014 reached 5.8 billion US dollars in 2056 projects. Travelers Singapore is also the largest foreign tourist visits in Indonesia amounting to 1,519,223 people in 2014 that number increased 10.12% from 2013. 64 The Selat Malaka became a center of world trade and also the busiest maritime trade lane. Economic cooperation of Indonesia and Singapore made the trade as major general motivation of both countries. The areas cooperation in the field of culture is very promising and potential. The tourists have reached 1,373,126 people in 2010 to make Singapore as the largest source of foreign tourists to Indonesia. Thus, Singapore attracted to Indonesia mostly for nature and culture. 65

The second, in Singapore, Indonesia has Atase Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Atdikbud) it as a part of KBRI. Atase Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan plays a strategic role as an arm of the government of Indonesia abroad. 66 Therefore it is important to continue to make efforts to improve the country image of Indonesia

63 "RI Dan Singapura Perkuat Kerja Sama Ekonomi." CNN Indonesia. Retrieved October 12, 2016, from http://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20160112185225-106-103835/ri-dan- singapura-perkuat-kerja-sama-ekonomi/ 64 "Indonesia-Singapura Sepakat Tingkatkan Kerja Sama – Kantor Staf Presiden." Kantor Staf Presiden. Retrieved November 26, 2016, from http://ksp.go.id/indonesia-singapura-sepakat- tingkatkan-kerja-sama/ 65 "Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia Dengan Singapura | Ahmad A R I Irsal - Academia.edu." Academia.edu - Share Research. n.d. Retrieved January 5, 2017, from http://www.academia.edu/11315269/Hubungan_Bilateral_Indonesia_dengan_Singapura 66 "Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan » Republik Indonesia." Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan. n.d. Retrieved December 27, 2016, from http://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2014/03/posisi-strategis-atase-pendidikan-dan- kebudayaan-2246-2246-2246

29 in order to provide the best service to the Singaporean related with culture. One of the main tasks of Atdikbud is to promote Indonesian culture abroad. Indonesian cultural diplomacy through Rumah Budaya Indonesia will strengthen the functioning of Atdikbud there. 67

Minister of Education and Culture (Education) Mohammad Nuh said Atdikbud Singapore placement is intended to improve cooperation in education, research, science and technology between Indonesia and Singapore. Indonesia- Singapore diplomatic relations has taken place at the level of ambassador since 7 September 1967. The bilateral relations between the two countries were then developing good, positive, and constructive. 68

67 Fungsi Atase Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan RI. Retrieved from Sambutan Atase Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan KBRI Singapura, Atdikbud Singapura 68 Rumah Budaya Indonesia di Singapura. Retrieved January 8, 2017, from https://www.indonesianeducationattache.sg/TheEmbassy of Republic of Indonesia Singapore

CHAPTER III

The Program of Rumah Budaya Indonesia (RBI)

III.1 The Explanation about Rumah Budaya Indonesia

The Globalization in all areas (Political, Social, and Cultural) brought the impact on the implementation of the agreements at regional / international competitions in regional / international, as well as the rapid flow of global information and cross-cultural interaction. It required the professional capabilities to strengthen the competitiveness of nations, including the field of culture. 69

RBI Singapore established on 30 November 2013, which is located at the Indonesian School in Singapore 20A Siglap Road, Singapore 455859. As another RBI, RBI Singapore serves as a center of cultural diplomacy Indonesia in Singapore via a variety of interesting programs and plays an effective role as a soft-diplomacy Indonesia. Rumah Budaya Indonesia is defined a cultural center as well as the public space to introduce the cultural wealth of the nation to the world in order to improve the image of a country, appreciation, and build tier bond with the international community. 70

First, the objective of the RBI as an establishment of an understanding and recognition of the international community to the existence and role of Indonesia as the world's superpower and its contribution to the culture and build the civilization of the world. The second, to increase the cooperation between the Indonesian cultural field developments with the countries located in various regions of the world in the preservation of cultural assets. RBI has a sense as a

69 John Tomlinson. "Globalization and Cultural Identity." Welcome to Polity - Leading International Publisher in the Social Sciences and Humanities - Www.politybooks.com. n.d. Retrieved January 19, 2016, from http://www.polity.co.uk/global/pdf/GTReader2etomlinson.pdf 70 About RBI in Singapore. Retrieved December 15, 2016, from http://rumahbudayaindonesia.sg/RumahBudayaIndonesiapadaKBRISingapore

31 vehicle to introduce Indonesian culture to the world, in order to improve the image and appreciation of the international community towards Indonesia. 71

POLICY, FUNDING, IMPLEMENTATION SUPERVISION • KBRI (Kedutaan Besar • Kemendikbud Republik Indonesia) (Kementrian Pendidikan • Atase Pendidikan & dan Kebudayaan) Kebudayaan Indonesia • Sub Direktorat Diplomacy Budaya Luar Negeri

The Ministry of Education reinforces development of Indonesian culture and Culture of Indonesia discussing the cultural development plans. Namely strengthening the focus on the importance of cultural diplomacy. Hence, Indonesia is preserving the cultural heritage to introduce and build the image with cultural diplomacy.

The reasons in making the Indonesian government to create innovation in terms of the culture are by a government program with the theme of traditional culture. One of them is namely Rumah Budaya Indonesia. Rumah Budaya Indonesia was built as a container resource to introduce Indonesian culture to the world in order to improve the image and appreciation of the international community towards Indonesia. It serves as a platform to express and to present the art and culture of Indonesia to the international community, as well as resources for Indonesian citizens who live abroad. 72

Rumah Budaya Indonesia is a program of the Indonesian Government to practice cultural diplomacy Indonesia. Indonesia government was aware of the importance of the existence of national culture abroad and the recognition of foreign to the national culture. Therefore, this program of Rumah Budaya

71 Rumah-Budaya-Indonesia-meningkatkan-citra-Indonesia-di-mata-dunia. Retrieved January 9, 2017, from http://www.kemlu.go.id/singapore/id/default.aspx 72 "KBRI Singapura - Beranda." Kementerian Luar Negeri Indonesia - Beranda. n.d. Retrieved September 13, 2016, from http://www.kemlu.go.id/singapore/id/default.aspx.

