INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS CERN COURIER

VOLUME 45 NUMBER 4 MAY 2005

IceCube gets going in Antarctica

ACCELERATORS HEAVY IONS VIEWPOINT MICE set to test muon VENUS shows the way for Personal experience of ionization cooling p5 new particle source p28 technology transfer p54 WIENER LV- Floating Power Supply Systems

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Covering current developments in high- energy physics and related fields worldwide

CERN Courier is distributed to member-state governments, institutes and laboratories affiliated with CERN, and to their personnel. It is published monthly, except for January and August, in English and French editions. The views expressed are not CERN necessarily those of the CERN management.

Editor Christine Sutton CERN, 1211 23, E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +41 (0) 22 785 0247 Web: cerncourier.com COURIER

Advisory board James Gillies, Rolf Landua and Maximilian Metzger Volume 45 Number 4 MAY 2005

Laboratory correspondents: Argonne National Laboratory (US): D Ayres Brookhaven National Laboratory (US): PYamin Cornell University (US): D G Cassel DESY Laboratory (Germany): Ilka Flegel, Petra Folkerts Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US): Judy Jackson GSI Darmstadt (Germany): G Siegert INFN (): Barbara Gallavotti IHEP, (): Tongzhou Xu Jefferson Laboratory (US): Steven Corneliussen JINR (Russia): B Starchenko KEK National Laboratory (): Youhei Morita Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (US): Christine Celata Los Alamos National Laboratory (US): C Hoffmann The secrets of neutron stars pll Particle-accelerator pioneer p28 Physics among the mountains p37 NIKHEF Laboratory (Netherlands): Paul de Jong I I l\s Owl t7uO KJI I /CJCflf KJI I OLCfl O fj-i—L I Ol III/IC aUUCICIOlUI fJ*£.U r I lyOIKjO a I I IWI Ig LI 1^ 11 IUUI I LCI 11 IO fj^} I Novosibirsk Institute (Russia): S Eidelman News 5 Orsay Laboratory (France): Anne-Marie Lutz PPARC (UK): Peter Barratt M/CE project gets the green light. Model suggests dark energy is an PSI Laboratory (Switzerland): P-R Kettle illusion. RHIC groups serve up "perfect" liquid. Belle discovers yet more Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK): Jacky Hutchinson new particles. TWIST tests the Standard Model. Electrons reveal secrets Saclay Laboratory (France): Elisabeth Locci IHEP, Serpukhov (Russia): Yu Ryabov of neutrinos. Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (US): Neil Calder TRIUMF Laboratory (Canada): Marcello Pavan Physicswatch 11 Produced for CERN by Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd Institute of Physics Publishing Ltd, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS16BE, UK Astrowatch 13 Tel: +44 (0)117 929 7481; E-mail: [email protected]; Web: iop.org

Publishing director Richard Roe CERN Courier Archive 15 Publisher Jo Nicholas Art director Andrew Giaquinto Senior production editor Seth Burgess Features Technical illustrator Alison Tovey Display advertisement manager Jonathan Baron The ice cube at the end of the world 17 Recruitment advertisement manager Jayne Orsborn Spencer Klein and Francis Halzen on the Antarctic's latest detector. Display sales Ed Jost and Helen Brook Recruitment and classified sales Yasmin Agilah and Moo AN Advertisement production Tanwen Haf, Katie Graham innovations mean real benefits for industry 25 Product manager Claire Webber Beatrice Bressan looks at technology transfer at CERN.

Advertising Jonathan Baron, Ed Jost, Helen Brook, Jayne Orsborn, Yasmin Agilah or Moo AN VENUS reveals the future of heavy-ion sources 28 Tel: +44 (0)117 930 1265 (for display advertising) or +44 (0)117 930 1196 (for recruitment advertising); Daniela Leitner describes Berkeley's new ECR ion source. E-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +44 (0)117 930 1178

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© 2005 CERN ISSN 0304-288X

Cover: An aerial view of the South Pole Station, where IceCube, a new neutrino observatory, is under construction (p!7). (All images courtesy of the IceCube Collaboration.)

CERN Courier May 2005 3 All vou need...

Magnets, Power Supplies, Current Transducers, Synchrotrons Visit us at PAC 2005 or www.danfysik.com NEWS

NEUTRINOS MICE project gets the green light

On 21 March, the UK's science and innovation minister announced the approval and funding of the Muon lonisation Cooling Experiment, MICE, at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL). MICE will use a new, dedicated muon beam line at the laboratory's pulsed neutron and muon source, ISIS. MICE is an essential step in accelerator R&D towards the realization of a neutrino factory, in which an intense neutrino beam is obtained from the decay of muons in a storage ring. The unique feature of such a facility is that it can produce intense and well defined beams of electron-(anti)neutrinos at high energies, well above the production threshold for tau particles. This should allow measurements of the "appearance" of both muon- and tau-neutrinos from electron- Engineering drawing of the MICE experiment, which is 15 m long and 3 m high. The beam neutrinos. Neutrino factories are therefore the enters through the time-of-flight counters at the left, goes through the spectrometers for ultimate tool for precision studies of neutrino momentum and angle measurements, then enters the cooling channel made of a oscillations and of leptonic charge-parity succession of liquid-hydrogen absorbers and RF cavities embedded in a magnetic field. (CP) violation, a measurement that might prove decisive in understanding the matter- containment. This combination is extremely antimatter asymmetry of the universe. challenging. The windows of the vessel for the The largest novelty of a neutrino factory in liquid hydrogen need to be as thin as possible terms of accelerator physics is probably muon to prevent multiple scattering, while ensuring ionization cooling, which improves safety in the confined space between performance by a factor of four to ten, potential sources that could ignite the highly depending on the design; it also represents a inflammable hydrogen. The operation of RF large fraction of the neutrino factory's cavities at high gradient in high magnetic estimated cost. Although proposed more than fields is still unproven. Finally, the precise 20 years ago and generally considered as study of cooling requires measuring the beam sound, the ionization cooling of muons has properties with unprecedented accuracy; never been demonstrated. Custom-made beryllium RF cavity window, each muon will be measured using Muons are born in a rather undisciplined which leads to an improvement in the techniques from high-energy physics rather state at a few hundred million electron-volts electromagnetic field by a factor of two. than standard beam diagnostics. from interactions of proton beams, and need The size and complexity of this undertaking to be cooled before they can be accelerated - though the absorbers, while the acceleration require the close collaboration of the to about 20 GeV - and stored to produce increases only their longitudinal momentum. accelerator and experimental particle-physics neutrinos. Known beam-cooling techniques This technique, based on a principle first communities. MICE comprises some 140 (electron, stochastic or laser cooling) are described by Russian pioneers Gersh Budker physicists and engineers from Belgium, Italy, much too slow, considering that muons live and Alexander Skrinsky in the early 1970s, is the Netherlands, Japan, Russia, Switzerland, only a few microseconds before they decay. known as ionization cooling. the US and the UK. The proposed schedule for A method that is expected to work instead Unfortunately, although its mathematics is MICE envisages that the technical feasibility is to cool the transverse phase-space of the simple on paper, ionization cooling is in of muon ionization cooling will be established beam by passing it through energy-absorbing practice a delicate mix of technologies by 2008/9. The path will then be clear for a material and accelerating structures involving liquid hydrogen (the best absorber detailed proposal for a neutrino factory. embedded within a focusing magnetic lattice. material), strong radio-frequency (RF) electric The muons lose energy in both the transverse fields (to re-accelerate the muons in an Further reading and longitudinal direction when they pass orderly fashion) and magnetic fields for See www.mice.iit.edu/.

CERN Courier May 2005 5 NEWS

COSMOLOGY HEAVY IONS RHIC groups serve Model suggests dark up 'perfect' liquid

The four detector groups conducting research energy is an illusion at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory have announced results indicating that they have Arguably the most fascinating question in observed a state of hot, dense matter that is modern cosmology is why the universe is more remarkable than had been predicted. In expanding at an accelerating rate. An original papers summarizing the first three years of solution to this puzzle has been put forward RHIC findings, to be published simultaneously by four theoretical physicists: Edward Kolb of by the journal Nuclear Physics A, the four , Sabino Matarrese of the University collaborations (BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS of Padova, Alessio Notari of the University of and STAR) say that instead of behaving like a Montreal, and Antonio Riotto of the Italian gas of free quarks and gluons, as was National Institute for Research in Nuclear and expected, the matter created in RHIC's heavy- Subnuclear Physics (INFN)/Padova. Their ion collisions appears to be more like a liquid. study has been submitted to the journal The evidence comes from measurements of Physical Review Letters. unexpected patterns in the trajectories of the In 1998, observations of distant thousands of particles produced in individual supernovae provided detailed information collisions. The primordial particles produced about the expansion rate of the universe, tend to move collectively in response to demonstrating that it is accelerating. This can variations of pressure across the volume be interpreted as evidence of "dark energy", a formed by the colliding nuclei - an effect new component of the universe, representing known as "flow", since it is analogous to the some 70% of its total mass. (Of the rest, properties of fluid motion. about 25% appears to be another mysterious Kolb ponders the early universe. (Fermilab.) However, unlike ordinary liquids, in which component, dark matter, while only about 5% individual molecules move about randomly, consists of the ordinary "baryonic" matter.) wavelengths ("super-Hubble") larger than the the hot matter at RHIC seems to move in a Other explanations include a modification of size of the observable universe. They show pattern exhibiting a high degree of gravity at large distances and more exotic that a local observer would infer an coordination among the particles. ideas, such as the presence of a dynamic expansion history of the universe that would This flow is consistent with that of a scalar field referred to as "quintessence". depend on the time evolution of the theoretically "perfect" fluid with extremely low Although the hypothesis of dark energy is perturbations, which in certain cases would viscosity and the ability to reach thermal fascinating and more appealing than the lead to the observation of accelerated equilibrium very rapidly because of the high other explanations, it faces a serious problem. expansion. The origin of the long-wavelength degree of interaction among the particles. The Attempts to calculate the amount of dark perturbations is inflation, as, effectively, the physicists at RHIC do not have a direct energy give answers much larger than its visible universe is only a tiny part of the pre- measure of the viscosity, but they can infer measured magnitude: more than 100 orders inflation-era universe. The accelerating from the flow pattern that, qualitatively, the of magnitude larger, in fact. universe is therefore simply an impression viscosity is very low, approaching the Kolb and colleagues offer an alternative due to our inability to see the full picture. quantum mechanical limit. explanation, which they say is rather Of course, observation is the ultimate conservative. They propose no new ingredient arbiter between theories. The SHCDM model for the universe; instead, their explanation is predicts a different relationship between Correction firmly rooted in inflation, an essential concept luminosity-distance and redshift than the of modern cosmology, according to which the dark-energy models do. While the two models On page 6 of the April issue the article about universe experienced an incredibly rapid are indistinguishable within current the MDT chambers for the ATLAS experiment expansion at a very early stage. experimental precision, more precise referred to the Institute for Theoretical and The new explanation, which the cosmological observations in the future Experimental Physics (ITEP) in Protvino. The researchers refer to as the Super-Hubble should be able to distinguish between them. chambers are indeed being constructed in Cold Dark Matter (SHCDM) model, considers Protvino, at the Institute for High Energy what would happen if there were Further reading Physics (IHEP), whereas ITEP is of course in cosmological perturbations with very long See http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0503117. . Apologies to all concerned.

6 CERN Courier May 2005 NEWS

KEK pattern and its preference to decay into an co comprising a charmed quark, an anti- and a ]/}¥ is difficult to understand in the charmed quark and a gluon. Belle discovers yet context of heavy quark potential models, Belle's particle hunters have their work cut which have explained the charmonium out as they try to pin down the identity of the more new particles spectrum up to now. The Y(3940) may not new particles they have already observed, therefore be an ordinary quark-antiquark while more data - and opportunities for more The record performance of the KEK B-factory meson, but rather a "hybrid state" - a meson discoveries - pour in faster and faster. is currentlysupplying Belle with about 1 million BB meson pairs per day (CERN Courier April 2005 p5). While data analyses on charge-parity (CP) violation and searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model continue, the vast amounts of accumulated data have helped another important aspect of OPERA Belle's physics programme: the discovery of new particle states in the charm sector. The Original Recent additions to Belle's new particle list are the Y(3940) and the strange charmed is still the Best

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The Belle experiment (Courtesy KEK.)

X(3872) already discovered {CERN Courier Flux lines for a typical dipole magnet. January/February 2004 p8). This brings Belle's total of new particles discovered to six. Now it seems, however, that Belle's new- particle tally may be seven. Last summer the collaboration reported strong evidence for a mass peak in the spectrum of particles recoiling against a ]/}¥ in electron-positron collisions with a similar mass to the Y(3940). Although the mass of this new peak is the same as that of the Y(3940) within errors

(measurement errors are about 10 MeV for Modelling the combined effect of a system of magnets. both observations), the Belle team is not yet convinced that these two states are the same and, for the time being at least, are referring Vector Fields Limited 24 Bankside, Kidlington, Oxford, 0X5 1JE, England to the new object as the X(3940). Tel: +44 (0)1865 370151 Fax: +44 (0)1865 370277 The X(3940) mainly decays into D plus anti- Email: [email protected] www.vectorfields.com D* mesons, as expected for charmonium Vector Fields Inc 1700 North Farnsworth Avenue, Aurora, IL 60505, USA states with this mass. The Y(3940), on the Tel: (630) 851 1734 Fax: (630) 851 2106 other hand, does not seem to follow this Email: [email protected] www.vectorfields.com

CERN Courier May 2005 7 NEWS

TRIUMF TWIST tests the Standard Model

+ + Normal muon decay (M e ve vj]) is an ideal process to investigate the electroweak interaction in the Standard Model. The reaction involves only leptons, obviating the need for uncertain strong-interaction corrections, thus making it a clean probe of the theory's purely left-handed (V-A) structure. A high-precision determination of the parameters describing the muon-decay spectral shape explores physics possibilities beyond the Standard Model, for example involving right-handed interactions. The world's most precise determination of these parameters has been the goal of the TRIUMF Weak Interaction Symmetry Test (TWIST) experiment. The collaboration has recently completed its first phase by directly measuring the muon-decay parameters p and 6, improving the Particle Data Group (PDG) values by factors of 2.5 and 2.9 respectively. The distribution in energy and angle of positrons from polarized muon decay is described by the four "Michel parameters". The spectrum's isotropic part has a momentum dependence determined by p plus an additional small term that is Observed momentum and angular distribution of positrons from muon decay in TWIST. proportional to a second parameter, r\. The

asymmetry is proportional to a third parameter drop in acceptance near | cos (6) | =0 is PDG value of PM £ 5/p, an indirect limit is set

S= multiplied by the muon polarization, PM, because of the poor reconstruction efficiency on PM g: 0.996 < PM i < 1.004 with 90% c.l. while a fourth parameter, 6, determines its in that region. To extract the muon-decay The lower limit slightly improves the limit on momentum dependence. Within the Standard parameters, a 2D fit is made to a fiducial the mass of the possible right-handed boson,

2 Model, these parameters are predicted to be region where the detector acceptance is WR > 420 GeV/c . Finally, an upper limit is p=f,6=f,^=landri = 0. uniform, using a blind-analysis technique. The found for the muon right-handed coupling TWIST uses beams of positive muons as results are based on 6 x 109 muon decays, probability, < 0.00184 at 90% c.l. they can be produced with high polarization. spread over 16 data sets. Four sets were Muon decay, combined with measurements The high-intensity TRIUMF proton beam analysed for both p and 5. A fifth set of low- from experiments at higher energies and in produces jt+, some of which decay at rest at polarized muons from pion decays in flight was nuclear beta decay, helps our understanding the surface of a production target to create a also analysed for p. The remaining data sets, of the asymmetry in the weak interaction's highly polarized "surface" muon beam with combined with further Monte Carlo handedness. In the future phases of the momentum 29.6 MeV/c, which is simulations, were used to estimate the experiment, TWIST aims to produce a direct

subsequently transported into a 2T sensitivities to various systematic effects. measurement of PM != with a precision of a few superconducting solenoid. TWIST'S new measurement of p = 0.75080 parts in 104 and to increase its sensitivity to p Most of the muon beam stops in a thin ± 0.00032(stat.) ± 0.00097(syst.) ± and 8 by approximately another factor of five. target, located at the centre of a symmetric 0.00023 (last uncertainty due to the current array of 56 low-mass, high-precision planar PDG error in r\) sets an upper limit on the Further reading drift-chambers. Limitations on final errors are mixing angle of a possible heavier right- A Gaponenko etal. 2005 (in press) dominated by systematic effects since the handed partner to the W boson, |^| < 0.03 at Phys. Rev. D hep-ex/0410045. statistical precision is very high. The measured 90% confidence level (c.L). Combining p with J R Musser el al. 2005 Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 momentum and angular distribution of the the new measurement of 6 = 0.74964 ± 101805. decay positrons are shown in the figure. The 0.00066(stat.) ± 0.00112(syst.), and the See also http://twist.triumf.ca.

