Wajir County Drought Contingency Plan February 2014

NATIONAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

WAJIR COUNTY DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PLAN FEBRUARY 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The preparation of this County Drought Contingency Plan would not have been possible without the support and valuable contributions of the Community, technical departments and the various organizations and development partners in the County. We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all those who have participated or supported us in any way or form in the preparation of this Contingency Plan. First and foremost, we must thank Adeso-REGAL-IR and SNV for generously contributing the funds need to prepare this Plan. The preparation of this plan took a long time and presented considerable challenges, but all those who were involved took this as a learning process. The process involved initial CSG sensitization, preparation of six individual Sub-County Contingency Plans, consolidation of the six Sub-County Contingency Plans into a draft County Contingency Plan, validation of the draft County Contingency Plan by the six Sub-Counties and approval of the final draft by the CSG. Honest contribution and technical support from the line-departments of Agriculture, Livestock Production, Vet. Services, Education, Health and nutrition, Water, Directorate of Disaster Management and Humanitarian Coordination and the Deputy County Commissioners enabled us to realize the final production of this crucial document. We are also indebted to our partners including, WASDA, ALDEF, Islamic Relief, Oxfam, UNICEF, WFP, Save the Children, KRCS and Mercycorps, for their participation, cooperation and contribution during the entire process. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This contingency plan for Wajir County is designed to allow early response to drought hazards in order to minimise depletion of household assets and support and protect lives and livelihoods. It is the first all-inclusive and most comprehensive contingency plan in the County with widest participation of partners at Community, Sub-county and County levels. Chapter one cover the introduction and this deals with the county profile and covers drought vulnerability and livelihood zones and their income sources. Chapter two deals with methodology of drought contingency planning and drought cycle management where indicators and intervention of drought cycle management are discussed. Chapter four discusses drought scenarios in the county while chapter five deals with the sectors most affected by drought including livestock, agriculture, education, health, water, social protection and conflict and their intervention plan, indicators and trigger analysis and the budgets at the various phases of the drought. Finally chapter 6 dwells on management and coordination of CP process which includes standard operation procedures and chapter seven is the annex and deals with procedures for disbursement of Drought Contingency Funds and other reference materials. The need therefore, exists for a strategic long-term approach for drought management to increase the resilience of the communities in the county and to promote early response to drought in order to minimise the losses of lives and livelihoods. The operationalization and adequate funding of this plan and the commitment, participation, support and input of all the County and National stakeholders, will ensure prevention of droughts from degenerating into disaster and return to normalcy will be accelerated. i

Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... i EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 WAJIR COUNTY PROFILE ...... 1 1.1.1 Location and Size ...... 1 1.1.2 Physical and Topographic Features ...... 1 1.1.3 Ecological Conditions ...... 1 1.1.4 Climatic Conditions ...... 1 1.1.5 Administrative Sub-divisions...... 2 1.1.6 Political Units ...... 2 1.1.7 Population Size and Composition ...... 2 1.1.8 Population Density and Distribution ...... 2 1.1.9 Education Institutions ...... 3 1.1.10 Livestock and livestock population ...... 3 2.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 4 2.1 Contingency Planning and Drought Cycle Management ...... 4 2.2 Drought Early Warning Phase Classification ...... 6 2.3 Methodology to Establish Early Warning Phase Classification ...... 10 3.0 CONTEXT ANALYSIS ...... 14 3.1 Situation Overview ...... 14 3.2 Drought Vulnerability and Capacities ...... 14 3.3 Livelihood Zones ...... 17 3.3.1 Agro- pastoral livelihood zone ...... 18 3.3.2 Sources of income ...... 18 3.3.3 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) ...... 18 3.3.4 Pastoral All Species ...... 18 3.3.5 Sources of income ...... 18 3.3.6 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) ...... 19 3.3.7 Formal Employment/Business Livelihood Zone ...... 19 3.3.8 Livestock and crop production activities ...... 19 3.3.9 Markets serving the LZ ...... 19 3.3.10 Pastoral-Camel Livelihoods Zone ...... 19 ii

3.3.11 Sources of income ...... 20 3.3.12 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) ...... 20 4.0 DROUGHT SCENARIO ...... 21 4.1 Best case scenario ...... 21 4.2. Moderate case scenario ...... 21 4.3 Worst case scenario ...... 23 5.0. SECTOR PLANS ...... 28 5.1 LIVESTOCK SECTOR ...... 28 5.1.1 Livestock Sector Brief ...... 28 5.1.2 Livestock Sector SWOT Analysis ...... 29 5.1.3 Livestock Sector Seasonal Calendar ...... 30 5.1.4 Livestock sector indicators and triggers analysis ...... 32 5.1.5 Livestock Sector Intervention Plan: ...... 38 5.1.6 Livestock Sector Budget ...... 44 5.2 WATER SECTOR ...... 50 5.1.2 Background Information ...... 50 5.1.2 Water sector Indicators and triggers analysis...... 51 5.1.3 Water Sector Intervention Plan ...... 56 5.1.4 Water sector budget ...... 63 5.3 Health and Nutrition Sector ...... 66 5.3.1 Context Analysis and Risk Assessment ...... 67 5.3.2 Current Interventions ...... 69 5.3.3 SWOT Analysis...... 68 5.3.4 Health sector Indicators &Triggers Analysis ...... 69 5.3.5 Health Sector Intervention Plan ...... 73 5.3.6 Health sector budget ...... 78 5.4 EDUCATION SECTOR ...... 87 5.4.1 Education Sector Brief ...... 87 5.4.2 Education sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis ...... 87 5.4.3 Education Sector Budget...... 95 5.4.4 Education Sector Intervention Plan ...... 91 5.4.5 Education Sector SWOT Analysis ...... 87 5.4.6 Education sector seasonal Calendar ...... 88 iii

5.5 AGRICULTURE SECTOR ...... 96 5.5.1 Background Information ...... 96 5.5.2 Agriculture Sector Seasonal Calendar ...... 100 5.5.3 SWOT Analysis...... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.5.4 Agriculture Sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis ...... 97 5.5.5 Agriculture Sector Intervention Plan ...... 100 5.5.6 Agriculture Sector Budget ...... 105 5.6 CONFLICT SECTOR ...... 107 5.6.1 Sector Brief ...... 107 5.6.2 Conflict Sector Indicators and triggers Analysis ...... 108 5.6.3 CONFLICT SECTOR INTERVENTION PLAN ...... 110 5.7 SOCIAL PROTECTION...... 116 5.7.1 DROUGHT VULNERABILITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION ...... 116 5.7.2 CURRENT INTERVENTIONS ...... 116 5.7.2.1 Hunger Safety Net Programme (HSNP II) ...... 116 5.7.2.2 Relief Operations ...... 116 5.7.2.3 THE CASH TRANSFER FOR ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN (CT-OVC) PROGRAMME ...... 116 6.0 MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION OF CP PROCESS ...... 123 6.1 Standard Operating Procedures ...... 123 6.2 Response Taskforces/ Working Groups at all levels ...... 124 7.0 ANNEXES ...... 135

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 WAJIR COUNTY PROFILE 1.1.1 Location and Size Wajir County is located in the North Eastern region of Kenya. It lies between latitudes 3o N 60’N and 0o 20’ N and Longitudes 39o E and 41o E and covers an area of 56,685.9 Km2. It borders Somalia to the East, Ethiopia to the north, Mandera County to the Northeast, Isiolo County to the South West, Marsabit County to the West and Garissa County to the South. 1.1.2 Physical and Topographic Features Wajir County is a featureless plain, and lies between 150 metres and 460 metres above sea level and along latitude 1°45'N and longitude 40°4'E. Its Altitude is 244 m (801 ft.).The plain rises gently from the south and east towards the north rising to 200 metres at Buna and 460 metres at Bute and Gurar at the foothills of Ethiopian highlands. There is the highly seasonal Ewaso Nyiro River and Lake Yahud. The county is prone to seasonal flooding during the rainy seasons, which makes roads impassable. The county has seasonal swamps which together with drainage lines serve as grazing zones during dry season and also allows some cultivation during the rainy seasons. The seasonal swamps exist at Lagboghol area and in the western and southern part of Habaswein area. The county is generally covered with young sedimentary rocks with loamy soils toward the north bordering the Ethiopian highlands. The county has considerable deposits of Limestone and sand which are used in the local building industry. 1.1.3 Ecological Conditions Wajir County is an arid area falling in the ecological zone V-VI. Zone V receives rainfall between 300- 400mm annually, has low trees, grass and shrubs. On the other hand zone VI receives an annual rainfall of 200-300mm, shrubs with scattered taller trees, annual & perennial grasses. The county receives an average of 240 mm of rainfall per year. The rainfall is usually erratic and short making it unfavourable for vegetation growth. The rainfall is distributed into two seasons, the short rains and the long rains. The short rains are experienced between October to December and the long rains from March to May each year. Crop activity is carried out in the Lorian swamp and along the drainage lines in Bute. The crops grown in the area are sorghum, beans and vegetables. 1.1.4 Climatic Conditions Wajir County mean relative humidity for an average year is 61.8 per cent and on a monthly basis it ranges from 56 per cent in February to 68 per cent in June. The county doesn’t experience frost on any day. The county receives on average 240 mm of precipitation annually or 20 mm each month. On balance there are 24 days annually on which greater than 0.1 mm of precipitation (rain, sleet, snow or hail) occurs on 2 days on an average month. The month with the driest weather is June when on average 1 mm of rain across zero days. The month with the wettest weather is April when on average 68 mm of rain, falls across 6 days. The higher areas of Bute and Gurar receive higher rainfall of between 500mm and 700mm. The average temperature is 27.9 °C. The range of average monthly temperatures is 3.5 °C. The warmest months are February & March with an average of 36°C while the coolest months are June, July, August & September with an average low of 21 °C.

1.1.5 Administrative Sub-divisions Administratively, the county comprises of eight Sub-counties namely Wajir East, Tarbaj, Wajir West, Eldas, Wajir North, Buna, Habaswein and Wajir South. It’s further divided into 28 Divisions, 128 locations and 159 sub-locations as indicated in table below. 1.1.6 Political Units The county has 6 constituencies - Wajir East, Tarbaj, Wajir west, Eldas, Wajir South and Wajir North and has 30 electoral wards. Wajir North and Wajir South constituencies have the largest number of wards at 7, and the rest have 4 each as shown in table below. 1.1.7 Population Size and Composition

Projections from the Kenya 2009 Population and Housing census indicate that the county has a total population of 727,965 which is projected to be 852,963 in 2017. Males comprise 55 per cent of the population whereas female population account for 45 per cent. The county has an inter-censual growth rate of 3.22 per cent which is higher than the national population growth rate of 3.0 per cent. 1.1.8 Population Density and Distribution Table 3 below shows the population by constituency and population densities in the county where the average county population density stands at 13 persons per square kilometre.

Table 1: Population Distribution and Density by Constituency/Sub-county

Constituency 2009(Census) 2012 (Projections) 2015 (Projections) 2017 (Projections) Population Density Populatio Density Populatio Densit Populatio Density (Km2) n (Km2) n y (Km2) n (Km2)

Wajir South 130,070 6 143,044 7 157,311 7 167,605 8 Wajir North 135,505 16 149,021 17 163,885 19 174,609 20 Wajir East 112,572 28 123,800 31 136,149 34 149,729 37 Tarbaj 111,846 12 123,001 13 135,271 14 148,763 16 Wajir West 91,143 9 100,233 10 110,232 11 121,227 12 Eldas 80,805 27 88,864 29 97,729 32 107,476 35 Total 661,941 12 727,966 13 800,576 14 852,963 15

The age cohorts reveal that 84.2 per cent of the population is below 29 years. This has a significant impact on the county resources as more resources will be required in education and health facilities and employment creation opportunities. Over 54.06 per cent of the population is aged between 0-14 and above 65 years. This age group is dependent on the working proportion aged 15-64. This implies a very high dependency ratio, which is expected to bring down productivity in the county.

Table 2: Population Projections by Age Cohort

Age 2009 (Census) 2012 2015 2017 group (Projections) (Projections) (Projections) Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total 0-4 47,776 44,637 92,413 52,541 49,089 101,631 57,782 53,986 111,768 61,563 57,518 119,081 5 - 9 66,642 57,282 123,924 73,289 62,996 136,285 80,599 69,279 149,878 85,873 73,812 159,686 10-14 73,282 53,505 126,789 80,591 58,842 139,433 88,630 64,711 153,341 94,430 68,945 163,375 15-19 51,709 32,748 84,457 56,867 36,014 92,881 62,539 39,607 102,145 66,631 42,198 108,829 20-24 27,906 20,816 48,722 30,689 22,892 53,582 33,751 25,176 58,926 35,959 26,823 62,782

The figures for selected age groups in the table 2 have some implications on the general economic outlook as explained below: 1.1.9 Education Institutions There are 203 ECD centres, 203 primary schools, 34 secondary schools and 4 youth polytechnics (Wajir, Habaswein, KhorofHarar and Griftu polytechnics). The enrolment figures for the ECDE are 10,642 boys against 8158 girls, for primary schools 35,928 boys against 23,137 girls and secondary schools 5,122 boys against 2,073 girls. Adult literacy is low at 19.6 per cent 1.1.10 Livestock and livestock population The main livestock production system practiced in the county is nomadic pastoralism which is currently under threat due to recurrent droughts, uncontrolled livestock diseases; population increased resulting in mushrooming settlement, environmental degradation, shrinking pasture land, poor infrastructure and inadequate terminal markets. Main livestock species include cattle, camels, donkey, goat and sheep. Their number may fluctuate significantly depending on severity of droughts in the county. The estimated livestock population

No Livestock Species Number

1 Cattle 718,928

2 Sheep 1,177,500

3 Goats 1,503,730

4 Camels 717,028

5 Donkeys 186,044

6 Poultry

8 Bee Hives 1,272 TLU Per Household Species Average TLU Cattle 5 Sheep 10 Goat 10 3

Camel 5 Donkeys 3

3.11 Sectoral contribution to household income Sectoral Contribution to household income % Agriculture ( Livestock) 85 Rural self-employment 10 Wage employment 1 Urban self-employment 4

Number employed per sector

Sector: Number employed 1 Agriculture (Livestock) 284,265 2 Rural self-employment 33,443 3 Wage employment 3,344 4 Urban self-employment 13,377

Livelihood zones Table 5: Proportion of population by livelihood zones

Livelihood zone Percent of total population Agro pastoral 23.4 Informal Employment/ Business 17.1

Pastoral all species 18.7 Pastoral Cattle 24 Pastoral Camel 16.8

2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Contingency Planning and Drought Cycle Management The NDMA will promote different approaches/tools that address the underlying structural causes of vulnerability and reduce the impacts of shocks. In this regard, the use of drought risk reduction, climate change adaptation and social protection strategies all have an important role to play at different times and in different ways in reducing vulnerability and building resilience. NDMA will support the integration of these three strategic areas in a more comprehensive manner in order to strengthen people’s resilience to climatic shocks (As indicated here below).

The ultimate objective of the drought response system is to promote early mitigation efforts that reduce the time that elapses from the point when warning of drought stress is given and the point when response at county level starts. Drought mitigation activities will take a livelihood perspective and be specifically designed to support local economies and promote linkages with long-term development strategies. This is expected to reduce considerably the losses of assets by households during drought crises and contribute to enhance resilience. The rationale of this approach is based on the fact that the benefits of investing in early response by subsidizing the livelihoods/ local economies exposed to drought risks are much higher than if intervening in a late stage to provide emergency humanitarian aids1.

The contingency planning process adopted by NDMA is based on the drought cycle management approach, which can be understood in terms of five phases that can be categorized into normal, alert, alarm, emergency, and recovery, with different types of interventions tailored to the various phases. DCM describes in a general way how to reduce vulnerability (& increase resilience) of populations to drought through proper planning. The aim is also to use funds more effectively: making investment in drought preparedness during the normal and alert stages means that less money should have to be spent during the emergency phase. Early warning systems and the warning stages that are derived from them are an effective way of triggering interventions to manage drought.

Each EW phase will require specific drought mitigation activities to support livelihoods and minimize depletion of assets. Some drought management models run together ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ warning stages as a single stage. This simplifies the warning stages but it loses a sensitive transition and decision point since the alert stage is extremely important for early action that can reduce the later social and economic impact of drought, saving people and money. Running ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ together as a single stage disguises this trigger. 2.2 Drought Early Warning Phase Classification In order to determine the early warning phase, there is need to measure and combine the drought indicators related to the 4 classes of indicators proposed for the decision mechanism (see below)

ENVIRONMANTAL INDICATORS

Meteorological Drought Indicators The TAMSAT (Tropical Applications of Meteorology using Satellite and other data) rainfall estimation method is Africa based on the recognition of storm clouds in the thermal IR imagery and calibration against ground-based rain gauge data. A rain rate is associated with all clouds colder than a prescribed temperature threshold Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) SPI is standardized anomaly, equivalent to the statistical Z-score, representing the precipitation deficit over a specific time scale, such as 3, 6, 9, or 12 months, relative to climatology (McKee et al., 1993). Drought classification by SPI-3month values and their thresholds (adapted from McKee 1993)

Color SPI Values Rainfall Category > +1.5 or more Strongly above normal

1 to +1.5 Above normal

-1 to 1 Normal -1.5 to -1 Below normal

<-1.5 Strongly below normal Rainfall estimate based on TAMSAT (actual versus long term average, Sept 13 to March 14))

Agricultural Drought Indicators

Quantitative drought indicators based on vegetation status Earth observation (EO) satellites measure the radiation reflected by the Earth surface. Usually, the radiation is measured within discrete spectral bands. The reflectance properties vary with the state of the surface (e.g. vegetation canopy). This permits characterizing the state of the Earth surface over large areas with high revisit frequency (e.g. daily observations by medium resolution satellites). Combining several spectral bands (e.g. red and near-infrared) in so-called vegetation indices (e.g. NDVI) further increases the link to ground state conditions (e.g. vegetation stress).

