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Multiple Indicator Clustar Survey and Demographic and Health Survey in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

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Multiple Indicator Clustar Survey and Demographic and Health Survey in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Archive of SID ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ اﭘﻴﺪﻣﻴ ﻮﻟﻮژي اﻳ ﺮان؛ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن 1399، دوره 16، ﺷﻤﺎره 2 : ﺻﻔﺤﺎت -121 108 . ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺪﻳ ﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﮔﺰارش ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺴﺆول و وﺿﻊ اﻳﺮان در آنﻫﺎ اﻟﻬﺎم ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻲ1، ژاﻟﻪ ﻋﺒﺪي2، ﻣﻬﺸﺎد ﮔﻮﻫﺮي ﻣﻬﺮ1، رﺿﻮاﻧﻪ اﻟﻮﻧﺪي1، ﺳﻬﻨﺪ رﻳ ﺎﺿﻲ اﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻲ2، اﻟﻬﺎم اﺣﻤﺪﻧﮋاد3 1 ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ، ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻠ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺳﻼﻣﺖ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﻬ ﺮان ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان 2 اﺳﺘ ﺎدﻳﺎرﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻠ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺳﻼﻣﺖ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﻬـﺮان ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان 3 داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻠ ﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘ ﺎت ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﻬﺮان ، ﺗﻬﺮان، اﻳﺮان ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ : اﻟﻬﺎم اﺣﻤﺪﻧﮋاد ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻲ: ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺧﻴ ﺎﺑﺎن وﺻﺎل ﺷﻴ ﺮازي، ﺧﻴ ﺎﺑﺎن ﺑﺰرﮔﻤﻬﺮ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ، ﭘﻼك 70 ، ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴ ﻘﺎت ﺳﻼﻣﺖ . ﺗﻠﻔﻦ: -62921286 021، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻚ : [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 13/03/98؛ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش: 98/08/11 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ و اﻫﺪاف: ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴ ﺸﺮﻓﺖ اﻫﺪاف ﺳﻼﻣﺖ (ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ) از ﻃﺮﻳ ـﻖ دو ﭘﻴﻤـ ﺎﻳ ﺶ ﺧﻮﺷـ ﻪ اي ﺷـﺎﺧ ﺺ ﻫـ ﺎي ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ( ﻣﺒﺘﻨ ﻲﺑﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻮار ) ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ؛ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣ ﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﻫﺪف اﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺟﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘـ ﻪ ﻣﺪﻳ ﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﺮان در اﺟﺮاي ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎ وﻫ ﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻳ ﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺮاي اﺟﺮا در اﻳﺮان اﺳﺖ . روش ﻛﺎر: در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺮوري (ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎه اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ)، ﺗﺎرﻳ ﺨﭽﻪ اﺟﺮا، دﺳﺘﻮراﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﺑﺰارﻫﺎ، ﭘﺮوﺗﻜﻞ وﻫ ﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺷﺪه از اﻳﻦ دو ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻮد، ﻣﻮردﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ: در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺪﻳ ﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ، 26 ﺑﺎر DHS و 56 ﺑﺎر MICS اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﻋﺮاق ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪاد MICS و ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗـ ﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻌـﺪا د DHS را اﻧﺠﺎم داده اﻧﺪ . آﺧﺮﻳﻦ MICS اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه ﻧﺴﺨﻪ 6 و آﺧﺮﻳﻦ DHS ﻧﺴﺨﻪ 7 اﺳﺖ. در ﮔﺰارشﻫﺎي ﺟﻬـﺎ ﻧﻲ ﺗﻌـﺪا د ﭘﻴﻤـ ﺎﻳﺶ ﻫـ ﺎي DHS ﺑﺮاي اﻳﺮان ﺻﻔﺮ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺰا رش ﻫﺎي رﺳﻤﻲ ﻛﺸﻮري، اﻳﺮان ﻃﻲ 5 دوره، ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘ ـﻲ از 2 ﭘﻴﻤـ ﺎﻳﺶ را از ﺳـﺎ ل 1995 اﺟﺮا ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ . ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﮔﻴﺮي: ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺪﻳ ﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ، در اﺟﺮاي ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺮده اﺳﺖ . اﻛﻨﻮن اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﻛﺪام ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ در اﻳﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﻮد؛ ﺗﻔﺎوﺗﻲ ﻧﺪارد، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻧﻜﺘﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﺟﻬﺖ رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ روﻧﺪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ، اﻳﺮان (ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﺑ ـﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠ ـﻲ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺶ و ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ) ﺑﺎﻳﺪ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي آﺗﻲ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﻳﻜﻲ از آن ﻫﺎ را اﺟﺮا ﻛﻨﺪ . درﺻﻮرﺗ ﻲﻛـ ﻪ ﻓﻘـ ﻂ ﻳ ـﻚ ﭘﻴﻤـ ﺎﻳﺶ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﻮد، ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻳ ﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه DHS ﺑﺮاي ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻳﺮان ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ. Downloaded from irje.tums.ac.ir at 5:31 IRST on Saturday October 10th 2020 واژﮔﺎن ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺒﺘﻨ ﻲﺑﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ، ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي ﺷـﺎﺧ ﺺ ﻫـﺎ ي ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧـﻪ ، ﭘﻴﻤـ ﺎﻳﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴ ـﺖ و ﺳـﻼﻣﺖ ، ﭘﻮﺷـ ﺶ ﻫﻤﮕـﺎ ﻧﻲ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ، اﻫﺪاف ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ در راﺳﺘﺎي اﻫﺪاف ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار و دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻫﻤﮕﺎﻧﻲ دارﻧﺪ )2( . ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻦ اﻫﺪاف ﻣﺸﺘﺮك، ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻫﺎﻳﻲ دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ، اراﻳﻪ داده ﻫﺎي ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ و ﺑﺎﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ، ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ دو ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ را ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺒﺘﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻮار، از ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ دﻫﻨﺪ. MICS از ﺳﺎل 1995 ﻣﻴﻼدي آﻏﺎز و ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن 6 دوره اراﻳﻪ ﻣﻨﺎ ﺑﻊ داده ﺑﻪ ﺷﻤﺎر ﻣ ﻲ روﻧﺪ )1( و ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺮ ﻛﺮدن ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. DHS از ﺣﺪود 1984 (10 ﺳﺎل ﭘﻴﺶ از MICS ) آﻏﺎز و ﺧﻸﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑ ﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻛﻤﺒﻮد داد ه ﻫﺎي ﻣﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻫﺎي ﺛﺒﺖ، ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن 7 دوره در دﻧﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ 5( .)-3 وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ. ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ1 و ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮي در ﻣﻮرد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ، ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ 2 دو ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ راﻳﺞ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰار ي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ، اﻧﺪازه ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ، ﺷﻜﺎف اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ وﻫ ﻢ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺑﺮاي ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ، اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻣ ﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ . و ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻮرد ﻧ ﻴﺎز ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ دارد )1( . اﻳﺮان از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﭘﺎﻳﺶ وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن و ﻣﺎدران ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪه ﻧﻈﺎرت ﺑﺮ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ اﻫﺪاف ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻲ ، ﻧﻴﺎز ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ دارد )6( . ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﺪل ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت در اﺟﺮا ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ١Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey; MICS ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻠﻲ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻫﺎي ٢Demographic and Health Survey; DHS www.SID.ir Archive of SID ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎي ﺧﻮﺷﻪاي ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ و ﺳﻼﻣﺖ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺪﻳ ﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﮔﺰارش ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ .../ 109 ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﺟﻼس ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن و اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ روﻧﺪﻫﺎ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﭘﺬ ﻳﺮي؛ اﺑﺰار ﭘﺮﺳﺸﮕﺮي و روش ﻛﺎر ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺑ ﻪ ﺳﻮ ي اﻫﺪاف ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻫﺰاره ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺪ )3( . ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻳﻦ دو ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ )6( . ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﻲ، ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﺑﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻠﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ DHS و MICS ﻣ ﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ در ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﻴﺮي در ﻣﻮرد اﺟﺮاي دوره ﺑﻌﺪي زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن و زﻧﺎن ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣ ﻲ ﮔﺬارد. اﺟﺮا ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻳﻚ ﻫﺮﻛﺪام و اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﺎژول ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ روﻧﺪﻫﺎ، ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن دوﻟﺘﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣ ﻲ ﺷﻮد و ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺴﻒ ﺑﻪ اراﻳﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻓﻨﻲ و DHS در زﻣﺎن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ، اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اﺑﺰار ﺑ ﻪ روزرﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎروري آﻣﻮزش ﻣ ﻲ ﭘﺮدازد )8( . در زﻣ ﺎن ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ، ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺮ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﺷﺪ (ﺗﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﺎروري و وﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ در ﺳﻨﻴﻦ 5 ﺳﺎل ﻳﻚ ﺑﺎر اﺟﺮا ﺷﻮد، اﻣﺎ در ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﺑﺎروري و در ﻛﻮدﻛ ﺎن) .)5( در ﻃﻮل زﻣﺎن، ﻣﻘﺪار و ﮔﺴﺘﺮه داد ه ﻫﺎي اﻃﻼﻋﺎت، از ﺳﺎل 2009 اﺟﺮاي 3 ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﺷﺪ )MICS . )3 ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ DHS ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻬ ﻲ ﮔﺴﺘﺮش ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ اﻳﻦ ﻓﺮﺻﺖ را ﻓﺮاﻫﻢ ﻣ ﻲ ﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺳﺮﻳﻊ در ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي (5) و ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﺎژول ﻫﺎ، ﺑ ﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل، دﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺑﺎرداري در ﺿﺮوري7 ﺣﻮزه ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه رﺻﺪ اﻫﺪاف ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار، ﺗﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ1 در ﻃﻮل زﻣﺎن ﺣﺬف ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ. اﻣﻜﺎن ﭘﺬﻳﺮ ﺷﻮد . اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﻤﻜﺎري ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﻴﻦ آژاﻧﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ MICS دوره ﻧﺨﺴﺖ در ﺑﻴﺶ از 60 ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑ ﻪ ﻃﻮر ﻋﻤﺪه در ﺳﺎل ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه اﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ2 و آژاﻧﺲ ﻫﺎي وﻳﮋه ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي 1995 و 1996 اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪ. دوره دوم در ﺳﺎل 2000 ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺧﺎﻧﻮار ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻃﻴﻒ وﺳﻴ ﻌﻲ از ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ را اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ داد. دور ه ﺳﻮم در ﺳﺎل 2005 آﻏﺎز ﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ درآﻣﺪ ﻛﻢ و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻫﺪف ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ داده ﻫﺎ، اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ در راﺳﺘﺎي اﻫﺪاف ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ اﺳﺖ (7،5،4و8) . ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮن ﺑﻴﺶ از 200 ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ DHS در ﺑﻴﺶ از ﻫﺰاره و اﻳﺠﺎد دﻧﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺮاي ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ. دوره ﭼﻬﺎرم 90 ﻛﺸﻮر ﺑﻪ اﺟﺮا در آﻣﺪه اﺳﺖ (4و9). اﻛﻨﻮن ﻫﺪف اﺻﻠﻲ DHS در ﺳﺎل 2009 (ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮ داد هﻫﺎ در ﺳﺎل 2010) ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دﻗﻴﻖ و ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻌﻤ ﻴﻢ در زﻣ ﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﻼﻣﺖ اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪ، اﻣﺎ در واﻗﻊ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎي اﺟﺮا ﺷﺪه در دوره ﭼﻬﺎرم ﺑﺎروري، ﺳﻼﻣﺖ ﻣﺎدر و ﻛﻮدك، /اﻳﺪز اچ آي وي، ﻣﺎﻻرﻳﺎ و ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ( 2011) و ﺣﺘﻲ در ﺳﺎل ﻫﺎي 2012 و 2013 در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ .)2( اﺳﺖ. دوره ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﻛﻪ در ﺳﺎل 2013 را ه اﻧﺪازي ﺷﺪ، ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف اراﺋﻪ 4 4 3 DHS ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ICF International و ﺷﺮﻳﻚ ﻫﺎي آن اﺟﺮا ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد اﺑﺰارﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري داد ه ﻫﺎي ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻫﺰاره ﺑﻮد. در و ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آژاﻧﺲ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﻴ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ اﻳﺎﻻت ﻣﺘﺤﺪه5 و دﻳﮕﺮ ﺳﺎل 2017 ، دوره ﺷﺸﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻼش ﺑﺮاي دﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬاران ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﻛﻮدﻛﺎن ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﻣﻠﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺪ داده ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺮاي ﻣ ﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ از اﻫﺪاف ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و اﻫﺪاف 6 (ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺴﻒ) و ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد )4( . ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪار راه اﻧﺪازي ﺷﺪ. ﺑﻴﺶ از دو دﻫﻪ (22 ﺳﺎل) اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ Downloaded from irje.tums.ac.ir at 5:31 IRST on Saturday October 10th 2020 ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﻫﺎ ي اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪه DHS ﺑ ﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ دوره ﻫﺎي زﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرت اﻧﺪ از: ﺑﻴﺶ از MICS 300 در 112 ﻛﺸﻮر اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (10). DHS-III ، 1993 - 1989 :DHS-II ، 1990 - 1984 :DHS-I : 1992 - ﻳﻜﻲ از دﻻﻳﻞ اﺟﺮاي ﻧﻮﺑﺖ آﺗﻲ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ، ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ روﻧﺪ اﺟﺮا در DHS-V ، 2003 - 1997 : DHS-IV ، 1998: 2003 ﺗﺎ DHS- ، 2008 ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ اﺳﺖ . ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع، اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف VI: 2008 ﺗﺎ 2013 و DHS-VII: 2013 ﺗﺎ 2018 .)4( ا رزﻳﺎﺑﻲ اﺟﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ در ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺧﻮﺷﻪ اي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ( MICS ) در ا ﺑﺘﺪا در وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﻳﺮان اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﺪف ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ اراﻳ ﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻬﺎد زﻣﺎن اﺟﺮا و ﻧﻮع ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ در ﻧﻮﺑﺖ آﺗﻲ در اﻳﺮان ﻫﺴﺖ. ١Reason of stopping contraception in the reproductive calendar ٢ United States Agency for International Development; USAID ICF 3 ﻳﻚ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺸﺎورهاي ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻲ در ﺳﻄﺢ دﻧﻴﺎ اﺳﺖ. ICFInternational داراي ﺑﻴﺶ از 60 دﻓﺘﺮ در آﺳﻴﺎ، ﻛﺎﻧﺎدا، اروﭘﺎ و آﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎي ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﺳﺖ. روش ﻛﺎر 4Path, Avenir Health, Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, Vysnova, and Blue Raster, Kimetrica, and Encompass اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ (ﻣﺮوري) اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ و ٥ 8DHS United States Agency for International Development; USAID 6 ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ د ر ﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﺶ DHS ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ دارﻧﺪ، در درﺟﻪ اول ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ دو ﭘﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ، از ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ و USAID ﻛﻤﻚ ﻫﺎي را در ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣ ﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ، ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل، ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮر ﭘﺸﺘﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺸﺪه از ﺳﻮي USAID ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ اﻫﺪاﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎن ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ UNFPA ، UNICEF، ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ٧Essential indicators ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ و National governMents در ﭘ ﻴﻤﺎﻳﺶ DHS ﻣﺸﺎرﻛﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ.
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    ANNUAL REPORT ON THE DEATH PENALTY IN IRAN 2020 In 2020, the year of the extraordinary and overwhelming worldwide COVID-19 pandemic, most countries have been fighting to save lives. Meanwhile, Iran not only continued executing as usual, ANNUAL REPORT but used the death penalty more than ever to nip the freedom of speech and expression in the bud. The death penalty in 2020 has been used as a repressive tool against protesters, ethnic minority groups and any opponents or independent thinkers. Nevertheless, this report shows how exasperated the Iranian population is with the authorities’ ON THE DEATH PENALTY practices. Public opposition to the death penalty has increased drastically. Mass online campaigns of millions of Iranians expressing their opposition to the death penalty and the dramatic increase in the number of people choosing diya (blood money) or forgiveness over execution, are all examples of this opposition. With this report, we demand transparency and accountability and IN IRAN 2020 call on the international community to support the abolitionist movement in Iran. 2020 ON THE DEATH PENALTY IN IRAN ANNUAL REPORT © IHR, ECPM, 2021 ISBN : 978-2-491354-18-3 Mahmood Amiry-Moghaddam Director Iran Human Rights (IHR) and ECPM Iran Human Rights Raphaël Chenuil-Hazan have been working together since P.O.Box 2691 Solli Executive director 2011 for the international release and circulation of the annual report 0204 Oslo - Norway Email: [email protected] on the death penalty in Iran. IHR Tel: +47 91742177 62bis avenue Parmentier and ECPM see the death penalty as Email: [email protected] 75011 PARIS a benchmark for the human rights situation in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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  • Cruel and Inhuman: Executions and Other Barbarities in Iran's Judicial
    Cruel and Inhuman: Executions and Other Barbarities in Iran’s Judicial System April 2021 Table of Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................. 3 Executions ............................................................................................................................. 4 Executions in Iran by the Numbers .................................................................................................4 Targets for Execution .....................................................................................................................4 Executions in Iran 2005–2019* .......................................................................................................5 Methods of Execution ....................................................................................................................5 Execution of Navid Afkari ...............................................................................................................5 Execution of Ruhollah Zam .............................................................................................................6 Recent Executions of Ethnic Minorities ...........................................................................................7 Other Evils in Iran’s Judicial System ........................................................................................ 8 Severe Forms of Punishment besides Execution ..............................................................................8
