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The Birth Imperative in Radical Feminist Literature: a Reader's Guide

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The Birth Imperative in Radical Feminist Literature: a Reader's Guide National Library Bibliotheque nationale of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliograpniques 395 Wellington Street 395. nle Weiling!on Onawa, Ontarn Ottawa (Ontario) KIA ON4 KIA ON4 NOTICE AVlS The quality sf this microform is La qualite de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the depend grandement de la qualit6 quality of the original thesis de la thke soumise au submitted for microfilming. microiiimage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualit6 ensure the highest quality of superieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. if pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuilfez university which granted the communiquer avec I'universit6 degree. qui a conf6r6 le grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualite d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser Q pages were typed with a poor desirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont 6t6 university sent us an inferior dactylographiees B I'aide d'un photocopy. ruban us6 ou si Isuniversit6nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualit6 inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, meme partielk, this microform is governed by de ceffe microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, a la Loi camadienne sur le drsit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 4976, c. C-30,et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subs6quents. THE BIRTH IMPERATIVE IN RADICAL FEMINIST LITERATURE: A READER'S GUIDE by Faye Cooper B.A., University of British Columbia, 1955 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS In the Department of Women's Studies @FayeCooper 1993 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY August 1993 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. Bib!iotheque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions el Bibliographic Seivices Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontarb Ottawa (Ontam) KIA ON4 KIA ON4 The author has granted an L'auteur a accord6 une licence irrevocable non-exclusive licence irr6vocable et ncm exclusive allowing the National Library sf perrnettant la Biblioth6que Canada to reproduce, loan, nationale du Canada de distribute or sell copies of reproduire, prkter, distribuer ou his/her thesis by any means and vendre des copies de sa these in any form or format, making de quelque rnanikre et sous this thesis available to interested quelque forme que ce soif pour persons. mettre des exempllaires de cette these a la disposition des personnes interessbes. The author retains ownership of L'auteur conserve la propriete du the copyright in his/her thesis. droit d'auteur qui protege sa Neither the thesis nor substantial these. Ni la these ni des extraits extracts from it may be printed or substantieis de celle-ci ne otherwise reproduced without doivent Btre imprimes ou his/her permission. autrement reproduits sans son autorisation. ISBN 0-315-91281-2 Approval Name: Faye Cooper Degree: Master of Arts Title of Thesis: The Birth Imperative in Radical Feminist Literature: A Reader's Guide Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Marilyn MacDonald - Dr. Susan Wendell Associate Professor of Women's Studies and Philosophy Senior Supervisor Andrea Lebowitz Associate Professor Department of English Dr. ~drleneFaith Assistant Professor, Department of Criminology Date Approved: cu II. PARTIAL COFYRIGHT LICENSE I hereby grant fs Sinon Fraser UniversiPy the right to iei~d m+ Thesis, proJect or extended essay (the title sf which is shawn be?au! to users of the Simon Fraser lJnlwr5it.y Ll braty, arld to make part ial or single copies only far such us, -5 or in r@sponse Po a reques-t from The library of any other university, or ofher educational institution, on its own beheff or for ona of its users, t further agree that permission for multiple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted by me or PRa Dean of GraduaPe Studies, It is understood that copying or pub/ lca9lon of Phis work for financial gain shal l not be allowed without my written permission. Pi-tlg of Thesis/Project/Extended Essay Author: -(signaPure) ( name ) Abstract Feminist theorists see the ability to give birth as an integral part of being a woman and as a legitimate subject for inquiry and analysis, no matter which theoretical base they use. Radical feminists, in particuiar, make this capacity central to their theories of women's oppression. Their theories about the social, economic, psychologica! and cultural significance of bearing and raising children have changed in response to conditions in society and to the development of feminist thought. Radical feminist analys~shas also responded to men's increasing efforts to control females' reproductive capabilities. Radical feminists, for example, comment on the masculinization of medicine and the sexist bias buiit into the practice of "objective" science, as components of this control. At the same time, many factors influence or coerce women to have babies, creating what I call the birth imperative: for example, cultural and psychological pressure from men who want heirs, economic pressure from a society which wants to grow, pressure from government and military establishments to provide young people as tools for politics or wars, and religious ideologies. The focus for this thesis is the history and development of radical feminist analysis of the birth imperative. Covering work of radical feminists from the late 1960's to the present, the thesis first defines radical feminism and situates the birth imperative within its main concerns. Then it surveys radical feminist thought on the subject of reproduction in early feminist anthologies, which were important means of circulating and popularizing feminist ideas. Third, it reviews important individual works by radical feminists, explaining similarities and differences, cross- fertilization of ideas, and areas of common concern such as new reproductive technologies. A detailed glossary provides the reader with definitions of significant terms in radical feminist literature and in writings about reproductive technology. It also explaifis feminist meanings given to words commonly used with other meanings. In mapping a road through radical feminist writings, this thesis guides the reader through a significant and diverse body of literature on the birth imperative. iv. To Amelia Hope Cooper and Victoria Margaret Ball, who surprised and delighted me by appearing in the world during the final stages of the preparation of this thesis, with love. They gave me a new focus on motherhood from my new locus in Acknowledgements My thanks to my Senior Adviser, Sue Wendell, for her help during our association. I admire and respect her thoughtful and disciplined mind, and enjoy very much her true wit and true grit. My thanks also to my second reader, Andrea Lebowitz, whose kindness and crystal clarity in mind and method are most appreciated. Personal appreciations go to Women's Studies M.A. Val Oglov, whose friendship, interest and support never flagged from the first moment I contacted her for advice; to Mary Murray, whose warm compassion for strays of all kinds fortunately extends to me; and to Kathy Alexander, whose inspiration and friendship during the early days of student life was very important to me. vi. Table of Contents Approval .............................................................................................ii ... Abstract .............................................................................................111 Bedicat ion .......................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...........................................................................vi Table of Contents............................................................................ vii Introduction....................................................................................... -7 Chapter One...................................................................................... -6 Chapter Two ......................................................................................18 A Review of Early Radical Feminist Literature........................ 18 Anthologies .............................................................................19 Chapter Three ...................................................................................29 The Birth Imperative as a Spur to the Development of Feminist Theory ............................................29 New Reproductive Technologies as a Focus for Contemporary Theory ............................................................-69 Chapter Four...................................................................................... 36 Conclusion............................................................................... 86 A Glossary of Terms Important to Reproduction, Birth and Motherhood....................................................................... 92 Bibliography....................................................................................... 115 vii . For many radical feminists, the fact that women give birth to babies is overwhelmingly important. It has been historically true that it is women who give birth to babies, that if babies are to be born, they will be born to women, and that if the human race is to survive, babies must be
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