Vegetation Condition Index

This indicator is suitable to measure the status of pasture and therefore can be used to assess grazing resources available to livestock. The Vegetation Condition Index is based on the relative NDVI change with respect to minimum and max historical NDVI value. The NDVI of a given week is compared to the minimum NDVI found in the archive (of that week: NDVImin) and the maximum NDVI found for that week (NDVImax). Drought classification by VCI-3month values and their thresholds

Color VCI values Drought Category 3-monthly average Wet

≥50 No drought

3525 to 3450 Mild Drought Severe

10 to 24 Extreme Drought <10

MEASURING SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS

The impacts and implications of deviations in environmental indicators are basically demonstrated in socio-economic indicators performance in the two livelihood zones of the county that are predominantly dependent on environmental indicators. The table below describes each indicator of socio-economic effects of drought under the three classes proposed in chapter 1 (Production; Access; and Utilisation).

Table: EW Phase Classification - Suggested Indicators of Socio-Economic Effects of Drought

INDICATOR Drought CLASS Indicator Data Collection Assessment of Thresholds Production Livestock Show the pattern of livestock migration Average distance and pattern of migration indicators migration in relation to access to wet and dry assessed against baseline data (migration pattern season grazing during normal periods) Milk Record milk production per unit and The recorded value is compared to the long term production production levels over time. average milk production for the period Livestock Use body condition scoring and standard Baseline survey will help to determine what range body variables e.g heart girth, weight, lactation of variation can be expected during what kind of condition status drought condition, thereby providing data to help establish aggregation and threshold criteria Livestock Record quantities and trends over time. Use significance levels. Analyse correlation deaths Calculate mortality indices and use this to between deaths and vector of community level trigger response. covariates to get predictable variation in mortality experience Actual The median actual planting date of key The median actual planting date will be assessed planting staple crops will be determined. against the baseline normal. The average date deviation will be used to assess if a threshold has been crossed Area Record actual area planted for each crop. Area planted will be compared to baseline values planted and assessed as a percentage change. Actual Actual harvest quantities for each crop Total harvest will be compared to baseline values harvest will be compared to long-term averages. and assessed as a percentage change. Access Price of Each market/community should have Season-normalized baseline data will be used in indicators cereals their prices recorded and changes over marginal agricultural livelihoods to identify time noted. significant deviations above the normal range of food prices within an area. Livestock Record weekly prices for livestock and Season-normalized baseline data will be used to terms of cereals to calculate to ToT identify significant deviations from the normal trade range of ToT within an area. Availability Record average quantity per household The item balances on the food balance sheet of cereals or survey unit. Data will be used to will tell if the household is in an adverse and create a food balance sheet. situation. Baseline data will help to thresholds legumes for each community, derived from the percentage change in the food items in the FBS. Availability List all the water sources and monitor Medium of water changes in each source and number of sources. Thresholds will be based on the percentage change in number of sources and ratios of gender fetching Milk Record the % of sampled households that The normalised baseline is compared to actual consumptio reported regular milk consumption. milk consumption for the period n Include record of milk consumption by children Availability MUAC The middle upper arm circumference Threshold will be based on percentage change in Indicators (MUAC) can be used to show the the MUAC for Age Z scores (MAZ) malnutrition levels among young children. This is compared with the standardized MUAC for age Z-scores. Coping The coping strategies section covers Strategy questions on unintended dietary change Index or livelihood strategies. Thus households 9

INDICATOR Drought CLASS Indicator Data Collection Assessment of Thresholds are asked how often they have been forced to rely on less preferred foods than normally consumed, to borrow or purchase food on credit, to reduce the number of meals, and to limit portion size or skip a whole day without eating due to lack of money or food 2.3 Methodology to Establish Early Warning Phase Classification Establishing deviation from the long-term average For all the major indicators monitored in the monthly data collection, current observations are compared with long-term average or baseline data. The data variations are analysed to determine whether the changes significantly deviate from the long term average for the specific period of the year. This helps determine whether changes recorded are normal occurrences in the communities interviewed or whether they should be considered as early warning concerns. It also helps indicate whether problems identified are chronic and therefore needing long term solutions, or whether they indicate a crisis or emergency situation that could stress normal coping mechanisms. Baseline data is available for the major monitoring indicators. The level of each of the quantitative indicators is interpreted relative to their long term rolling average. A moving average is commonly used with time series data to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles, and it is calculated using at least 10 years data (depending on availability of reliable data), for each of the livelihood zones. The long term mean is used to compare the level of the current year’s indicators deviation from the ‘normal’ or long term average. The historical reference data is, therefore, used as a baseline that allows us to interpret EW info against a reference trend line. It allows a comparative analysis in the level of EW indicator trends, the direction and magnitude of change, and the rapidity of change. For example when a sharp rise in the price of cereal is reported in a given month relative to the trend line in an arid district, this should ring a bell indicating the need for close monitoring of the magnitude of the indicator fluctuation range and the cause of that fluctuation. This is because deviation from the historical reference alone does not tell us whether the magnitude of the price change is abnormal and if it is due to drought and/or some other reasons, thereby warranting drought response interventions, or whether the deviation is within the normal range. Indicator Fluctuation Range

Jan Dec

The indicator fluctuation range shown in Fig above allows us to visually perceive the deviation from the reference. It also allows an interpretation of whether deviations are ‘abnormal’ or whether they are normal at that time of the year. The normal ranges are calculated using the standard deviation(σ)of the time series defined as the prediction interval between which 95% of values of a time series fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a sample value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values. The reference range is therefore obtained by measuring the average and taking two standard deviations either side of the mean. The magnitude of the deviation indicates how many standard deviations a current observation is below (or above) the historical average. Normal ranges are calculated for each indicator and for each livelihood zone. In a normal year, indicators are expected to fluctuate within the normal range. Fluctuations outside the normal range are normally a cause for alarm that should indicate the need to closely study the drought and food security situation, with a view to adjusting the warning level. However, determination of warning levels relies not just on quantitative indices but on qualitative ones as well. While comparison of quantitative early warning data with baseline or long term references provides a systematic way of identifying significant changes, qualitative information is essential in beefing up the quantitative analysis. The information is mainly used for triangulation and verification of quantitative data from households and markets for each livelihood zone. Qualitative data is obtained from discussions with key informants. It is also obtained from field monitors’ and data analysts’ field reports and is based on observation and discussions with the members of the local community. Information from other agencies is also considered. Generally, the data analyst includes a brief explanation to qualify each significant movement in the main indicators, thereby using the qualitative information to back up the quantitative data. The following tables provide guidance in the establishment of the drought phase; the first table refers to livestock based livelihood and the second one to agricultural marginal areas. The set of indicators for the two livelihoods can be used and combined in the case of agro-pastoral livelihoods. The following table provides guidance in the establishment of the drought phase with regard to livestock based livelihoods

EW PHASE INDICATORS BIOPHYSICAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS THRESHOLDS NORMAL All environmental SPI-3month: - N/A indicators are within 0.09and above seasonal ranges VCI: 40 and above ALERT Meteorological drought SPI3month: below N/A indicators moves outside -0.09 normal ranges RFE: < 80% of normal Weather forecast: rainfall below normal ALERT Agricultural and VCI-3month: N/A WORSENING hydrological drought below 31 11

indicators moves outside zVI-3month: normal ranges below -056 Water availability : declining, below normal ALARM Environmental and at least VCI-3month: Livestock Migration: animals two production indicators below 30 start to migrate to more are outside normal zVI-3month: distant bad-year grazing seasonal ranges below -055 areas Water availability : Livestock body condition: inadequate score below normal per the period Milk Production: at least x standard deviation (σ) below the normal range for the period

ALARM If in addition to two SPI: 3-6month > - Livestock Migration: animals WORSENING production indicators, at 0.98 continue to migrate to more least two access indicators VCI-3month: distant bad-year grazing (impact on market and below 30 areas access to food and water) Livestock body condition: are outside the normal State of pasture: score below normal per the ranges, then the phase poor and period status remains at “alarm” inadequate Milk Production: > x σ but with a worsening Water Access: the below historical average for trend. The trend will be average distances the period further worsening when to water sources Livestock mortality rate: at also one or more more than x σ least x σ outside normal availability indicators range for the period (impact on nutrition and Milk consumption: >x σ on coping strategies) move decrease from long term outside the normal range, average for the period. Terms of Trade: at least x σ above the normal ranges for the period Availability of cereals and legumes: food balance sheet shows < ?% of normal food amount for the period Coping Strategy Index: ?? MUAC: at least x σ outside normal range for the period EMERGENCY All indicators are outside VCI: below 20 Coping Strategy Index: normal ranges. The emergency threshold emergency phase affects MUAC: > x σ outside normal asset status and range for the period 12

purchasing power to extent that seriously threatens food security. As a result, coping strategy index, malnutrition (MUAC) and livestock mortality rates move above emergency thresholds RECOVERY The drought phase must SPI-12month 0.09 N/A have reached at least and above Alarm stage. Recovery VCI-3month: starts after the end of above 50 drought as signalled by the environmental indicators returning to seasonal norms; local economies starting to recover;

3.0 CONTEXT ANALYSIS 3.1 Situation Overview Drought in Wajir County is a common occurrence that shatters livelihoods and causes hunger, nutrition-related disease, and even death. It leads to a decline in livestock production, affect the migratory patterns of pastoralists, exacerbate resource-based conflict, and cause substantial loss of assets, triggering acute food insecurity among vulnerable households and placing a heavy strain on the local economy. The entire county is highly vulnerable to droughts which occur with increased frequency. Historical data shows the recurrent nature of droughts in the County with two in every five rains failing. However, after the 2000 the frequency of droughts has increased with crisis registered in 2005/06, 2008/09 and 2010/11. The frequency and severities of droughts hinder recovery as the herd growth is disrupted by new droughts before the recovery phase is completed. During a severe drought, pastoralists may lose more than 50% of their herd. High levels of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity have been linked to factors such as high reliance on natural resources, reduced mobility of the nomads, mushrooming settlements, encroachment of dry grazing areas, lack of infrastructure, poor services delivery, poor access to markets and political marginalisation. It is estimated that only one out of five households involved in livestock production owns a herd of a sustainable size to ensure sufficient economic returns and resilience to drought shocks. Very poor and poor households are more vulnerable and exposed to droughts than better off households as they have fewer reserves of food or cash to fall back on and fewer options for generating additional income. In particular disadvantaged groups such as female headed households, orphans, the disabled, the elderly are particularly exposed to the negative impacts of droughts.

3.2 Drought Vulnerability and Capacities

AREA OF VULNERABILITY CAPACITY/OPPORTUNITIES ANALYSIS Socio-economic - Historical marginalization of the region Implementation of EDE to provide which has resulted in very limited investment in infrastructure and investment in the foundation for services; development (infrastructure, services Devolution to enhance political delivery, high illiteracy, absence of participation of citizens coordinated response, lack of market outlets for livestock political marginalization) - Limited alternative livelihoods with too Development of livestock industry high dependency on livestock and value addition can revive the sector which will enhance demands for services and employment Opportunities in alternative renewable energies (e.g. wind

energy) and oil - Low level of education Provision of nomadic school for nomadic children to access schools. Incentives to education of child girls, Investment in boarding facilities - Dependency on food relief affects Investments in resilience building migratory strategies and favors and social Safety nets establishment of unplanned settlement - Limited access to markets limits .Investment in roads and market profitability of livestock production and infrastructure affect capacity to destock during droughts - Lack of financial and insurance services .Livestock indexed insurance tailored to pastoralists’ needs limits schemes investment opportunities - High degree of insecurity limits mobility .Peace building initiatives (see EDE) of pastoralists and access to grazing .Promotion of dry-time grazing areas areas .Cross border agreements - High population growth put under .Diversification of livelihoods stress the limited natural resources .Employment creation

- High rate of dependency where about .Invest in education 45% of population is less than 14 ..Safety nets for vulnerable groups - Negative perceptions of government Implementation of ASAL policy planners towards pastoralism Adoption of pastoral policy ( influences the allocation of public Establishment of ASAL secretariat budgets for development and drought risk reduction of pastoral livelihood systems Environmental - Fragile and degraded rangelands with Support community based limited grazing areas and water sources rangeland management - High rate of female headed household Invest in strategic water sources who depend on exploitative livelihoods Promote fodder banks based on natural resources (e.g. Land regulation to recognize the charcoal and wood) existence of important grazing areas - Encroachment and fencing of Creation of alternative employment important grazing areas for agriculture opportunities activities land speculators undermine Mainstream CCA in development coping strategies of pastoralists planning and resource allocation - Climate change deepens vulnerability Physical - Poor infrastructure affects access and Implementation of EDE increase transport operation costs - Insufficient communication infrastructure affects flow of

information on drought risk reduction Institutional/ - Weakened communal system of natural -NDMA establishment and support Organizational resource management to Drought Risk Management - Weak communication of early warning System messages to communities -Promotion of CMDRR - Insufficient investments in drought Establishment of NDDCF preparedness affects capacity to Devolution process improve local respond to drought episodes governance - Late drought response leading to high losses of household assets during drought crises - Insufficient integration of DRR/CCA strategies into development process does not address long-term vulnerability to drought and climatic variability - Weak local governance and high level of corruption

Major Vulnerable Groups Vulnerable individuals within all groups

. Low income households . Women and children . Nomadic pastoralists with . Pregnant and nursing mothers insufficient herd size . Children under five . Indebted households . Orphans . Pastoralist drop outs . Elderly . Female headed households . Disabled and ill . Unemployed, Beggars . Widows and widowers . Divorcees

3.3 Livelihood Zones Map of Wajir showing livelihood zones

Table 5: Proportion of population by livelihood zones Percent of total Livelihood zone population Agro pastoral 23.4 Informal Employment/ Business 17.1 Pastoral all species 18.7 Pastoral Cattle 24 Pastoral Camel 16.8

3.3.1 Agro- pastoral livelihood zone This zone is in the northern part of the County bordering Moyale to the northwest Ethiopia to the north and Mandera County to the northeast and comprises of Bute, Buna, Gurar and Eldas divisions. The agro- pastoral livelihood zone supports approximately 23.4% of the total population of the County. It receives relatively higher rainfall than the rest of the County with total of more than 3oomm annually. 3.3.2 Sources of income The rains cannot support rain fed crop production due to the unreliability and crops are grown as a part time during good seasons where it contributes 10% of the total household income. The main crops gown includes Sorghum, beans, maize, tomatoes and pawpaw. Other important sources of income include livestock production (70%) and remittance and gifts (5%). Firewood collection, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately 10% while other activities contribute 5% to household income. 3.3.3 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) The main internal markets in this livelihood zone are Bute, Buna, Gurar and Eldas while the major external markets are Wajir, Moyale and Mandera. The main commodities exchanged are livestock and livestock products, food stuff, farm produces, farm input, clothes and labour. 3.3.4 Pastoral All Species The pastoral all species Livelihood Zone consists of mainly the current Wajir west constituency including Hadado and Griftu Divisions and part of Eldas Constituency. Livestock is the main source of income in this livelihood zone which contributes more than 75% of the household incomes. The livelihood zone is characterized by mainly plains covered with shrubs grasses and browses that support all livestock species including camel cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys. The main source of water are water pans shallow wells and borehole which have most recently mushroomed creating numerous unplanned settlement which is the biggest threat to the strategic dry period grazing areas. 3.3.5 Sources of income Livestock and livestock products are the main source of income in this livelihood zone which contributes more than 75% of the household incomes. Other important sources of income include

remittance and gifts, firewood collection, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately while other activities contribute 5% to household income. 3.3.6 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) The main internal markets in this livelihood zone are Griftu, Eldas and Hadado while the major external markets are Wajir, Isiolo, and Habaswein. The main commodities exchanged are livestock and livestock products, food stuff, farm produces,, clothes and labour. 3.3.7 Formal Employment/Business Livelihood Zone The Formal Employment/Business LZ is found around Wajir town and Habaswein which are the major Urban and commercial towns. The majority (75%) of the population is settled while about 10% are in–migrant and 15% out-migrant labourers. Most of the foods consumed in these urban households are purchased from the markets. Cereals, pulses, fish and cooking fats are all purchased from the market place with over 80% of the meat, milk, fruits and vegetables also being purchased from traders. The major sources of income in the Formal Employment/Business LZ is small businesses (25%), formal waged labour (22%), casual waged labour (17%) and petty trading (15%), with other sources making up 21%. Small business and waged labour are more important in this LZ than in the pastoral zones due to the presence of the major formal institutions, medical facilities and private sector establish. This is where most of the casual labour force civil servant and the business community are based in addition to being the commercial centre of the County. 3.3.8 Livestock and crop production activities Food crops like water melons, tomatoes, kales and fodder are cultivated under shallow wells irrigation in and around Wajir town which supports many pastoral drop outs who resorted to farming as an alternative livelihood. In addition, large amounts of bananas and mangoes, tomatoes, potatoes, onions and other food stuff are imported from other regions and Counties, particularly from the neighbouring Garissa and Maunder and as far as Meru and Nairobi. 3.3.9 Markets serving the LZ Livestock is not kept exclusively In the Formal Employment/Business Livelihood Zone but it contributes a major income in this zone since the two biggest markets are situated in this region. However, animals are kept in these towns as a side enterprise which include goats, sheep, cattle and donkeys which mainly used to pull donkey carts. Wajir and Habaswein are the two largest livestock markets in the County where thousands of livestock are bought and sold during the market days. The major livestock sold and bought at the two markets are camel, cattle, sheep and goats. Goats contribute 40%, sheep 35% and cattle 15% of income from livestock while camel contribute 10% of the total livestock income. The livestock at the markets come from within the county, Mandera, County, Ethiopia and Somalia and are taken to Garissa, Nairobi and Mombassa. Habaswein and Wajir are also the largest consumers of milk and the largest buyers of raw hides and skins. 3.3.10 Pastoral-Camel Livelihoods Zone The Pastoral Camel Livelihood Zone Comprises of the divisions of Kotulo which borders Mandera County, Wajir Bor which also borders Somalia Republic and Tarbaj.