Indonesia is the only program of its government in the load of cultural activities through cultural programs that have been described previously. So, Rumah Budaya Indonesia is also well into a venue for a wide variety of performances or exhibitions traditional crafts and cultural exchange in certain countries. 73

III.1.1 Facilities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia

a. Hall/ Auditorium b. Audio Visual Room c. Classroom d. Language laboratory e. Library f. Café The functions of the above facilities are described in more detail, which will be tailored to the activities in each country. 74

III.1.2 Indonesia Targeted Countries

This will be placed in the countries that have a strategic position and cultural value and tourism. In the development, Indonesia targeted 10 countries, with a high intensity of relations, those are; Timor-Leste, United States, Australia, the Netherlands, Japan, Germany, South Korea, France, Singapore, and Turkey. 75

73 Rumahbudayaindonesia.sg,. Rumah Budaya Indonesia | Rumah Budaya Indonesia Angkat Kekayaan Lokal ke Dunia Internasional. Retrieved November 1, 2016, from https://rumahbudayaindonesia.sg/rumah-budaya-indonesia-angkat-kekayaan-lokal-ke-dunia- internasional/ 74 Facilities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia-Singapore. Retrieved January 11, 2017, from Accessed from https://rumahbudayaindonesia.sg/budaya-indonesia/ Facilities of Rumah Budaya Indonesia 75 Kriteria Negara yang Dipilih untuk Dibangun Rumah Budaya Indonesia. (2014). Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Retrieved January 3, 2017 from http://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2014/03/kriteria-negara-yang-dipilih-untuk-dibangun- rumah-budaya-indonesia-2307-2307-2307

NO NEGARA TEMPAT

1 AMERIKA WASHINGTON

2 AUSTRALIA CANBERRA

3 BELANDA AMSTERDAM

4 JEPANG TOKYO

5 JERMAN BERLIN

6 MYANMAR YANGON

7 PERANCIS PARIS

8 SINGAPURA SINGAPURA

9 TURKI ANKARA

10 TIMOR LESTE DILI

Table 3.1 Indonesia Targeted Countries of Establishment RBI76

III.2 The concept of Rumah Budaya Indonesia

Indonesia has a diversity of local culture that can serve as all assets that cannot be equated with the local culture of other countries. Locally owned Indonesian culture is different in each region. Each region has its typical culture, such as custom homes, custom clothing, dance, musical instruments, or customs adopted. All that can be used as the power to be able to strengthen the resiliency of the nation's culture in the eyes of the International. 77 For example custom homes, custom clothing, dance, musical instruments, or customs adopted. The specificity of the local culture are often interesting views of other countries. Proven many foreigners study the Indonesian culture such as learning typical

76 Indonesia akan bangun 10 rumah budaya di luar negeri. Retrieved October 14, 2016, from http://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2014/03/indonesia-akan-bangun-rumah-budaya-di-10- negara-2305-2305-2305 77 The concept of Rumah Budaya Indonesia. Retrieved December 26, 2016, from https://rumahbudayaindonesia.sg/budaya-indonesia/IndonesianCulture

34 dances divulging the area or looking for craft items to be used as a souvenir. This proves that the culture of Indonesia has a unique identity.

Rumah Budaya Indonesia is defined as a container resource to introduce Indonesian culture to the world in order to improve the image and appreciation of the international community towards Indonesia. The function of Rumah Budaya Indonesia, among others: - Indonesia Culture Expression means to express and present the art and culture of Indonesia to the international community, as well as Indonesian citizens who live abroad. - Indonesia Culture Learning means to teach the culture of Indonesia to the international community, as well as for Indonesian citizens who live abroad. - Indonesia Culture Advocacy and Promotion means to discuss and develop the cultural image of Indonesia's widely recognized by the international community as well as by the Indonesian citizens living abroad, mainly to strengthen international recognition and appreciation of cultural icons Indonesian real and cultural heritage, advocating the culture of Indonesia, as well as the promotion of culture.78

Simply, the function of Rumah Budaya Indonesia can be concluded that to introduce Indonesian national cultural identity, through the introduction of a variety of diverse collections of costume / custom clothing and traditional art equipment that can be used for staging performances or performing arts or traditional Indonesian traditional festival in Singapore. The establishment Rumah Budaya Indonesia, in Singapore is one of the national policies of the Indonesian government. 79Here are the programs of Rumah Budaya Indonesia, among others:

78 Function of Rumah Budaya Indonesia-Singapore. Retrieved September 4, 2016, from https://rumahbudayaindonesia.sg/tentang-kami-rumah-budaya-indonesia-singapura/ 79 Rumah Budaya Indonesia di Singapura aktif mengenalkan Budaya Indonesia. Retrieved November 27, 2016, from http://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2015/04/rumah-budaya- indonesia-di-singapura-aktif-perkenalkan-budaya-indonesia-4116-4116-4116

III.3 The Program of Rumah Budaya Indonesia III.3.1 Indonesian Cultural Night (ICN) 2016

About this program

Indonesian Cultural Night or ICN is an annual event that aims to show the art and culture of Indonesia in the form of a musical. Indonesian students at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) organized the event.

ICN began in 2007, and with short performances on the eve of independence celebrations Indonesia can inspire students NTU to bring this cultural performances to a higher level. From year to year, ICN provides a portrait of the history and culture of Indonesia. From the start of history, adapted to the dystopia stories, ICN seeks to provide a new perspective to the audience about Indonesia. ICN also has managed to become a vehicle where the students involved can float him respectively, in areas ranging from the arts to business management.

Until now, ICN has been featuring six performances which has involved more than 500 people and managed to reach more than 2000 spectators, both community Singapore or the Indonesian community in Singapore.

The theme this year, ICN will display the history of the archipelago themed musical drama inspired by the folklore of Bali, Jayaprana-Layonsari. This event was held at the University Cultural Center - Nation University of Singapore, 50 Kent Ridge Cress Singapore 119279. On September 12, 2016 at 19:30.

This event was attended by:

1. PPIS (Perhimpunan Pelajar Indonesia Singapura) 2. Singapore Embassy 3. Guest visits 4. The general public

ICN 2016 brought a new perspective to the audience in a look at the origins of Bali by exploring the earliest days of civilization in an age where the history of the archipelago have not even written. Original viewpoint is based unified famous novel about Jayaprana and Layonsari, one Balinese folklore that tells a classic story of two young bride who fell in love. Taking the form of a musical drama inspired by the Balinese culture, this show will feature an ancient battle on expectations that establishes the identity of Bali as the last paradise on earth.