8 CERN Courier May 2005 NEWS

JLAB can be used as a first step to provide measuring neutrino cross-sections in constraints on neutrino cross-sections needed Fermilab's NuMI (Neutrinos at the Main Electrons reveal in the study of neutrino oscillations. Injector) beam line. Combining the high- In the long term, JLab and JLab's own precision electron cross-section data from secrets of neutrinos researchers are collaborating in a future E04-001 with precise data on neutrino cross- experiment, MINERvA (Main Injector sections from MINERvA should allow the axial The US Department of Energy's Thomas Experiment v-A), which is dedicated to structure of the nucleon to be extracted. Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) is well known for its Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF), where experiments with a 6GeV electron beam probe nuclear structure. Now it turns out the Discover the Future at the of Light same beam may also be helpful for neutrino Speed research. Physicists from several neutrino projects around the world recently visited JLab to take electron-scattering data on carbon, hydrogen, deuterium and iron targets. Precise knowledge of neutrino beams and neutrino interactions with atomic nuclei helps neutrino researchers analyse the results of their experiments. They gather this by participating in nuclear and high-energy physics experiments, a practice known as "neutrino engineering". Examples are the HARP experiment at CERN, which measures pion-production cross-sections of protons on nuclear targets, and experiment E04-001 at JLab, which measures electron- nucleus cross-sections. Electrons at CEBAF energies interact with nuclei predominantly via the electromagnetic force, while neutrinos interact via the weak force. However, precise information about the electron interaction provides information about the neutrino interaction, since the two forces are actually different aspects of the Data You Can Count On® electroweak force. Electrons probe the vector If you're involved in high energy physics, structure of the nucleon, whereas neutrinos you know the importance of obtaining clear probe both the vector and axial-vector and useful data. structure. So both probes are needed to BURLE, the leading innovator in its field, offers a wide range of photomultipliers to understand the full electroweak structure of fit your important research needs. Whether the nucleon and the nucleus. you're building a Calorimeter, Cherenkov, The nuclear targets studied in the JLab Time-of-Flight or Trajectory Detector - BURLE has the right photomultiplier for you. From experiment are the same as, or closely our innovative PLANACON™ family of PMT's resemble, the production targets and to our full line of scintillation counting and high energy physics photomultipliers, BURLE detectors commonly used in neutrino manufactures tubes offering today's best experiments. Thus electron-scattering studies performance and quality. Send for your FREE BURLE with nucleons and nuclei at low momentum- Discover the future at the speed of light with High Energy Physics Brochure transfer-squared Q2, such as the data taken at BURLE photomultipliers. or download it from our website for more information on Planacon"' JLab in the Q2 range of 0.01-2 (GeV/c)2, can Contact BURLE for more information or visit provide information about how neutrinos www.burle.com interact in neutrino experiments. For example, since experiments such as K2K (KEK to Kamioka) in Japan and MiniBooNE at ESSE Discovering the Future, Fermilab use 1 GeV neutrino beams to study BURLE INDUSTRIES.INC. 1000 New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17601 WWW.burle.com neutrino oscillations, electroweak analysis of 1-800-366-2875 • +1-717-295-6773 (Intl. Calls) 1 GeV electron-scattering data from E04-001

CERN Courier May 2005 9 ADVERTISING FEATURE

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Compiled by Steve Reucroft and John Swain, Northeastern University Black holes could act like Plastic electronics might benefit from cosmic particle accelerators memory technology

Usually we think of black holes pulling things A new. non-volatile rewritable memory device in rather than hurling them out, butCChicone based on an unusual combination of and B Mashhoon of the University of Missouri technologies could provide an inexpensive and would argue differently. While radially moving highly robust way to store information. A team particles do get pulled towards the black hole, from the University of Groningen and Philips it turns out that our intuition is not so good Research in the Netherlands has demonstrated when it comes to swarms of ultrarelativistic a ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) particles moving tangentially to it. made with a ferroelectric fluoropolymer and a Tidal forces, the researchers argue, can bisalkoxy-substituted poly (p-phenylene accelerate the particles to almost the speed vinylene) semiconductor material. of light. The interactions of the charged The ferroelectric material provides an particles with the ambient medium can then alternative means of band-bending in the FET, lead to the transfer of this tidal energy to but at greater magnitude than in conventional particles in the ambient medium. These can devices, which are limited by breakdown of the escape from the system to appear far away as gate insulator. This is the first demonstration of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. a non-volatile plastic-memory technology that Chicone and Mashhoon say that this meets the performance needs of commercial acceleration mechanism agrees with plastic electronics applications. It could observations by the Chandra X-ray Neutron stars such as the pulsar PSR enable new concepts, such as food packaging Observatory of accelerated motion normal to 81509-58, observed here by the Chandra that alerts consumers when its contents are the radial jets in four neutron stars in our X-ray Observatory, could be cosmic particle getting close to their "use by" date. galaxy: the Crab Pulsar, the Vela Pulsar, accelerators. (NASA/MIT/B Gaensler et al.J PSR B1509-58 and SNR G54.1+0.3. The Further reading mechanism may also account for ultra-high- that the Pierre Auger Observatory may help to Ronald C G Naberef al. 2005 Nature energy cosmic rays with energies above the shed light on in the near future. Materials 4 243. Greisen-Kuzmin-Zatsepin cut-off for extra- galactic sources of 1020 eV. Microquasars or Further reading neutron stars in our galaxy could be sources C Chicone and B Mashhoon 2005 Role of air pressure of the highest-energy cosmic rays - an idea http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0502560 in splashes revealed

GIMPS finds largest prime number yet Suppose that rain fell on the Moon? This is a question that Sidney Nagel of the University of On 18 February Martin Nowak, an eye surgeon CPU server at SHARCNET. The prime is a Chicago in Illinois and colleagues have asked and amateur mathematician from Germany, "Mersenne Prime", which is of the form 2P-1, and to which they found a remarkable answer: found the largest prime number yet, with an where p is a prime. In this case the power is the drops would not splash. It is common in amazing 7816 230 digits. He used more than 25964951. fluid mechanics that things cannot be 50 days of CPU time on a 2.4 GHz Pentium There is no immediate application of such explained in detail because the 4 computer - plus some additional help. Tens an enormous prime, but for those who like a Navier-Stokes equations are so complicated, of thousands of participants in the Great challenge the Electronic Frontier Foundation but this finding really flies in the face of Internet Mersenne Prime Search (GIMPS) lent is offering a prize of $100 000 for the first intuition. It turns out that splashing is reduced spare cycles to the effort, demonstrating how prime with 10 million digits and $250 000 for as air pressure drops, so the air plays an a computational Grid can do big calculations. a prime with 1000 million digits. You can also integral role in the formation of a splash. The result was independently verified in five obtain a poster containing the entire new Below about 0.2 atm of pressure, drops of days by Tony Reix of Grenoble, using a prime number! alcohol simply do not splash at all. So, 16 Itanium CPU Bull NovaScale 5000 HPC suppose vodka spilled on the Moon... and again by Jeff Gilchrist of Elytra Enterprises Further reading in Ottawa, who used 15 days of time on www.mersenne.org/ Further reading 12 CPUs of a Compaq Alpha GS160 1.2 GHz www.eff.org/awards/coop.html New Scientist 2 April 2005 pl4.

CERN Courier May 2005 11 Miniature spectrometers

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Compiled by MarcTurler, INTEGRAL Science Data Centre and Geneva Observatory HESS detects mysterious high- energy sources in the Milky Way

The first detailed image of the central part of Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) our galaxy at very-high-energy gamma rays aboard the Compton Gamma-Ray shows several sources. Surprisingly, some of Observatory, and in three cases an them do not have a known counterpart at association with pulsar-powered nebulae radio, optical or X-ray wavelengths, so their such as the Crab Nebula is not excluded. nature is a complete mystery. However, at least two of the sources Gamma rays at tera-electron-volt energies discovered by HESS are not at a position are detected using the Earth's atmosphere as where there is a possible counterpart. These a detector. The passage of such a photon could be members of a new class of "dark" through the upper atmosphere triggers a particle accelerators. shower of relativistic electrons and positrons Cosmic particle accelerators are believed to moving faster than the speed of light in the Detail of the map of the galaxy at very-high- accelerate charged particles in strong air, thus emitting Cherenkov radiation. This energy gamma rays obtained by the HESS Shockwaves such as those produced when the faint bluish light-flash can be detected at telescope array. Black crosses and circles gas expelled from a supernova hits the night by dedicated ground-based telescopes. show the position of the best fit and the ambient interstellar medium. High-energy Currently, the most sensitive Cherenkov extent of two newly discovered sources. gamma rays are secondary products, which telescope array is the European-African High Possible known counterparts are shown by have probably been boosted to tera-electron- Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) located white triangles and are labelled. The lower- volt energies by ultra-relativistic electrons in the Namibian desert (CERN Courier right source cannot be associated with a through the inverse Compton process. January/February 2005 p30). It consists of known source at other wavelengths. Gamma rays are easier to detect because they four mirror telescopes 13 m in diameter (Courtesy the HESS collaboration.) travel in straight lines from their source - placed at the corners of a square of side unlike charged particles, which are deflected 120 m. Its image resolution of a few arc- high-energy gamma rays in the central 60° of by magnetic fields in the galaxy. The discovery minutes has enabled for the first time a map the disc of our galaxy. This essentially doubles of new sources in the HESS survey of the to be made at tera-electron-volt energies of the number of sources known at these galaxy therefore helps to solve the long­ the central part of our galaxy, the Milky Way. energies. Three of the newly discovered standing question of the origin of cosmic rays. The image published in the journal Science sources could be associated with supernova by Felix Aharonian and an international team remnants, two with giga-electron-volt gamma- Further reading of scientists reveals eight new sources of very- ray sources discovered by the Energetic F Aharonian eta/. 2005 Science307 1938.

Picture of the month

Three years after the dramatic outburst of the star V838 Monocerotis, light continues to echo on surrounding dust. This latest image taken in October 2004 by the Hubble Space Telescope complements the previous sequence showing the propagation of the light-flash through the interstellar medium (CERN Courier June 2003 pl2). Each time Hubble observes the event, different thin sections of the dust are seen as the pulse of illumination continues to expand away from the star at the speed of light, producing a constantly changing appearance. (Courtesy NASA, ESA and H E Bond [STScI].)

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28 Sanford Drive, Gorham, ME 04038 USA Telephone: 207-854-1700 Fax: 207-854-2287 E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: www.megaind.com CERN COURIER ARCHIVE: 1962

A look back to CERN Courier vol. 2, May 1962 CHANGING TIMES Team work and individual work in research

The vast expansion of research activities during the last few decades is due mainly to 1962: THE STATISTICS 1962: THE STRUCTURE the rapid growth of the type of research which is more often than not "applied". Our Thirty yfears ago, the number of people in a The CERN "orchestra" is conducted by the knowledge of nature is also growing, but not nuclear-physics laboratory could be director-general, assisted by a Directorate quite so fast. Intuitively one is ready to grasp reckoned in tens. Now, the staff of CERN, of three: a member for research, one for the need for putting a whole team to work for instance, is some 1150, sub-divided applied physics, and one for administration. when a difficult achievement is at stake, approximately as follows: There are 12 Divisions, each with its own whereas it is preferable to be by oneself when • scientists and engineers: 200 leader, and each Division is itself divided it comes to putting a cunning question to • technicians: 625 into a number of sections. Three of the nature or reflecting upon its secrets. It is, • administrative and secretarial: 175 Divisions include experimental teams, each then, research for a practical purpose which • others: 150 with some five or six physicists. tends to be done by teams, while research of Fellows, visiting scientists, and super­ Experiments are approved by the Nuclear the first type is more for the lone wolf. The numeraries, together with experimental Physics Research Committee, after present-day evolution, in which the teams from various universities, bring the preliminary selection by the Electronic acquisition of "know-how" is expanded more total number to over 1700. Experiments Committee, the Emulsion quickly than the quest for pure knowledge of Experiments Committee, or the Track nature, can thus be identified to a certain Chambers Committee. extent with the trend away from individual or have a creative turn of mind. It was already Major policy is decided by the Council, solitary research towards research work by being asked whether an engineer could be the following recommendations by the teams. This identity is not perfect, for, as we equal of a scientist. Did the two really make a Committee of Council. The Council is shall see later, even the purest research into team and work together on an equal footing? advised by the Scientific Policy Committee the secrets of nature calls for an increasing Was there sufficient mutual respect to hold and the Finance Committee. amount of team work. the team together and share the fruits of the Let us consider, then, the state of affairs in work? To these questions, which began to physics, and especially nuclear physics, a few arise before the war, no entirely satisfactory bureaucratic outlook, especially in the very years before the last war. We find there such answer has yet been found. big establishments. The proportion of greatly renowned names as Mme Curie and In these new teams, the leader is no longer individual creative minds goes down, but that Rutherford, Einstein and Bohr. Apart from a necessarily the source of all the ideas and of research workers willing to accept the few exceptions, they are all lone workers or inspiration. He should rather have the ability constraints of team work goes up, and it is else leaders who tower above their colleagues to take a broad view, without entering into too admittedly easier to do science in this way to such an extent that they cannot be much detail, and display some diplomatic now than it was 30 years ago, since it suits regarded as members of a team. As a first gifts, for care has to be taken of both internal better the common run of people. exception to this rule, there were even at that and public relations. The leader must be able • Extracted from an article by Lew Kowarski, time cases where two partners appeared to coordinate, and the financial leader of the Data Handling Division, based instead of a solitary leader. There are so few responsibilities are becoming increasingly on a talk he gave in Zurich on 6 March 1962. instances when there were more, that they heavy. Are those in power always ready to put The article also included two boxes detailing can be almost ignored, whereas duets are lots of money in the hands of absentminded the scale of CERN in 1962. fairly frequent, for example in the list of professors? Among the members of the team, Nobel prize-winners. a specialized idea-monger will sometimes be Shortly before the war, a new style was found, alongside other specialists such as EDITOR'S NOTE beginning to appear, where several equals chemists or electrical engineers. Team work is worked together. Why? Because in most of beginning to be the general rule and is The CERN Courier came into being in the sciences, and certainly in nuclear science, developing a style of its own. August 1959, and in 1962 it became a increasingly powerful tools were being On the other hand, it should also be said regular monthly publication. introduced. The assistance of engineers had that, with the great increase in the number of Following on from the extracts published to be sought for building and operating the big scientific posts which has occurred in the last in 2004, CERN's 50th anniversary year, machines. These machines have to operate at 20 years, an evergrowing number of young this regular archive feature will tell the the limit of their possibilities; they could not people have a chance of doing pure scientific story of through the pages accordingly be put in the hands of routine work. This has brought about a certain of the CERN Courier from 1962 onwards. engineers; the engineers themselves had to levelling up of temperaments and a certain

CERN Courier May 2005 15 Neutrino Experiment "IceCube" selected Hamamatsu Detectors!

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Fig. 1. An aerial view of the US South Pole Station, indicating the locations of the drill camp for the IceCube experiment and the first hole to be drilled. The detector will be deployed across a hexagonal region, part of which is indicated by the lighter shaded area.