Although the predominant livestock kept by the communities of this livelihood zone is came other animals including cattle, sheep and goats are also reared however livestock is the main source of income in this livelihood zone which contributes more than 75% of the household incomes. Other important sources of income in the pastoral camel livelihood zone include, remittance and gifts, firewood collection, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately 20%, while other activities contribute 5% to household income. Forest products like gum and resins also contribute to the household economy the pastoralists this livelihood zone. The livelihood zone is characterized by mainly good tree cover with shrubs, grasses and browses that support all livestock species including cattle, sheep, goats and donkeys. The main source of water are water pans shallow wells and borehole which have most recently mushroomed creating numerous unplanned settlement which is the biggest threat to the strategic dry period grazing areas making the inhabitants more vulnerable to drought shocks. The pastoral camel livelihood zone is served by the Nairobi-Wajir-Mandera highway which goes through both Tarbaj and Kotulo which is used to transport 85% of the commercial goods going in and out the this zone. The highway is also used for the transportation of livestock to the terminal markets in Wajir, Nairobi and Mombasa. 3.3.11 Sources of income Livestock and livestock products, gums and resin and other forest products are the main source of income in this livelihood zone which contributes more than 75% of the household incomes. Other important sources of income include remittance and gifts, petty trading, small businesses and casual waged labour contribute approximately 20% while other activities contribute 5% to household income. 3.3.12 Main markets serving the Livelihood Zone (LZ) The main internal markets in this livelihood zone are Kotulo, Tarbaj and Wajirbor while the major external markets are Wajir, Mandera and Nairobi. The main commodities exchanged are livestock and livestock products, gums and resin and other forest products, food stuff, farm produces,, clothes and labour.

4.0 DROUGHT SCENARIO In Wajir County, drought is usually experienced when two consecutive rainy seasons totally or partially fails. The severity of losses and destruction caused by droughts depends on combination of many factors including, the performance of the previous rains, surplus pastures from the previous seasons, availability and access to water and pastures, outbreak of diseases, conflict, condition of strategic fall back areas and the level of preparedness of the communities, development partners and the County and National Governments. The events triggered by the drought and the progressive collapse of the pastoral economy and livelihoods are arranged into five ‘warning stages’ running from ‘normal’, through ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ to ‘emergency’ and eventually ‘recovery’. These warning stages give planners and managers an opportunity to analyse the impacts of droughts and a common time-line to guide intervention. This sequence of events makes up the ‘drought cycle.’ 4.1 Best case scenario The best case scenario is when the performance of the preceding rainy season was enhanced covering the entire County and the neighbouring ones and there was establishment of all types of pastures and plenty of both surface and sub-surface water. In such scenarios, even if the two subsequent rains fails, the surplus pastures and abundant surface and sub-surface water will be adequate to sustain lives and livelihood up to the next rains with minimal losses. However, this delicate balance between the water, pastures and the wellbeing of the livestock and the livestock owner can be disturbed adversely by the presence of underlying external factors like migration, conflict, diseases and lack of livestock market among others. Towards the end of the long dry spell, condition of water and pastures might deteriorate with subsequent livestock loss of condition and productivity, but there will be no major disruption of lives and livelihoods. Although the two consecutive rains fail, most indicators like livestock body conditions, milk yield, livestock prices, water and pasture access and availability, trekking distance from pastures to water points, nutritional status of under-fives and prices of essential food stuff fluctuates between the thresholds for early alert to early alarm. On the other hand, in the absence of the external factors, the balance can be maintained without any major harm throughout the prolonged dry season till the next rain, when pastures will be re- established, water becomes abundant and livestock starts breeding and productivity regained. After the rains the recovery period is short and return to normalcy is accelerated. 4.2. Moderate case scenario In the case of moderate/bad case scenario, most of the indicators escalate from normal to moderate to bad, ranging from alert to alarm phase of the drought, posing eminent threat to livestock and human. When two consecutive rain seasons fails or are highly depressed, Water will be the first indicator to be affected which will in turn, directly or indirectly affect all other indicators. The situation starts with depressed seasonal rains below 30-50% which results in low pasture production which in turn affects the livestock body condition drastically. As conditions changes from alert to alarm pasture is scattered while animals start to browse less palatable shrubs and animal birth rates and milk production start to fall. As shallow wells and pans dry, people and animals gather at high yielding boreholes and other water points like deep wells.. Livestock productivity diminishes and the purchasing power of the

pastoralists declines, the first reaction of most households to this chock is to sale more animals, borrow more credits and seek help from kin. Many of these changes in indicators are moderate at the initial stage, at alert or early alarm phase, but are extremely important from an early warning point of view. Interventions at this stage can reduce the impact of a major drought or can reduce the need for much more expensive response later. Milk yield drops by 25-50% as pastures diminish and the distance between the water points and the pastures increase, making animals weaker and exhausted leading to deaths of the calves and other weak animals. Milk consumption falls to insignificant levels and cereal consumption rises to considerable proportion of their food intake. Milk consumption falls to insignificant levels and cereal consumption rises to considerable proportion of their food intake and as the drought deepens, households feeding habit change. Terms of trade declines 20-30% below normal as more and more animals are presented for sell, where supply exceeds demand forcing the prices of livestock to drop drastically adversely affecting the purchasing power of the pastoralists. The reduced purchasing power and livestock price reduction forces the livestock owners to borrow heavily making them more indebted. Activation of coping strategies are employed at this stage by the pastoralists to safe the lives of their family members and their animals. Some of the coping strategies include, culling the new born calves from weak mothers to safe them from further deterioration o f body condition and eventual death. Movements become less common but more irregular and households start to break up and several dry and stronger herds might move to far fall back areas where they trek several days between the pastures and watering points. Remaining weak and wet animals from several households may be grouped together as a single herder and move close to the watering points where they are given special attention like water trucking and given portion of the relief food as feed supplement. Labour requirement for the increased role and responsibilities becomes more and more intensive. As conditions deteriorate the situation becomes unbearable and some men go to towns in search of manual work while young girls become maids in towns. More children may be enrolled in school where they are at least fed by the school meals program. Women and children turn up at dispensaries in larger numbers mostly with emaciation and malnutrition. Time spent at the watering points waiting for water increase 30-50% because of heavy congestion at high yielding boreholes due to high concentration of both livestock and humans at the high yielding boreholes since most of the pans and the shallow wells are dry at this point in time. Towards the late alarm phase most indicators show considerable stress and at this stage, mitigation of conflict and disease control is critical in order not to worsen the already bad situation. Institution of appropriate and timely interventions like water trucking to the pastoralists to safe the weak animal that cannot cover the long distance to the watering points, deworming, borehole maintenance, bursary for secondary schools, school meals programme, relief food and destocking to boost the livestock market and the weakening pastoral economy at this stage of the drought will sufficiently mitigate the onset of emergency and minimise the loss of lives and livelihood. • The malnutrition level at this stage is MUAC of <12.5-<13.5 • Malnutrition status of pregnant and lactating mothers is MUAC of <25 • The anaemia level at moderate case scenario is HB of <7-<9g/dl

• Poor global acute malnutrition rate ( wasting ) - 5.1- <9.9%, • Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme • MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period • Increased percentage of children underweight according to the Child Health and Nutrition • Increase in distance to watering points. • Livestock watering intervals increased. • Water quality deteriorates • Pasture and browse quality diminishing and quantities reduces • Very poor quality patches of standing hay left • Reports on upsurge of endemic diseases start • Mortality rates of up to 10-20 % of young and weak animals reported. • Livestock prices drops by 50% as the livestock brought to the market exceeds the number demanded • Terms of trade drops by 50% as the livestock sector economy declines • Most shallow well and pans dry up. • More centers face water stress depending solely on water trucking. • Because of the declining economy and subsequent loss of purchasing power of the pastoralists more children are unable to pay fees and are sent home. 4.3 Worst case scenario The worst drought case scenario is normally experienced when one rain totally fails and the water and pastures from the previous rain are depleted and the status moves from alert to alarm and the following expected rain fails again, while the situation is already bad. The mare failure of the rains while the condition is already bad will have both economic and psychological impact on the pastoralists who are in a state of panic, hopelessness and desperation. Because of the confusion occasioned by the desperation as a result of the failed rains which is expected to worsen the already bad condition pastoralists might resort to desperate measures like migrating to the neighboring Countries covering hundreds of kilometers. The migratory axis adopted as a last resort in such scenarios are, Somalia, Ethiopia and Isiolo and Marsabit Counties. Pastoralists from Habaswein and Hadado might move to Isiolo where they are received with hostilities by the host communities depending on the condition there, while those from Griftu and Eldas Divisions usually migrate to Marsabit County. Stock owners from Sabuli, Diff, Wajir Bor and Kotulo Divisions normally move to the neighboring Somalia while those from Buna and Bute will end up in Ethiopia. Migrating such a long distance at this times when most of the animals are weak with little pasture and water on the way, will force the weak animals to succumb to the exhaustion and die on the way. The animals that migrate to the neighboring counties and even across the international borders usually accompanied by young men while the elderly, women, children, disabled and the sick are left to take care of the sheep, goats and other weak animals. Depending the previous relationship and ties with the host community, they are either welcome and accommodated or they meet open hostilities and are forced to trek back which proves disastrous most of the times, since many animals die on the way back due to exhaustion, thirst and starvation.

For those who are accommodated, the resource will soon be overwhelmed by the livestock and human population and the pastures and the water are depleted within a short time. In this case the host community has always better survival strategies than the visitors who find themselves in a precarious situation. During drought, the key coping mechanism which is employed as a survival strategy is interdependency, support and good will within members of an individual clan in form of lending milking animals, gifts and credit which is payable after the drought. The visitors therefore find themselves in an unfamiliar environment where they can not access such services which make them more vulnerable. Drying up of all water pans and concentration of all animals in only high yielding boreholes, long trekking distance from the grazing areas to the watering points, long waiting time at the boreholes, deteriorating animals body condition, increasing food prices, increasing demand for fuel for the borehole and the absence of the above coping mechanisms will force the visitor to present more and more animals for sale and soon the livestock market will collapse because there is on body to buy due to bleak and uncertain future. The terms of trade declines drastically and the purchasing power deteriorates and the hospitality of the host community is over stretched making conditions unbearable for the visiting pastoralists. As a result of desperation, some of them might sale all their animals at a throw away prices while the rest will migrate back home with their emaciated animals where they might all perish on the way because they have no strength to survive the strenuous long journey with empty belly. In both cases all the pastoralists who initially migrated, will almost a ways come back empty handed and join their families as a destitute. It should be noted that, in the County, any drought where there is the highest migration and livestock movements, happens to be the one with the highest losses in livestock deaths. For those who opt not to move from their locality after the second consecutive rain fails, they usually have to bear with the change of indicators from late alert, alarm to emergency. By the second rain fails, the situation is already moving from late alert to alarm and, there after the condition deteriorate and soon all indicators at emergency stage. Pastures and browse access and availability deteriorates as it becomes scarce and the condition very poor, forcing animals to move deeper and away from the water points increasing the distance to borehole to 30km or more at emergency stage. The long distance trek to and from the watering points and the grassing area when the animals are weak is extremely dangerous at this point in time. Thirst, exhaustion and starvation are the three killer factors when present at the same time. After staying at the grassing areas where pastures are scarce and in very poor condition for three to four days (cattle) 10 to 15 days (camel) without water and trekking 30 to 40 km to the watering points, most animals succumb and die either on the way or at the watering points. Because all pans and shallow wells dry towards emergency, there is heavy congestion at the high yielding boreholes where exhausted and thirsty animals spend a day or two waiting for their turn to get water. Due to the congestion the borehole engines run for longer hours without a rest causing frequent break down which, if not promptly repaired will cause many livestock deaths at the watering points. At such times standby rapid response team will save the situation. As the drought progresses, pastures quantity and quality deteriorates and the distance to the watering points increase, the sheep will be the first species to start dying followed by the cattle while the goats and the camel will linger for a longer time. The livestock body condition will show severe emaciation ranging from 3.3 to <2.The situation is worsened by upsurge of livestock diseases

like worm infestation, tick borne and others diseases which increases the mortality at this time of high stress factor and lowered body immunity. Milk production almost ceases and prices go up and consumption declines significantly, impacting seriously on the nutritional status of children less than five years. The price of the food stuff rises sharply and stockowners sell more animals to buy food stuff. The animals are in poor condition, demand is low because traders have no cash and livestock owners have no clients to sell to. As prices of food increases, more animals are offered for sale, and demand starts to fall, animal prices also fall and the purchasing power of the pastoralists starts to erode significantly and rapidly. The structure of animals offered for sale changes to male calves, then reproductive females, then female calves and even pregnant females and those with calves Households eat fewer meals, sometimes going without food for a day or more. Nutritional status of children begins to deteriorate while the incidences of diseases like diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria and other diseases which come as a result of reduced body immunity increase. If interventions are not instituted at this stage the situation deteriorates very quickly. A large proportion of the remaining animals die or are sold at a throw away prices. Cereal supplies become erratic and unreliable and unaffordable. People leave their home area and migrate towards towns. Destitute people begin to gather in makeshift camps in and around major towns for provision of relief and casual work. The newly arrived pastoral dropouts find difficult to get casual work and integrate themselves in the town life and they resort to extreme strategies to survive like burning charcoal, cutting and selling forest products like polls and cutting trees for fencing at a fee and even stealing. The cutting of trees and burning charcoal around major town by the pastoral dropouts worsens the already fragile ecosystem. This stage most of the indicators range from alarm, late alarm to emergency. Because of the reduced milk supply and reduced food intake, the children and the pregnant mothers are the most affected where there are severe to critical GAM rates of 13->15% and increased admission to SFP and OTP programmes. There is also increased congestion at all the health facilities where there is upsurge of mortality related to severe acute malnutrition with complications. The livestock prices fall due to very low demand and animals become worthless and the hides and skins might be more valuable than the live animals. The livestock sector economy collapses seriously affecting all other sectors. The purchasing power of the pastoralists are eroded and can no longer afford food, fuel for the boreholes and fees for their children in schools who dropout at such times. The livestock mortality increases at the end up to 30-40% for sheep and cattle, 25-30% for goats 15-20% for camel When the rains finally come, animal prices leap as pastures establishes and animals start producing again. Five months after the onset of rains, sheep and goats begin to reproduce while Cattle and camels take longer. Because animal reproduction is slower than crop production and demand for livestock is higher as herders restock, animal prices climb rapidly to well above their pre-drought level, benefiting those with enough animals but making it difficult for very poor pastoral households to restock. Animal prices remain high until the normal reproductive pattern has re-established itself which might take several years.

Table 2: Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators in pastoral/agro- pastoral zone Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery Early Stages Early Stages . Pasture availability and . Pasture • Water access access becomes poor to availability reduces • The malnutrition level at this none and access • Pasture access stage is MUAC of <12.5-<13.5 . Water stress becomes improves and availability • Malnutrition status of pregnant wide spread . Livestock body . is fair to poor and lactating mothers is MUAC Increased livestock condition • mortality is>4.5 Distance to of <25 water is 5- . Livestock prices . Reduced • The anaemia level at moderate 10km decreases by 40-60% movement of • LBC is >5ock case scenario is HB of <7-<9g/dl . Livestock migration livestock prices • Poor global acute malnutrition becomes extensive . Milk prices increases by 5- rate ( wasting ) - 5.1- <9.9%, . Milk prices increases by reduces 15% • Increased admission into the SFP 60% slightly and • Slight and OTP programme . Milk availability and consumption movements of • MUAC of % at risk higher than consumption reduces and animals the long term average for the by 60% availability . Water availability within increases • Increased period normal grazing areas . Biophysical cases of • Increased percentage of children livestock diminishes and water Indicators underweight according to the diseases tracking increases signal reported Child Health and Nutrition . Malnutrition rates of movement • Milk • Increase in distance to watering children below 5 towards availability points. increases above normal access, • Livestock watering intervals emergency level . Good rains consumption increased. (MUAC >20%) and with drop in acute malnutrition is temperature decreases by • Water quality deteriorates >?per cent (Confirm may affect 5-15% • Pasture and browse quality • 20% o15% MUAC/GAM) health status diminishing and quantities . Animal; body conditions of animals water pans dry reduces • 10-15% deteriorate weakened • Very poor quality patches of reduced substantially (score less from the borehole yield standing hay left than 1.8) prolonged . Animal deaths increase drought • 10-15% • Reports on upsurge of endemic substantially (> 20% for (pneumonia, reduced diseases start all categories); etc) shallow well • Mortality rates of up to 10-20 % . Terms of trade collapse . Agro- discharge of young and weak animals (less than 50% of pastoralists Late Stage reported. seasonal norm) prepare fields . In the late stage, • Livestock prices drops by 50% as . Coping strategy index of for sowing; distance to water the livestock brought to the above 4.0 . Herders and may increase and market exceeds the number . Distress sale of livestock livestock animals browse less demanded (asset stripping return to palatable grasses (Xarash)) prevalent and their normal and shrubs; • Terms of trade drops by 50% as this entails selling of settlements. . Decline in quality and the livestock sector economy livestock to minimize . Animals start quantity of pasture declines mortalities leading to breeding and at the wet season • Most shallow well and pans dry oversupply of livestock animal prices grazing areas up. 26

Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery . Livestock watering • More centers face water stress in the market and start intervals increases depending solely on water lower prices for appreciating. by one day in all trucking. breeding animals . Possible spices . Enhanced conflicts and increased • Because of the declining insecurity, leading to incidence of economy and subsequent loss of . If seasonal weather the loss of access to water-borne forecast predicts purchasing power of the natural pastures, communicabl depressed rainfall, pastoralists more children are displacements, and e diseases then drought trend unable to pay fees and are sent market disruptions (human) is worsening which home. . Households start to . Small stock entails starting break up; birth rates preparation of . Mushrooming increase. contingency plans settlements along main . Milk . Impact on livestock roads. By pastoralists production production starting turned destitute, who increase in with decrease in have moved to the small stock milk production roadsides to access signals the shift relief food and water from alert to alarm . More children enrol in . primary schools with water and school feeding program. . Dispensaries and other health facilities are congested with women and severely malnourished children. . More students pastoralist families in secondary schools leave schools due lack of fees. . Schools in water stress areas close.