III.3.2. GAYA 2016: Sang Pengibar : The Untold Story of Surabaya

About this program

Gelar Budaya (GAYA) a cultural performance held every year since 2007, the show, which always conveys the culture and history of Indonesia, collaborated with dance and contemporary music arising from a passion for creativity and will be useful for the promotion of arts and culture in Indonesia.

Besides showing dance, music, and acting, Sang Pengibar: The Untold Story of Surabaya told the audience about the history of the struggle of Indonesian young generations in maintaining independence after the proclamation which the great battle happened that took place in Surabaya and celebrated as the Indonesian for heroes' day every year on 10 November.

The musical drama Sang Pengibar: The Untold Story of Surabaya, which is exhibited in the past two performances in one day that afternoon and evening, got a positive response from audiences, it is evidenced by the number of tickets sold out in every show. This event was held in the Library Building Nation Drama Center, dated March 20, 2016.

Sang Pengibar: The Untold Story of Surabaya told about the events in the battle between the Indonesian army and Dutch troops that occurred on 10

November 1945 in Surabaya, East Java. The battle that is the first war Indonesian troops with foreign troops after the Proclamation of Independence Day of Indonesia and became one of the largest and heaviest battles in the history of the Indonesian National Revolution, which became a national symbol on Indonesian resistance against colonialism wrapped with the story of brotherhood and friendship.

In the show this time Singapore Management University Komunitas Indonesia (SMUKI) also took some Indonesian students from other universities such as the Singapore Institute of Management, La Salle and PSB Academy to could participate and contribute ideas and energy to succeed, Sang Pengibar: The Untold Story of Surabaya also include students from Singapore, India, the Philippines, Malaysia and China as actors in the show.

The annual event GAYA SMUKI can develop the creativity of Indonesian students that studying in Singapore which will be useful when they graduate from college and apply the knowledge acquired to keep working in Indonesia and can set an example to other students for can still work on the sidelines of learning in each school.

Moreover, this activity is very appropriate to be held routine because it shows the history and art of Indonesian culture that promote tourism in Indonesia, where the audiences who comes are mostly of foreigners.

This event was attended by: - Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to the Republic of Singapore, Mr. Ngurah Swajaya - Professor Arnoud De Meyer, President of Singapore Management University - Some of Home Staff KBRI Singapura - General public

III.3.3 RBI Singapore Collection

Indonesia is a very rich country, not only rich in natural resources, but also rich with cultural values that one of that is traditional costume. Each province has definitely a typical dress of the respective regions, and even within a province have two, three or even more traditional costume. Thus, Indonesia called as the real wealth of culture.

Traditional Traditional Culture Clothes Music Instrument

Kostum Kijang Kulintang Senjata tradisional Kostum Jaipongan Angklung Miniatur rumah adat Kostum rampai aceh Gamelan Topeng Kostum kipas Kostum cendrawasih Kostum legong Kostum piring Kostum Yapong Kostum Blantek Kostum Merak

Table 3.2 List of RBI Singapore Collection

According to the table above, as government support to the program of RBI, the government sent Indonesian culture property. RBI Singapore has a various kinds of Indonesian traditional costume dances from various regions, ranging from Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, Minang, Bugis, Batak, Dayak, even to Papua. All the clothes are can be borrowed for a variety of purposes, ranging from cultural events, graduations, and fashion shows, representatives of cultural exchange, etc. Besides RBI Singapore also has a traditional instrument from various regions, such as gamelan, angklung, kolintang, arumba, jimbe, and drums. Some of the collections of RBI include traditional clothes, traditional music, and culture instruments.

CHAPTER IV

Rumah Budaya Indonesia Activities in order to Enhance Indonesian Image in Singapore (2013-2016)

IV.1 The analysis of Rumah Budaya Indonesia activities

Indonesian Cultural Night (ICN) is the arts and cultural performances are organized every year by a group of Indonesian students in Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore. Starting from a simple show the extent of consumption among students Indonesia in NTU, ICN continues to develop into a professional art show featuring the beauty of Indonesian culture and enjoyed by the public of Singapore country with many cultures becoming an advantage for Indonesia to building activities in cultural diplomacy through the Rumah Budaya into the government program. Culture that is owned by Indonesia has become a tool for cultural diplomacy, by maximize the potential of the culture of Indonesia could make Indonesia as a benchmark to make culture as a tool for diplomacy. 80

ICN 2016 showed themed musical drama inspired by the history of the archipelago of folkfore Bali, named Jayaprana-Loyonsari.

80 The program of Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore-ICN Production Singapore. (n.d). Retrieved January16, 2017, from icnmusical.com/

Figure 3.1 The Audiences of ICN

According by the picture above, since the show ICN in 2007, ICN has successfully attracted more than 4.000 audiences. Growth in number of viewers continues to increase is the result of strategies and marketing methods are always increasing, as seen from the enthusiastic the audiences who comes are mostly foreigner were very enthusiastic to learn more about Indonesia’s culture.

Seen on the table above, the audience of ICN has been rapidly increasing since the first show on 2007, on 2007 it is attracted 200 audiences and on the next year 2008 it is increasing multiple times to 400 audiences. On 2010 it got 450 audiences and increasing almost multiple time on 2011, which got 700 audiences. On the next year, 2013 it attracted 800 audiences but on 2014 it is decreasing into 600 audiences because the limit of places and audience which only can cover 600 audiences. On the last show its got the highest number of audiences compared to the previous years since 2007 which are got 1000 audiences.

Figure 3.2 Media and Partner of ICN 2015

According by the picture above, ICN 2015 is proud to be covered by METRO TV, Indonesia’s leading news channels and other media partners (IndoConnect, RadarSingapura) in order to expand the reach and reputation of ICN. The media cover by the Indonesia and Singapore show the enthusiast of the audiences both from the Indonesia and Singapore to learn about the Indonesia’s culture especially on cultural performances. The uses of media could lead the attentions from the Singaporean and Indonesian to be more engage on the ICN activities such as become the participants of performances or audiences.

Gelar Budaya (GAYA) is one of the largest arts and cultural performance in Singapore Management University (SMU). First staged in 2007, GAYA has been orchestrated and produced exclusively by Indonesian and International Singapore Management University students, Indonesian from other schools, as well as alumni. The event is fully supported by SMU Komunitas Indonesia (SMUKI) – The Indonesian Student Community in SMU.

GAYA was primarily inspired by numerous Indonesian traditional folk stories. However, while still rooted to Indonesian culture. GAYA has successfully evolved into a more entertaining, dynamic show which charms with music and dances from a variety of genres. Expect modern contemporary dances ensued by enchanting traditional dances and melodies. Such a harmonious collaboration between modern, contemporary arts, and traditional arts is the uniqueness to GAYA. 81

The performances of GAYA has focused on the story of Surabaya: The Untold Story, The musical drama Sang Pengibar: The Untold Story of Surabaya, which is exhibited in the past two performances in one day that afternoon and evening, got a positive response from audiences, it is evidenced by the number of tickets sold out in every show. This event was held in the Library Building Nation Drama Center, dated March 20, 2016.

Sang Pengibar: The Untold Story of Surabaya told about the events in the battle between the Indonesian army and Dutch troops that occurred on 10 November 1945 in Surabaya, East Java. The battle that is the first war Indonesian troops with foreign troops after the Proclamation of Independence Day of Indonesia and became one of the largest and heaviest battles in the history of the Indonesian National Revolution, which became a national symbol on Indonesian resistance against colonialism wrapped with the story of brotherhood and friendship.

81 The program of Rumah Budaya Indoensia in Singapore-SMUKI (Singapore Management University Komunitas Indonesia). (n.d). GAYA 201. Retreived January 21, 2017, from http://www.gelarbudaya.com/

Figure 3.3 The Scene of GAYA 2016

It can conclude that the existence of RBI in a number of countries, such as in Singapore through the exciting programs could be a tool to promote Indonesian culture to foreign countries. The promotion of the Indonesia’s culture by program like ICN and GAYA also could maintain the continuity of the program in order to achieve the target of the program. By promoting the culture of Indonesia through the RBI program, it is expected to enhance the positive image of Indonesia especially in Singapore. As stated by Direktur Internalisasi Nilai dan Diplomasi Budaya, Directorate General of Culture (Kemendikbud), Ministry of Education and Culture Diah Harianti said, “Rumah Budaya Indonesia is an instrument used for increase mutual understanding, dispel suspicions from other countries. Not only that, while Building a positive image of Indonesia abroad”82

IV.2 Indonesia's Cultural Diplomacy Efforts in Singapore

Diplomacy is the management of inner-state relations with other international relations actors. The state through authorized representatives and

82 Rumah-Budaya-Indonesia-berakhir-di-Singapura. Retrieved November 5, 2016, from sastra- indonesia.com/2013/12/rumah-budaya-indonesia-2013-berakhir-di-singapura/.

44 other actors is trying to deliver, coordinate and secure the specific national interest which is done by correspondence, convey to other perspectives, lobby, excursions, and other related to activities.83 Hence, the government involvement is concern towards the practice of cultural diplomacy.

Cultural aspects also have an influence on policy- the government’s policy of a country, especially in a case foreign policy. It is well to remember that art and culture are collectively one of the tools of soft power diplomacy to support the public relations between countries, and has universal language, which can be understood by people. Culture is an effective media for diplomacy, because culture was part of universal elements where the elements contained in all the cultures of the nations of the world. Basically, culture is attractive or communicative which even people who have different cultural backgrounds easily understand. While, Cummings see cultural diplomacy as:

“The exchange of ideas, information, art and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding’ which ‘can also be more of a one-way street than a two-way exchange, as when one nation concentrates its efforts on promoting the national language, explaining its policies and point of view, or “telling its story” to the rest of the world”.84

The actor in cultural diplomacy is not only government, but also the private parties or certain individual is taking part in the implementation as well. The pattern of relationship can be between anyone as actors, be the relationship of governments, public-private and private- private. Indeed, the key objectives in conducting cultural diplomacy are also to gain the host nation’s interest and to enhance the image and reputation of one’s country.

There are some legal foundation that talking about the use or the importance of culture in international relation, which are the Indonesia constitution No.32 amendment 4 of 2002, and Indonesia law about international

83 Barston, R. (2014). Modern diplomacy (4th eed., pp. 1-3). 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA: Routledge 84 Simon Mark. "A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy." Clingendael | Netherlands Institute of International Relations. n.d. Retrieved January 11, 2017, from https://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20090616_cdsp_discussion_paper_114_mark.pdf.

45 relation No.37 of 1999. In the reality, the practice of cultural diplomacy is related with public diplomacy, when doing the practice cultural diplomacy such cultural performance, it will also invited the foreign media to report about the event, and it called as the part of public diplomacy.

Indonesia is a country with its diverse cultures. The culture inherited from generation to generation, it describes that Indonesia has an incredible cultural richness, which can be an asset of the nation and the sale value for the benefit of Indonesia’s international diplomacy. In the field of art, they successfully spread the culture of Indonesia to be known throughout the world. That is why for Indonesia began promoting the return of Indonesian culture to the world stage, since ancient culture diplomats introduced to the international community to influence or improve attitudes and their views on the country.85 Indonesia believed that the promotion of culture by Indonesia to the others countries could be increasing the country image of Indonesia in order to increase the recognition of other countries to the Indonesia culture.

Indonesian Government realizes that previously they have not been up to exploring the potential of culture. It started with the scalper of many origin cultures such as Reog ponorogo, Batik, Rasa Sayange that has been declared by another country. Just since then, Indonesia starting actively attached Indonesia’s culture to International event, as like what have been done towards promoting Rumah Budaya Indonesia in 10 countries abroad such as Timor-Leste, United States, Australia, the Netherlands, Japan, Germany, South Korea, France, Singapore, and Turkey.