The IceCube observatory is being built to detect extraterrestrial neu­ cles. High-energy (peta-electron-volts) muons travel many kilometres trinos with energies above 100 GeV. Neutrinos are attractive for in the ice, and IceCube will observe muons that traverse the detec­ high-energy astronomy because they are not absorbed in dense tor. The charged particles emit optical Cherenkov radiation, which sources like other probe particles, and they travel in straight lines can travel hundreds of metres before being detected by IceCube's from their source. Protons or nuclear cosmic rays are also bent by digital optical modules (DOMs). The type of neutrino, its direction interstellar magnetic fields, and while photons fly straight, at ener­ and its energy can then be reconstructed by measuring the intensity gies above lOTeV, their interactions (by e+e" pair creation) with and arrival time of the light at many DOMs. interstellar background photons limit their range. The interaction cross-sections of neutrinos are tiny, so a huge Work at the South Pole detector is required. Calculations of neutrino production in many The South Pole might seem like an unusual place to build a huge different types of sources show that a 1 km3 (1 Gt) detector is detector, but the Antarctic ice is very clear and very stable. Deep required to observe astrophysical signals. IceCube will observe neu­ below the surface, the light-absorption length can exceed 250 m. trinos that interact in Antarctic ice at the South Pole, producing Compared with seawater, which is another active medium, the ice muons, electrons or tau particles. These leptons interact with the has much lower levels of background radiation and a longer atten­ ice (and the tau also decays), producing additional charged parti­ uation length, but more light is scattered. D>

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Fig. 2. The first digital optical modules are lowered into the hole. Fig. 3. An analysed IceTop-lceCube coincidence event from 7 February. The main graph shows the optical module depth in Using the US South Pole station as a base for operations, deploy­ metres versus the arrival time of the first photon. The insets ment of the IceCube detector in the ice began on 15 January, when show the hits in the IceTop tanks and the waveform observed the first hole was started (figure 1 on pl7). A jet of water heated to at the top optical module. The two fitted lines show the fit dz/dt 90 °C was used to melt the hole. The drill pumped 750 l/min of for the muon, both for the in-ice digital optical modules only water from a 5 MW heater to reach a drilling speed of slightly over ("IceCube") and including the IceTop hits ("combined"). 1 m/min. Drilling this first hole, 2450 m deep and 60 cm in diame­ ter, took about 52 h. Once the drilling was complete, a string of deployment, showing that everything works "right out of the box". At 60 DOMs was lowered into the hole, which took another 20 h (figure the time, many of the DOMs were not yet turned on. More recent 2). The DOMs are attached to the string every 17 m, between depths tests have verified that all 60 DOMs are working. of 1450 and 2450 m. The water that remained in the hole took This success owed much to the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino about two weeks to freeze. Detector Array (AMANDA), which preceded IceCube and had more The South Pole is very different from an accelerator laboratory, than 650 modules. The AMANDA optical modules contained only a and logistics is a key issue for IceCube. Environmental conditions photomultiplier tube (PMT) and analogue signals were transmitted are rough, and manpower and working time are limited, so every­ to the surface on the power cable; later versions used fibre-optic thing must be carefully engineered and tested before being shipped cables to transmit analogue signals. These schemes worked in to the Pole. Everything must be flown in from the Antarctic coast on AMANDA, which observed several thousand atmospheric neutrinos, LC-130 turboprop aeroplanes equipped with skis. The drilling rig but the approach required manpower-intensive calibrations and alone filled 30 flights, about an eighth of the annual capacity; fuel could not be scaled up for the much larger IceCube. The solution for the drill required another 25 flights. Many of the components was "String 18", a string of DOMs that, in addition to the AMANDA were transported in pieces to the Pole. The reassembly time limited fibre readout, included electronics for locally digitizing the signals, this inaugural drilling campaign to about 10 days. and sending digital signals to the surface. The digital readout Figure 3 shows an early result of this hard work, a cosmic-ray worked, and the DOM approach was adopted by IceCube. This muon in IceCube, in coincidence with an air shower observed by advance was a key to reaching the 1 km3 scale. eight surface tanks that form part of the IceTop array above IceCube Each DOM functions independently. Data collection starts when a (see below). These data were taken less than two weeks after photon is detected. The PMT output is collected with a custom t>

CERN Courier May 2005 19 CXI j DRUHEilf

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Fig. 4. Two IceTop tanks being installed in a shallow trench. Fig. 5. IceCube should detect several neutrinos from a single waveform-digitizer chip, which samples the signal 128 times at gamma-ray burst, of the kind that probably occurred in the 300 megasamples per second. Three parallel 10 bit digitizers com­ supernova remnant W49B, located about 35 000 light-years bine to provide a dynamic range of 16 bits. Late-arriving light is from Farth and shown here in a composite image from NASA's recorded with a 40 MHz, 10 bit analogue-to-digital converter, which Chandra X-ray Observatory and infrared observations with the stores 256 samples (6.4 JJS). These waveforms enable IceCube to Palomar 200 inch telescope. (X-ray: NASA/CXC/SSC/J Keohane reconstruct the arrival time of most detected photons. A large field- et al.; Infrared: Caltech/SSC/J Rho and TJarrett.) programmable gate array with an embedded processor controls the system, compresses the data and forms it into packets. and for design verification. Indeed, IceTop may reach temperatures The entire DOM uses only 5 W of power. Adjacent DOMs commu­ below -55 °C, beyond the design range of any electronic compo­ nicate via local-coincidence cables, allowing for possible coinci­ nents. Reliability estimates were also challenging. Conventional dence triggers. Data are transmitted to the surface over the DOM models predict that the failure rate halves for each 10 °C drop in power cables, and at the surface trigger conditions for the strings temperature; according to these models, IceCube will last forever. and array-wide are applied. The data are stored locally and selected samples transmitted to the Northern Hemisphere via satellite link. The physics of IceCube A surface cosmic-ray air-shower detector array, IceTop, forms part IceCube will study many physics topics, but the major objective is of IceCube. IceTop will eventually consist of 160 ice-filled tanks 2 m high-energy neutrino astronomy. Any source that accelerates pro­ in diameter, distributed over 1 km2 (figure 4). The tanks are similar tons or heavier ions (cosmic rays) also produces neutrinos. The to the water tanks used in other air-shower arrays - such as at accelerated particles will collide with other nuclei, producing Haverah Park in the UK, the Milagro Gamma Ray Observatory in the hadronic showers. Pions and kaons in the shower will decay, emit­ US and the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina. Each tank con­ ting neutrinos. Cosmic rays have been observed with energies up to tains two DOMs frozen in the ice. DOMs in each pair of tanks are 3 x 1020eV and the neutrino spectrum should extend to a few per connected via local coincidence signals, providing a simple local cent of this energy. The neutrino flux is model-dependent, but most trigger. Part of IceTop was the first piece of IceCube to be deployed, calculations predict that a 1 km3 detector should see at least a with eight tanks installed in December 2004. handful of events each year. IceTop will serve several functions: tagging IceCube events that There are several likely astrophysical sources of neutrinos. These are accompanied by cosmic-ray air showers; studying the cosmic- include active galactic nuclei (AGNs), gamma-ray bursters (GRBs) ray composition up to around 1018eV (correlating IceTop showers and supernova remnants. AGNs are galaxies with massive black with IceCube muons); and as a calibration source to tag direction- holes at their centres, which can power a jet of relativistic particles. ally the cosmic-ray muons that reach IceCube. Calculations based on the observed flux of photons at energies of One big problem in large arrays is measuring the relative timing tera-electron-volts show that IceCube should observe neutrinos from betweenseparated detector elements. IceCube solved this with AGNs. GRBs are mysterious objects that produce bursts of high- "RapCal", a timing calibration whereby signals are sent down the energy gamma rays (figure 5). They are associated with objects in cables from the surface then retransmitted to the surface. Accuracy galaxies, including hypernovae (very large supernovae) and colliding is maintained by using identical electronics at the two ends of the neutron stars. Some calculations suggest that IceCube should see cables. In IceCube, laboratory measurements and early data show a handful of neutrinos from a single GRB, which would be a striking that the local DOM clocks are kept calibrated to about 2 ns. result. Supernova remnants such as the Crab Nebula are the likely The environment at the South Pole motivated extensive reliability source of most cosmic rays of moderate energy in our galaxy. If this engineering and pre-deployment testing. The extended temperature is correct, they must also produce neutrinos. range - down to -55 °C - was a challenge for the selection of parts Neutrinos also probe cosmic rays more directly. Ultra-high- D>

CERN Courier May 2005 21 NEUTRINO TELESCOPES

energy (above 5x 10 9eV) protons interact with relic microwave search for deviations from the standard three-flavour scenario for photons from the big bang. These protons are excited into A reso­ neutrino oscillations. The IceCube collaboration will also look for nances, which decay to lower-energy nucleons and pions. violations of the Lorentz and equivalence principles, and will search Subsequent pion and neutron decays then produce neutrinos. The for neutrinos produced by the annihilation of weakly interacting mas­ proton energy-loss limits the range of very energetic protons; this is sive particles that have been gravitationally captured by the Earth or known as the Greisen-Kuzmin-Zatsepin cutoff. Photo-dissociation the Sun. Because of the very low dark-noise rates (about 800 Hz plays a similar role for heavier ions, limiting their range and pro­ per DOM), IceCube can detect bursts of low-energy neutrinos from ducing neutrinos. By measuring the ultra-high-energy neutrino spec­ collapsing supernovae. The detector will also contribute to glaciol- trum, IceCube will probe the cosmic-ray composition and possible ogy, studying the dust layers that record the Earth's weather over the evolution (with redshift) of energetic cosmic-ray sources. past 200 000 years. Besides being two orders of magnitude larger, IceCube has several • The IceCube collaboration consists of more than 150 scientists, advantages over experiments such as AMANDA and the array in Lake engineers and computer scientists from the US, Belgium, Ger­ Baikal. IceCube is optimized for higher-energy neutrinos (especially many, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and the UK. above ITeV), where the atmospheric neutrino background is lower. IceCube is funded by a $242 million Major Research Equipment The high detector granularity will allow IceCube to study electron- Grant from the US National Science Foundation, plus approxi­ neutrinos and tau-neutrinos as well as muon-neutrinos. The electron- mately $30 million from European funding agencies. neutrinos produce blob-like electromagnetic showers, which contrast strongly with long muon tracks; the latter can extend for many kilo­ Further reading metres. Above 1015eV, tau-neutrinos are identifiable through their J Ahrens et al. 2004 Astropart. Phys. 20 507. distinctive "double-bang" signature - an initial shower from the tau- E Andres etal. 2001 Nature 410 6827. neutrino interaction and the single track of a tau particle, which even­ See also www.icecube.wisc.edu. tually decays, producing a second shower. IceCube will study many other physics topics. Over a decade, it Spencer Klein, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and will observe about 1 million atmospheric neutrinos, enough to Francis Halzen, University of Wisconsin.

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1 19 K 20 22 Tj 23 y 24 25 27 29 31 32 34 36 Kr Ca Sc Cr Mn Co 28 Nj Cu Ga Ge Se 39.098 50.942 55.84F5e Zn As Br 0.86 40.078 44.956 7.87 63.546 72.64 63.4 1.55 1538 5.32 842 1541 938.3 Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium

37 11 42 43 44 45 18 9 51 52 53 | 39 y 40 Zr 46 4 Rb 38 S|. Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Rd Cd In Sb Te 87.62 91.224 106.42 Sn Xe 85.468 2.63 92.906 101.07 102.91 12.02 112.41 114.82 121.76 131.29 1.53 777 12.37 12.45 1554.9 6.70 5.887 39.3 2334 1964 630.6 -108.05 Caesium Barium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine

55 56 71 72 73 75 76 78 p 79 0 81 J, 82 pb 3 J4 85 At t Bi Cs Ba Lu 178H.49 f Ta 183.84 Re 190.2O3 s Au Hg 207.2 Po Rn 132.91 137.33 174.97 13.31 19.25 22.61 196.97 200.59 [209] 1.88 3.51 9.84 2233 3422 3033 13.55 9.20 28.4 727 1652 254 Francium Radium Lawrencium Rutherfordlum Dubnium Seaborglum Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium 113 87 p 88 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 106 Sg 107 08 109 Mt 110 111 112 114 115 116 r Ra Db Bh Hs Ds Uut Uuq Uup Uuh [223] [262] [266] Uuu Uub [226] [262] [264] [277] [281] [272] [285] [292] 5.0 700 Order on line Visit our web site for latest www.advent-rm.com Catalogue prices Advent Research Materials Ltd • Eynsham • Oxford • England 0X29 4JA £ • € • Sfr • US$ + new stock lines Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbflrn Thulium Ytterbium 57 58 60 61 62 64 65 66 67 68 69 La Ce 59 Rr Nd Pm Sm 63 Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm 70 Yb 140.91 151.96 167.26 157.25 162.50 164.93 168.93 173.04 138.91 140.12 6.64 144.24 [145] 150.36 5.244 158.93 9.066 6.80 7.353 7.901 8.551 8.795 9.321 6.57 6.146 6.689 935 7.264 826 8.219 1497 920 795 1024 1100 1072 1312 1356 1407 1461 1545 824 Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berketfum Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium 89 90 91 93 95 96 97 98 Qf 99 100 101 102 Ac Th Pa 92 y Np 94 Ru Am Cm Bk Es FM Md No [244] [251] 232.04 231.04 238.03 [237] [247] [247] 15.1 [257] m 19.816 [243] 14.78 [252] [258] 11.72 15.37 19,05 20.45 639 13.51 900 827 1050 1842 1568 1132 637 1340 986 1527 1176 860 827 Metals - Alloys • Foils • Sheets • Wires • Mesh • Rods • Tubes • for Research/Development and Industry Free Catalogue 800 Stock Lines • 4500 Standard Packs • Small Quantities • Competitive Prices • Fast Shipment Tel + 441865 884440 Fax + 441865 884460 [email protected]

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ELJEN TECHNOLOGY PO Box 870 / 300 Crane Street 3M Switzerland Ltd Sweetwater, Texas 79556 (USA) Eggstrasse 93, CH-8803 Ph: 915-235-4276 or 888-800-8771 Rueschlikon, Switzerland Fax: 915-235-2872 Tel. 0041-1-7249352 e-mail: [email protected] Fax 0041-1-7249336 www.eljerttechnology.com www.3minterconnects.ch Visit our website or contact us for a brochure TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CERN's innovations mean real benefits for industry

The ever-increasing high-technology requirements of particle-physics research provide a fertile ground for CERN's Technology Transfer Group, as Beatrice Bressan describes.

Advances in ultra-high vacuum technology SAES Getters pioneered getter technology with the invention of a technique for producing stable getter alloys in 1950. CERN's collaboration with the company began in the late 1970s when the vacuum system for the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider was designed. A non-evaporable getter (NEG) strip based on the SAES Getters getter alloy StlOl was selected as the main pumping system for the storage ring. As a result, SAES Getters supplied about 23 km of the strip to CERN. Later, in the 1990s, CERN developed and patented the thin-film NEG coating that delivers both /V? situ gas pumping and reduced out-gassing in a vacuum chamber. This involved CERN combining its expertise and knowledge of NEG and sputtering, which had matured in the development of radio-frequency cavities for LEP2, and was a breakthrough in pumping technology for particle accelerators. Ten years later, SAES Getters signed a licensing agreement with CERN for the transfer of this technology, which the company now markets under the tradename of "IntegraTorr". This technology represents a revolutionary way to integrate NEG pumping into a particle-accelerator vacuum chamber and also has applications in heavy-ion rings, synchrotron radiation facilities, insertion devices and beam lines. The new report from CERN's Technology Transfer Group.