5.0. SECTOR PLANS 5.1 LIVESTOCK SECTOR 5.1.1 Livestock Sector Brief Wajir county is situated in the ASAL regions of Northern Kenya with an estimated population of 727,965 (KNBS 2009) who are mainly pastoralists. It receives an average annual rainfall of 240 mm with an ambient temperature ranging 26-36 0C. It comprises of five livelihood zones namely pastoral camel, pastoral cattle, pastoral all species, agro-pastoral and formal employment. Livestock production remains extensive source of livelihood but this is in addition to commercial trading and small scale agriculture. The main types of livestock are cattle (mostly Borana type and dairy crosses), sheep, goats (dominantly Galla goats), camels and donkeys. According to the 2009 population and housing census, the livestock populations are projected as 718,928 cattle, 1,177,500 sheep, 1,503,730 goats, 186,044 donkeys, 717,028 camels and 188,732 local poultry. The challenges facing livestock production include but not restricted to; environmental stresses such as water scarcity, declining grazing areas, disease outbreaks, poor marketing. The main intervention strategies employed by government with support from other development partners to address the above challenges include mass vaccinations, deworming and treatments, continuous disease surveillances, livestock off take programmes (destocking) during drought, provision of hay and commercial supplementary feeds, water tracking and restocking after drought. Livestock production remains extensive source of livelihood but this is in addition to commercial trading and small scale agriculture. The main types of livestock are cattle (mostly Borana type and dairy crosses), sheep, goats (dominantly Galla goats), camels and donkeys. According to the 2009 population and housing census, the livestock populations are projected as 718,928 cattle, 1,177,500 sheep, 1,503,730 goats, 186,044 donkeys, 717,028 camels and 188,732 local poultry. The challenges facing livestock production include but not restricted to; environmental stresses such as water scarcity, declining grazing areas, disease outbreaks, poor marketing. The main intervention strategies employed by government with support from other development partners to address the above challenges include mass vaccinations, deworming and treatments, continuous disease surveillances, livestock off take programmes (destocking), provision of hay and commercial supplementary feeds, water tracking and restocking after drought.

5.1.2 Livestock Sector SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Theats

Livestock industry is a major Breakdown of controlled Reviving of the traditional grazing Recurrent Droughts source of livelihood. Contributes grazing system system and management (uphold 75% in Wajir county pastoralism as a way of life) Persistence of parasites e.g ticks Inadequate value addition and tsetse flies. Huge agricultural potential in livestock products Setting up of livestock improvement through irrigation especially breeding centres which are oriented Disease outbreaks. fodder production. Degradation and/or towards droughts tolerance. denudation of Diminishing genetic pool. Adequate grazing land rangelands Range land rehabilitation of denuded Rural-urban migration lands Agricultural sector employs over Inadequate marketing Illegal livestock movement. 70% of the county’s infrastructure and Pasture production through irrigated population information agriculture Cheap livestock imports. Positive attitude towards Lack of transport for Large number of livestock Wild life menace livestock sector delivery of extension Mushrooming of settlements. service packages Value addition on livestock products. Availability of large number of Influx of livestock and people livestock breeds which are No documentation of Creation of disease free zones and from other regions leading to drought tolerant. indigenous knowledge disease surveillance and control overgrazing and in the livestock sector scheme. Potential for adequate water environmental degradation harvesting for livestock use Inadequate livestock and Use of ICT such as digital pen technology and spread of diseases to infrastructure Enhanced collaboration and partnership livestock Availability of traditional development facilities between various stakeholders in Trans boundary livestock knowledge on livestock (dips, irrigation kits, livestock development. movement keeping cattle crushes, Availability of skilled staff in the abattoirs etc) Setting up of livestock products Poor roads network. county processing industries especially at Dependency on donor Wajir and Habaswein Low literacy level among Presence of collaborative support. livestock farmers leading to Completion and operationalization of low adoption of modern partners e.g. NGOs, FBOs Low investment in the Wajir abattoir technologies. livestock sector Availability of air transport. Lack of entrepreneurship in Inadequate livestock livestock farming-its disease surveillance Lack of a diagnostic laboratory for

Ready markets for livestock animal diseases Favourable conditions for livestock still held as a cultural practice products diversification. rather than economic Lack of cooperative activity. movement among the Establishment of livestock development farmers infrastructure such as auction yards, HIV/AIDS related infections. crushes, dips, clearly marked stock Potential occurrence of movement routes. High poverty level leading to politically or socially low purchasing power activated ethnic based Promote formation of livestock based clashes cooperatives to market their Poor infrastructure hindering products. extension services provision Inadequate diversification in the agricultural Capacity building on livestock sector entrepreneurship Use of child labour in Livestock insurance livestock expansion (herders) Sustainable waste management especially polythene bags control. Inadequate dissemination of modern animal husbandry practices Inadequate access to credit facilities

5.1.3 Livestock Sector Seasonal Calendar

• Cattle 718,928 • Sheep 1,177,500 • Goats 1,503,730 • Camels 717,028 • Donkeys 186,044

TLU per household • Cattle 5 • Sheep 10 • Goats 10 • Camels 5 • Donkeys 3

Indicators JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Rainy season Dry Dry Dry Wet Wet Wet Dry Dry Dry Wet Wet Dry

Dherr Ghuu Jilal Hagar Dherr Rainfall - None None Slight Good Good Slight None None None Slight Slight None

Pasture condition Fair Poor Very Poor Fair Good Good Fair Poor Very poor Fair Good Fair

Livestock body Fair Poor VeryPoor Fair Good Good Fair Poor Very poor Fair Good Fair condition Livestock Water Fair Poor Very Poor Fair Good Good Fair Poor Very poor Fair Good Fair access

Migration High High Very high High Low Low Slight High Very high High Low Slight

Births Low Very low Very low Low High High Very high High Low Low Low Low

Milk productivity Low Very low Very low Low High High Very high High Low high High Low

Livestock diseases High Very high Very high High Low Low Low Low High High Low Low

Livestock death High Very high Very high High Low Low Low Low High High Low Low

Livestock prices Fair Low Very low Low Good Good Fair Low Very low Fair Good Fair

5.1.4 Livestock sector indicators and triggers analysis

Indicator Issue to address Warning stages Threshold Interventions: community and donors Pasture and browse Condition of pasture and Alert Fair – poor - Deferred grazing availability and browse - Maintenance of enclosures accessibility - Capacity building of grazing management committees on pasture conservation

- Harvesting and storage of acacia pods

Alarm Poor - very poor Purchase of hay and commercial feed supplements Livestock migrations/ relocation

Encourage commercial destocking Transport subsidy to livestock traders Conflict resolution Emergency Very poor – none Purchase and Distribution of hay and commercial feed supplements Livestock relocations/ migrations Transport subsidy to livestock producers willing to transport their animals and livestock traders Slaughter destocking Conflict resolution Recovery Fair Relocation/ returning to the households Purchase of certified pasture seeds Range reseeding Pasture production Restocking Normal Good - Extension service delivery - Purchase of certified grass seeds - Land preparations for pasture production

- Pasture production - Purchase of hay harvesting kits - Hay bailing and storage - Range land reseeding. Livestock water access Amount and quality of Alert Diminishing - Borehole repair and maintenance and availability water available for - Excavation of new water pans for livestock use livestock - Procurement of water tanks - Capacity building of water management committees Alarm Scarce - Drilling of emergency boreholes for livestock - Desilting of water pans - Stock-pilling of borehole spare parts and generator sets - Provision of alternate water storage facilities- water tanks - Fuel subsidy to borehole operators - Water tracking to livestock Emergency Water stress in all centres - Water tracking to livestock - Provision of alternate water storage facilities- water tanks - Borehole repair and maintenance - Livestock migrations Recovery Improving - Water harvesting - Tree planting around watering points - Deferred grazing Normal Abundant water available - Water harvesting - Capacity building of water users associations - Borehole capping - Natural resource management – tree planting and pasture production

- Extension service delivery - Purchase of certified grass seeds and tree seedlings Distance to water points Alert 5-10KM - Water conservation - Livestock migration - Controlled/interval watering - De-silting of water pans - Commercial destocking Alarm 10-15KM - Water conservation - Drilling contingency water pans/ boreholes - Water tracking to livestock (grazing areas - De-silting of water pans - Slaughter destocking Emergency More than 30KM - Water tracking to livestock - Frequent repairs of boreholes - Fuel subsidy to borehole operators - Emergency Destocking Recovery 2-5KM - Ground Water harvesting Normal 0-2KM - Develop policies to curb mushrooming of settlements - Drilling of more boreholes and excavation of water pans Livestock body State of livestock body Alert (scale of 10) - Provision of feed supplements condition condition Livestock body condition of - Commercial livestock offtake/marketing 3.5 - Mass vaccination, deworming and treatment - Disease surveillance - Herd splitting - Transport subsidy to livestock traders

- Pasture conservation/deferred grazing - Capacity building of grazing management committees Alarm Livestock body condition - Supplementary feeding between 3.5 and 2 - Commercial Destocking - Livestock migrations/relocation - Provision of subsidized livestock drugs/veterinary care - Disease surveillance Emergency Less than 2 - Slaughter Destocking - Provision of hay and commercial feed supplements - Supportive treatment and deworming - Water trucking Recovery More than 3.5 - Restocking - Range reseeding - Food / cash for work Normal - Capacity building on animal husbandry - Pasture production - Hay bailing - Livestock vaccinations, deworming and mass treatment - Livestock insuarance - Livestock infrastructural development ( markets, stock routes, roads) Livestock diseases State of animal health Alert Reports on upsurge of - Disease Surveillance endemic diseases start - Treatment of disease conditions.

- Purchase of surveillance kits, vaccines, dewormers and assorted livestock drugs. - Training of disease reporters Alarm Increased disease reports - Vaccination , deworming and treatment of non specific conditions and mortalities

- Stock route inspection Emergency Increased livestock deaths - Purchase and distribution of feed supplements and diseases. - Mass Vaccination, deworming and treatment. - Impose quarantine where necessary. Recovery Reduced disease outbreaks - Lifting of quarantines and mortality - Disease surveillance Normal Disease levels minimal. - Training of disease reporters - Disease surveillance - Creation of veterinary drugs outlets Livestock prices & Livestock price levels in Alert 5-15% drop in prices - Rehabilitation of livestock market infrastructure marketing market - Enhance market information access through strengthening livestock marketing information systems - Capacity building of community and trader on livestock marketing Alarm 20-30% drop - Transport subsidy to livestock traders for enhanced commercial livestock offtake. - Provision of grants to livestock traders Emergency 40-60% drop - Provision of grant to livestock traders - Emergency destocking to stabilize prices Recovery 5-10% - Livestock market infrastructural development - Linking producers with livestock markets - Restocking Normal Normal for long term - Rehabilitation of existing livestock marketing infrastructure – sale yards, stock route, average terminal roads etc. - Development of new livestock marketing infrastructures. - Capacity building of producers and traders on livestock marketing - Enhanced /promote value addition of livestock products Livestock Livestock Alert Slight - Herd splitting

migrations/movements movement/migration migrations/movements - Enhance information dissemination trends - Enhance Water and pasture conservation - Routine stock route inspection Alarm Slight – extensive migrations - Provision of hay and supplementary feeding - Water tracking to livestock Emergency Extensive - Supplementary feeding migrations/movements - Water tracking to livestock Recovery Immigration/ return to - Develop Policies to enhance range land management homestead - Develop livestock water infrastructures - Production and conservation of pastures - Routine animal health practices - Stock route inspection - Capacity building the farmers on stock management Normal No migrations - Develop Policies to enhance range land management - Develop livestock water infrastructures - Production and conservation of pastures - Routine animal health practices - Stock route inspection - Capacity building the farmers on stock management Milk availability and Milk quality and amount Alert Available, prices average - Animal vaccinations, deworming and treatments to boost immunity prices available for household - Deferred grazing consumption and for sale - Harvesting of acacia pods - Provision of clean water and mineral licks - Capacity building of community on improved husbandry practices - Capacity building of community on milk hygiene, handling and value addition

- Purchase of hay harvesting kits - Hay bailing and storage Alarm Diminishing, prices high - Procurement and purchase of commercial feed supplements, mineral licks - Provision of clean water - Multivitamin injection and treatments to boost immunity - Encourage commercial destocking - Transport subsidy to livestock traders Emergency Scarce, high prices - Purchase and distribution of feed supplements - Water tracking - Slaughter destocking Recovery Improved availability, prices - Restocking average - Range reseeding - Procurement of milk processing plants - Milk value addition Normal Plenty but low prices - Land preparations for pasture production - Procurement of certified seeds - Extension service delivery on improved animal husbandry practices - Provision of clean water for livestock - Provision of mineral supplements - Vaccinations, deworming and treatments - Milk value addition.

5.1.5 Livestock Sector Intervention Plan:

EWS PHASE : ALERT

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target Costs Define roles and responsibilities intervention population ALT, 1 Enhance Pasture conservation. Alert late Ensure sufficient 2 months Fair- Poor 30% of 120m Community livestock feed stage, with livestock feed pastures livestock Procure livestock feed. Deferred grazing availability seasonal availability population Body Construct strategic feed stores. forecast of mainly cattle Herd splitting condition depressed and sheep. score of 4 Capacity build grazing committees rainfall for Government the next Procure livestock feed rainy season. Establish stores Development partners Capacity building ALT. 3 To boost the Carry out necessary specimen and Alert late Boost livestock Throughout Reports of 40% of all Community immunity lab tests stage, with immunity during the Alert Disease livestock Disease reporting status of 80% seasonal drought period to phase outbreaks species Sourcing of vaccines and drugs and of the forecast of reduce mortality Present livestock for vaccinations and the mobilization of resources for Livestock livestock depressed treatment vaccination Prevent disease body population. rainfall for outbreaks condition Observe quarantines Transportation and facilitation of the next score of 5 teams and staff; rainy season Government Mass strategic vaccination, Procure drugs and vaccines treatments and Deworming Quality control Enhancement of Disease surveillance Policy formulation Training of disease reporters Vaccinations and treatments Disease surveillance Capacity building. Development partners Fill the gaps with regards to vaccinations, disease surveillance Capacity building of disease reporters Assist the government in procurement 39

of vaccines and drugs Inter-agency formulation of policies ALT. 4 Enhanced Organize workshop with livestock At the start Reduce animal 3 months Diminishin 10% of non- Community commercial traders and pastoralist of alert population to a g pastures breeding herd, Sell surplus stock livestock off representatives to plan activation of phase level that can be and water mainly cattle take livestock off-take activity sustained by the and sheep Government Livestock programmes remaining grazing Capacity building through local body areas and water Capacity building community radios to pastoralists to condition availability sell their livestock when prices are score of 4 Provision of transport subsidies to still good. Cushioning of traders pastoralists against Transport subsidy to livestock Loans / grants to livestock marketing losses that could traders groups have been incurred Provision of grants/soft loans to when drought start Development partners livestock marketing groups to bite. Funding and community mobilization Maintenance of holding grounds and other market infrastructure. ALARM PHASE ALM 1 Enhance Procurement of supplementary At start of Ensure sufficient Throughout Fair- Poor 35% of Community livestock feed feeds for 35% of core breeding alarm stage livestock feed the alarm pastures breeding herds Receive purchased feed availability herds (lactating and calves) availability phase and (lactating and Body on-set of calves) Consultation with community condition emergency (publicity) and dissemination of score of 3 Government information especially on location

of supply centers Procure feeds

Dispatch /Transport/Distribute/ Transport and distribute animal feed, water and related Quality control services to strategic locations (destocking markets, migratory routes and households for Development partners remaining herds) Transport and distribution Facilitation of Monitoring staff ALM 3 To boost the Carry out necessary specimen and During the Boost livestock Throughout Reports of 40% of all Community immunity lab tests alarm period immunity during the Alarm Disease livestock Disease reporting 40

status of 90% drought period to phase outbreaks species Sourcing of additional vaccines and Present livestock for vaccinations and of the reduce mortality drugs and the mobilization of Livestock treatment livestock resources for vaccination Prevent disease body population. Observe quarantines outbreaks condition Transportation and facilitation of score of 3 Government teams and staff; Procure drugs and vaccines Mass strategic vaccination, treatments and Deworming Quality control Enhancement of Disease Policy formulation surveillance Vaccinations and treatments

Disease surveillance Capacity building. Development partners Fill the gaps with regards to vaccinations, disease surveillance Capacity building of disease reporters Assist the government in procurement of vaccines and drugs Inter-agency formulation of policies ALM 4 Enhanced Activating disaster management At the start Reduce animal 3 months Diminishin 40% of non- Community commercial committees of alert population to a g pastures breeding herd, Sell surplus stock livestock phase level that can be and water mainly cattle Capacity building through local offtake sustained by the and sheep Government community radios to pastoralists to Livestock programmes remaining grazing sell their livestock when prices are body areas and water Capacity building still good. condition availability score of 3 Provision of transport subsidies to Transport subsidy to livestock Cushioning of traders traders pastoralists against Loans / grants to livestock marketing Provision of grants/soft loans to losses that could groups livestock marketing groups have been incurred when drought start Development partners Maintenance of holding grounds to bite. and other market infrastructure. Funding and community mobilization