Indonesia also utilizes culture as a means of diplomacy. Recognizing Indonesia as a country with so many cultures has become the opportunity for Indonesia to build cultural diplomacy activities through Rumah Budaya into government programs. The culture of Indonesia has become a tool of cultural diplomacy, which by maximizing the potential of Indonesian culture can make

85 Penetapan Warisan Budaya Masih Minim, Kemendikbud Ajak Seluruh Pihak Ikut Peduli. (2015). Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Retrieved November 29, 2016, from

Indonesia as a benchmark to create a culture as a tool of diplomacy. The Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemdikbud) is aggressively promoting Indonesian culture to the international arena. At least ten Rumah Budaya Indonesia (RBI) will be established in ten countries, one of which is in Singapore. Rumah Budaya Indonesia is a public space to introduce the cultural wealth of this nation to the world in order to improve its image, appreciation and building bonds (culture) the international community towards Indonesia. 86

Rumah Budaya Indonesia purposely focuses for local communities to learn many things about Indonesia such as history, language and of course the diversity of cultural heritage. In this place will be also held a variety of performing arts and culture Indonesian art exhibitions such as traditional dance performances, traditional music games, and others. 87 Culture is seen as the potential object in build mutual relationship, as universal values, Indonesia believed that culture could be used to enhance the relation and gain trust in international arena.

Rumah Budaya Indonesia was built as a container resource to introduce Indonesian culture to the world in order to improve the image and appreciation of the international community towards Indonesia. It serves as a platform to express and to present the art and culture of Indonesia to the international community, as well as resources for Indonesians citizens who lived aboard.

Cultural Diplomacy is not only taking role in soliciting of admiration or sympathy through the show casing of national cultural achievements. But also the cultural diplomacy is about building the trust as well. The Purpose is to establish mutually beneficial cooperation and partnership. More or less, the aim of public and Cultural Diplomacy efforts is to tell country’s own story to the world. Based on the statement above, Thus, the author thought that culture is can be potential

86 "Indonesia Bangun Rumah Budaya Di 10 Negara - Berita." Kementerian Dalam Negeri - Republik Indonesia. n.d. Retrieved December 31, 2016 from http://www.kemendagri.go.id/news/2014/03/13/indonesia-bangun-rumah-budaya-di-10-negara. 87 Directorate General of Culture, Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia, Strategi pembangunan kebudayaan, Retrieved January 25, 2017, from http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/blog/2014/03/06/8882/ , retrieve at 20 dec 2015

47 for promotion and communication tool between Singapore and Indonesian people. 88

IV.3 Indonesia Implementation of Policy Related to The Use of Culture

Culture is an element of soft power that can be the main attraction for other nations. The form of attractiveness that was very emotional and psychological becomes a great asset for a nation to be able to establish further cooperative relationships with other countries. Even more than that, with the form of persuasion of cultural approach, it can be a reference and backrest for the sustainability of harmonious relations between nations. 89 Implementation of the policy is a very important stage in the overall structure of the policy. This stage determines whether the policies pursued by the government could actually receive in the field and successfully as planned.

Culture is an attitude of giving back to others which nature and the environment are the result of creativity, taste, intention, and works both physically and materially. Culture is often associated with other disciplines such as cultural ties with personality (psychology), anthropology, politics, religion, stabilization mechanisms, systems, technology, and much more to do with other sciences. Currently, Indonesia is reaching steps to become a developed country which is one of them is equitable with distribution of national development and will become their buildings and felled forests as one of the way to eliminate the values of a culture in the life of a particular community.

Culture is closely related to the basic and the laws of a country, when the country was put essentially as an emblem that derived from the noble values and

88 Ninkovich (1996), p. 3, Quoted by Margaret j Wyszomirsky (2003), in, International Cultural Relations,A Multicountry Comparision, Arts Policy and Administration Program, The Ohio State University, p. 1. Retrieved January 23, 2017, from http://www.culturalpolicy.org/pdf/MJWpaper.pdf 89 Warsito, T. (2002). Diplomasi kebudayaan dalam perspektif masyarakat negara berkembang (pp. 31-33).

48 logic of a nation in responsible manner to accord with rules and regulations and laws that are obeyed entire community of the country. Indonesia has a very clear relation between state and culture on the basis of the Constitution of Culture 1945. The use of culture in Indonesia itself has been regulated in the 1945 Constitution; particularly Article 32 (1)90 underlines the responsibility of the State to promote national culture in the interaction between nations and between countries.

According to the 1945 Constitution, Article 32, namely: (1) The State promotes the national culture of Indonesia in the middle of the civilization of the world, with freedom of the public in maintaining and developing cultural values. (2) The State to respect and preserve local languages as national cultural treasures. Of that chapter we already can tell that Indonesian society is a society with a complex diversity.91

Thus constitutionally, development of culture to foster and develop the national identity we have been given basic and direction, regardless of what and how culture is understood.

The diversity of the community is a variety of so-called multicultural society, multicultural, which could be, interpreted as diversity or differences between cultures with each other cultures. People are living in certain areas of having the culture and characteristics that are able to distinguish one community to another community. The culture and characteristics appeared in wide variety of local languages in the constitution of 1945 as a national cultural property. Culture is not just a matter of art and literature. The sense is very wide and varied, but its essence can be summed up as a system of values, norms, ideas, and ideas are alive and used by citizens to interact with their environment, both physical and social environment. Culture gives shape to the attitude, the mental attitude of the people,

90 RI, S. Undang-Undang dan RUU - Undang Undang Dasar 1945 - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. Dpr.go.id. uu1945-Indonesia constitution 1945 article 32 (1) , amandement 4 year 2002 Retrieved December 23, 2016, from http://www.dpr.go.id/uu/uu1945 91 Ibid

49 and life styles everyday. Instead, attitude and lifestyle it also gives shape to culture. A culture is learned and cultures that adept and grows.

Indonesia's national culture through cultural management should be headed in the direction of progress manners, culture, and unity to enhance the degree of humanity of Indonesia so that the public is assured of liberty in maintaining and developing cultural values. On this basis, the Parliament produced an initiatives regarding to the Indonesian culture. This is in line with the statement in the Law of Indonesia No. 37 of 1999 on International Relations92, mentioned about the implementation of cultural diplomacy to improve the nation image of Indonesia in the international community. Chapter II: management of foreign relations and foreign policy, which recognizes the role of culture, as one form of foreign relations between communities in building and fostering mutual understanding, friendship and cooperation among nations.