Technology transfer promotes the injection of science into all levels of with industry and making its technologies available to third parties. daily life in many different ways. For example, nobody would ever Many of CERN's users come from distant locations and would like as have thought that a phenomenon based on quantum theory - much as possible to analyse data from their experiments in their quantum entanglement - would find practical applications in cryp­ home institutions. This led to the development of data networks tography, computing and teleportation, and lead to the creation of between CERN and these institutes. As a result CERN became one companies to safeguard the sharing of information. High-energy par­ of the major hubs of the European scientific data network, and with ticle physics stimulates innovative technological developments. In hindsight it is in a way natural that it was the birthplace of the World the quest to find out what matter is made of and how its different Wide Web. Furthermore, the major technology conferences and exhi­ components interact, high-energy physics needs highly sophisti­ bitions that CERN has often organized - the first took place in 1974 cated instruments in which the technology and required perfor­ - have been important occasions for establishing relationships mance often exceed the available industrial know-how. Thanks to between CERN and industry. However, up to the 1980s, except forthe the technologies developed for its research activities, CERN has protection of computer software through a copyright statement, there produced improvements in a variety of fields, many of which are was no structure in the laboratory to support an innovation policy. described in a new publication that illustrates the effectiveness of During the first 30 years of its life, CERN did not use intellectual- technology transfer between the organization and industry. property protection, such as patents. Its policy was "publish or per­ Since its creation in 1954 CERN has had a tradition of partnership ish", rather than "protect, publish and flourish". Furthermore, the >

CERN Courier May 2005 25 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

Pixel detector aids the materials industry In vivo PET scanner has clear benefits Semiconductor pixel technology is the first in a new generation The ClearPET small-animal system is a second-generation high- of energy-sensitive systems that enable the counting of single performance positron emission tomography (PET) scanner, photons. It has various imaging applications and derives from which for the first time combines high resolution and high developments in particle-physics experiments. Particle trackers sensitivity by using new technologies in crystals and electronics. consisting of layers of pixel detectors record the position and This system is a project of the Crystal Clear Collaboration, an time of particles when they pass through. This enables single interdisciplinary network of 11 institutes including CERN and events to be selected and particle tracks to be reconstructed. 92 world experts in different aspects of material science. The Panalytical (formerly Philips Analytical) is producing X-ray German company Raytest, experienced in the design and diffraction equipment for advanced-materials studies in which development of new scientific instrumentation, is the the prototype uses a technology developed at CERN: the commercial partner in this collaboration. Medipix2, a single-photon-counting pixel-detector readout chip. ClearPET applies the non-invasive PET technique to the in vivo The information contained in the energy of the incoming imaging of small animals (rodents and small primates). photons is used to reject noise from detector leakage current or Recently developed systems have a high spatial resolution of background light and to count only those photons that deposit about 2 mm. A direct application of this technology is in small- energy within a given energy window. The resulting images are animal PET for in vivo whole-body investigations under practically noise-free. In addition, because a linear response is physiological conditions, including functional and diagnostic obtained at up to 1 million photons per second per pixel, it is studies, as well as the study of new tracers and of new drugs for possible to use the technology in applications that involve a applications in therapy, and testing treatments and new drugs large number of photons. in brain and cancer research.

conventional model of technology transfer was via purchasing con­ the endorsement of a technology-transfer policy in 2000, enables tracts, which required frequent interaction between industry and CERN to identify, protect, promote, transfer and disseminate innov­ CERN owing to the highly innovative equipment concerned. The con­ ative technologies in the European scientific and industrial environ­ tracts and the financial rules required competitive bidding, with the ment. Once the technology and intellectual property have been award going to the lowest offer - a process that is not well adapted properly identified and adequately channelled (that is to say, pro­ to collaborative agreements aimed at technology transfer. Then in tected by the appropriate means), they enter a promotional step 1984, when planning for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) began, intended to attract external interest and to prepare the ground for CERN recognized the need for strong involvement of industry even at targeted dissemination and implementation. the initial R&D stage, given the magnitude and technical complexity The dissemination and exploitation of CERN's technologies are of the project. at the heart of the technology-transfer process. In addition to the In 1986 the relations between CERN and industry were analysed conventional licensing model for transferring the technology, and two years later its member states encouraged the organiza­ there is a policy of R&D partnership, which aims to promote tion to take a more proactive attitude towards technology transfer. CERN's technology more quickly and to further its dissemination This was formalized with the establishment of the Industrial outside particle physics. This type of transfer requires a large Technology Liaison Office - the beginning of a technology-transfer investment for the development of a specific product, so tangible strategy at CERN. The call for technology for the development of the financial results are uncertain. LHC detectors, launched in 1991, was another opportunity to reinforce the relationships between CERN and industry. At the Further reading same time value was given to the protection of intellectual property Many examples from the 160 CERN technologies managed by CER/V generated by the laboratory's activities and endorsed by the cre­ Technology Transfer are illustrated in the new publication CERN ation of a Technology Transfer Group. Technology Transfers to Industry and Society, ISBN 9290832401 This means that CERN now has another way to fuel technical inno­ See also www.cern.ch/technologytransfer. vations in the industries of its member states, beyond the conven­ tional method of procurement. The proactive model, facilitated by Beatrice Bressan, Technology Transfer Group, CERN.

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VENUS, the latest superconducting ECR ion source, is blazing the trail for the next generation of heavy-ion accelerators, as Daniela Leitner of LBNL explains.

A key technology for the next generation of heavy-ion accelerators will be a powerful, high-charge-state heavy-ion injector that provides an ion-beam intensity an order of magnitude higher than is currently achievable. In addition, future facilities - such as the proposed Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) in the US, the Radioactive Ion Beam Factory at RlKEN in Japan, and the project to upgrade the facility at the Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Germany - will demand a high flexibility in the species of ions available for experi­ ments that may last several weeks. High-performance electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion sources routinely produce beams of ions ranging from hydrogen to uranium, thereby providing the nec­ essary reliability and flexibility. However, to meet the requirements for high currents, a new generation of ECR ion source will be needed. The Versatile ECR Ion Source for Nuclear Science (VENUS), designed and built at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), is the most advanced superconducting ECR ion source and the first "next-generation" source in operation (figure 1). It is the first fully superconducting ECR ion source that reaches magnetic- confinement fields sufficient for optimum operation at 28 GHz. Recently the project passed a major milestone with the successful coupling of 28 GHz microwaves into the plasma of the ion source. Preliminary tests at this frequency have already resulted in record intensities for beams of medium and highly charged ions. The results indicate for the first time that the high demands of the next generation of heavy-ion accelerators can be met. The development of ECR ion sources has its roots in fusion plasma research in the late 1960s. The principle is to use mag­ netic confinement and ECR heating to produce a plasma made up of energetic electrons and relatively cold ions. Figure 2 shows the Fig. 1. The VENUS electron cyclotron resonance ion source and analys main ingredients of an ECR ion source: magnets for plasma con­ finement, microwaves for ECR heating, and gas to create and sus­ must be confined for long enough for this sequential ionization to tain the plasma. For high-charge-state sources the magnetic take place. In a typical ECR ion source, ions need to be confined confinement consists of an axial magnetic-mirror field superim­ for about 10~2s to produce high-charge-state ions. The ionization posed by a radially increasing sextupole (also called hexapole) or rate depends on the plasma density, which typically ranges from other multipole magnetic field. The combination of the axial mirror about 1011 cm"3 for low-frequency sources to more than 1012 cm-3 field and the radial multipole field produces a "minimum-B" con­ for the highest-frequency sources. Charge exchange with neutral figuration, in which the magnetic field is at a minimum at the cen­ atoms must be minimized, so operating pressures are typically tre of the device and increases in every direction away from the 10"6 mbar or less. The plasma chamber is biased positively so that centre, providing stable plasma confinement. the ions can be extracted from the plasma and accelerated into the The electrons, which are heated resonantly by microwaves, pro­ beam-transport system. duce the high-charge-state ions primarily by sequential impact ion­ The first sources using ECR heating to produce multiply-charged ization of atoms and ions in the plasma. The ions and electrons ions were reported in 1972 in France by Richard Geller. Since then

28 CERN Courier May 2005 ACCELERATORS e of heavy-ion sources

Fig. 2. Schematic of an ECR ion source. The magnetic- confinement structure consists of an axial magnetic-mirror field superimposed by a radially increasing sextupole field.

Fig. 3. Conceptual design of the superconducting magnet agnet ofLBNL, installed on the roof of the 88 inch cyclotron. structure for the ECR ion source VENUS.

the development and refinement of ECR ion sources have improved greater than those of previous sources. The strong forces between performance dramatically. For example, in 1980 the Micromafios the superconducting sextupole and the solenoid coils were the main source at the Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Grenoble produced technical challenges of building such a source. Indeed, VENUS was 20e|jAof Ar8+and lOeLjA of Ar9+. Later the 18 GHz source at RIKEN the first source to build such a strong confinement structure, and it produced 2000 epA of Ar8+ and 1000 epA of Ar9+ in 2003. holds the world record for the highest ECR confinement field ever The main drivers for improving the performance of ECR ion achieved, with an axial field of 4T at injection, 3T at extraction and sources were formulated in Geller's famous ECR scaling laws, which a radial field at the plasma chamber wall of 2.4T. predicted that higher magnetic fields and higher frequencies would The technology that made this high field-strength possible was increase both plasma density and ion-confinement times, which the careful design of the magnet-clamping structure, utilizing blad­ would improve performance. Following these guidelines and using ders filled with liquid metal and a split-pole structure made from other experimental data, the ambitious design for the VENUS ECR iron and aluminium for the sextupole coils. The iron increases the ion source was developed with magnetic-confinement fields much radial field-strength by about 10%, and the aluminium pieces >

CERN Courier May 2005 29 ACCELERATORS

were used to match the thermal expansion of the superconducting acteristics, are very similar to those for uranium. Moreover, bismuth wire and the pole. Figure 3 on p29 shows the conceptual design of is also very similar to lead, so the results could also be of interest for the magnet structure. a future intensity upgrade for the Large Hadron Collider at CERN. Originally VENUS was designed to produce high-current, high- The preliminary performance data measured at 28 GHz in 2004 charge-state ions for the 88 inch cyclotron at LBNL, but it has with VENUS confirmed the scaling laws for intensity, and were the evolved to serve also as the prototype injector ion source for the first evidence that meeting the high-intensity requirements is feas­ driver linac of the proposed RIA facility. In the latter application ible. Nevertheless, these high-intensity beams present a new chal­ VENUS has become a highly visible project. Similar injector sources lenge for the beam-transport lines of ECR ion sources, which are are proposed or under construction in RIKEN, GSI and the Laboratori traditionally designed for low-current ion beams. In addition, the Nazionali del Sud, Catania, in Italy. high magnetic field at the extraction region greatly affects ion-beam formation and quality (i.e. emittance). This could appear to limit a Testing, testing... further increase in the confinement fields and heating frequencies. The operational experience with VENUS has been excellent in terms However, experiments have found that higher-charge-state beams of stability, reproducibility and reliability during the commissioning have much higher beam quality than lower-charge-state beams. period with power at 18 and 28 GHz. During initial operation at This can be explained by a model where the high-charge-state 28 GHz, record intensities of medium-charge-state beams such as ions are extracted closer to the magnetic-field axis than the low- 245 e|jA of Bi29+, and high-charge-state beams such as 16 epA of charge-state ions, leading to less angular momentum and a smaller Bi41+, were extracted easily. The testing programme has initially transverse beam emittance. VENUS's widely variable magnetic field focused on bismuth, since its mass is close to that of uranium, at extraction will enable us to explore this model experimentally. which will be the most challenging ion beam for RIA and also for Later this year the VENUS source will be tested with uranium ions - the radioactive ion-beam factory in RIKEN. Bismuth is an ideal test one of the key ion beams for RIA and for the RIKEN radioactive ion- beam since it is less reactive than uranium, not radioactive and beam factory - which will be a major milestone for the project. evaporates at modest temperatures. However, the processes of extraction and ion-beam formation, as well as the transport char­ Daniela Leitner, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

30 CERN Courier May 2005 V

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RICH2004, held in the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico, presented a snapshot of the lively field of Cherenkov light imaging.

The well established ring imaging Cherenkov (RICH) technique measures the Cherenkov angle via direct imaging of photons emit­ ted through the Cherenkov effect. It is mainly used in high-energy and astroparticle physics experiments to identify charged particles over an impressive range in momentum, from a few hundred mega- electron-volts/c up to several hundred giga-electron-volts/c. The performance of the technique has yet to be matched by competing technologies, especially when the physics objectives require excel­ lent particle identification. In 1993, Eugenio Nappi of Bari and Tom Ypsilantis of College de France began a series of international workshops to provide a forum RICH2004's organizers: Guy Paic (far left) and Jurgen Engelfried for reviewing the most significant developments and new perspec­ (far right), talking with Boris Govorkov and Elena Cherenkova. tives on this powerful technique. From 30 November to 5 December 2004, the beautiful resort of Playa del Carmen on the Yucatan sions between talks. In addition to the 10 invited talks, 55 other Peninsula in Mexico hosted the fifth in the series. Following on from papers were accepted for oral presentations, while the remainder the first workshop in Bari, Italy, and subsequent meetings in were conveyed in the poster session. Uppsala, Ein Gedi and Pylos, this was the first foray to the other The main advances of the past few years played a central role in side of the Atlantic. the workshop. These include the imaging of Cherenkov photons RICH2004 was dedicated to the centenary of the birth of Pavel totally reflected in quartz bars (the basic principle of the Detection Cherenkov in July 1904, who discovered the effect through which of Internally Reflected Cherenkov light [DIRC] technique adopted in charged particles travelling faster than light in a medium emit a the BaBar experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center characteristic radiation. To honour him, the local organizing com­ [SLAC]); the development and applications of photocathodes made mittee - headed by two seasoned RICH practitioners in Mexico, of thin films of caesium iodide (Csl); and the current availability of Jurgen Engelfried from the University in San Luis Potosi (UASLP) multi-anode photomultipliers (MAPMTs) and large-area hybrid pho­ and Guy Paic from the Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares of the ton detectors (HPDs). National University in Mexico City (UNAM) - invited Cherenkov's Jochen Schwiening of SLAC gave an overview of the current DIRC daughter, Elena Cherenkova, to the meeting. A physicist herself, layout for BaBar, while in a contribution to the poster session Jerry she captured the attention of the audience by recollecting her father Va'vra, also from SLAC, described the possibility of enhancing the through unpublished photographs and anecdotes. Boris Govorkov, detector's performance by adding a focusing system. The design a long-time collaborator of Cherenkov, was also invited to talk about and construction of gaseous photodetectors based on large-area the history of the discovery of Cherenkov radiation. Csl photocathodes, which work in reflective mode with electron

The workshop itself consisted of topical sessions on Cherenkov- extraction in CH4 at atmospheric pressure, have been mastered. light imaging applications and related technological issues. It This was shown by Abraham Gallas of CERN, Silvia Dalla Torre of attracted some 100 participants from around the world and the and Mauro lodice of Rome, who reported on applications in large number of abstracts received proved that this field is still very the ALICE and COMPASS detectors at CERN and in experiments fertile and open to innovative ideas, about both the basic config­ in Hall A at the Jefferson Laboratory, respectively. Herbert Hoedl- uration of detectors and the technology used in their construction. moser of CERN also reviewed preliminary results from irradiation While all the submitted contributions were very interesting, the orga­ tests on Csl photocathodes. nizers had to make a selection to allow time for extensive discus- Although gaseous photon detectors remain the most effective >