EMERGENCY PHASE

EM. 1 Enhance Procurement of hay and Through - Ensure sufficient Duration of Fair- Poor 45% of Community livestock feed supplementary feeds for 45% of out livestock feed the pastures breeding herds Receive purchased feed availability core breeding herds (lactating and emergency availability emergency (lactating and Body calves) phase phase calves) condition Consultation with community score of 2 Government (publicity) and dissemination of and below information especially on location Procure feeds

of supply centers Transport and distribute

Dispatch /Transport/Distribute/ Quality control animal feed, water and related services to strategic locations (destocking markets, migratory Development partners routes and households for remaining herds) Transport and distribution Facilitation of Monitoring staff EM.3 To provide Sourcing of additional vaccines and Early To minimize/reduce Throughout LBC of less 40% of Community supportive drugs. emergency mortality of core Emergency than 2 livestock Disease reporting therapy and breeding herd into early population Continued disease surveillance tactical Recovery Present livestock for treatment treatments to Facilitation of the veterinary teams Reports of Observe quarantines 40% of the to provide mobile veterinary Disease livestock services outbreaks Government population. Curative treatments Disease surveillance Capacity building. Development partners Fill the gaps with regard to treatments and disease surveillance

EM. 4 Accelerated Consultation with the community Early Cushion pastoralists Duration of LBC < 2 15,000 shoats Community emergency on purchase prices and locations emergency against livestock the Livestock 5,000 cattle Mobilization slaughter deaths as a result of Emergency Identification of beneficiary deaths destocking drought Phase 1,000 camels Identify beneficiaries households with view to targeting most vulnerable Availing animals for slaughter Engagement and support of the Slaughtering Meat relief committees Hides and skin preservation Support slaughtering and meat inspection Waste disposal Distribution of fresh meat to Government beneficiary households Funding Support disposal of dead animals Meat inspection and offals Development partners Funding RECOVERY PHASE REC.1 Restocking to The government should set a At the Restoring the Through- On set of 20,000 shoats Community pastoralists/ special kitty specifically for beginning of livelihood source out the rains 8,000 cattle Identify the beneficiaries restocking. recovery of the pastoralists recovery households phase. phase 2,000 camels Avail livestock for purchase hard hit by Identification of beneficiary effects of households with view to targeting Government drought the severely affected Funding Buy the animals from the community and restock the severely Community sensitization affected households Actual restocking Development actors Filling the funding gaps Community sensitization REC,2 Rehabilitation Procure certified seeds At the To restore range Through- On set of 10,000 ha Community of strategic beginning of land condition out the rains Range land reseeding Labour grazing areas recovery recovery Grazing management phase phase Government 43

Support community initiatives on Funding pasture and feed rehabilitation. Community mobilization

Actual reseeding Development actors Filling the funding gaps Community sensitization REC.3 To boost Disease surveillance, reporting and At the To cure and build Through- On set of 40% of Community immunity and curative treatment. beginning of immunity of herds out the rains livestock Disease reporting provide recovery affected by the recovery population Immunity boosting through curative phase effects of drought. phase Present livestock for treatment. multivitamin injections treatment to Government the returning herd Curative treatments population. Disease surveillance Capacity building. Development partners Fill the gaps with regard to treatments and disease surveillance

5.1.6 Livestock Sector Budget

ALERT PHASE BUDGET CODE Proposed Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost (Ksh) Total Cost (Ksh) Notes Intervention ALE 001 Enhance livestock Procure hay Bales 100,000 500 50,000,000 To be sold to feed availability pastoralists at Procure range cubes 70kg bags 5,000 2,500 12,500,000 subsidized prices Procure survivalmarsh 70 kg bags 5,000 4,800 24,000,000 Procure UMMB Blocks 2.5 kg blocks 10,000 300 3,000,000

Transport Hire Transport Lump sum Lump sum 1,500,000 Capacity build grazing Workshop 8 100,000 800,000 To emphasize the committees and communities importance of Farmer training 16 70,000 1,120,000 on pasture conservation conserving the available standing hay

Construct strategic feed stores. Feed stores 32 2,000,000 64,000,000 Boost the immunity Procurement of 4WD vehicles Number 6 5,000,000 30,000,000 status of 80% of the Procurement of assorted rapid Number Lumpsum 1,200,000 1,200,000 livestock population. disease diagnostic kits Sourcing of vaccines and drugs PPR Vaccine doses 150,000 6.00 900,000 and the mobilization of CCPP Vaccine doses 500,000 12.00 6,000,000 resources for vaccination Pox Vaccine 300,000 7.00 2,100,000

LSD 60,000 7.00 420,000 Blanthax 60,000 11.00 660,000 RVF 30,000 12.00 360,000 NCD 5,000 1.50 7,500 Fowl Typhoid 4,000 3.00 12,000 Fowl Pox 4,000 5 20,000 Albendazole 10% 15,000 370 5,550,000 Novidium 4,000 69 276,000 Triquin 1,200 135 162,000 Berenil 6,000 25 150,000 Ivermec (1%) 2,000 180 360,000 Multivitamin 100ml 4,500 130 585,000 Oxytetracycline 2,000 200 400,000 (20%) 100 ml 1,000 250 250,000

Penstrep 100ml 300 2,700 810,000 Baytical 1 Litre 100 252 25,200 Alamycinvetspray 150 116 17,400 Opticlox 150 70 10,500 Bovaclox Transportation and facilitation Disease surveillance Lumpsun Lumpsum 1,120,000 of teams and staff 5 days/subcounty 2000 130 260,000 fuel Training Disease reporters Allowances, Lumpsum Lump sum 595,000 transport etc Retainer per month for disease 5000 12 months 3,600,000 reporter Retainer

Training flayers, slaughter men, Allowances, venue, Lump sum Lump sum 843,000 livestock traders and transport etc transporters Enhanced Workshops Allowances 8 200,000 1,600,000 commercial livestock Broadcast 12 30,000 360,000 offtake programmes Publicize through radio Transport subsidy 400 50,000 2,000,000 programmes Grants to group 40 100,000 4,000,000

Transport subsidy to livestock Holding 4 1,000,000 4,000,000 traders grounds/markets

Provision of grants/soft loans to livestock marketing groups

Maintenance of holding grounds and other market infrastructure

Sub Total for Alert Stage 301,273,600

ALARM PHASE BUDGET Enhance livestock Procure hay Bales 50,000 500 25,000,000 feed availability Procure range cubes 70kg bags 2,500 2,500 6,250,000 Procure survivalmarsh 70 kg bags 2,500 4,800 12,000,000 Procure UMMB Blocks 2.5 kg blocks 5,000 300 1,500,000 Transport Fuel 1600 litres 130 208,000 Allowances (DSA) Staff 64 4,000 256,000

Boost the immunity status of Transportation and facilitation Allowances Various Lump sum 5,000,000 90% of the of teams and staff; livestock Fuel 2000 130 260,000 population. Mass strategic vaccination, treatments and Deworming Enhanced Publicize through radio Broadcast 12 30,000 360,000 commercial programmes

livestock off take

programmes Transport subsidy 400 50,000 20,000,000 Transport subsidy to livestock Grants to group 40 100,000 10,000,000 traders

Provision of grants/soft loans to livestock marketing groups Sub Total for Alarm 72,034,000 Emergency Enhance livestock Procure hay Bales 150,000 500 75,000,000 Procure and feed availability distribute the Procure range cubes 70kg bags 10,000 2,500 25,000,000 feeds to the

farmers Procure survival Marsh 70 kg bags 10,000 4,800 48,000,000 Procure UMMB Blocks 2.5 kg blocks 20,000 300 6,000,000 Transport Fuel 1600 130 208,000 Allowances(DSA) Staff 64 4,000 256,000 Transport Hire Transport Assorted Lump sum 1,200,000 To provide Continued disease surveillance Allowances Various Lump sum 2,500,000 supportive Facilitation of the veterinary Fuel 2000 130 260,000 therapy and teams to provide mobile tactical veterinary services treatments to 60% of the livestock population. Accelerated Purchase of animals, slaughter, Shoats 15,000 3,000 45,000,000 emergency inspection and distribution of Cattle 5,000 15,000 75,000,000 slaughter meat destocking Camel 1,000 20,000 20,000,000 Allowances (DSA) 240 5,000 1,200,000 Fuel 2,000 130 260,000 Sub Total for Emergency 317,344,000

BUDGET : RECOVERY

Restocking to . Shoats 20,000 4,500 90,000,000 Empower the pastoralists/ households Buy the animals from the Cattle 8,000 20,000 160,000,000 economically households hard community and restock the Camel 2,000 25,000 50,000,000 while restoring hit by effects of severely affected households livelihood for the drought Allowances 240 5,000 1,200,000 ones that lost all Fuel 2,000 130 260,000 livestock

Rangeland Procure certified seeds Seeds 50,000kgs 1000 50,000,000 Target denuded reseeding lands. Range land reseeding Labour 50,000 200 10,000,000 Encourage fodder Allowances 720 5,000 3,600,000 production where Fuel 3,000 130 390,000 irrigation is possible Assorted Various Lump sum 1,000,000 equipments and tools

To boost immunity Disease surveillance Allowances Various Lump sum 5,000,000 and provide Curative treatment. Fuel 2000 130 260,000 curative treatment to the returning Immunity boosting through herd population. multivitamin injections

Sub Total for Recovery 371,710,000 TOTAL 1,469,741,600

2 WATER SECTOR 5.1.2 Background Information Based on historical likelihood, drought forms the core problem to be addressed by the Government and the people of Wajir throughout the seasonal calendar of the county. The inability of communities to cope with drought related shock particularly in being able to access water for themselves and their livestock is clearly evident in times of drought crisis. Poor access to water is not only one of the most immediate impacts of drought; communities consistently identify it as a key constraint to their recovery and development. It results in increased trekking distances between pasture/browse and permanent water-points, accelerated wasting of animals and ultimately reduced livestock productivity. For those who have dropped out of pastoralism, availability and affordability of water becomes an increasing problem as a dry season progresses and cash becomes scarcer. Under the circumstances of severe drought there is always high competition for water between people and livestock. Whilst water access is often prioritised as the highest by communities during drought as this has an immediate impact on survival of animals, arguably of equal importance is the negative health effects that poor water quality has on the prevalence of diarrhoea, which is a key contributing factor to persistently high levels of malnutrition before, during, and after drought. Unlike all other counties in Kenya, there are no perennial river basins or lakes in Wajir. This makes the entire human and economic activities heavily reliant on underground sources (boreholes and shallow wells) which are by nature very expensive both in their development and maintenance. The only time there is relieve is when there are rains and pans impound water. Currently, Wajir County has over 182 boreholes, 5,000 shallow wells and over 300 water pans scattered across the county. However, due to recurrent drought and mushrooming of settlements, the accessibility and availability of water is limited in most parts of the County. In the previous short rain season of 2013, the county had depressed, thus most surface earth pans did not impound water, creating a water scarcity scenario in most parts of the County. The situation is further worsened by frequent breakdowns of the water facilities scattered in the vast County. This is largely due to their old age, lack of sufficient spare parts for the fast moving parts or lack of standby pumping equipment in addition to running of the equipment for many hours so as to meet the increasing demand from high number of livestock and human concentrations. In areas where there are no such boreholes or shallow wells, there high dependence on water tracking. Water tracking as an activity and maintenance of existing bore holes during such drought poses one of the greatest challenges to county resources. Developing new ones is even more expensive. It is on the basis of this background analysis and past drought response experiences that the following contingency is being muted so as to sustain the availability of water during drought stress periods in the county to meet the water needs of the population 50

5.1.2 Water sector Indicators and triggers analysis.

Indicator Issues To Address Warning Stage Threshold Interventions

Water availability • Quantity of water in ALERT -20 % of water pans have • Rapid capacity assessments by wescoord/CSG/DSG for domestic use water pans, boreholes water dry. • Preventive repair and maintenance of boreholes and shallow wells. -10%-15% reduction in • Stockpiling of gen-sets and submersible pumps • Status of borehole borehole yield. equipment -10%-15% reduction in • Purchase of fast moving parts for borehole Genset • Insufficient access to shallow wells water levels. • Water trucking to critical water stressed population clusters and water supply institutions • Desilting of water pans • Regular repair and maintenance of water boozers • Provision and stocking of water treatment chemicals i.e. purr and aqua tabs ALARM • 65% 0f water pans have • Replacements/new boreholes including contingency boreholes some water. • Rapid need assessments by CSG/Wescoord • 15%-20% reduction in • Intensify Desilting of water pans borehole yield. • Continuation and up scaling of Water trucking • 20%-30% reduction in shallow wells yield. • Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• Sustain essential stock of Gensets and submersible pumps and fast moving parts. • Activate existing rapid response teams(4RRTs) • Logistical support for RRTs

EMERGENCY • All water pans • Water trucking to pastoralists. empty. • Repair and maintenance of water boozers • Over 40% reduction in • Increase in number of water boozers. borehole yield. • Additional RRTs (upscale to 8RRTs) • Over 40% reduction in shallow wells yield. • 60% Fuel subsidy for boreholes • Equipment and logistical support to RRTs • Repair and servicing of Gensets at no cost • Sustain essential stock of Gensets and submersible pumps and fast moving parts. RECOVERY • 75% of water pans are • Tree planting around water points over 60% full • Provision of water treatment chemicals i.e. purr and aqua tabs • Boreholes yield normal. • Taking stock of the water sector capacity and facilities. • Shallow wells yield normal

• At least 70% of water • Routine repair and servicing of borehole Gensets. are over 50% full NORMAL • Major repairs, servicing and replacements of water boozers. • Boreholes yield normal. • Capacity building of borehole management • Shallow wells yield • Rehabilitation of borehole infrastructure normal • Undertake ground water potential areas through hydrological survey.

• Putting up of new infrastructures I,etroughs,pipelines,tanksetc • Testing of new technologies i.e. installation of solar systems Water accessibility Distance to water points. ALERT • Preventive repair and maintenance of boreholes

• 5-10kms • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Water pan desilting/construction

ALARM • Opening up of emergency/contingency boreholes • 10-20kms • 50% Fuel subsidy to boreholes • Water pans desilting EMERGENCY • Purchase of water storage facilities. • Above 20kms. • Emergency Water tracking to weak livestock • Repair and maintenance of gen-sets through active RRTs • Well facilitated RRTs(logistics and other resources) • 70% Fuel subsidy for the boreholes gen-sets. RECOVERY 0-5kms • Routine maintenance and infrastructure development/rehabilitation

NORMAL • 0-5kms Routine maintenance and infrastructure development/rehabilitation Water tracking Number of water tracking ALERT • 100-150 centers • Water trucking to critical settlements and education/health centers institutions(at 90% support) • 20km minimum distance to water point • Repair and maintenance of boreholes • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment • Storage facilities for water trucked • Allowances for driver/turn men for water boozers • Repair and maintenance of water boozers ALARM • 150-200 centers • Water trucking • 15km minimum • Repair and maintenance of boreholes distance to water point. • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment • Storage facilities for water trucked • Allowances for driver/turn men for water boozers 53

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers EMERGENCY • 200-300 centers • Fuel subsidy for boreholes • 10km minimum • Fuel for water trucking distance to water point • Water trucking • Repair and maintenance of boreholes • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment • Storage facilities for water trucked • Repair and maintenance of water boozers RECOVERY Nil • Repair and servicing of water boozers. NORMAL Nil • Servicing of water boozers. Congestion at the Waiting time in water ALERT 1 -2hrs • Water trucking. water point points • Procurement of storage facilities

• Provision of standby Genset

• Fuel for water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers and driver allowance

ALARM 2-4hrs • Water trucking. • Procurement of storage facilities • Provision of standby Genset • Fuel for water trucking • Repair and maintenance of water boozers EMERGENCY 4-12hrs • Water trucking. • Procurement of storage facilities

• Provision of standby Gensets • Fuel for water trucking • Repair and maintenance of water boozers • Fuel subsidy RECOVERY Less than 30minutes NORMAL Less than 30minutes

Cost of water for purchasing power of the Alert 30% of population unable to • Water trucking domestic and community pay for water • Repair and maintenance of boreholes livestock use • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment • Storage facilities for water trucked • Repair and maintenance of water boozers • No subsidies for households living within the vicinity of the boreholes. Alarm 50% of population • Water trucking unable to pay for water • Repair and maintenance of boreholes • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment • Storage facilities for water trucked • Repair and maintenance of water boozers • No subsidies for households living within the vicinity of the boreholes. Emergency 70% of population • Water trucking unable to pay for water • Repair and maintenance of boreholes • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked • Repair and maintenance of water boozers • subsidies for both pastoralist and non-pastoralist.

Recovery Nil • No intervention except for longer term development /Normal

ALERT

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timefram Trigger Target Cost Define roles and Intervention e Population responsibility (Ksh)

WALT1 Responding to • Site identification in consultation • Alert stage • To provide water to 2 months 100-150 200,000 Community role water stress with the relevant line actors. indicates over stressed settlements centres people 15.8M • Awareness creation at the through water 70% of water with no permanent identified • Activating of water boozers local level trucking pans dry. water sources without water. •Provision of logistics and allowances • Storage of water

for the driver. • Distribution of

• Community mobilization. water

Delivery of the water to the GOK role (county gov’t) settlement Provide logistics and • Monitoring and evaluation allowances • Provide free domestic water

• coordination • Identify settlements in need of water

Donors roles • Funding support LNGO&INGO roles • Resource mobilization. WALT2 Rehabilitation • Undertake strategic capacity • Alert stage • To maintain 2months -Inefficiency of 24.5M Community role and assessment indicates over continuous water water supply • Proper management of maintenance of 50% of supply to the systems. • Identification of required spare water systems strategic strategic community parts. boreholes boreholes Donors role • To attain consistent • Procurement of spare parts operating 24 -Increasing operation of water • hours a day. concentration Funding the interventions • Activation of emergency water supply systems of human and repair team • To improve water livestock County Government • Allowances and logistical support production capacity around water points • for the team. Activate contingency funds from • Fixing of the spares. County and National Government.