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  • Human Rights Violations in Kurdistan of Iran
    http://www.kmmk-ge.org/ [email protected] Human Rights Violations in Kurdistan of Iran Periodic Summary Report for the Attention of the OHCHR Desk and the UN Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Kurdistan of Iran Kurdistan Human Rights-Geneva (KMMK-G) October 2020 1 http://www.kmmk-ge.org/ [email protected] Table of Contents I. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 II. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 4 III. Executions .......................................................................................................................... 4 IV. Political Prisoners ................................................................................................................. 8 V. Extra-Judicial Executions of Kurdish Kolbaran (border couriers) in 2020 .... 13 VI. Landmines Incidents .......................................................................................................... 14 VII. About KMMK-G ................................................................................................................... 16 2 http://www.kmmk-ge.org/ [email protected] I. Introduction This report provides up-to-date data and analysis on the situation of human rights in Kurdistan of Iran from January 1, 2020 until September 28, 2020, prepared for the attention of the UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Iran,
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  • US Sanctions on Iran
    US Sanctions on Iran: An On-going Covid-19 Analysis Alina Younis ¹ ¹Department of International Relations, Cyprus International University, Cyprus, [email protected] ABSTRACT: The aim of the research article is to assess the dire consequences of the US economic sanctions on the public health of the Iranian citizens in times of a global pandemic. The world at present is witnessing an unprecedented and unique outbreak of the deadly COVID-19, commonly referred to as Corona Virus, that has resulted in approximately 198,921 deaths in the US alone and approximately 953,482 deaths worldwide. The decline in the medical imports and overall healthcare system in Iran significantly point towards the dire repercussions of US economic sanctions on Iran especially in times of a global pandemic. As the situation develops the figures and statistics are not yet as clear but the trend shows how drastically these sanctions have affected the right to health of the Iranian population. Although the US government has made tall claims regarding the humanitarian exemptions on sanctions, it is also making it difficult for companies to obtain special license for humanitarian aid like medicine and food to the Iranian citizens. The US government needs to come up with a holistic and clear policy regarding humanitarian exports to Iran KEYWORDS: COVID-19, Coronavirus, Public Health, US Sanctions, Iran. Introduction The aim of the research article is to assess the dire consequences on the public health of the Iranian citizens in times of a global pandemic. The world at present is witnessing an unprecedented and unique outbreak of the deadly COVID-19, commonly referred to as Corona Virus, that has resulted in approximately 198,921 deaths in the US alone and approximately 953,482 deaths worldwide (Johns Hopkins University 2020).
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  • The Big Role of Authority, Sanctity, and Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression in Blaming the Rape Victims: a Study on Culture of Honor
    The Big Role of Authority, Sanctity, and Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression in Blaming the Rape Victims: A Study on Culture of Honor Mazyar Bagherian Miandoab1, Zohreh Hashemi Dezaki*2, Bahare Bahmani1 1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. 2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran. Abstract According to Moral Foundation Theory, people rely on five intuitive-based foundations in their moral judgments. These foundations are divided into two clusters: Individualizing foundations (Care and Fairness) and Binding foundations (Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity). In this study, the authors investigated the relationship between moral foundations and AMMSA with victim-blaming and the moderating role of social desirability in Iranian Culture. Consistent with previous findings, victim-blaming was best predicted by AMMSA. Regarding moral foundations, victim-blaming was positively predicted by Authority and Sanctity and negatively predicted by Fairness. Although the best predictor of victim-blaming was AMMSA, Authority and Sanctity had a marginal difference with AMMSA in predicting victim-blaming. Analyses also showed that higher levels of Social Desirability moderated the Care foundation. Moreover, while there was no difference in victim-blaming among men and women, men were more accepting of AMMSA. With attention to previous literature, findings are discussed to gain a better understanding of the interaction between moral foundations and victim-blaming in various cultural contexts. Key words: Victim-blaming, Acceptance of Modern myths about sexual aggression, Moral foundations, Iran, Rape 1. Introduction Sexual aggression and rape are among the most pervasive social problems of today’s modern age.