In this globalization era, Indonesian is facing the challenges of development in the field of culture both at home and abroad. Therefore, from the above explanation, it stressed the importance role of culture as a tool of diplomacy in foreign relations. Culture as a practice of diplomacy, is considered effective in spreading values or certain notions of a country to the international world. In addition to spreading certain values or ideologies, cultures also considered improving diplomatic relations that occurs between countries. Meanwhile, it supposed to be enough points for the government in order to develop the potential of Indonesian culture, through cooperation with relevant actors and consistency of the government support itself. The practice of cultural diplomacy, particularly in the Singapore has experienced some progress. Now it depends on how the government and the Indonesian community can continue and improve those existing practices. As the main idea of bilateral relations of a

92 Undang-Undang dan RUU - Undang Undang Dasar 1945 - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat PDF Undang-undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri From Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic Indonesia (p.3). Retrieved January 5, 2017, from http://www.dpr.go.id/uu/uu1945

50 country, it measures on how the country itself is capable of improving the existing cooperation.

IV.4 Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore as Cultural Diplomacy

In a broad sense, culture is the common lifestyle of people in a certain group including activities, interests, and attitude towards them. In this globalized world, culture is an indispensable factor affecting the economy, politics, and other fields concerning the society at large. Thus, Cooperation with other nations is absolutely necessary in order to meet the needs of its citizens and the achievement of national interests.

The development of culture will enhance the positive linkage between nations and increase positive image of a country. In doing so, countries will send their representatives or build the cultural center to support the practice of cultural diplomacy abroad. This is also happen to Indonesia in increasing the country image of Indonesia and how Indonesia could brand their culture to the Singaporean.

There are many countries used the cultural center as the vehicle to helps them in promoting the country and gaining positive impression from other nations. For instance, British council, Korean Cultural Center (KCC), @america and so on so forth are the examples of the cultural center that has been implemented. Hence, Indonesia is trying to apply this system by establishing Indonesia Cultural Center starting with neighboring countries that have good relation with Indonesia.

Rumah Budaya Indonesia is defined as a cultural center as well as the public space to introduce the cultural wealth of the nation to the world in order to improve the image of a country, appreciation, and build tier bond with the international community. This will be placed in the countries that have a strategic

51 position and cultural value and tourism.93 In the development, Indonesia targeted 10 countries, with a high intensity of relations, those are; Timor-Leste, United States, Australia, the Netherlands, Japan, Germany, South Korea, France, Singapore, and Turkey. In Singapore, Indonesia inaugurated Rumah Budaya Indonesia on 30 November 2013, which is located at the Indonesian School in Singapore 20A Siglap Road, Singapore 455859. 94

As another RBI, RBI Singapore serves as a center of cultural diplomacy Indonesia in Singapore via a variety of interesting programs and plays an effective role as a soft-diplomacy Indonesia. Indonesian School in Singapore to prepare education for children Indonesian citizens residing in Singapore. Indonesian School in Singapore Serves as an umbrella to build and develop a sense of Indonesian nationalism. Indonesian School participated in introducing and disseminating art and culture of Indonesia to Singapore society in particular, and the international community who are in Singapore. 95The author chose Singapore because Singapore and Indonesia have a very good relationship in the field of culture as one that is in cooperation of cultural heritage with the aim of preserving a heritage building. Increasing cooperation in the field of culture relations between Indonesia and Singapore were better through the cooperation of the common cultural heritage, which makes the development of ten houses Indonesian culture in Singapore as part of Indonesia implementation to build a house of culture named Rumah Budaya in abroad.96

There are 3 functions of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as stated on Rumah Budaya Indonesia’s website

1. As a place to express and present Indonesia’s culture to the world society, also a resource for Indonesian citizen that lived in abroad

93 Tentang-Rumah-Budaya-Indonesia-di-Singapura. Retrieved October 31, 2016, from http://rumahbudayaindonesia.sg/tentang-kami-rumah-budaya-indonesia-singapura/ 94 Rumah Budaya Indonesia berakhir di Singapura. Retrieved November 12, 2016 from http://sastra-indonesia.com/2013/12/rumah-budaya-indonesia-2013-berakhir-di-singapura/ 95 Sekolah Indonesia di Singapura. Retrieved October 3, 2016, from http://sekolahindonesia.sg/ 96 Indonesia-bangun-10-rumah-budaya. Retrieved December 31, 2016 from Kementerian Luar Negeri Indonesia -. Kemlu.go.id. from http://www.kemlu.go.id/id/kebijakan/detail-kerjasama- bilateral.aspx?id=93

2. As a place to teach Indonesian culture to the international society, also Indonesian citizen that lived in abroad 3. As a place for discussing and improving the image of Indonesia culture to be acknowledge by International society, Indonesia culture advocacy and

promotion.

Culture is a part of diplomacy. In fact, culture was a fundamental basic in the process of bilateral and multilateral interactions among nations. In response to these situations, Indonesia was building a cultural center for giving more knowledge about Indonesia in cultural sector for Singapore society. Beside serve as the place/forum for many activities that related to cultural sector, Rumah Budaya Indonesia also become one of Indonesia diplomacy strategy and a concrete prove of Indonesia government effort in encourage and promoting Indonesia’s culture in Singapore.

IV.4.1 The Implementation of Rumah Budaya Indonesia as Public Diplomacy in Singapore

Public diplomacy activities that involve public participation will be needed in order to complement the activity of traditional diplomacy. Through the increased activity of public diplomacy, government hoped that diplomatic efforts would be more effective and expected to bring wider impacts in the international community. In addition, the government also hopes that public involvement could pave the way for future negotiations as well as to give different view in looking at a problem. According to Tuch (1990), stated as below: “Public diplomacy is a government’s process of communicating with foreign publics in an attempt to bring about understanding for its nation’s ideas and ideals, its institutions and cultures, as well as its national goals and current policies" 97

Indonesia itself has realized the importance public opinion by build the

97 Alexander E. Hopkins. "Government Public Relations: Public Diplomacy or Propaganda?" Retrieved December 20, 2016, from www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1012/2/government- public-relations-public-diplomacy-or-propaganda

53 department of Diplomacy public in 2002. With main goal to create Indonesia image as the moderate, democratic and progressive country.