WALT3 Preparedness • Undertake strategic need Alert late • To enhance access Througho 89.4M Community role for strategic assessment of the water pans and stage, with to water during ut the • Strengthen domestic and boreholes depressed drought period for Alert management livestock water rainfall for the both domestic and phase • Carry out survey of new water supply last rainy livestock use. GOK /County government pans /boreholes season role.

• Activate for contingent • Inventory of status of different funds from county and water sources national government • Procurement and stock piling of Donors role, fast moving spare parts for • Funding for the strategic water sources intervention. • Procurement of water storage and LNGO&INGO role treatment facilities Resource • Construction/de-silting of water 57

pans. mobilisation. Procure strategic water storage tanks. Help communities develop drought contingency plans • -support communities implement their drought contingent plans

ALARM PHASE Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention Population (Ksh) WALM1 Responding • Site identification in Alarm stage • To provide water to Throughout 150-200 centers 220,000 137.42 Community role to water consultation with the indicates over stressed settlements the alarm identified with out people m • Awareness creation at the stress relevant line actors. 80% of water with no permanent phase and on- water. local level through • Activating of water boozers pans dry. water sources set of • Storage of water water • Provision of logistics and emergency • Distribution of trucking allowances for the driver. water • Community mobilization. GOK role (county gov’t) • Delivery of the water to the • Provide logistics and settlement allowances Monitoring and evaluation • Provide free domestic water • Identify settlements in need of water Donors roles • Funding support LNGO&INGO roles • Resource mobilization WALM2 • Alarm stage • To maintain continuous Throughout Inefficiency of 15M Community role Rehabilitatio • Undertake strategic indicates over water supply to the the alarm water supply Proper management of water n and capacity assessment 50% strategic community phase and on- systems systems maintenance • Identification of required boreholes • To attain consistent set of of strategic spare parts. operating 24 operation of water emergency Donors role boreholes • Procurement of spare hours a day. supply systems Funding the interventions parts • To improve water County Government

• Activation of emergency production capacity Activate contingency funds from water repair team County and National • Allowances and logistical Government. support for the team. • Fixing of the spares. WALM3 Preparednes • Undertake strategic need Alarm stage, with To enhance access to Throughout . 73.8M Community role s for assessment of the water depressed water during drought the Alarm • Strengthen management strategic pans and boreholes rainfall for the period for both phase GOK /County government role. domestic • Inventory of status of last rainy season domestic and livestock • Activate for contingent funds and livestock different water sources use by ensuring from county and national water supply • Procurement and stock strategic water supply government piling of fast moving sources are operational Donors role, spare parts for strategic • Funding for the intervention. water sources LNGO&INGO role • Procurement of water Resource mobilization storage and treatment facilities • Construction/de-silting of water pans. • Procure strategic water storage tanks. • Activate and facilitate rapid response teams to monitor and carry out repairs and maintenance of water sources. Activation of emergency boreholes.

5.1.3 Water Sector Intervention Plan

Emergency Phase Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Frame Trigger Target Cost Define roles and Intervention Population (Ksh) responsibility WEMR1 Responding to Site identification in consultation Emergency stage To provide water to Duration of the Over 200 250,000peo 20.24m Community role water stress with the relevant actors. indicates over stressed Emergency centersidentif ple • Awareness creation at through water • Increasing the number of water 98% of water settlements with no Phase ied without the local level trucking boozers pans dry. permanent water water • Storage of water • Provision of logistics and sources • Distribution of allowances for RRTs water • Increased number of RRTs GOK role (county gov’t) • Community mobilization. • Provide logistics and • Delivery of the water to the allowances settlements and • Provide free domestic pastoralists(park animals and water weak animals) • Identify settlements in Monitoring and evaluation need of water Donors roles • Funding support LNGO&INGO roles • Resource mobilization • Need assesments WEMR2 Rehabilitation • Undertake strategic capacity • Emergency stage To maintain • Duration of the 26M and assessment with over 70% continuous water Emergency Phase maintenance of • Identification of required spare strategic supply to the strategic parts. boreholes community boreholes • Procurement of spare parts operating 24 • To attain • Activation of emergency water hours a day. consistent repair team operation of • Allowances and logistical water supply support for the team. systems • Fixing of the spares To improve water production capacity

WEMR3 Preparedness • Undertake strategic need To enhance access • Throughout 6M for strategic assessment of the water pans Alarm stage, with to water during Emergency into domestic and and boreholes depressed drought period for early Recovery livestock water • Carry out survey of new water rainfall for the both domestic and supply pans /borehole last rainy season. livestock use by • Inventory of status of different ensuring strategic water sources water supply • Procurement and stock piling of sources are fast moving spare parts for operational strategic water sources • Procurement of water storage and treatment facilities • Construction/de-silting of water pans. • Procure strategic water storage tanks. • Activate and facilitate rapid response teams to monitor and carry out repairs and maintenance of water sources. Activation of emergency boreholes

PHASE:RECOVERY Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Trigger Target Population Cost Define roles and Intervention (Ksh) responsibility WR1 Repair and -Rehabilitation of water sources -Recovery/ -Strengthened ability to Sufficient rain 80% of the county 30 m maintenance of -Rehabilitation and replacement of normal recover from drought and recovery population water supply overused pumps and other equipment. impact. sources -Help communities develop drought contingency plans -support communities implement their drought contingent plans WR2 Evaluation of -taking stock of available borehole -Recovery -To measure performance Sufficient rain 80% of the county 40 m response equipment. /normal stage. of the intervention through and recovery population interventions/ -community consultation meetings on the concrete evaluation. lesson learnt performance of intervention and future emergency strategies. -development of county policies on water trucking relating to continuous mushrooming of new settlements. Help communities develop drought contingency plans -support communities implement their drought contingent plans

5.1.4 Water sector budget ALERT PHASE BUDGET

Proposed Total CODE Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes WALT1 Responding to Site identification in consultation with the

water stress relevant line actors and community Lumpsum Lumpsum 2000000 2,000,000 through water mobilization trucking • Activation of water boozers and logistical No. support 20 300,000 6,000,000

• Delivery of the water to the settlements 60,000 130 7,800,000 Litres Sub Total WALT1 15,800,000 WALT2 Rehabilitation and Assessments No. 2 1,000,000 2,000,000 maintenance of Identification of spareparts,procurement lumpsum lumpsum 20,000,000 20,000,000 strategic boreholes and fixing Activation of RRTs/logistics/other resources lumpsum lumpsum 2,500,000 2,500,000 Sub Total WALT2 24,500,000 CODE Proposed Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Notes Intervention Cost WALT3 Preparedness for Stockpiling of pumps and Gensets lumpsum 20gensets 48,000,000 48,,000,000 strategic domestic ,30pumps and livestock water Support to community drought contingency sessions 27wards 200,000 5,400,000 supply planning Procurement of water storage facilities no 30 200,000 6,000,000 10m3 plastic tanks Desilting of water pans No 20 1,500,000 30,000,000 Sub Total WALT3 89,400,000

Proposed Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Notes Cost WALM1 Responding to Site identification in consultation with the relevant lumpsum water stress actors and community mobilization lumpsum 200,000 200,000 through water trucking

Activation of water boozers (maintenance) lorries 20 300,000 6000,000

Purchase of additional trucks lorries 10 12,000,000 120,000,000 Delivery of water to the settlements litres 72,000 130 9,360,000 Monitoring and evaluation lumpsum lumpsum 1,872,000 1,872,000 Sub Total WALM1 137,432,000 WALM2 Rehabilitation and Repair, maintenance and fixing of genset lumpsum maintenance of lumpsum 10,000,000 10,000,000 strategic boreholes RRTs operations lumpsum lumpsum 5,000,000 5,000,000 Sub TotalWALM2 15,000,000 WALM3 Preparedness for Stockpiling of pumps and Gensets Nil Stockpiling already done at strategic domestic and Nil 0 0 alert stage. livestock water supply Support to community drought contingency sessions 27wards 400,000 10,800,000 planning(input for community priorities) Procurement of water storage facilities 10m3 plastic No 30 100,000 3,000,000 tanks(installation and transport) Desilting of water pans No 40 1,500,000 60,000,000 Sub Total WALM 73,800,000

Alarm Phase Budget

CODE Proposed Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Notes Cost WEP1 Responding to water Site identification in consultation with the lumpsum lumpsum 200,000 200,000 This is only for identification stress through water relevant actors and community mobilization of new sites for emergencies trucking • Activation of water boozers and logistical lorries 20 300,000 6,000,000 support(maintenance)

Delivery of water to 200 settlements and lItres 108,000 130 14,040,000 Pastoral sites will target pastoral sites weak, pack animals and basic household needs Sub Total WEP1 20,240,000 WEP2 Rehabilitation and Assessments(Preventive maintenance) Lumpsum lumpsum 1,500,000 1,500,000 maintenance of

strategic boreholes Identification of spareparts,procurement lumpsum lumpsum 10,000,000 10,000,000 and fixing RRTs operations lumpsum lumpsum 6,500,000 6,500.000

Purchase of 2 vehicles for 2 new RRTs No 2 7,000,000 14,000,000 Additional RRTs Sub Total WEP2 32,000,000 WEP3 Preparedness for Stockpiling of pumps and Gensets Nil Nil 0 0 Already done in previous strategic domestic and stages livestock water supply

Emergency Phase Budget

CODE Proposed Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost Notes RECOVERY AND NORMAL PHASE BUDGET Repair and Rehabilitation of water sources Lumpsum lumpsum 7,000,000 7,000,000 maintenance of water supply sources -Major overhaul/Replacement of pumps lumpsum lumpsum 3,000,000 3,000,000 and gensets.

Drilling of new boreholes No 20 10,000,000 200,000,000 Sub Total WR1 210,000,000

Evaluation of response -taking stock of available borehole Lump sum lumpsum 2,000,000 2,000,000 interventions/ lesson equipment. learnt -community consultation meetings on the lumpsum lumpsum 2,000,000 2,000,000 performance of interventions and future emergency strategies. -development of county policies on water lumpsum lumpsum 4,000,000 4,000,000 Involves consultancy and trucking relating to continuous documentations mushrooming of new settlements.

-policies relating to development of new lumpsum lumpsum 3,000,000 3,000,000 water points

Help communities develop drought communities 30 200,000 6,000,000 contingency plans -support communities implement their communities 30 1,500,000 45,000,000 drought contingent plans -Study on viability of private sector water lumpsum lumpsum 3,000,000 3,000,000 trucking Sub Total WR 65,000,000

GRAND TOTAL 683,172,000

Introduction 5.3 Health and Nutrition Sector 5.3.1 Context Analysis and Risk Assessment The County has a total of 81 public health facilities of which are 65 functional ; four district hospitals, two sub district hospitals, 42 dispensaries, 17 health centres, and 76 outreach sites ( these is also affected by fluctuating donor support ) which provide promotive , preventive and curative . 16 other public health facilities are not operational due to staff shortages. Basic statistics Indicator actual or estimate Source and year 775,602 Total population KNBS Census report 2010 plus 3.22 projection Male- 403393 , Female - 372209 per year 12,4096

Under 5 population Male- 64,540, Female-59,556

Pregnant and lactating Women 34902 KNBS Census report 2010 Population below poverty line 84% KNBS Well -being in Kenya report 2008 Wajir North and west Nutrition ,Wajir Wajir south south,Wajir East Nutrition survey 2012 CMR - 0.30/10,000 people / day U5MR - 0.50 /10,000 people / day Wajir east Mortality rates/10,000/day CMR - 0.12/10,000 people / day U5MR - 0.11 /10,000 people / day Wajir North and West CMR - 0.49/10,000 people / day U5MR – 1.02/10,000 people / day

Health facilities implementing HiNi 76%

5.3.2 Current Interventions Stakeholder Stakeholder expectation Stakeholder obligation Location UNICEF Well coordinated healthcare Support MoH in coordination and health systems Wajir county system at all levels strengthening at national and county level WFP Adequate food for good Technically support joint programming for Wajir county nutrition for residents of implementation of health programs Wajir Provide SFP supplies APHIAplusImarisha Better health for Wajir Support MOH and community with health Wajir county county residents systems strengthening in areas of gender, youth, community units, and OVC care Save the Children A county in which children’s Inspire breakthrough in the way the world treats Wajir county rights to good quality children and to achieve immediate and lasting healthcare are realized change in their lives World Vision Kenya A county in which every child Ensure child well-being Wajir south is protected from disease and injury Islamic Relief Kenya A healthy Wajir community Maternal and child health programming Wajir west and North AMREF Better maternal, new born Support MNCH initiatives especially midwifery for Wajir county and child health indicators skilled birth attendance WASDA Healthy Wajir community Local agency supporting Maternal and child Wajir south and North health programs through community units ALDEF Healthy Wajir community Local agency supporting Maternal and child Wajir county health programs through community units

5.3.3 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats

• Committed and qualified MOH staffs • Shortage of health workers • Supportive development • Insecurity-raids. • Shortage of supplies in the facilities. partners/implement • Massive transfer of health workers

• Supportive development partners led • Long distance to health facilities • Computerization /networking of health • Nomadic lifestyle by CDF, county Government, Aphia • Inadequate drugs in the facilities. issues will ensure appropriate health • Duplication of activities by partners Plus, IRK and SCI • Limited funds to partners. facilities interventions. • Organizational policies • Existence of recruitments of health workers by the CG • Community empowerment approaches • Vastness of the county • Decentralization of health to county • Short of health workers in the county to facilitate health and development • High dependency level government. • Existence of proper health plans • Coordinated contingency planning in • No standing funds for the activities • Existence of coordinated partners in the • Unpredictable climatical change the County planned county • On-job training • Poor feedback. • Support from CG and partners. • Sustainability of health workers. • Lack of tertiary institution in the county. • Lack of motivation. • Existence of local • Does not cover vast of the county • Advocates for the voiceless • Mismanagement community radio • Partner support • Existence of • Some communities do not attach much value • Various support county government • Illiteracy Medical Training college to health • Poor attitude towards health sector • No guidance on future carrier for sustainability • Various Programmes to improve health • Limited funding • Donor support • Donor status • Political will satisfaction • Improved health • Poorly equipped health facilities • Partner agencies • Special Technical facilities • Poor diagnostic tools • County government staff • Improved water • Open defecation practiced in many parts of • Willing partners • Gradual attitude and sanitation services county • Favorable policies change • Poor latrine coverage • Alternative water • High water table in Wajir shallow wells source • Existence of • Weakness of health system • Devolution of services • Difficult to CORPS in communities absorb into healthcare system • Improved • Few gynecologist • Partners • Affordability 68

reproductive health services • Diagnostic facilities inadequate • Far referral hospitals

SEASONAL CALENDER OF EVENTS Indicators Jan Feb March April May June July August September October November December

Rain season Dry season Long rains Dry cool season Short rains Rainfall Low High Low Slightly Rainfall Low High Low Slightly high Rainfall Low High high Prevalence of water born diseases in schools. Low High Low Slightly Prevalence of Low High Low Slightly high Prevalence of Low High high water born water born diseases in diseases in schools schools Conflicts in water sources High high High Slightly Conflicts in High Low High Slightly high Conflicts in High Low high water sources water sources Increase in malnutrition low High High Slightly High due to Low low Slightly Slightly high low High due to low high diarrhea high diarrhea

5.3.4 Health sector Indicators &Triggers Analysis

Indicator Issues To Address Warning Stage Threshold Interventions : Community And External Actors Nutrition Malnutrition level of the ALERT Poor global acute malnutrition rate ( • Community mobilization and sensitization of early warning signs of drought status under-fives , pregnant and wasting ) - 5.1- <9.9%, Conduct smart survey lactating women Increased admission into the SFP and • Health and nutrition education through to the community through outreaches , local media and OTP programme. demonstrations MUAC of % at risk higher than the • Linking various groups to financial institution egUwezo fund long term average for the period • Quarterly coordination meetings at the county level and monthly nutrition coordination Increased percentage of children meeting at the sub county level update 3W matrix underweight according to the Child • high impact nutrition intervention : Health and Nutrition Information o prevention and treatment of acute malnutrition (both moderate and severe). System o promotion of exclusive breastfeeding,

o Promotion of timely and adequate complementary feeding.

o Vitamin A supplementation twice yearly. o deworming, o hygiene and sanitation including hand washing, o zinc supplementation for diarrhoea management, o Iron folate supplementation for pregnant women • Growth monitoring including at the community, self-referral. • DHIS surveillance • outreach activities • Timely and adequate supplies procument of essential supplies including buffer stock ALARM Serious GAM rates – 10 -14.9% • HINI (High impact nutrition intervention) Increased admission into the SFP and • Community mobilization for self-referral (Training community groups on screening by MUAC OTP programme. and referral) MUAC of % at risk higher than the • Mass screening to monitor situation and influence scale up of outreach activities long term average for the period • Support community care support groups on Health and nutrition education Increased percentage of children • Support monthly coordination Meetings sub county underweight according to the Child • Intensify MIYCN ( maternal infant and young child nutrition ) activities Health and Nutrition Information • Monthly surveillance of the DHIS System • Health and nutrition education to the community • Capacity building of health workers