CERN Courier May 2005 33 PARTICLE DETECTORS

aerogel. Several speakers discussed the outstanding improvement of the optical characteristics of this amazing material, made pos­ sible by the work of the group of Alexander Danyliuk and Alexei Onuchin in Novosibirsk and of the Japanese company Matsushita. The high transparency of aerogel nowadays and the possibility of producing tiles made of layers with different refractive indices enable more compact detector designs based on proximity focusing geometry. Such a design is envisaged for the upgrade of the Belle experiment at KEK and, in threshold mode, for heavy-ion experi­ ments, as reported by Peter Krizan of Ljubljana and Paic, respec­ tively. On technological aspects, Veljko Radeka of BNL reported on perspectives for front-end and read-out electronics, and Olav Ulla- land of CERN discussed the design of fluid systems. A discussion about the performance of operating detection sys­ tems included overviews of the RICH for the HERA-B experiment at DESY, from Marko Staric of Ljubljana; the triethylamine RICH in the CLEO III experiment at Cornell, from Radia Sia of Syracuse; and the Elena Cherenkova, right, in discussion with Silvia Dalla Torre, the dual-radiator RICH of the HERMES detector at DESY, from Harold organizer of the next RICH conference; in the background is the Jackson of Argonne. Forthcoming RICH detectors in fixed-target and image of Pavel Cherenkov from Elena's talk about her father. collider experiments took centre stage halfway through the work­ shop with reports on RICH2 for COMPASS at CERN from Fulvio solution for large detector areas in relatively low-rate experiments, Tessarotto of Trieste, and the RICHs for the Charged Kaons at the the improvements in the technology of multichannel vacuum-based Main Injector (CKM) and B Physics at the Tevatron (BTeV) experi­ photon detectors have created the possibility of using the ments at Fermilab from Peter Cooper of Fermilab and Tomasz Cherenkov-light imaging technique in applications that were unthink­ Skwarnicki of Syracuse, respectively. The impressive results able only a few years ago. One example is measuring how long obtained with RICH detectors, especially in charge-parity violation Cherenkov photons take to propagate in long quartz bars (the time- in B-physics experiments, were reviewed by Blair Ratcliff of SLAC. of-propagation or TOP counter), as Tom lijima from Nagoya dis­ A full day of the workshop was devoted to astroparticle physics cussed. The two RICHs being constructed for the LHCb experiment at applications, beginning with overviews from Greg Hallewell of CERN are the most exacting examples of this "new generation" and Marseille and Alan Watson of Leeds. They made it clear that the several talks covered their challenging design. new generation of experiments under construction in astrophysics In parallel with the industrial production of HPDs and MAPMTs, will be the most challenging designs ever attempted. the development of custom designs has recently evolved consider­ The consensus of the workshop is that nowadays, with the excep­ ably. A partnership with one major industrial manufacturer has been tion of the next generation of experiments at linear colliders, all established to develop multi-anode hybrid avalanche photodiodes experiments need and plan for particle identification at ever-higher and photodevices based on the combination of a micro-channel momenta and therefore, for the most part, rely on RICH detectors. plate and micromegas, as reported by Takayuki Sumiyoshi of KEK This was the key message of the talk by Nappi at the end of the and Va'vra, respectively. meeting. The high quality of the talks and the enjoyable location Besides the Csl-based RICHs mentioned above, Vladimir Peskov made this event a great success and RICH practitioners are very from Paris also discussed novel gaseous detectors. In the same much looking forward to the sixth in the series, which will be held in vein, Fabio Sauli of CERN reviewed advances in the gas electron- Trieste in autumn 2007. multiplier (GEM) technique, which enables high-performance detec­ • RICH2004 was sponsored by several Mexican institutions tors to be built that are essentially discharge-free and have very high including the Centro de Investigation y de Estudios Avanzados gains. Amos Breskin of the Weizmann Institute reviewed the impor­ (CINVESTAV), the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia yTecnologia tant results obtained in detecting single photons with a multi-GEM (CONACyT), UNAM and UASLP; CERN; the National Science

counter, filled with CF4 or Ar/CH4, which operates smoothly up to a Foundation (NSF); the Centro LatinoAmericano de Fisica (CLAF); gain as high as 105. These studies were the basis for the develop­ SLAC; and Fermilab. ment of the "hadron-blind" Cherenkov detector under construction for the Pioneering High-Energy Nuclear Interaction Experiment Further reading (PHENIX) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), as reported Presentation slides of all the talks can be downloaded from the by ItzakTserruya, also of the Weizmann Institute. conference website at www.ifisica.uaslp.mx/rich2004/. The trend of operating RICH detectors in the visible range The proceedings of the workshop will be published by Elsevier in improves performance because the chromatic aberration is less the journal Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. than with detectors working in the far-ultraviolet region; it also implies a larger choice of materials for the radiator, such as silica Eugenio Nappi, INFN-Bari, and Guy Paic, ICN-UNAM.

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Hesnzsngeinzr electronii c GmbH r P The Power Supply Company rid Anton-Jakob-Strasse 4 See http://www.cremat.com 83026 Rosenheim - Germany Heinzinger Phone: +49-8031-2458-0 for specifications and ordering c r e m a t Fax; +49-8031-2458-58 [email protected] power supply ^ www.heinzinger.de Cremat, Inc., 45 Union St., Watertown, MA 02472 USA CONFERENCE Physics in the Italian Alps

In February, 120 physicists travelled to the mountain village of La Thuile in Italy to discuss results and perspectives in particle physics. Michael Koratzinos reports.

Now in its 19th year, the Ren­ a weakly interacting massive par­ contres de Physique de la Vallee ticle (WIMP) - a popular option d'Aoste is known for being a for the dark matter of the uni­ vibrant winter conference, where verse. This prompted Dmitri Kaja- presentations of new results and kov of the Institute for Theoretical in-depth discussions are inter­ and Experimental Physics (ITEP), laced with time for skiing. Taking Moscow, to state that "dark mat­ place in La Thuile, a village on the ter is the supersymmetric partner Italian side of Mont Blanc, it con­ of the cosmic microwave back­ sistently attracts a balanced mix ground", since neutralinos can be of young researchers and sea­ thought of as spin-f photons. soned regulars from both theoret­ The Gamma-Ray Large Area ical and experimental high-energy Space Telescope (GLAST) satel­ physics. The 2005 meeting, which lite, launching in 2007, will offer took place from 27 February to 5 One of the 10 sessions in full swing at the Panibel Hotel. an important improvement in March, was no exception. gamma-ray astronomy, with sen­ As well as the standard sessions on particle physics, cosmology sitivity to 10 000 gamma-ray sources compared with EGRET'S 200. and astrophysics typical for such a conference, the organizers The DAMA/Nal collaboration raised some eyebrows. It reported always try to include a round-table session on a topical subject, as an annual modulation of 6.3a significance in data observed over well as a session on a wider-interest topic that tackles the impact of seven years in its nuclear-recoil experiment at the Gran Sasso science on society. This year, the first of these sessions was Physics National Laboratory, which stopped taking data in 2002. This mod­ and the Feasibility of High-Intensity, Medium-Energy Accelerators, ulation could be interpreted as due to a WIMP component in the and the second was The Energy Problem. galactic halo, which is seen from Earth as a "wind" with different speeds, depending on the annual cycle. The collaboration's study of Dark energy, WIMPs and cannon balls possible backgrounds has not identified any process that could An increasing number of experiments are trying to answer questions mimic such a signal, but other experiments have not observed a in high-energy physics by taking to the skies, making the distinction similar effect. The new set-up, DAMA/LIBRA, which is more than between particle physics and astronomy more fuzzy. The first ses­ twice as big and started taking data in 2003, might shed some light. sion of the conference presented an impressive array of experiments Another way of looking for WIMPs is through their annihilations and results, ranging from gravitational-wave detection to gamma- that produce antimatter. Antimatter in the universe is not produced ray astronomy. The team working on the Laser Interferometer in large quantities in standard processes, therefore any excess of Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), with two fully functioning antimatter seen would be exciting news for WIMP searchers. The antennas 3000 km apart, now understands the systematics and Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-Nuclei Astro­ has begun the fourth period of data-taking with improved sensitivity. physics (PAMELA) satellite due to be launched later this year will In gamma-ray astronomy, ground-based detectors - which detect provide valuable data on antiproton and positron spectra. the Cherenkov light emitted when gamma-ray-induced particle show­ Alvaro De Rujula of CERN, using traditional (and increasingly rare) ers traverse the atmosphere - are constantly improving. The High coloured transparencies written by hand, gave an account of his Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) in Namibia became fully oper­ theory of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which has now developed into ational in 2004 with a threshold of 100 GeV, while new detectors a theory of cosmic rays. Central to the theory are the cosmic "can­ with thresholds as low as 20 GeV are in the pipeline. Satellite-based non balls", objects ejected from supernovae with a density of one gamma-ray detectors have also provided some excitement, with the particle per cubic centimetre, and with a mass similar to that of the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET) observing an planet Mercury but a radius similar to that of the orbit of Mars (CERN excess of diffuse gamma rays above 1 GeV, uniformly distributed Courier June 2003 p5). These cannon balls, moving through the over all directions in the sky. interstellar medium at high speeds (with initial y factors of the order This excess could be interpreted as due to the annihilation of neu- of 1000), not only explain GRBs and their afterglows in a simple tralinos. The neutralino is the supersymmetric candidate of choice as way, but also explain all features of cosmic-ray spectra and >

CERN Courier May 2005 37 CONFERENCE

lowing a chemical leak (CERN Courier September 2003 p6). The laboratory is the host of a multitude of experiments on neutrino and dark-matter physics. These include the Imaging Cosmic And Rare Underground Signals (ICARUS) and Oscillation Project With Emul­ sion Tracking Apparatus (OPERA) experiments for the future CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso (CNGS) project and Borexino, which is the only experiment other than KamLAND in Japan that can measure low-energy solar neutrinos. The laboratory also houses neutrinoless double-beta-decay experiments. Participants at the meeting find time to pick up their e-mails. Strong, weak and electroweak matters composition, at least semi-quantitatively, without the need to resort In the session on quantum chromodynamics, Michael Danilov of to fanciful new physics. What the theory does not attempt to explain, ITEP had the unenviable task of reviewing the numerous experi­ however, is how cannon balls are accelerated in the first place. ments that have looked for pentaquarks. In recent years, there have Dark energy was reviewed by Antonio Masiero of the University been 17 reports of a pentaquark signal and 17 null results. Danilov of Padova. Masiero pointed out that theories that do not associate justified his sceptical approach by pointing out various problems dark energy with the cosmological constant do exist. One can with the observed signals. The small width of the 0+ is very unusual assume, for instance, that general relativity does not hold over very for strong decays. Moreover, this state has not been seen at the long distances, or that there is some dynamical explanation, like Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider, although this fact can be cir­ an evolving scalar field that has not yet reached its state of mini­ cumvented by assuming that the production cross-section falls with mum energy (known as a quintessence scalar field), or even that energy. However, the Belle experiment at KEK does not see the sig­

dark energy is tracking neutrinos. With the latter assumption, he nal either, weakening the cross-section argument. The 0C is seen by came to the interesting conclusion that the mass of the neutrinos the HI experiment at HERA, but not by ZEUS or by the Collision depends on their density, and therefore that neutrino mass changes Detector at Fermilab (CDF). Finally, many experiments have not with time. The cosmological constant or vacuum-energy approach, seen the H" signal. Although Danilov thinks that the statistical sig­ however, offers the less exotic explanation of dark energy. nificance of the reported signals has been overestimated, it is still Finally, Andreas Eckart of the University of Cologne reviewed our too large to be a statistical fluctuation. The question will only be knowledge of black holes, with emphasis on the massive black hole settled by high-statistics experiments coming soon. at the centre of our own galaxy, Sagittarius A*. He played an impres­ Amarjit Soni of Brookhaven summarized our knowledge of sive time sequence of observations taken over 10 years of the vicin­ charge-parity (CP) violation by emphasizing the success of the B- ity of this black hole, showing star orbits curving around it. factories, the fact that the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa paradigm is confirmed, and that we now know how to determine the unitarity The golden age of neutrino experiments triangle angles a and y, as well as the previously known angle (3. The neutrino session began with Guido Altarelli of CERN, who The electroweak session began with a report on new results from reviewed the subject in some depth. Although impressive progress LEP, with LEP showing no signs that it has said its final word yet. The

has been made during the past decade, there are unmeasured par­ running of aQED has been the subject of a new analysis of Bhabha ameters that the new generation of experiments must address. The events at LEP. The results from the OPAL experiment, recently sub­ Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), which uses mitted for publication, give the strongest direct evidence for the run­

the clean ice of the South Pole for neutrino detection, reported no ning of aQED ever achieved in a single experiment, with a significance signal from its search for neutrino point-sources in the sky, but the above 5a. Regarding the W mass, the combined data error for LEP collaboration is already excited about its sequel, IceCube (see pl7). now stands at 42 MeV, whereas at the Tevatron, Run II is being The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) collaboration has added analysed and the error from CDF from 200 fb"1 of data (a third of the salt to its apparatus, to increase the detection efficiency by nearly a collected data) is already less than their published result for Run I. factor of three compared with the earlier runs. Analysis yields slightly The Tevatron collaborations expect to achieve a 30-40 MeV error on

1 smaller errors on Am13 than K2K (KEK to Kamiokande), the long- the W mass with 2 fb" of data. The search is on for the Higgs par­ baseline experiment in Japan, which reported on the end of data- ticle at Fermilab with a new evaluation of theTevatron's reach. For a taking. K2K is now handing over to the Main Injector Neutrino low-mass Standard Model Higgs, the integrated luminosity needed Oscillation Search (MINOS) in the US, which had recorded the first for discovery (5a) is 8 fb"1; evidence (3a) needs 3 fb"1, while exclu­ events in its near detector just in time for the conference. MINOS is sion up to 130 GeV needs 4 fb"1. similar in conception to K2K, but has a magnetic field in its fiducial volume - the first time in such an underground detector - and it From high intensity to future physics will need three years of data-taking to provide competitive results. The round-table discussion on physics and the feasibility of high- The director of the Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Eugenio intensity, medium-energy accelerators was chaired by Giorgio Coccia, gave a status report of the activities of the laboratory, which Chiarelli of the University of Pisa, and after a short introduction he is undergoing an important safety and infrastructure upgrade fol­ asked the panel members for their views. Pantaleo Raimondi of

38 CERN Courier May 2005 CONFERENCE

Frascati gave an overview of B and § factories and Gino Isidori, also that this ambitious project, with its many engineering challenges, of Frascati, pointed to a series of interesting measurements that will pave the way for commercial fusion-power plants. can be performed by a possible upgrade to the Double Annular Ring This talk was followed by presentations on geothermal, solar, For Nice Experiments (DAFNE) set-up at Frascati, where the time hydroelectric and wind energy, covering a wide spectrum of renew­ schedule would be a key point. able energy resources. It was clear from the presentations that the Francesco Forti of Pisa discussed the possibility of a "super B- problem of future energy production is complicated, and a clear factory". He noted that by 2009, 1 ab_1-worth of B-physics data winner has yet to emerge from these alternative energy sources. will be available around the world, and to have a real impact any In the session on physics beyond the Standard Model, Andrea new machine would need to provide integrated luminosities of the Romanino of CERN did not make many friends among the commu­ order of 50 ab"1. Roland Garoby of CERN talked about a future nity working towards the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. He high-intensity proton beam at CERN, where the need for a powerful stated that "split supersymmetry" - a variation of supersymmetry proton driver, a necessary building block of future projects, has (SUSY) that ignores the naturalness criterion - pushes the SUSY been identified. Finally, Franco Cervelli of Pisa reviewed the high- scale (and any SUSY particles) beyond reach of the LHC, although intensity frontier, including prospects for the physics of quantum within reach of a future muIti-tera-eIectron-voIt collider. chromodynamics, kaons, the muon dipole-moment and neutrinos. A of CERN appeared undeterred. She closed the lively debate followed. session and the conference by giving a taste of the first data-taking In the interesting science and society session on alternative period of the LHC to come. She reminded the audience that for energy sources, Durante Borda of the Instituto Superior Tecnico of Standard Model processes at least, one typical day at the LHC (at a Lisbon gave a detailed account of ITER, the prototype nuclear-fusion luminosity of 1033) is equivalent to 10 years at previous machines. reactor that is expected to be the first of its kind to generate more • The conference series is organized by Giorgio Bellettini and energy than it consumes. ITER is designed to fuse deuterium Giorgio Chiarelli of the University of Pisa and Mario Greco of the (obtained from water) with tritium obtained in situ from lithium bom­ University of Rome. barded with neutrons, thereby creating helium and releasing heat (in the form of neutrons) captured through heat exchangers. It is hoped Michael Koratzinos, CERN.

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APPOINTMENTS Barry Barish to lead design project for International Linear Collider

Barry Barish from the Institute of working on the research and development Technology (Caltech) has been named the projects required for preparing a final director of the Global Design Effort for the Technical Design Report for the ILC (CERN proposed International Linear Collider (ILC). CourierOctober 2004 p5). When this report The announcement was made by the is completed, the project will be able to move International Committee for Future towards obtaining formal approval from Accelerators (ICFA) at the Linear Collider funding agencies. Workshop, which was held at Stanford The proposed collider has a vast set of University on 18 March. Barish is Linde goals. It would create high-energy particle Professor of Physics at Caltech and director of collisions between electrons and positrons, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave and provide a tool to address many of the Observatory (LIGO) laboratory. most compelling questions of the 21st The ILC Global Design Effort will be the century about dark matter, extra dimensions, focal point for coordinating the interests and and the fundamental nature of matter, energy, involvement of accelerator scientists and space and time. particle physicists in North America, Europe From its inception, the ILC would be and Asia. Barish will lead the hundreds of Barry Barish, newly appointed director of designed, funded, managed and operated as scientists worldwide who are currently the Global Design Effort for the ILC. an international scientific project. Sissakian is named the new director of JINR

Alexei Sissakian has been elected the new director of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Russia. Well known in the fields of elementary particle physics, theoretical physics and mathematical physics, and a full member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences and the National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Sissakian is the fifth JINR director. He. succeeds Vladimir Kadyshevsky, who headed the institute from 1992. Sissakian, who has been laboratory director and vice-director at JINR, is a specialist in the field of multi-particle production. He has been an active participant in the preparation of scientific programmes and experiments at the U-70 accelerator at the Institute of High Energy Physics and at the JINR Nuclotron, as well as at CERN and Fermilab. Sissakian is Left to right: JINR director Vladimir Kadyshevsky, head of the Federal Agency for Science also a professor at Moscow State University. and Innovation Sergey Mazurenko, and the newly elected JINR director Alexei Sissakian. The election was held at the session of the Committee of Plenipotentiaries (CP) of the Russian Federation's Federal Agency for director, the CP also recommended the governments of the institute's member states, Science and Innovation, Sergey Mazurenko. introduction of the honourary post of JINR underthe chairmanship of the head of the As well as appointing Sissakian as its new scientific supervisor for Kadyshevsky.