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  • Sustainable Use of Water Resources in a Wadi System Facing Climate Change Impacts and Growing Groundwater Demand Nariman Mahmoodi1, Jens Kiesel1,2, Paul D
    https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2020-599 Preprint. Discussion started: 13 January 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. Sustainable use of water resources in a Wadi system facing climate change impacts and growing groundwater demand Nariman Mahmoodi1, Jens Kiesel1,2, Paul D. Wagner1, Nicola Fohrer1 1Kiel University, Department of Hydrology and Water Resources Management, Kiel 24118, Germany 5 2Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Ecosystem Research, Berlin 12489, Germany Correspondence to: Nariman Mahmoodi ([email protected]) Abstract. Understanding current and possible future alterations of water resources under climate change and increased water withdrawal allows for better water and environmental management decisions in arid regions. This study aims at analyzing the impact of groundwater withdrawals and climate change on groundwater sustainability and hydrologic regime alterations 10 in a Wadi system in central Iran. A hydrologic model is used to assess streamflow and groundwater recharge of the Halilrood Basin on a daily time step under different scenarios over a model setup period (1979-2009) and for two future scenario periods (near future: 2030–2059 and far future: 2070-2099). The Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) with a set of 32 parameters are used in conjunction with the Range of Variability Approach (RVA) to evaluate hydrologic regime change in the river. The results show that groundwater recharge is expected to decrease, and is not able to fulfil the increasing water 15 demand in the far future scenario. The Halilrood River will undergo low and moderate flow alteration under both stressors during the near future as RVA alteration is classified as “high” for only three indicators, while in the far future, 11 indicators lie in “high” range.
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  • The Exponentially Increasing Rate of Patients Infected with COVID-19 in Iran
    ARCHIVES OF Arch Iran Med. April 2020;23(4):235-238 IRANIAN doi 10.34172/aim.2020.03 http://www.aimjournal.ir MEDICINE Open Original Article Access The Exponentially Increasing Rate of Patients Infected with COVID-19 in Iran Leila Moftakhar, MSc1; Mozhgan Seif, PhD2* 1Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran 2Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Abstract Background: Coronavirus, the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (COVID-19), is rapidly spreading around the world. Since the number of corona positive patients is increasing sharply in Iran, this study aimed to forecast the number of newly infected patients in the coming days in Iran. Methods: The data used in this study were obtained from daily reports of the Iranian Ministry of Health and the datasets provided by the Johns Hopkins University including the number of new infected cases from February 19, 2020 to March 21, 2020. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was applied to predict the number of patients during the next thirty days. Results: The ARIMA model forecasted an exponential increase in the number of newly detected patients. The result of this study also show that if the spreading pattern continues the same as before, the number of daily new cases would be 3574 by April 20. Conclusion: Since this disease is highly contagious, health politicians need to make decisions to prevent its spread; otherwise, even the most advanced and capable health care systems would face problems for treating all infected patients and a substantial number of deaths will become inevitable.
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  • The Role of Religious Actors in the COVID-19 Pandemic. a Theory-Based Empirical Analysis with Policy Recommendations for Action
    www.ssoar.info The Role of Religious Actors in the COVID-19 Pandemic: a theory-based empirical analysis with policy recommendations for action Yendell, Alexander; Hidalgo, Oliver; Hillenbrand, Carolin Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Forschungsbericht / research report Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Yendell, A., Hidalgo, O., & Hillenbrand, C. (2021). The Role of Religious Actors in the COVID-19 Pandemic: a theory- based empirical analysis with policy recommendations for action. (ifa-Edition Kultur und Außenpolitik). Stuttgart: ifa (Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen). https://doi.org/10.17901/akbp1.10.2021 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-NC-ND Lizenz This document is made available under a CC BY-NC-ND Licence (Namensnennung-Nicht-kommerziell-Keine Bearbeitung) zur (Attribution-Non Comercial-NoDerivatives). For more Information Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.de Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-73685-7 ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy The Role of Religious Actors in the COVID-19 Pandemic A theory-based empirical analysis with policy recommendations for action Alexander Yendell, Oliver Hidalgo and Carolin Hillenbrand ifa Edition Culture and Foreign Policy The Role of Religious Actors in the COVID-19 Pandemic A theory-based empirical analysis with
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  • Geopolitical and Ideological Rivalry in the Middle East
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