• Supplies buffer stock at health facilities EMERGENCY Critical GAM rates –>15% Increased Support IMAM program – OTP Increased admission into the SFP and - SFP OTP programme - In-patient therapeutic feeding (SC) Reported mortality cases related to • Support health facilities on therapeutic foods and essential drugs severe acute malnutrition with • Support community groups on Health education on HINI (High Impact Nutrition Intervention) complications • Support hard to reach areas by opening weekly HINI outreach sites MUAC of % at risk higher than the • Conduct weekly updates meetings with all sectors long term average for the period • Blanket supplementary feeding • Increase of human resources • Increased capacity building RECOVERY Towards normal rates – GAM rates < • Support Health and Nutrition education both in facility and community level 10% • Intersectional collaboration Decreased admission into the SFP and • Developmental programs Eg Maternal Infant Young Child Nutrition / Income Generating OTP programme. Activities MUAC of % at risk higher than the • Disaster Risk Reduction programs long term average for the period • Value chain through community groups Reduce underweight cases in the child • Capacity building of health workers health information system Normal Wasting of < 5.5 % • High impact nutrition intervention 70

Decreased admission into the SFP • Routine immunization and OTP programme. • Capacity building of the community focal persons, health workers. MUAC of % at risk higher than the • Disaster risk reduction programs long term average for the period. • Procument of anthropometric equipment Reduce underweight cases in the child health information system WASH Inadequate supply of Safe ALERT Decreasing water levels and supply – • Monitoring the situation and water supply (Water, water 40% of water sources have water for • Hygiene promotion activities Hygiene and human consumption • Supply of safe water storage containers Sanitation) • Provision of water treatment chemicals eg aqua tabs Status • Operationalize and train water user committees on maintenance of water points • Installation and repair of water tanks • Sensitization of communities on appropriate water treatment methods • Mapping of settlements and migration patterns in relation to water sources • Strengthen school health programmes • Manage wastes and proper waste disposal ALARM Continuing decrease in water levels in • Identification of most affected areas and their disaggregation water pans, wells etc- <15% water • Continuously Monitor population movements pans and wells are full • Continued Hygiene and sanitation promotion activities • Excavation of new water sources and de-silting of water pans. • Deepening of shallow wells • Strengthen school health programs EMERGENCY More than 8 hrs trekking distance to • Water trucking to the health facilities, schools and to the general population. water source • Supply of safe water storage containers • 90% water sources dry • Servicing of pumping generators • Surveillance of and response to water-borne disease patterns RECOVERY Increased water levels in wells and • Continue monitoring situation other sources. 60% water sources are • Water treatment chemical e.g. Aqua tabs full. • Support Hygiene and sanitation promotion activities (CLTS, PHAST, Latrine coverage) • Provision of more water points. • Protection of water sources and tree planting NORMAL Adequate water supply – All water • Improving the existing water sources. sources are full • Support hygiene and sanitation promotion (Promote use of safe water and treatment) • Strengthen water user communities, promote sustainable use of water sources • Increase water storage structure and point sources Health status Causes of ill health ALERT Increased cases of disease • Surveillance and early diagnosis e.g. TB screening, HIV, other communicable diseases • Ensure adequate supplies of essential drugs • Integrated health outreaches

• Capacity build health workers as rapid response teams • Health and nutrition education • Strengthen routine immunization • Integrate health messages at schools • CHWs to intensify home visits, health promotion and referrals ALARM Continued increase in various disease • Provision of adequate staff and essential drugs to handle the most affected areas. incidences • Intensified disease surveillance • Health education • Support lab services • provision of personal protective equipment’s • promote hand-washing • monitor disease patterns in vulnerable populations e.g. mothers and children • Food inspection to ensure sanitary handling conditions EMERGENCY Congestion at the hospitals and • Treatment of chronic conditions, life-saving equipments and provision of more staff and increased mortality rates and essential drugs. morbidity rates . • Improved referral system e.g logistics • provision of personal protective equipment’s • Increase of outreach activities • health workers on high alert • procuring and prepositioning of medical supplies RECOVERY Decreased hospital workload and • Continuous monitoring and follow up of morbidity cases (surveillance). morbidity rates. • Reduced outreach sites • Health promotion though behavior change communication and home visits • Need based outreaches • Continuous service delivery at facility and community level NORMAL • Continuous monitoring and follow up of morbidity cases (surveillance). • Reduced outreach sites • Health promotion though behavior change communication and home visits • Rehabilitation of affected individuals need based • Health infrastructure need based • Invest in all pillars of health equitably

5.3.5 Health Sector Intervention Plan EW PHASE:ALERT Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention Population (Ksh) 001 High impact • Community mobilization and Alert Reduce vulnerability of Feb- April Increase admission 124096 < 5, 49208999 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of nutrition sensitization children under 5 and 2014 into the SFP 34902 .21 personnel and health facilities, surveillance and intervention • Health and nutrition education Pregnant Lactating Women Sept- Dec programme pregnant reporting, active case funding. • Linking various groups to financial Increase survival rates 2014 MUAC of % at risk and lactating Development partners: funding, technical institution Prevent deterioration of higher than the long women support, resource mobilization, community • Coordination meetings health and nutrition status of term average for the mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, • high impact nutrition intervention : target population and reduce period. (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS • Growth monitoring including at the morbidity Wasting rate of 5-9% community, self-referral. Increase number of • DHIS surveillance defaulters • outreach activities 002 Increase access • Monitoring the situation and water Alert Reduce cases of water borne Feb- April Decreasing water 775602 21440000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of to safe water supply worseni diseases , reduce mortality 2014 levels and supply – personnel and health facilities, surveillance and hygiene and • Hygiene promotion activities (CLTS) ng and morbidity cases related Sept- Dec 40% of water sources reporting, active case funding. sanitation • Supply of safe water storage to water scarcity ,improve 2014 have water for Development partners: funding, technical containers access to safe drinking water human consumption. support, resource mobilization, community • Provision of water treatment mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, chemicals (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS • Operationalize and train water user committees • Installation and repair of water tanks • Sensitization of communities on appropriate water treatment methods • Mapping of settlements and migration patterns • Strengthen school health programmes • Manage wastes and proper waste disposal 003 Promote , • Surveillance and early diagnosis e.g. TB Alert Reduce disease incidents , Feb- April Increased cases of 775602 7300000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, provision of prevents and screening, HIV, other communicable worseni reduce morbidity and 2014 disease personnel and health facilities, surveillance and cure health diseases ng mortality related to drought Sept- Dec reporting, active case funding. related cases • Ensure adequate supplies of essential 2014 Development partners: funding, technical drugs support, resource mobilization, community • Integrated health outreaches mobilization, lobbying and advocacy, • Capacity build health workers as rapid (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS response teams • Health and nutrition education

EWEW PHASE: PHASE: ALARM EMERGENCY Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timefram Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timefram Trigger Target Cost Define roles and Intervention e Population (Ksh) Intervention e Population (Ksh) responsibility 001 High impact • HINI (High impact nutrition Alarm Reduce vulnerability Feb- April Serious GAM rates – 10 124096 < 5, MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, nutrition intervention) of children under 5 2014 -14.9% Increased 34902 26121499 provision of personnel and interve ntion • Community mobilization and Pregnant Sept- Dec admission into the SFP pregnant health facilities, surveillance • Mass screening Lactating Women 2014 and OTP programme. and lactating and reporting, active case • Support community care groups Increase survival MUAC of % at risk women funding. Health and nutrition education rates higher than the long Development partners: • Support coordination Prevent term average for the funding, technical support, • Intensify MIYCN ( maternal infant and deterioration of period resource mobilization, young child nutrition ) activities health and nutrition Increased percentage of community mobilization, • Monthly surveillance of the DHIS status of target children underweight lobbying and advocacy, • Capacity building of health workers population and according to the Child (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, reduce morbidity Health and Nutrition APHIA PLUS • Supplies buffer stock at health Information System facilities 002 Increase • Identification of most affected areas Alarm Reduce cases of Continuing decrease in 775602 16000000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, access to safe and their desegregations water borne diseases water levels in water provision of personnel and water • Continuously Monitor population , reduce mortality pans, wells etc- <15% health facilities, surveillance hygiene and movements and morbidity cases water pans and wells and reporting, active case sanitation • Continued Hygiene and sanitation related to water are full funding. promotion activities scarcity ,improve Development partners: • Excavation of new water sources and access to safe funding, technical support, de-silting of water pans. drinking water resource mobilization, • Deepening of shallow wells community mobilization, • Strengthen school health programs lobbying and advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS • Strengthen routine immunization • CHWs to intensify home visits, health promotion and referrals

001 High impact • Increased Support IMAM program Emerency Reduce vulnerability Feb- April Critical GAM rates 124096 < 5, 176484120 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, nutrition • Support community groups on Health of children under 5 2014 –>15% 34902 provision of personnel and intervention education and Pregnant Sept- Dec Increased pregnant health facilities, surveillance • High impact nutrition intervention Lactating Women 2014 admission into the and lactating and reporting, active case - S Increase survival SFP and OTP women funding. F rates programme Development partners: P Prevent Reported funding, technical support, Support health facilities on therapeutic deterioration of mortality cases resource mobilization, foods and essential drugs health and nutrition related to severe community mobilization, • Support hard to reach areas by status of target acute malnutrition lobbying and advocacy, opening weekly outreach sites population and with (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, • Conduct weekly updates meetings with reduce morbidity complications APHIA PLUS all sectors MUAC of % at risk • Blanket supplementary feeding higher than the • Increase of human resources long term average for the period

002 Increase • Monitoring the situation and water Emergency Reduce cases of More than 8 hrs 775602 800000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, access to supply water borne trekking distance provision of personnel and safe water • Hygiene promotion activities (CLTS) diseases , reduce to water source health facilities, surveillance hygiene and • Supply of safe water storage mortality and 90% water sources and reporting, active case sanitation containers morbidity cases dry funding. • Provision of water treatment related to water Development partners: chemicals e.g. aqua tabs scarcity ,improve funding, technical support, • Operationalize and train water user access to safe resource mobilization, committees on maintenance of water drinking water community mobilization, points lobbying and advocacy, • Installation and repair of water tanks (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, • Sensitization of communities on APHIA PLUS appropriate water treatment methods • Mapping of settlements and

migration patterns in relation to water sources • Strengthen school health programmes • Manage wastes and proper waste disposal 003 Promote , • Provision of adequate staff and Emergency Reduce disease Feb- April Congestion at the 775602 3480000 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, prevents essential drugs to handle the most incidents , reduce 2014 hospitals and provision of personnel and and cure affected areas. morbidity and Sept- Dec increased health facilities, surveillance health • Intensified disease surveillance mortality related to 2014 mortality rates and and reporting, active case related Health education drought morbidity rates funding. cases • Support lab services Development partners: • provision of personal protective funding, technical support, equipment’s resource mobilization, • promote hand-washing community mobilization, • monitor disease patterns in vulnerable lobbying and advocacy, populations e.g. mothers and children (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, • Food inspection to ensure sanitary APHIA PLUS handling conditions

EW PHASE: RECOVERY Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention Population (Ksh) 001 High impact • High impact nutrition Recovery Reduce vulnerability of children Feb- April 124096 < 5, MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, nutrition intervention under 5 and Pregnant Lactating 2014 Towards 34902 pregnant provision of personnel and health intervention • Routine immunization Women Sept- Dec normal rates – and lactating facilities, surveillance and reporting, • Capacity building of the Increase survival rates 2014 GAM rates < women 7424000 active case funding. community focal persons, Prevent deterioration of health and 10% Development partners: funding, health workers. nutrition status of target Decreased technical support, resource • Disaster risk reduction programs population and reduce morbidity admission into mobilization, community • Procurement of anthropometric the SFP and mobilization, lobbying and equipment OTP advocacy, programme. (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA MUAC of % at PLUS risk higher than the long term average for the period Reduce underweight

cases in the child health information system 002 Increase • Continue monitoring situation Alarm Reduce cases of water borne Continuing 775602 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, access to • Water treatment chemical e.g. diseases , reduce mortality and decrease in provision of personnel and safe water Aqua tabs morbidity cases related to water levels 33200000 health facilities, surveillance hygiene and Support Hygiene and sanitation water scarcity ,improve access in water and reporting, active case sanitation promotion activities (CLTS, to safe drinking water pans, wells funding. PHAST, Latrine coverage) etc- <15% Development partners: funding, • Provision of more water water pans technical support, resource points. and wells are mobilization, community • Protection of water sources and full mobilization, lobbying and tree planting advocacy, (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS 003 Promote , • Continuous monitoring and Alarm Reduce disease incidents , Feb- April Decreased 775602 MOH/ NDMA: Coordination, prevents and follow up of morbidity cases reduce morbidity and 2014 hospital 57200000 provision of personnel and cure health (surveillance). mortality related to drought Sept- Dec workload and health facilities, surveillance related cases • Reduced outreach sites 2014 morbidity and reporting, active case • Health promotion though rates funding. behaviour change Development partners: funding, communication and home technical support, resource visits mobilization, community • Need based outreaches mobilization, lobbying and Continuous service delivery at advocacy, facility and community level (UNICEF, WFP, KRCS, AMREF, APHIA PLUS

ALERT PHASE BUDGET Proposed Total Intervention CODE Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes ALT 001 High impact Community mobilization Radio messages and talks 60 4000 240000 2 languages, twice a day, for 2 months. Star fm for wider nutrition and sensitization coverage

intervention Public address 32 5000 160000 each of 8 sub-county teams rent a PA system twice

monthly for 2 months System

Barazas 1122 50 2805000 refreshments for 28 divisional teams held in different location each week for 2 months at approx 50-100 pax per

baraza

Allowances 56 10,500 588,000 3 pax per barazza,

Transport and fuel 56 12,000 672000 vehicle hire with fuel at Ksh12,000 per day

Health and nutrition IEC materials 5000 500 2500000 Leaflets for IEC at Ksh500 education Allowances 35 3000 210,000

Transport and fuel 56 12,000 672000 vehicle hire with fuel at Ksh12,000 per day Public Address 32 5000 160000 System Radio talk s how 60,000 8 480000 Community radio to consider discounting some of these as part of CSR School health programs 18 232680 4188240 Planned for during normal/routine annual interventions

Linking various groups to Training Mother to mother 20,000 200 4000000 This should be planned for recovery and routine activities financial institution support groups Establishment of income 100,000 100 10,000,000 Give 50% of the mother to mother SGs business start up generating activities grants of Ksh 100,000 per group Coordination meetings Conference package 35 2000 140,000 Monthly coordination meetings with each sub-county sending 4 representatives to each meeting 78

Allowances 35 3000 210,000 Transport 2 meetings 208,000 416,000 each sub-county receives 200ltr of fuel per meeting per month High impact nutrition 0713074347 interventions Outreach activities Vehicles 6 210,000 1,260,000 6 additional outreach vehicles per month for the duration of emergency

Allowances 40 additional 160,000

outreaches*30 1,000

Chairs and table 300 300 108,000 6 outreaches each costing 9000 for seats (10 bob each) and tables (200bob each) for 2 months Outreach fuel 150lt*6*4 weeks 25 900,000 150ltrs per outreach at 6 sites over 4 weeks for 2 months @ 125bob per litre

Timely and adequate Corn soya blend ( CSB ) 40,061 48 1,940,955 supplies procurement of essential supplies Oil 4,006 77 306,467 including buffer stock Ready to use therapeutic 2,953 15,760,161 food 5,337 Ready to use 1,153 272 313,576 supplementary food Health information system Surveillance support to the 8 20,000 320,000 8 sub-county HRIOs receive fuel and airtime monthly for 2 (tools and dissemination) DHRIOs at sub county months of the alert phase

Reporting tools 8 10000 per 160,000 Reams of paper and toner cartridges month per sub county for 2 months Capacity building health Transport and fuel 300*8 125 300000 8 sub-county teams need 300 litres for 10 OJT days spread workers ( on job training ) over 2 months of the alert phase Allowances 4*8*10 3500 1120000 4 SCHMT members doing 10 days at Ksh3500 per day

Reproduction of monitoring 1000 8 8000 photocopying of monitoring tools tools Supply of safe water Purchase of Water storage 16 70,000 1,120,000 coordinate with water department storage containers to containers households Purchase of water 77560 100*2 15,512,000 77,560 (60% of Wajir county) households targeted with treatment chemicals aquatabs. Each household receives 50 tabs per month. Each tab costs KES2 Installation and repair of Purchase and distribution 16 100,000 1600000 coordinate with water department water tanks of communal water tanks

Repairs of existing 16 200,000 3200000 coordinate with water department communal water storage facilities

ALT 003 Causes of ill Testing kits and reagents Active case findings planned routinely health

Allowances for health 2*8*5 3500*2 560,000 Defaulter tracing, Active case findings: planned for during workers normal/routine activities but defaulter tracing of TB

clients goes up during drought Surveillance and early

diagnosis Allowances for CHWs 5*8*5 500*2 200,000 5 CHWs for 5 days each month for 8 subcounties at an (community TB volunteers) incentive of KSh500 per day over 2 month duration

Vehicle hire , fuel 8*5*2 12,000 960000 Logistics Support for weekly and monthly integrated

disease surveillance and response, Active case findings

Maintance and fuel for 8*5*2 125*5 50,000 for Directly observed therapy / treatment ( DOTS )

motor bikes

Integrated health Vehicle hire and fuel 6 210,000 1,260,000 outreaches Allowances 40 additional 160,000

outreaches*30 1,000 Camping gear ( chairs , 16 50000 800000 each of 8 sub counties receive two camping gear for two tables , tents lamps ) teams

Safety box 80*100 160 1280000 each facility needs 200 for itself and to supply to outreach teams

Capacity build health Allowances 4*8*5 3500 560000 each sub county receives an RRT training for 5 days for 4

workers as rapid response members teams Conference package 4*8*5 1500 240000 each sub county receives an RRT training for 5 days for 4 members Vehicle hire and fuel 8*5 12,000 480000 each sub county receives one hired vehicle to facilitate teams to and from training CHWs to intensify home 500*3 500 500CHWs in 8 sub counties doing special visits to visits, health promotion Incentives for referrals 750000 migratory populations and initiating referrals and referrals

Total 77,948,399.2

5.3.6 Health sector budget ALARM PHASE BUDGET

Proposed Total CODE Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes Public address 32 5000 80,000 each of 8 sub-county teams rent a PA system twice System for 1 month Barazas 1122 50 1402500 refreshments for 28 divisional teams held in different location each week for 1 month at approx