CERN Courier May 2005 41 PEOPLE

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION NEW PRODUCTS

Vietnam targets fundamental science CEDIP Infrared Systems has announced a new toolkit for use with its range of cameras, which enables simple setting up and control via the LabVIEW programming environment. The toolkit enables users to acquire, store, retrieve, display and process still images and video using CEDIP's infrared cameras, and is provided on a CD-ROM. For further information, call +33 1 60 37 0100, e-mail [email protected] or visit the website www. ced i p-i nf ra red. co m.

Fujikura Europe has released the SpliceMate, which it claims is the world's smallest laser fusion splicer for fibre optics, measuring 110 x 100 x 80 mm and weighing 640 g. The splicer is designed to be highly portable, so can be used in areas of limited Participants from the Fifth Rencontres du Vietnam on their visit to the Presidential Palace. access. For further details, call Neil Bessant on +44 20 8240 2027. On 5-11 August 2004 Hanoi hosted the Fifth The 300 participants from many countries Rencontres du Vietnam, organized by Jean included a significant number from Vietnam Lambert Instruments has developed an Tran Thanh Van of Orsay. Two scientific and the Pacific Rim. Nguyen van Hieu, on intensified charge-coupled device camera, the communities - high-energy physicists and behalf of the Vietnamese Academy of Science LI2CAM, for industrial and scientific astrophysicists - gathered for two and Technology, gave an interesting overview applications. It offers high sensitivity down to conferences: New Views in Particle Physics, of the current state of research in Vietnam. the single-photon level combined with speeds and New Views on the Universe. Vietnamese researchers are active of up to 15 fps at a full resolution of "Twinning" the conferences in this way was participants in international collaborations for 1392 x 1040 pixels. Other features are fast particularly fruitful; the conferences ran in two major experiments, DO at Fermilab and gating down to 40 ns (5 and 2 ns are parallel, yet there were common sessions for the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina. optional) and external triggering. Computer the presentation of new results of mutual (The Vietnamese contribution to the latter is control is via a USB2.0 interface. For further interest. Researchers who are rarely able to headed by Pierre Darriulat, formerly of CERN.) details, call +31 50 5018461, e-mail be in the same place at the same time were During the meeting, the President of [email protected] or see thus able to meet, exchange ideas and launch Vietnam, Tran Due Luong, received a small www.lambert-instruments.com. new cross-disciplinary activities. group of participants from many countries at The keynote talks, given in a common the Presidential Palace in the presence of Pfeiffer Vacuum has issued its 2005-2007 opening session by Angela Olinto of Chicago Nguyen van Hieu and Dang Vu Minh of the catalogue, covering the complete range of and Albrecht Wagner of DESY, were Academy of Science and Technology. vacuum technology, including equipment for informative overviews of the present state of In his welcome speech, Luong - himself a producing, controlling and measuring astrophysics and high-energy physics, geophysicist trained in the Soviet Union - vacuum, as well as accessories and highlighting the bridges and tunnels between emphasized that the development of science components. It contains information on the the two disciplines. and technology is one of Vietnam's major field of application of each product, as well as A special session, devoted to the physics of priorities for the coming years. Tran Thanh Van technical data and part numbers. For an future accelerators and in particular to the thanked the President and the Vietnamese online version see www.pfeiffer-vacuum.com. difficult question of the next-generation people for their warm welcome and support. accelerator, was followed by a round-table Danilov, a former director of ITEP, reiterated Photonic Products has added Panasonic's discussion featuring the directors and on behalf of the participants that research in range of aspherical glass lenses to its representatives of the major accelerator fundamental science is vital for the healthy portfolio of optoelectronic components. The institutes: Michael Danilov (Russia's Institute development of society. compact, lightweight lenses, with focal for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, or Vietnamese society is rapidly entering a lengths from 0.69 mm to 20 mm, enable ITEP), (KEK), Albrecht Wagner new technological era. Participants who had devices to be smaller and lighter but with (DESY), Michael Witherell (Fermilab), Stanley also attended the Second Rencontres du higher performance. Data sheets are available Wojcicki (Stanford) and YongshengZhu (the Vietnam 10 years ago were struck by the from www.photonic-products.com/products/ Beijing Spectrometer, or BES). changes they saw. optics/panasonicjens.htm.

42 CERN Courier May 2005 PEOPLE

AWARDS Art McDonald wins 2004 Prize for SNO results

The director of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), Arthur McDonald of Queen's University, Kingston, Canada, has been awarded the Bruno Pontecorvo Prize for 2004 by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna. McDonald receives the prize "for the demonstration of oscillations in the SNO experiment". SNO has observed neutrinos from boron-8 decay in the Sun via two types of neutrino reactions - one sensitive only to electron neutrinos and others sensitive to all active neutrino flavours - and has found clear evidence of neutrino-flavour change. This confirms the hypothesis of Pontecorvo and Vladimir Gribov that the neutrino-flavour change is responsible for the deficit of solar neutrinos observed in other experiments, thereby solving the long-standing "solar- neutrino problem". SNO's measurements combined with other solar experiments and the reactor neutrino measurements of the KamLAND experiment determine that the oscillation of massive neutrinos is the Left to right: pictured at the award ceremony are Janet McDonald, Arthur McDonald with the dominant mechanism for the flavour change. 2004 prize, JINR director Vladimir Kadyshevsky and jury chairman Nikolay Russakovich. On In his report at the session of the JINR the screen is a 1948 photograph of Pontecorvo, who was a Chalk River tennis champion. Scientific Council, McDonald not only clearly demonstrated the achievements of the SNO A special seminar "The Sudbury Neutrino latest results obtained by SNO and the future Collaboration but also vividly depicted the Observatory: confirming Pontecorvo's neutrino neutrino investigations at the SNOLAB Canadian period of Pontecorvo's activities in theories" was held at the Dzhelepov underground laboratory; Pontecorvo's role in 1943-1948, in particular his proposals Laboratory of Nuclear Problems where the development of massive neutrino physics concerning neutrino sources and methods Pontecorvo worked from 1950 until the end of and oscillation theory as a founder of this for detecting them. his life. The seminar was devoted both to the field of research was also discussed. Max Planck award goes to particle physics and radio astronomy

The Max Planck Research Award 2005 has Wetterich, from Heidelberg University, numerical simulations. been awarded to the German particle receives the prize in recognition of his work on Carilli works at the National Radio physicist Christof Wetterich and the US radio cosmology, in particular dark energy. With his Astronomy Observatory in Socorro, New astronomer Christopher Carilli. The award for proposal of a dynamical dark energy, Mexico, and is an expert in radio astronomy. international co-operation is made to one "quintessence", he has provided one of the He observes traces of the most distant scientist working in Germany and one working most popular explanations for the accelerated galaxies at early times in the universe and abroad, both recognized at the international expansion of the universe. He is also well promotes the development of observation level and from whom continued high-calibre known as an outstanding expert at bringing devices and measuring techniques. Carilli is scientific work can be expected in the context forward co-operation between theoretical also heavily involved in the development of of international co-operation. physics, astronomical observations and the next generation of radio telescopes.

CERN Courier May 2005 43 PEOPLE

SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING CERN reaffirms commitment to open access

At a meeting on 20 March, CERN's Executive "...the results of its experimental and policies requiring their researchers to deposit Committee endorsed a policy of open access theoretical work shall be published or each published article in a freely accessible to all of the laboratory's results, as expressed otherwise made generally available". electronic repository, and encouraging their in the document "Continuing CERN Action on However/it is only in recent years that the researchers to publish their research in open- Open Access" released by its Scientific technology has been developed to enable this access journals, including providing the Information Policy Board (SIPB) earlier in the aim to be achieved in practice. support so this changeover can take place. month. Today open access to scientific The recent endorsement by the Executive The ever-increasing cost of traditional knowledge is the goal of an increasingly large Board follows earlier steps CERN has taken - scientific publishing is another incentive component of the scientific community signing the Berlin Declaration on open access towards changing the publishing model. The worldwide. Made possible by new electronic in May 2004 at a meeting at CERN (Berlin 2), CERN Library is currently unable to offer tools, it is a concept that would bring and, most recently, presenting its plan at a complete coverage of even its core subjects. enormous benefits to all scientists by giving meeting in Southampton in February (Berlin • For the document "Continuing CERN Action them free access to research results. 3). This meeting passed a resolution that on Open Access" see http://doc.cern.ch/ CERN has implicitly supported this principle closely matches the steps advocated by archive/electronic/cern/preprints/open/ from the very beginning. The organization's CERN, calling on research institutions to open-2005-006.pdf. For more about the Convention, adopted in 1953 by the 12 adopt the two essential features of the open- Berlin Declaration see www.zim.mpg.de/ founding member states, stipulates that access movement. These are implementing openaccess-berlin/berlindeclaration.html.

the online article, making it a gateway to the CCLRC sets up e-publishing archive online libraries of many publishers. Unlike many online bibliographies and The UK's Council for the Central Laboratory of Rutherford-Appleton and Chilbolton. These digital libraries, the CCLRC e-pubs system the Research Councils (CCLRC) has publications cross a range of disciplines takes advantage of the generic Web search introduced an electronic-publications archive, related to particle physics. engines as well as tools directed at which currently contains bibliographic entries At present only a test sample of 400 eprints academics and researchers. It presents its for 21000 publications produced by CCLRC has been included. However, there are plans contents to be harvested either as text or in its various historical forms since 1965. to include eprints in the archive of past through the protocols of the Open Archive The e-pubs archive is not intended to reports produced by CCLRC, as well as future Initiatives (OAI). Eprints thus enjoy far greater replace or duplicate the 500 000 records in publications where copyright agreements with visibility than they might otherwise have had. the well known SPIRES database of high- publishers permit it. Where eprints cannot be • CCLRC's e-pubs system can be found at energy physics literature, but to complement placed in the archive, but the publisher of an http://epubs.cclrc.ac.uk/index. To find out it by providing access to publications from article has placed it online elsewhere, e-pubs more information about the OAI see www. the CCLRC laboratories at Daresbury, stores digital-object identifiers that point to openarchives.org/.

LETTERS and Western physicists, was conceived by under the auspices of UNESCO, CERN and the Fubini, and led directly to the formation of Abdus Salam ICTP. With the persuasion of CERN Courier welcomes letters from readers. the Middle East Scientific Cooperation Fubini and Herwig Schopper (former director- Please e-mail [email protected]. (MESC), a network of scientists promoting general of CERN) the German government We reserve the right to edit letters. research co-operation between Europe, the finally agreed to donate the decommissioned US and the Middle East. BESSY-I to Middle East (the only region other Sergio Fubini, MESC and SESAME The very idea of an international than Africa without a synchrotron). I read with sadness the obituary of Sergio synchrotron radiation facility in the Middle The rest is all history: BESSY-I was relocated Fubini (CERN Courier March 2005 p39) and East emerged from the MESC workshop in to Jordan and the synchrotron laboratory with would like to add that he played a crucial role 1997. During this workshop Herman Winick of the name of SESAME (Synchrotron-light for in bringing international science to the SLAC and Gustav-Adolf Voss, a former director Experimental Science and Applications in the troubled region of the Middle East. A of DESY, suggested using the components of Middle East) was put under the auspices of considerably significant point in this respect Berlin's BESSY-I machine, scheduled to be UNESCO. SESAME, now in the advanced was the Sinai Physics Meeting, held at the closed down in 1999, as the core facility for a stages of completion, has evolved from a Egyptian resort of Dahab, on the Gulf of new laboratory in the Middle East. The brilliant vision to a system. Aqaba, in November 1995. This historic idea of relocating BESSY-I was taken further Sameen Ahmed Khan, Middle East College of meeting, which brought together Arab, Israeli through MESC in a series of meetings held Information Technology, Oman.

44 CERN Courier May 2005 RECRUITMENT

For advertising enquiries, contact CERN Courier recruitment/classified, Institute of Physics Publishing, Dirac House, Temple Back, Bristol BS1 6BE, UK. Tel: +44 (0)117 930 1196. Fax: +44 (0)117 930 1178 E-mail: [email protected]. Rates per single column centimetre: standard $94/€75/£52, academic $88/€71/£49, courses and calls for proposals $85/€68/£47. Please contact us for more information about colour options, publication dates and deadlines.

FA*l SCHERRER ISSTIIU! J ~ — HI IP u i til Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron 1

The Paul Scherrer Institut is a centre for multi-disciplinary research and one of DESY is one of the worldwide leading accelerator centres the world's leading user laboratories. With its 1200 employees it belongs as an exploring the structure of matter. The main research areas range autonomous institution to the Swiss ETH domain and concentrates its activities from elementary particle physics over various applications of on solid-state research and material sciences, elementary particle and astro­ synchrotron radiation to the construction and use of X~ray lasers. physics, energy and environmental research as well as on biology and medicine. The neutrino astrophysics group of DESY assumes central responsibility Since 1996, we are operating a novel proton therapy facility for cancer treatments for development, operation and data analysis of the neutrino tele­ with a very modern beam delivery technique through dynamic beam scanning. In the scopes at Antarctica. We have an immediate opening for our branch frame of the ongoing expansion of the facility we are installing a new dedicated in Zeuthen for a position as a superconducting cyclotron and a second next-generation proton gantry. For the development of the control system of the new Gantry 2 we seek a Postdoc Software Engineer or a Physicist • Your tasks Your field of work is the data analysis of the AMANDA and IceCube • Collaboration in the development of the control system software for the dynamic neutrino telescopes. You will participate in the construction of the Ice­ delivery of the beam Cube experiment and you might have to work during antarctic summer • Outsourcing of components which can be delivered by industry months at the South Pole. • Integration of the own developed software in a modular flexible system The job requires a university degree in physics with PhD. Knowledge • Perform adaptive work within a small team of experimental physicists of the analysis methods and the software frameworks of high-energy Your profile and astro-particle physics are prerequisites, as are experience in • Software engineer or physicist with experience in integrating complex distributed building and operating experiments. If you want to work in a team of systems in a research environment committed physicists and technicians and have a good knowledge of • Good knowledge on system architecture, data flow, task intercommunication and English, please send your application and CV to our personnel graphical user interfaces department at the address below. For further information email Dr. • Experience with data acquisition and real-time programming of control systems Stefan Schlenstedt at [email protected] • Acquainted with safety and quality assurance aspects of software The position is limited for two years with a possible one year extension. • Experience in outsourcing software developments Salaryand benefits are commensurate with public service organisations. • Good knowledge of German and/or English DESY operates flexible work schemes, such as flexitime or part-time We are looking forward to your application. work. DESY is an equal opportunity, affirmative action employer. Information on this project can be found at http://p-therapie.web.psi.ch/proscan.html and in Z. Med. Phys. 14 (2004) 25-34. Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY For further questions please contact DrEros Pedroni, Tel. +41 56 310 35 18. member of the Helmholtz-Association Please send your application to: Paul Scherrer Institut, Human Resources, code: 40/2005 - Piatanenallee 6 - D-15738 Zeuthen • Germany Mrs. Elke Baumann, ref. code 2104, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland, Phone ++49 (0)33762/77240 • www-zeuthen.desy.de e-mail: [email protected]. email: [email protected] Further job opportunities: www.psi.ch Deadline for applicants: 24.05.2005

UNIVERSITY of GLASGOW European Gravitational DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY /WEGO Observatory Research Associate in Detectors for Experimental The European Gravitational Observatory, a French-Italian consortium Particle Physics dedicated to the research on gravitational waves, operates the 3 km-long £27,116 - £35,883 or £34,227 - £42,573 VIRGO detector, located in Pisa-Italy. You will provide support and development/direction for the hardware activities EGO is recruiting: of the Experimental Particle Physics group.This will entail the management of the Laboratory facilities and people available to the group as well as ensuring - Software Engineer Ref. OP/SW/02 that the hardware commitments of the group to the various experiments - Applied Physicist Ref. OP/INT/01 and projects are delivered.This post is available until September 2008 in the - Electronic Technician Ref: OP/ET/01 first instance. - Interferometer Operator Ref: OP/OP/03 For an application pack, please see our website at ppewww.ph.gla.ac.uk/ Job descriptions are available on: www.ego-gw.it/employment.htm or write quoting Ref 11197/DPL/A3 to Prof D H Saxon, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Kelvin Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ. Closing date: 27 May 2005.