In line with RBI, government use Public Diplomacy to process of communicating with foreign publics in an attempt to bring about understanding for its nation’s, became a fundamental element of the new diplomatic and fundamentally influences foreign policy. Public diplomacy aims to foster positive public opinion in other countries through interaction with interest groups. 98 The way public diplomacy is defined by the government may influence its practice. One examples of public diplomacy is through cultural approach or known as cultural diplomacy. Culture is an effective media for diplomacy, because culture was part of universal elements where the elements contained in all the cultures of the nations of the world. Culture is attractive or communicative which even people who have different cultural backgrounds easily understand.99 Thus, the practice of cultural diplomacy is related with public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy is now considered to be both conceptually and practically subsets of public diplomacy, which can be defined as a government’s communication with foreign audiences in order to positively, influence them.100

IV.4.2 Rumah Budaya Indonesia as The Implementation in Emphasizing Indonesia Soft Power

The definition of soft power diplomacy, according to Joseph Nye is:

98 Public Diplomacy | Beyond Intractability. (2006). Beyondintractability.org. Retrieved October 12, 2016, from http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/public-diplomacy 99 Andris Ditra, Misi Kebudayaan Sebagai Alat Diplomasi Budaya (Kajian Iov Indonesia), Retrieved December 4, 2016, from http://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/wp- content/uploads/sites/46/2013/10/andris- dhitra_diplomasi-budaya_kerja-sama-internasional_misi- kebudayaan-sebagai-diplomasi-budaya-kajian- iov-indonesia.pdf 100 By Hwajung Kim. "Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age." Culturaldiplomacy.org | English | Welcome to the Institute for Cultural Diplomacy. Last modified December 2011. http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/pdf/case- studies/Hwajung_Kim_Cultural_Diplomacy_as_the_Means_of_Soft_Power_in_the_Information_ Age.pdf).

“Ability to influence other countries through cooperation in shaping the agenda, encouraging and positive activities to get the desired results”.101

The theory highlights the huge function of soft power, which influences people and creates a favorable atmosphere overseas to help get desired outcomes in the long term rather than conquer or coerce people. According to Nye, seduction is always more effective and cheaper than coercion.102 Therefore, countries who fully utilize their soft power in their foreign policies tend to win hearts and mind relatively easier, particularly in a global information age.

In line with this case, Indonesia uses Rumah Budaya Indonesia as the implementation in emphasizing Indonesia soft power through Singapore. The opening of the Indonesian culture is expected to promote and teach the culture of Indonesia in Singapore either by the public in Indonesia and Singapore. Thus, this cultural diplomacy is also included into the strategy of soft power Indonesia who are trying to pursue their interests through art and culture, where the house of culture in promoting to other countries, either through a representative government and to attract people who are there in Singapore to the culture of Indonesia.

IV.5 The Importance of Building a positive image of Indonesia in Singapore

Indonesian arts and culture are quite well known in the international world. Various arts and cultural performing international arena, either through events, exhibitions or specifically invited to attend the concert which is overseas, Indonesian arts and culture has been widely performed and widely known in the international world, because Indonesia has the art and culture of high taste which

101 Nye, J. S.. (1990). Soft Power. Foreign Policy, (80), (pp. 153) 102 Sociostudies.org,. "Soft Power As A State's Foreign Policy Resource". Retrieved September 24, 2016.

55 is a wealth of traditional arts archipelago. 103There are many factors that make Indonesia into a negative image in the eyes of the world, among which, the number of rogue elements who engage in corruption, there has been fighting and many demonstrations, also the weak law in Indonesia. Through diplomatic channels, a State promotes excess, the strength and the existence of their country. Through diplomatic channels it could spread its influence and take advantage as much as possible for the sake of their country. One form of public diplomacy is accurate and proven effective cultural diplomacy.

The culture has become the most focus on this matter because it is through the cultural exchange of ideas, ideas, values, and information more readily accepted. The field of cultural diplomacy is also very spacious. Indonesia requires various improvements and changes in all aspect to change the negative image attached, one with a home program Indonesian culture and hoped that the government pays more attention to things that factor into a vindication of Indonesia in the eyes of the international community with the support and cooperation of various parties including the community for making it successful. Activities carried out by the House of Culture as cultural performances, for example, Gelar Budaya (GAYA) and Indonesia Cultural Night (ICN) is to straighten out the view of the world community that puts Indonesia as a country just emerging. 104Although Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world, and with the largest Muslim population in the world compare to the others democratic countries, the international community less familiar with the culture of Indonesia. Most of the Singapore people only know Bali as a tourism destination, but do not know Indonesia as a country.

The diversity of ethnic and racial makes Indonesia as a country who has

103 "Cultures of Indonesia - Unity in Diversity | Indonesia Investments." Investing in Indonesia | Indonesia Investments. n.d. Retrieved January 11, 2017, from http://www.indonesia- investments.com/culture/item8?. 104 Atdikbud Singapore. "Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan » Republik Indonesia." Kementerian Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan. Retrieved September 21, 2016, from http://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2015/04/rumah-budaya-indonesia-di-singapura-aktif- perkenalkan-budaya-indonesia-4116-4116-4116.

56 rich culture and local wisdom in abundance. The government is required to maintain and preserve this culture of social wealth. On this basis, Rumah Budaya was built as a representation of the indigenous people of Indonesia. As stated by Direktur Internalisasi Nilai dan Diplomasi Budaya, Directorate General of Culture (Kemendikbud), Ministry of Education and Culture Diah Harianti said, “Rumah Budaya Indonesia is an instrument used for increase mutual understanding, dispel suspicions from other countries. Not only that, while Building a positive image of Indonesia abroad”105

The government efforts to encourage the dissemination of Indonesia’s culture in Singapore would make Singapore people more familiar with Indonesia. In the implementation of cultural diplomacy, Indonesian government often involves the participation of Singapore society to learn and participate in cultural performance while improving the people contact between Indonesia and Singapore.

From the explanation above, it can be seen that the culture is starting to gain special position in Indonesia’s diplomacy practice. Improving the cultural image of Indonesia is aim for the country that has tangible and intangible culture to get many improvements and the recognition from the international community to Indonesian culture. Hence, Rumah Budaya Indonesia is promoting culture through cultural diplomacy. Through the promotion a culture of Indonesia by Rumah Budaya Indonesia towards cultural performances is expected to increase the well recognition from the international community.

Government does not only do the dissemination of Indonesian cultural diplomacy but also involves various elements of Indonesian community that living in Singapore. The activities of Indonesia’s cultural diplomacy in Singapore cannot be separated from the active role of Indonesian students in Singapore and the support of the Indonesian Embassy. Indonesia’s culture was displayed in more attractive way than in previous years. Hence, Indonesia Cultural diplomacy is not

105 Rumah Budaya Indonesia ada di Singapura. Retrieved November 14, 2016, from sastra- indonesia.com/2013/12/rumah-budaya-indonesia-2013-berakhir-di-singapura/.