The University is committed to equality of opportunity in employment. w cerncourier.com

CERN Courier May 2005 45 Grow in a Knowledge Society CERN COURIER

In the framework Classified advertising of its dynamic ACADEMIC is the perfect platform to research policy and the additional promote a diverse range opportunities offered STAFF MEMBER m/p of events and important by the Flemish announcements, Government through in the field of Elementary Particle including: •calls for the "Bijzonder proposals/research Onder zoeksfon ds Physics (Special Research papers •summer schools Funds)", the •workshops •courses Assignment: • the assignment consists of lecturing duties, University of •equipment sales. scientific research and service to society * during the first period Antwerp invites applications for the of (maximum) ten years, scientific research will be the main In 2005 following FULL­ activity • the teaching duties are limited and involve courses on CERN Courier TIME position at elementary particle physics * the applicant is expected to carry out hfls introduced a special the Department experimental research in the field of elementary particle physics classified advertising rate of Physics of the * he/she will have to participate actively in the activities of the to assist in your Faculty of Science: research group, the department and the university. communication needs. CERN Courier offers you Requirements: * the successful applicant should have a Ph.D. access to readers in the in Physics * he/she has research qualities on a high level in the world's major physics field of elementary particle physics and ample international research sites and the experience * the applicant has to be familiar with experiments opportunity to run a using high-energy particle accelerators and the corresponding data analysis techniques * good communication skills are considered an modest advertisement at advantage. a low cost. Many organizers have The University of Antwerp offers an appointment as docent (level appreciated how CERN of lecturer) from October i, 2005. A higher degree can be awarded, Courier has helped to depending on the qualifications and work experience of the raise the profile of their applicant. The appointment is initially for a period of three years, events and significantly after which it can become tenured pending a favourable evaluation. mm. increased the number of delegates.

For further information and consultative advice the mandatory application on classified advertising form (see http://www.ua.ac.be/personeelsdienst or call in CERN Courier and the 03 265 31 54) and send it, together with a detailed research Web options that we proposal, to the University of Antwerp, Campus Middelheim, epartment Personnel (eel AP), Middelheimlaan 1, offer, please contact o Antwerpen, before June 4,2005. Yasmin Agilah. Tel: More information can be found on +44 (0)117 930 1196 http://www.ua.ac.be/personeelsdienst E-mail: [email protected]. UNIVERSITY I OF ANTWERP

We will inform you.

46 CERN Courier May 2005 HadronPhysics [3 Study of Strongly Interacting Matter We highlight science European Commission Study of Strongly Interacting Matter The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) is Europe's most powerful light source. It is located Transnational Access to Research Infrastructures in the unique scientific environment of Grenoble, in the heart of the French Alps. The Integrated Initiative "HadronPhysics 13", financed by the European Comm­ The ESRF offers you an exciting opportunity to work ission and coordinated by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori with international teams on a wide range of scientific Nazionali di Frascati, Italy, combines in a single contract several activities, subjects using synchrotron light: Physics and Networking, Research Projects and Transnational Access. The Transnational Chemistry, Life Sciences and Medicine, Earth and Access activity involves 9 infrastructures among those operated by the Environmental Sciences. Surface and Materials participants in HadronPhysics 13. Its objective is to offer the opportunity for Sciences. European research teams, performing or planning a research project at these infrastructures, to EEkj9u APPLY FOR EC FUNDED ACCESS to these infrastructures, to cover subsistence and travel expenses. The only eligible teams (made of one or more researchers) are those that » • • • > conduct their research activity in the EU Member States or in the Associated States. Information about the modalities of application and the Calls for Proposals can be obtained by visiting the web site of each infrastructure: ESRF

Al. INFN-LNF, http://www.lnf.infh.it/cee/tarifp6/ Scientists A2. DESY-HERMES, http://www-hermes.desy.de/I3HP-TA-HERMES/ Post-doctoral fellows A3. FZJ-COSY, http://www.fz-juelich.de/ikp/tmr-life.html PhD students A4. FZJ-NIC/ZAM, http://www.fz-juelich.de/nic/i3hp-nic-ta/ Engineers A5. GSI-SIS, http://www.gsi.de/informationen/users/EC-funding/I3/SIM_e.html A6. U Mainz-MAMI, http://www.kph.uni-mainz.de/en/eu/ Technicians A7. ZIB, http://www.zib.de/i3hp Administrative staf A8. LU-MAXLAB, http://www2.maxlab.lu.se/members/proposal_nucl/index.html A9. UU-TSL, http://www4.tsl.uu.se/tsl/tsl/infrastr.htm Have a look at our vacancies at: www.esrf.fr This announcement can also be found at the following URL: http://www. infn. it/eu/i3hp Contact us at: [email protected]

Accelerator MANCHESTER Physicists 1824

TRIUMF, located in Vancouver, British Columbia, is Canada's national research facility for particle and nuclear physics. School of Physics and Astronomy Currently we have two exciting employment opportunities >t5 Post Doctoral Research Associate in available in our Isotope Separator Accelerator (ISAC) Division. ISAC at TRIUMF is a world leading facility for the production and Experimental Particle Physics Ref: eps/ios/os acceleration of intense beams of exotic isotopes. These beams Salary will be £21#640 p.a. are used for fore-front experiments in nuclear astrophysics, c c nuclear structure and studies of fundamental symmetries and The University of Manchester invites applications for the post of condensed matter. Research Associate in the Particle Physics Group of the School of Physics and Astronomy. You will work on the ATLAS SENIOR ACCELERATOR PHYSICIST - COMPETITION # 954 h- O experiment, and be expected to spend some time based at The person we seek will assume leadership for ISAC CERN in Geneva. operations. The primary responsibilities will include: beam The post will be available from 1 July 2005 (or as soon after this delivery to experiments, overseeing the commissioning of new date as possible) for a period of up to three years. beam initiatives, coordinating maintenance of the ISAC facility, The starting salary will be £21,640 per annum. If you are yet to and managing the ISAC operations personnel resources. be awarded your PhD you may initially be appointed as Research Assistant on Grade RAIB. JUNIOR ACCELERATOR PHYSICIST - COMPETITION # 967 The person we seek will assist ISAC Operations in delivering ion Informal enquiries may be made to Dr Fred Loebinger email: beams to experimental stations, and will be involved in various [email protected] or telephone+44(0) 161 275 functions related to beam quality control. Primary 4180. responsibilities will include developing algorithms and tools for Application forms and further particulars are available at transporting beam to experimental stations; quality assurance of http://www.manchester.ac.uk/vacancies or from EPS HR the beam transport; development of effective tools, diagnostics Office, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street and operating instructions; and the development and Building, Manchester, M60 1QD, Tel: 0161 275 8837, commissioning of new beam capabilities. Fax: 0161 306 4037 or e-mail: [email protected].

These positions are open to all qualified applicants, and in the Please quote reference. Closing date: 31 May 2005. case of equal qualifications, preference may be given to a The University will actively foster a culture of inclusion and diversity and will seek Canadian Citizen or Permanent Resident. Complete details to achieve true equality of opportunity for all members of its community. for each of these competitions, including responsibilities, qualifications and application procedures can be found on Combining the strengths of UMIST and The Victoria University of our web site at: http://www.triumf.info/ Click on Manchester employment opportunities.

CERN Courier May 2005 47 THE UNIVERSITY HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS GROUP of LIVERPOOL DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Three exciting new opportunities are available in key areas of the research programme of the High Energy Physics (HEP) group (http://hep.ph.liv.ac.uk/)

Senior Experimental Officer: Pixel Detectors Salary from £22,507 pa The appointment is for a physicist to take a leading role in the semiconductor pixel detector programme which is based on Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (MAPS) and on CCD technologies for track and vertex detectors at future experiments. The MAPS work is funded by PPARC and by the RC-UK Basic Technology initiative in the Multidimensional Integrated Intelligent Imaging (M-/3) consortium. The CCD work is a PPARC initiative focused on the read-out requirements of the International Linear Collider (ILC) as part of of the Linear Collider Flavour Identification Collaboration (LCFI). The facilities of the Liverpool Semiconductor Detector Centre (LSDC http://hep.ph.liv.ac.uk/lsdc/) underpin all semiconductor detector R&D in Liverpool. Candidates should hold a PhD in experimental particle physics, or allied research involving position-sensitive detectors. Familiarity with microelectronics characterisation, with sensors for radiation detection, and/or with the calibration, operation and data analysis of large array detectors in High Energy Physics experiments, would be a strong advantage. The post, based in the Department of Physics, is available immediately. Quote Ref:B/479 Closing Date: 31 May 2005 Postdoctoral Physicist Salary from £19,460 pa The successful applicant will join the Liverpool research programme concerned with measurements of quark and lepton mixing and CP-violation. The group has an established reputation in this physics which continues with the BABAR experiment at SLAC (currently data-taking), with the LHCo experiment at CERN(under construction), and with preparation for the long base-line neutrino experiment T2K (the Japanese Nuclear and Particle Physics Facility, JPARC, Tokai to Kamiokande). The successful applicant should have, or expect soon to have, a PhD in HEP. The position provides an attractive opportunity to take a leading role in the Liverpool initiative with other UK collaborators for the design and construction of a major aspect of the "280 meter detector" for T2K, while at the same time participating in work at BABAR. The post is available immediately, and will, in the first instance, be for a period of three years. Quote Ref: B/477 Closing Date: 31 May 2005 Physicist/Engineer for IT Innovation, Development and Support Salary from £22,507pa The successful applicant will take a leading role in the on-going development and enhancement of all aspects of its computing facilities. The group's computing infrastructure is based on major investment from government and industry in large parallel-processor arrays with LAN desktop and laptop pc access. With SRIF and industrial funding (DELL), the large pc array MAP2 (940 cpu, http://www.ph.liv.ac.uk/ latest_news/news_09_06_03.html) has been installed and brought into operation. It is now the backbone of the group's computing infrastructure, both in-house and via GridPP (NorthGrid) and NWGrid. The opportunities to initiate and lead innovative developments, which facilitate and improve the group's scientific programme, are challenging and cutting-edge.

Candidates are anticipated with experience in high performance computing and/or system development, who have demonstrated innovation and originality in the exploitation of networking and computer systems. A PhD in experimental or computational particle physics would be advantageous for the immediate familiarity which it brings to the job concerning the needs, interests and requirements of HEP. The post, based in the Department of Physics, is available immediately.

Quote Ref:B/478 Closing Date: 31 May 2005

Informal enquiries to Prof. Phil Allport (B/479) on +44 151 794 3365 ([email protected]), Prof. Themis Bowcock (B/478) on +44 151 794 3360 ([email protected]), Dr Christos Touramanis (B/477) on +44151 794 7767 ([email protected]), Dr Tim Greenshaw (B/479) on +44151 794 3383 ([email protected]), and Prof. John Dainton on +44 151 794 7769 ([email protected])

Further particulars and details of the application procedure for all positions are available from the Director of Personnel, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX on +44151 794 2210 (24 hr answer-phone), via email: [email protected], or at http://www.liv.ac.uk/university/jobs.html

MANCHESTER SENIOR MECHANICAL ENGINEER 1824 C

PTTVl f a company belonging to theTELSTAR group and specialist in:

• Manufacturing of mechanical components for ultra high vacuum environments and cryogenic technologies School of Physics and Astronomy • Manufacturing and assembly of tooling and prototypes, machining and welding of parts as per drawing specifications for aerospace industry, Lectureship and Temporary Lectureship in c u Experimental Particle Physics (2 posts) is seeking one Senior Mechanical Engineer for its Technical Office department in Valencia (SPAIN). REF: EPS/092/05 Salary from £23,643 - £35,883 p.a. Main tasks to develop:

f— O The Particle Physics Group at the University of Manchester is seeking to • Development of UHV components appoint two Lecturers in Experimental Particle Physics. The group is active in • Project Management in house and on customer facilities several leading collaborations, experimental and theoretical particle physics • Preparation of tenders activities are well integrated, and the computing facilities are excellent. The group is strong in detector physics, including the construction of hardware • Assistance to production in manufacturing processes by staff in our workshops. The characteristics of the candidates must be: CD Candidates, who should have demonstrated excellence in Experimental "u Particle Physics research, will strengthen the group's ongoing programme, • Degree in mechanical engineering particularly our activity in ATLAS and in an experiment at the future Linear • At least 5 years experience in development of UHV components in C Collider. Research Centres or particles accelerators facilities U • Comprehensive knowledge of SS welding and machining processes 03 The posts would also involve teaching in the School of Physics and • Experience in Structural analysis and finite element technique > Astronomy, which maintains a large student intake at both undergraduate • Experience in 2D and 3D CAD environments and graduate levels. • Post-grade courses valuable • Residence in Valencia (SPAIN) One of these posts would be a permanent (tenured) appointment, the • Availability for travelling other for a fixed term of up to 5 years. Appointments will be made on the Languages: Lecturer B Scale, though the permanent appointment could be made at a more senior level for a suitable candidate. The posts would start on 1st • English: Fluent

October 2005, or as agreed. • French: Valuable fluent Application forms and further particulars are available on our • Spanish: Valuable (may be learnt in Spain) website or alternatively, please email your request to the Human Resources Office. Tel: 0161 2758837 e-mail: Remuneration according to applicants' abilities and experience. [email protected]

Please quote reference. Closing date: 31 May 2005 PleaseTT, Msen (TELSTAd CV's Rwit TECNOLOGIh referenceA SMMECANICE to: A S.L] e-mail: [email protected] The University will actively foster a culture of inclusion and diversityTel. and+34 9will6 15 seek1 95 91 to achieve true equality of opportunity for all members of its community.Fax. +34 9 6 151 71 05 www.ttm.es Combining the strengths of UMIST and The Victoria University of Manchester si Tecnologia Mecanica www.etelstar.com

48 CERN Courier May 2005 INDEX TO DISPLAY ADVERTISERS LHH Acqiris 55 Integrated Engineering Software 32

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50 CERN Courier May 20C BOOKSHELF

Large Hadron Collider Phenomenology by For example, the reader interested in the M Kramer and FJ P Soler (eds), Institute of phenomenology of quantum chromodynamic Physics Publishing. Hardback ISBN (QCD) beyond its direct application to LHC 0750309865, £75 ($125). physics is referred to the book QCD and The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is often Collider Physics (by K Ellis, J Stirling and described as the machine needed by the B Webber, 1996), the reader interested in worldwide community of high-energy particle more in-depth studies of accelerator physics physics experimentalists and theorists to and technology is referred to the Handbook of search for and, it is hoped, discover physics Accelerator Physics and Engineering (by signals beyond those expected from the A Chao and M Tigner, 2002), and the reader Standard Model of particle interactions. The interested in the design and optimization of general-purpose experiments now completing the general-purpose ATLAS and CMS construction (ATLAS and CMS) are often detectors is referred to "Experimental described as huge facilities optimized for the challenges in high luminosity collider physics" search for the elusive Higgs boson, the one (by N Ellis and TSVirdee, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. key element missing in the Standard Model. Sci. 44 609,1994) and to all the Technical About three years from now, the whole Design Reports published from these community in our field will focus on new and, experiments between 1996 and 2005. we hope, unexpected physics results. These In summary, this book is an excellent will cover a wide range of topics, extending introduction to LHC physics for any person over all possible theoretical conjectures entering the field now, at a moment when a published to date, that are relevant to huge effort from the whole community is still experiments at the scale of tera-electron-volts. ongoing to meet the difficult challenge of Given the dearth of guidance from the driving force behind the physics analyses assembling the various jigsaws needed to experiments (aside from the beautiful but and publications of the LHC experiments over observe the first proton-proton collisions at maddening agreement of even the most the coming years. They were delivered on the the tera-electron-volt scale in summer 2007. precise measurements with the predictions of occasion of the 57th Scottish Universities The reader has to be aware though that, the Standard Model), the driving goal of all Summer School in Physics in summer 2003, apart from the foundations of the Standard theoretical developments beyond this very by a well balanced mix of experienced Model, of supersymmetric and string theories, same Standard Model is that of solving the theorists (D Ross, K Ellis and J Ellis) and and of particle interactions in matter, many of many fundamental issues in particle physics, seasoned experimentalists (V Gibson, the details provided in the lectures to which today are also relevant to cosmology, a H Hoffmann, B Muller, M A Parker, A de Roeck, illustrate the wonderful and exciting potential science that has become much more mature R Schmidt and TSVirdee). of the LHC and its associated detectors are to experimentally over the past 10 years or so. The emphasis in most of the lectures was be considered as examples only. These will This book presents a series of lectures on giving a snapshot of the current status of most likely bear little resemblance to the attempting to cover LHC phenomenology in understanding in theory, phenomenology and results published in the final publications a the broadest possible sense. They range on accelerator and detector performance. The few (or many) years from now. I believe that one side from the intricacies of scalar fields, inevitable fate of such snapshots is to most experimentalists, who have devoted a string theory and extra dimensions, to the become fairly quickly obsolete, given the huge large fraction of their professional lives to basics of detector physics, which for more ongoing development of both the hardware make the LHC dream come true, hope that than 10 years has guided R&D in our field. and the software (should one add the reality at the tera-electron-volt scale is This has led to the optimized design of the middleware?) needed to operate the something quite different from what has been huge and complex detectors needed to experiments, to simulate their performance envisaged to date by our theory colleagues. It extract minute signals from the huge accurately, to analyse their data quickly but is indeed the fulfilment of such a hope that backgrounds, involving today's exciting unerringly, and to give a fair chance to all can give a new and much needed impetus to physics (electroweak gauge-boson participants on all continents to join in the fun our field, thereby surely opening up rich and production, quantum chromodynamic multi- in the summer of 2007. Another drawback of thrilling prospects for the generations of jet events, and heavy flavour production). But such attempts is that, unavoidably, certain theorists and experimentalists to come. the lectures also range from accelerator topics are treated superficially. However, I Daniel Froidevaux, CERN. science to modern e-science (the birth of the believe upon reading large sections of the computing Grid) and from the less well known book that this is largely outweighed by the In Conclusion: A Collection of Summary intricacies of heavy-ion physics to those of benefit, for the young and less young reader, Talks in High Energy Physics by James D forward physics, where diffractive and quasi- of finding in one volume a really complete Bjorken, World Scientific. Hardback ISBN elastic phenomena dominate. coverage of all aspects relevant to LHC 981023869X, £86 ($116). Paperback These lectures were meant for today's physics with a sufficiently rich bibliography to 9812384650, £40 ($54). young physicists, many of whom will surely be pursue in-depth reading. Few people have been asked to give as >

CERN Courier May 2005 51 BOOKSHELF

many conference summary talks as James D Manhattan Project. I did not have the luck to Bjorken; no-one has given them better. It is attend, as Georges Charpak and Michel therefore an interesting idea to collect "Bj's" Gourdin did, the lectures given at Les summaries into a single volume; to some Houches during his last summer in 1954. extent, the idea works. (Curiously, nobody, not even Segre, in the This book is divided into four sections, biography that is included in the book, covering major areas of interest and activity in mentions these lectures.) At that time, my the author's career. Each section contains only contact with Fermi was through his around five to seven talks stretching over the magnificent lecture course, the notes of which 40 or so years of Bj's activity at the forefront were written by Orear, Rosenfeld and Schluter. of theoretical physics. Each section is Before reading this book, I had heard many preceded by perhaps the most valuable Bjorken (right) at the symposium Bj's Day in testimonies from Fermi's Italian and US element in the book: a preface in which the the Sun, held at SLAC in 2000. On the left is colleagues or students. All admired his genius author puts each talk in its historical context, his SLAC colleague and 1990 Nobel laureate and all liked him very much as a man. All explains his thought processes and often Dick Taylor. (Courtesy Harvey Lynch.) except one - my late friend Boris Jacobsohn, delights the reader with a typical piece of self- who had a better relationship with Teller (which deprecatory wit. first opposing the Superconducting Super was strange because Boris was a liberal). One It must be admitted that many of the talks Collider (SSC) as too ambitious, he became a gets a somewhat better idea of who Fermi was emit a musty air of controversies long stilled convert and just before its demise gave a talk after reading the 26 testimonies in this book. and ideas long forgotten; in particular, the saying how wrong he had been and that the It is no accident that among these first section, "From Current Algebra to SSC was clearly politically secure. Well, this accounts we find seven Nobel laureates and Partons", is at times arcane and difficult reviewer made the same mistake and is proud one winner of the Wolf prize, plus a few unless one is familiar with the subject. to be in such illustrious company. exceptional individuals such as Dick Garwin. Nevertheless, there are moments of real There is much pure gold in this book. As a It proves the quality of Fermi's teaching, and pleasure in the elegance of Bj's thinking primer on many of the major ideas of modern the fact that he attracted very gifted people. about deep inelastic scattering before the particle physics explained by one of its He was of course extremely intelligent. He experiments at SLAC made the subject foremost architects, it is a work of lasting was able to simplify any problem, solve it and topical. An example is the idea that the known value. Sadly, it is littered with misprints and make it appear simple, to a point that locality of the lepton electromagnetic and typographical errors, but presumably these sometimes people could not reconstruct his weak currents, and their great are propagated unchanged from the original arguments afterwards. And he never made phenomenological similarity to the hadron articles. Reading it from cover to cover is not mistakes. On these two points Murray Gell- currents, strongly implies that the weak and to be recommended; dipping into it and Mann commented that sometimes he electromagnetic charges in the proton are benefiting from Bj's unique combination of preferred the not well prepared lectures of also point-like. Other gems include the wisdom and wit most certainly is. Vicky Weisskopf as well as his mistakes, fortunate demise of the US proposal to name Brian Foster, Oxford. which were more educative. the quark colours red, white and blue! Fermi disliked generalities and preferred Another fascinating section lays out the Fermi Remembered by James WCronin concrete things, in theory preferring to work background to the discovery of the J/psi; (ed.), University of Chicago Press. Hardback examples until the end (a point of view with some of the plots clearly show the J/psi ISBN 0226121119, $45.00. which I have a great sympathy), in enhancement, albeit with poor resolution, while Enrico Fermi is one of the great physicists of experiments going as far as inventing and theorists were trying to fit the data with various the 20th century. He died relatively young at constructing his own instruments, such as the exotic parton densities and wondering why the age of 53, so many of us (where "us" cart for moving a target inside the Chicago they got poor fits. Another theme throughout means even retired physicists) never had the cyclotron. He was very careful, very precise, the book, illuminated with Bj's mordant wit, is opportunity to have direct contact with him, and this may be the key to his success in the wonderful nature of hindsight. and the younger generation had no chance to producing the first fission chain reaction in The second half of the book is significantly meet him anyway. This is one reason why it is natural uranium, where criticality was, after more interesting to the experimentalist than so important to collect testimonies about Fermi all, rather marginal. the first, particularly the talks relating to the to try to get a picture of his work and of his Fermi's contacts with politics and interpretation of electron-positron personality. So the enterprise undertaken by politicians were rather minimal. Yet he wrote annihilation. A particular joy is the inclusion Jim Cronin is certainly extremely useful. It also to Benito Mussolini asking him to search for on page 233 of Bob Gould's immortal cartoon comes at the right time, before all those who the missing Ettore Majorana and to Dean of the J/psi discovery. The final section deals were in contact with Fermi disappear (some, Acheson asking him to let Linus Pauling trave with futurology. Many of the ideas contained such as Herb Anderson, are no longer with us). outside the US. However, he never tried to therein are remarkably prescient and of value I never had the occasion to meet Fermi influence the decision to drop the bomb. even today. Typically, Bj draws attention to despite the fact that I am old enough to have Fermi was very nice with young people, areas in which he went spectacularly wrong: known many of the participants in the inviting them to parties and organising game

52 CERN Courier May 20i BOOKSHELF

Fermi's theoretical achievements by Frank between are 14 chapters by a variety of Wilczek, who received the Nobel prize distinguished scientists, which span the probably after writing his article; Fermi's talk breadth of Fermi's achievements in physics. on the genesis of the nuclear-energy project, With an extensive bibliography and many which is more complete than in his 1947 illustrations, the book is written for a general review in Science; and the reconstruction by scientific audience. Jim Cronin of Fermi's far sighted talk on the future of accelerator research. Books received I can only very strongly recommend reading Superconductivity by V L Ginzburg and this book. Just a detail: if you have my EAAndryushin, World Scientific. Hardback eyesight use a "Fresnel lens" to read the ISBN 981238913X, £10 ($16). reproductions of the letters, which have been First written in 1989, this non-technical unnecessarily reduced. Regarding Fermi's introduction to superconductivity has now Italian time, there is other material besides been published as a revised edition. Written the biography by Segre, mentioned above, in in a lively style, the book provides an excellent particular the article by Edoardo Amaldi in background for students at school or college, FERMI History of Twentieth Century Physics, without recourse to mathematics. One of the Academic Press, , 1977, authors, Ginzburg, received the Nobel Prize for EMEMBERE pp295-351. There are also the videotapes of Physics in 2003. the lectures of Gian-Carlo Wick in the Academic Training programme at CERN. Gravitation: from the Hubble Length to James W. Cronin Andre Martin, CERN. the Planck Length by I Ciufolini eta/, (eds), Institute of Physics Publishing. Hardback which he liked to win. He liked to win at sports Enrico Fermi: His Work and Legacy by ISBN 0750309482, £80 ($125). too, whether swimming in Lake Michigan, rock Carlo Bernardini and Luisa Bonolis (eds), This volume in the series High Energy climbing or playing tennis (although he lost Springer. Hardback ISBN 3540221417, Physics, Cosmology and Gravitation provides against Leprince Ringuet, who, it must be said, €35.95 ($49.95). a summary of modern research in was trained by the French champion Jean In 2001, the centenary of Enrico Fermi's experimental gravity, cosmology and the Borotra). He also liked to compete in physics. birth, the Italian Physical Society, quantum theory of gravitation. Based on He once said to Jack Steinberger with some commissioned a series of articles to pay lectures at the Villa Mondragone International regret but great honesty: "I missed fission." tribute to the man who was probably the most School on Gravitation and Cosmology, it Yet he was also extremely fair, referring to famous Italian scientist of the 20th century. brings together leading experts who present "Fermi statistics" as "Pauli statistics". Written by close colleagues as well as an up-to-date review of their field. Curiously he was not interested in art, while scientists whose fields Fermi influenced most scientists are at least attracted by music. profoundly, the papers were published A Modern Introduction to Quantum Field Among the testimonies, I would say that the originally in Italian in Conoscere Fermi nel Theory by Michele Maggiore, Oxford most objective, the most balanced, is that of centenario della nascita 29 settembre University Press. Hardback ISBN "Murph" Goldberger. In others one feels 1901-2001 (SIF 2001). Now they have been 0198520735, £47.95 ($99.50). Paperback sometimes a kind of "cult of the personality". translated into English and are available in 0198520743, £23.95 ($44.50). A very amusing chapter is that of Nina Byers, this volume, which bears witness to the This book is a welcome addition to the Oxford in which she compares two very different originality and breadth of Fermi's scientific Master Series in Statistical, Computational, individuals, Fermi and Leo Szilard, who both work. They confirm that Fermi was a rare and Theoretical Physics, aimed at final-year- did pioneering work on nuclear reactors, but combination of theorist, experimentalist, undergraduate and beginning-graduate level. whose paths separated completely. In this teacher and inspiring colleague. Assuming no previous knowledge of quantum- way, Byers, a well known opponent of the use The book begins with three biographical field theory, it introduces modern of nuclear weapons, manages not to criticize overviews written by close colleagues after developments in the field. The inclusion of more Fermi explicitly for not opposing the use of the Fermi's death and ends with a year-by-year advanced topics will also make this a useful bomb. Also of great interest are the review of chronology of his scientific endeavours. In book for graduate students and researchers. DC Voltage and DC Current o high end power supplies for science and research F.u.G. Elektronik GmbH ' www.fug-elektronik.de I

CERN Courier May 2005 53 VIEWPOINT When research meets commerce

Bart Van de Vyver relates his experience of technology transfer when he left CERN to create a start-up company exploiting biotechnology research.

A dynamic technology-transfer department is "We do not invest in technologies, but in the only one of many factors determining how teams that can make them happen." Venture often and how successfully start-up capitalists expect the people behind an idea companies will be created. This belief is not to be entirely devoted to their start-up. based on any solid evidence, but on a single Anything less is a sure deal-breaker. example with, at best, anecdotal value. The Throughout the process, the interaction with example is from my own experience over the CERN in general and technology transfer at past three years in helping to create SpinX CERN in particular could not have been more Technologies, a start-up company productive. Both of us were offered leave from developing instruments for pharmaceutical the moment we started to work full time until research and clinical diagnostics. the moment the investors committed. During The SpinX story started around Christmas the due-diligence process, the technology- 2001 in a branch of IKEA. Following a casual transfer department provided us in record conversation with a stranger sharing his table time with a legal statement clarifying the at the cafeteria, Piero Zucchelli from CERN ownership of the intellectual property. could not let go of one thought. Of the myriad We did convince Index Ventures of our technologies used or developed at CERN, business concept, SpinX was created and the there had to be some just waiting to be experience has been extremely rewarding. exploited outside of particle physics. Since my Today we are a company of 10 people, we summer-student days when Piero had been have identified the first application of our my supervisor, we frequently worked together technology, we have built a working system and I had become interested in business as Valve, everything started to fall into place and for that application and we are talking with well as in molecular biology. Over the next few we soon had all the elements for a several pharmaceutical companies interested weeks, we spent countless hours programmable microfluidics platform. in evaluating the system. brainstorming how technology at CERN could At some point a friend at CERN suggested Would SpinX exist if it hadn't been for be applied to biotechnology. that, if we were serious about this idea and CERN? I doubt it. We may not have started Gradually, we zoomed in on a field where believed it had commercial value, we should from any specific technology at CERN, but we many advances had been the work of take it to serious investors. He would make could not have done it without the experience physicists: microfluidics. The idea behind the introductions. With nothing but an idea, built there. It was at CERN that we learned the microfluidic devices, often called lab-on-a- we crossed the doorstep at Index Ventures, a importance and benefits for international, chip systems, is to perform biochemical venture-capital fund managing €750 million. multi-disciplinary teams to "try the experiments using sub-microlitre volumes It took us half a year to build their interest. For impossible". With 10 people, SpinX has seven rather than millilitre volumes. Liquids are us, this was a turning point. Leaving the nationalities and six doctorates, with manipulated by running them through comfort of stable, well paid positions in backgrounds ranging from physics and channels no wider than a human hair laid out research, we had to devote all our time and engineering to biochemistry and enzymology. on a silicon or plastic substrate. The energy to SpinX with no guarantee of success. Like particle detectors at CERN, the applications are mostly biochemical and Our case illustrates where a technology- instrument we developed uses a host of off- range from food testing to drug discovery. transfer department can make a very real the-shelf components from widely varying What struck us most is that all microfluidic contribution, but also where it is essentially industries. Finally, there is the undeniable devices were specialized for a specific type of powerless. Contacts with venture-capital value of the CERN brand. Recently, following a biochemical experiment characterized by a funds, law firms, business consultants and so conference presentation of the technology to well defined but fixed sequence of operations. on are obviously helpful to any aspiring a senior executive at Eli Lilly, he commented There were none where different protocols entrepreneur, and a technology-transfer that if former CERN physicists could not get it could be "programmed" on the same chip by department is ideally placed to build this kind to work, then nobody could! setting a series of valves. Before long, Piero of network. But the key factor in attracting • To find out more about CERN's Technology had come up with a valve implementation high-quality capital is commitment. Francesco Transfer Group, see p25. using an infrared laser. With this Virtual Laser de Rubertis, a partner at Index Ventures, says, Bart Van de Vyver, founder, SpinX Technologies.

54 CERN Courier May 2005 Invest in your Freedom

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