57 only focused on one way exchange of dancing and traditional music, but it can be involves other elements that tell Indonesia’s story to the world by affecting the way of thinking of wider community about Indonesia as a country. Thus, The significance differences on cultural background has become good point for Indonesia because it has created the curiosity from international society to know more about Indonesia’s culture which represented as one of the eastern culture.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION

Indonesia is a unique and rich with its diverse cultures. Not only that, Indonesia is also rich with natural resources, culture, ethnicity, travel, and tribe from Sabang to Merauke. Indeed, Indonesian culture represented how the nation of Indonesia is having a very rich culture that diverse with its existing art included. More importantly, some of the Indonesian cultural heritage is also got the recognition from UNESCO (United Nation Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization) in the field of education and culture of the United Nations (UN).

Indonesia government even also concern of the importance of the existence of national culture abroad and the recognition of foreign towards national culture. Hence, Indonesian government directly played an active role in promoting culture through the cultural houses in 10 countries. Indonesia uses Rumah Budaya Indonesia as the implementation in emphasizing Indonesia soft power through Singapore, it as has become of one of the 10 RBI in various countries, which through its various activities is aim to strive to continue in introducing and spreading the cultural heritage of Indonesia. Thus, it has been one of the ways of Indonesia in spreading its culture in the Singapore with purpose to develop, promote, and maintain as well of Indonesian culture in the Singapore through cultural diplomacy.

Indeed, the current phenomenon has led to the important use of culture in creating the positive image, or known as cultural diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy in here offer a chance for state to show itself to the world in a unique way, and cultural diplomacy can also connect people from other cultures and other countries which benefits both the practitioner of cultural diplomacy and the receiver. Rich assets of Indonesia’s culture must be used for nation interest, which is intended to build a line of cultural diplomacy in the international world and

59 safeguard our cultural heritage that has been stated in Indonesian law (No.32 of 2002) about the importance role of culture in having relation with world society.

For instance, Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore officially establish on 20 November 2013. Rumah Budaya Indonesia serves as a place for Indonesian cultural performance in abroad as a place for cultural expression, cultural learning and cultural promotion. Rumah Budaya Indonesia (RBI) is a public space of cultural diplomacy initiated by the Ministry of Education and Culture, and it has a function to introduce Indonesian culture to the world in order to improve its image, appreciation and building bonds (culture) the international community towards Indonesia.

The establishment of Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore as well as holding many activities those are beneficial to the international environment and Indonesian citizen living in Singapore. Such as the cultural performance, for example program of the cultural performances namely Gelar Budaya (GAYA) and Indonesian Cultural Night (ICN), the active Indonesia cultural performance can therefore reckon with greater attention from the Singapore public, is showing increased interest in attending international forums and engaging in international exchange. Not only Indonesia representatives organized many cultural performances but also by participation of Singapore that already attach to Indonesia culture.

Hence, it is proved from the implementation by Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore through cultural diplomacy practices can introduce Indonesian culture and also build a positive image of Indonesia in Singapore. Thus, through those practices, it created bond not only in government level but also people to people, because several practice is involving the collaboration from both actors.

Moreover, there is still need many improvement and government support in the practice itself. Cultural diplomacy Indonesia through the Rumah Budaya in Singapore has made Indonesian culture to be well known by the people of the Singapore and also could bring Indonesia to be closer with existing communities in the Singapore. Indeed, conducting cultural diplomacy has been an interesting

60 thing because besides introducing the nation's cultural identity, it can also attract tourists to visit Indonesia more by understanding its great variety of culture through Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore. Thus, the development of cultural diplomacy in program has reflected the positive image of Indonesia in International world.

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Appendix

1. Interview with Mr. Darwin Tampubolon as the Head of Minister of Sub Direktorat Diplomacy Budaya Luar Negeri

Talking about Rumah Budaya Indonesia, what is the main purpose of build Rumah Budaya Indonesia?

Rumah Budaya Indonesia is built as a place resource to introduce Indonesian culture to the world in order to improve the image and appreciation of the international community towards Indonesia. This step serves as a platform to express and to present art and culture of Indonesia to the international community, as well as resources for Indonesian citizens who live abroad.

In which countries is Rumah Budaya Indonesia established? And when was Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore established officially?

Indonesia puts Rumah Budaya Indonesia in several countries including the United States, Republic of Korea, Germany, France, Turkey, Netherlands, Australia, Timor Leste, Japan, and Singapore. Rumah Budaya Indonesia in Singapore is officially established on 20 November 2013.

Why did Indonesia choose Singapore as a target location of Rumah Budaya Indonesia?

There are so many factors that make Singapore as target location of Rumah Budaya Indonesia. The first one is Indonesia has geographical proximity with Singapore. The second is Indonesia has cultural similarities (Melayu) with Singapore. The third is Singapore is cosmopolitan city that is strategic ways to do the promotion of Indonesian culture abroad. The fourth is there is Sekolah Indonesia Singapura that can support some of cultural activities. The last one is Singapore has a lot of cultural center such as museum and art gallery.

Who did initiate the establishment of Rumah Budaya Indonesia?

Rumah Budaya Indonesia is a public space of cultural diplomacy initiated by the Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) under Sub Direktorat Diplomacy Budaya Luar Negeri.

2. UU Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hubungan Luar Negeri Dengan, Pasal 11

3. Undang – Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, Pasal 32, Tentang Kebudayaan

4. MFA Press Statement: Singapore-Indonesia Leader’s Retreat in Semarang, Indonesia on 14 November 2016

Documentation of ICN (Indonesia Cultural Night 2016)

5. Poster ICN 2016

6. Appreciation token submissions to the Indonesian Embassy in Singapore

7. The theater at University Cultural Centre (National University of Singapore)

8. The audiences before the show begins

9. Balinese Dances

Documentation of GAYA (Gelar Budaya) 2016

10. Flyer of GAYA 2016

11. The audiences before the show begins

12. Indonesian Embassy in Singapore took photo with the committee of GAYA 2016

13. GAYA scenes 2016