50-100 pax per baraza Allowances 28 10,500 294,000 3 pax per barazza, Transport and fuel 28 12,000 336000 vehicle hire with fuel at Ksh12,000 per day

Health and nutrition education Weekly Radio talks 60,000 4 240,000 community radio to consider discounting some of

these as part of CSR 18 232680 2094120 planned for during normal/routine annual School health programs interventions

Linking various groups Training Mother to mother 0 0 0 routine trainings. No special training to mitigate to financial institution support group emergency during alarm phase Establishment of income 0 0 0 routine trainings. No special training to mitigate generating activities emergency during alarm phase Coordination meetings Conference package 35 2000 280,000 Twice-monthly coordination meetings with each sub-county sending 4 representatives to each meeting Allowances 35 3000 420,000 Transport 2 meetings 208,000 416,000 each sub-county receives 200ltr of fuel per meeting

per month Outreach activities Vehicles and fuel 4 vehciles*6 7000 168,000 days* Allowances 3500*2*4vehciles 3500 168,000

*6 days Chairs and table 2400 500 1200000 Contingency stock Car hire and fuel 8 12000 96,000 Including lorries for transportation of the supplies

to the health facilities Casuals 16 600 9600 Two casuals per sub county Procure RUSF 1,153 272 313,576 One month Procure RUTF 2,953 5,337 15,760,161 One month

Procure CSB 40,061 48 1,940,955 One month 4,006 77 306,467 Procument of buffer stock Oil Incase of an upserge of beneficiaries

Surveillance support to the 8 3000 24000 Internet for 3,000 a District health DHRIOs at sub county information system Reporting tools 8 2000 16000 To photocopy tools Capacity building Transport and fuel 28 12,000 336000 Done at alert health workers ( on job training ) Allowances 0 0 0 Done at alert Mass screening Reporting tools 8 2000 16000 Vehicles and fuel 0 0 0

Allowances 1 1 100000 For the entire county

Procurement of the anthropometric equipment. Anthropometric equipment 8 47515 380,120 Complete batch for each sub county Increase Identification of most Limited facility to help in coordinating with water Transport allowance 8 200000 1,600,000 access to safe affected areas and sector water hygiene their disaggregation Data collection Reporting ALM 002 0 0 0 Reproduction of monitoring tools and tools sanitation Testing kits 0 0 0 Analysis and testing of water sources

ALM 003 Causes of ill Intensified disease Testing kits and reagents 0 0 0 planned for during alert phase health surveillance Allowances 0 0 0 Defaulter tracing, Active case findings Vehicle hire , fuel 0 0 0 Logistics Support for weekly and monthly integrated disease surveillance and response, Active case findings Maintenance and fuel for 0 0 0 for Directly observed therapy / treatment ( DOTS )

motor bikes

Planned for during normal/routine annual Provision of adequate Procure essential drugs 0 0 0 interventions staff and essential

drugs to handle the Vehicle hire and fuel 0 0 0 For distribution of drugs to health facilities most affected areas. Allowances 0 0 0 For the distribution teams Integrated health Vehicle hire and fuel 0 0 0 outreaches Allowances

Camping gear ( chairs , tables 0 0 0 Budgeted for during alert phase , tents lambs ) Safety box 0 0 0 Budgeted for during alert phase Capacity build health Allowances 0 0 0 workers as rapid response teams Conference package 0 0 0 Vehicle hire and fuel 0 0 0 Strengthen routine - - 0 0 immunization provision of personal Procure lab coats , gloves , protective 80 50,000 400000 each sub-county gets 10 pcs of assorted PPE masks etc equipment’s

EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET Proposed Total

CODE Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes EM 001 High impact Community mobilization Radio messages and talks 60 2000 120000 2 radio spots per day for a 30 days nutrition and sensitization Public address intervention 16 5000 80000 system

Barazas 16 10,000 160000

Allowances 16 3500 56000 Transport and fuel 8 100000 800000 each sub-county gets 100000 for fuel for the approx 60 day emergency period

Increased Support IMAM Sanitation facilities for the SCs 16 100000 1600000 Porta-latrines program Shades 16 100000 1600000

Stabilization centres 16 100,000 1600000 Each sub-county gets 2 tents each

Outreach activities including Vehicles and fuel 8*30 12000 2880000 one month vehicle hire health education Collapsible water tank for SCs 16 50,000 800000 Hand wash facilities for SCs 16 5,000 80000 2 handwash facilities per SC NFIs 8*2000 10,000 160000000 2000 households per sub-county receive NFIs Allowances 16 25000 400,000 each Sub-county gets 2 Chairs and table 16 500 8000 Blanket supplementary Car hire and fuel 16*30 12,000 5760000 Including lorries for transportation of the

feeding days supplies to the health facilities

Casuals 16 10,000 160000 Each sub-county gets 2 allocations for casuals at

10,000 each Anthropometric equipment 8 47515 380,120 Procurement of the anthropometric equipment Transport allowance 8 100000 800000 8 sub-county teams Increase access to Identification of most Data collection Reporting tools 0 0 0 Reproduction of monitoring tools EM 002 safe water hygiene affected areas and their Testing kits 0 0 0 Analysis and testing of water sources and sanitation disaggregation

EM 003 Causes of ill health Response to disease Testing kits and reagents 0 0 0 Active case findings outbreaks Allowances 8 200000 160000 Defaulter tracing, Active case findings

Logistics Support for integrated disease Vehicle hire , fuel 8 200,000 160000 response teams, Active case findings Maintenance and fuel for motor For Directly observed therapy / treatment ( 8 50,000 400,000 bikes DOTS ) Provision of adequate staff Procure essential drugs 8 450,000 For emergency response drugs based on need and essential drugs to handle the most affected Vehicle hire and fuel 6 210,000 1,260,000 For distribution of drugs to health facilities

areas Allowances 16 25000 500,000 For the distribution teams Total

RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET

Proposed Total CODE Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes REC 001 Allowances 40 10,000 400,000 Cease after emergency Transport and fuel 8 200,000 1600000 To facilitate sub county teams if need be

Allowances 8 200000 1600000 To facilitate subcounty teams if need be

School health programs 8 200000 1600000 Budget for routine Linking various groups Training Mother to mother 200 50000 1000000 Each mtmsg gets 50,000 to initiate resilience to financial institution support group building activities Establishment of income 200 50000 1000000 Each mtmsg receives 50000KES to initiate IGA generating activities

Coordination meetings Each Subcounty sends 4 members to coord Conference package 32 2000 64000 meeting

Allowances 40 10,000 400000 Transport and fuel 8 200,000 1600000 To facilitate subcounty teams if need be Outreach activities Resume as normal. Scale down from Vehicles and fuel emergency Allowances 40 10,000 400000 District health Surveillance support to the 8 10,000 80,000 information system DHRIOs at sub county Reporting tools 8 10,000 80000 REC 002 Increase access Hygiene promotion CLTS TOT Workshop expenses 30 1000000 To cater for one county-wide workshop to safe water activities CLTS roll-down expenses in 45 45 2000000 To cover costs from pre-triggering till ODF hygiene and villages celebration sanitation Strengthen school Hand washings sensitization and 100 20,000 200000 100 schools targeted health programmes demos

Construct latrines and other 100 300000 30000000 100 schools targeted sanitary faciltieis at schools

REC 003 Strengthen Ensure adequate Procure drugs 80 500000 40,000,000 routine activity post emergency but this budget school health supplies of essential can be used to buffer drug supplies before programmes drugs things get back to normal

Manage wastes Cpacity build health Recovery teams 8 300000 2400000 one training per subcounty and proper waste workers as rapid disposal response teams strengthen community CHW incentives, CHC meetings, 100 200,000 20000000 100 CHUs targeted across wajir county health strategy CHU-HF link meetings

infrastructure Construct and maintain 16 300000 4800000 depending on nature of emergency, each renovations subcounty to chose two worst hit facilties to benefit from thisrecovery fund

SUMMARY OF THE BUDGET PHASE AMOUNT ALERT 77,948,399.21 ALERM 28,121,499 EMERGENCY 180,764,120 RECOVERY 107,824,000 TOTAL 394,658,018

EDUCATION SECTOR 5.4.1 Education Sector Brief Wajir County has eight sub counties. in the eight sub counties we have a total of one hundred ninety four public primary school and twenty eight private primary schools with an enrolment of 73410 pupils out of these 64909 are in public primary school and 8501 pupils in private schools. There are 25 low cost boarding primary schools with enrolment of 1483 boarders .the number of secondary school are 35 out of this 5 are girls secondary

Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats schools 7 day mixed secondary school and 23 boys secondary school with the total enrolment of – boys – girls totalling to – During the rainy season 40 public primary schools and 2 secondary schools are directly affected by drought due to their source of water which is pan. Other schools with permanent source of water and the schools with boarding wing are affected by high enrolment due to transfer of pupils from affected schools by drought

Indicators Jan Feb March April May June July August September October November December Rain season Dry season Long rains Dry season Short rains Rainfall Low High Low - Low Low High - Slightly Rainfall High - high Prevalence of water Low High Low - high Low High - Slightly Prevalence of water High - born diseases in high born diseases in qualifiedschools field and teaching  Shortage of administrative and teaching staff  Supportive development partners/implementschools  Nomadic life style staffConflicts in schools  Early marriage - Unicef equity- bank KCB world vision , save the  Poor road infrastructure  DistanceFPE of water Long  ChildLong labour Short - Short Short childrenSlightly international,- wasdaSlightly Long  Insecurity Short -  sourcesGrant fromfrom schools MOE for  Gender disparity Aldeflong long  High illiteracy rate Dropoutsecondary of schools and primaryLow  CoordinationHigh High of stakeholders Low Low countySlightly government - Slightly Dropout of Highschools cost of transportLow - - schools  Lack of awareness on the value of educations High high Low  Outbreak of diseases like cholera  BOG staffs ,typhoid  Existing boarding schools  Natural disaster like drought  Bursary  CDF 5.4.2 Education Sector SWOT Analysis

5.4.3 Education sector seasonal Calendar

5.4.4 Education sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis

Indicator Issues to address Warning stage Threshold Interventions

Clean Water Clean Water availability ALERT Only 5% of school s affected. water tracking in Water conservation availability and in the 5% of schools Increase water storage facilities access Schools Enhance preparedness Water tracking in 5% of school in water stress areas ALARM 5- 10% of schools affected water tracking in 5- Water conservation 10% of schools Water tracking in 50% of schools in water stress areas Increase water storage facilities. EMERGENCY 5- 25% of schools are affected. water tracking in Water tracking in 100% of water stress areas 5-25% of schools Increase water storage facilities

Water conservation RECOVERY Available Water in quality and quantity Water Conservation Storage of water in tanks Improved cleanliness NORMAL Water is available no water tracking Maintain normal school programme Improve teaching and learning activities Improve absenteeism /drop out rate Improve performance Fees To reduce school ALERT 10 to 20% of secondary school enrolment could Provide Bursary dropout rate in not pay fees secondary schools ALARM About 30 to 50% could not pay school fees Enhance: Bursary Food for fees Fees waivers EMERGENCY About 60-80% of parents fail to pay school fees Enhance: Bursary Food for fees Fees waivers RECOVERY Normal fees payment except for the poor needy Enhance: and orphans Bursary Food for fees Fees waivers School Over enrolment of ALERT Normal enrolment Maintain normal Programme in schools. enrolment schools with permanent ALARM Over enrolment by 5% Enhance school feeding programme water source and Water tracking programme boarding schools Enhance hygiene and sanitation EMERGENCY Over enrolment by 25% Enhance school feeding programme Water tracking Enhance hygiene and sanitation Enhance teaching / learning aids More beds and mattress for boarding schools Shelters Additional grant for boarding school RECOVERY Improved enrolment Enhance school feeding programme Proper storage of water in tanks Enhance hygiene and sanitation

NORMAL Normal enrolment Maintain normal programme in schools

School meal Reduce dropout rate in ALERT About 5% to 10 percent of primary school Provide school meal program in primary school and ECD centers program primary and ECD enrolment could not get adequate food centers

ALARM Enhance Increase access About 10% to 30 percent of primary school could School feeding programme

not get adequate food Improve retention EMERGENCY Enhance About 40% of primary enrolment school School feeding programme enrolment could not get adequate food To provide nutrition food to malnourish children of primary and ECD RECOVERY About 5% of primary school enrolment could not Enhance get adequate food School feeding programme in primary and ECD centers NORMAL Malnutrition under control School feeding programme Vitamin A supplementation by MOH Proximity to Hygiene and sanitation ALERT 5% of children are infected with hygiene related Formation of health clubs in schools water source diseases Promote hand washing programmes Enhance health education Treatment Provide sanitary pads Water tracking ALARM 15% of children are infected with hygiene Provide training to health club members related diseases Promote hand washing programmes Enhance health education Treatment Provide sanitary pads Water tracking EMERGENCY 25% of children are infected with hygiene Create awareness of hygiene condition related diseases Promote hand washing programmes Enhance health education Treatment Provide sanitary pads Water tracking RECOVERY Promote hand washing programmes 5% of children are infected with poor hygiene Enhance health education related diseases Treatment Digging of more toilets 90

Deworming Provision of sanitary pads Water tracking NORMAL Minimal cases of hygiene related diseases Create awareness of hygiene condition Health education Prevalence of Contamination of water Alert 10 to 20 % Chlorination water born source causes of Create awareness on courses and prevention of water born diseases diseases in contamination of water Alarm 26 to 50 percent Chlorination schools born disease Create awareness on courses and prevention of water born diseases Testing of water supply Treatment of infected pupils by MOH /MOE Emergency Above 50 % Chlorination Create awareness on courses and prevention of water born diseases Treatment of infected pupils by MOH/MOE Recovery 10 to 20 % Chlorination of water Normal Minimal case of water born disease Create awareness on causes of water born disease and

5.4.4 Education Sector Intervention Plan

Code Proposed Activities When/Time Objectives Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility intervention population s EALTI Provision of Increase water March To provide clean 5% of school 5%of 1.24m COUNTY goerment. clean water storage facilities drinking water and affected weather school in April provision of water water storage forecast below the county Water tracking Alert late facility long term mean doners- stage water storage facility school – save and proper usage of water Reduce School fees Payment school fees February – To reduce school 10 – 20 %could 368 pupil 10.95m MOE – BUSARY ,FOOD FOR FEE. dropout bursary march dropout and not pay fees DONERS – WORK FOR FEES rate in during alert enhance secondar stage performance 91

y school

EALT3 Purchase of Purchase of Feb- march To enhance quality Over enrolled by 368 pupils 101200 MOE – additional grants for boarding materials instructional material learning 5 % schools During alert for over Additional grant to stage Reduce dropout DONERS – enrolled boarding school school Improve retention Mattress , instructional materials and completion COMMUNITY Take their children to schools EALT4 Hygiene Formation of health Feb- march Create conducive 5 % of children 368 pupils 12,37,80 DONERS - Facilitate training of health sanitation club in school environment free are infected with 0 clubs from any disease for hygiene related Provision of sanitary MOH- Train health clubs learners disease pads COMMUNITY – Support formation of Provision of hand health clubs washing kit Provision of detergent EALM 1 Clean water Provision of water 5- Feb – march To ensure provision 10 % of school 736 1.2m COUNTY GOVERNMENT -Water tracking 10 % of school of adequate clean affected MOH – Chlorination stressed by water water to all schools shortage stressed by water COMMUNITY – safe guide water shortages in the Increase water county in feb – facilities march EALM2 Fees for Food for fees Feb – march Reduce school 30-50 % of 3900 11,700,0 MOE – BUSARY,FOOD FOR FEE. needy dropout rate student could student 0 Bursary DONERS – WORK FOR FEES students through provision of not pay fees bursary Food for fees to affected students 92

EALM 3 Over Provision of food for Feb – march Provide more beds School over 3900 1.5 m MOE – additional grants for boarding enrolment boarding schools to boarding enrolled by 50% student schools DONERS – Mattress , instructional materials COMMUNITY Take their children to schools EALM 4 School meal Timely delivery of Jan- To ensure all school 10-30 % of pupils DONERS-provision of food county program commodities going children get at could not get government –provision of food GOK – least one meal per food provision of food Supply of adequate day during school food COMMUNITY –send children of school calendar to reduce going age to school dropout by 10-30% EEMR1 Provision of Water tracking in March Provision of water 5-25 % of school 2000 pupils 3.04m COUNTY GOVERNMENT -Water tracking clean water 100% in water to all affected lack water MOH – Chlorination stressed area school by drought COMMUNITY – safe guide water Purchase of tanks EEMR2 fees Bursary food for fees Feb- march Ensure all student 50-70 % of 39000 waivers go to school student affected students MOE – BUSARY ,FOOD FOR FEE. through payment of fees bursary ,food DONERS – WORK FOR FEES for fees and waivers

to affected student EEMR3 Purchase of Buy mattresses for march To provide chance 25% increase in 7800 pupils 5.14m MOE – additional grants for boarding mattress, affected boarding in boarding schools enrolment schools schools and to accommodate Instructional DONERS – instructional materials affected pupils and materials i.e. exercise books , children of Mattress , instructional materials pencils pens and text pastoralist drop-out COMMUNITY books -to provide Take their children to schools adequate inst

5.4.5 Education Sector Budget

Alert Phase Budget

Proposed Total Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes Storage facilities Purchase of water tanks Unit cost include transport 150,000 600,000 Water tanks 4 Enrolment School fees School fees 365 30,000 10950000 Hygiene Soap Detergent 3900litres 120 468000 100 l per school Hand washing kits Kits 39 25000 975000 Sanitary pads Pads 21600 100 216,000

Water tracking Trips 1 x16 15,000 240,000 16 schools Fuel for water truck Litres 200x16 125 400000 16 schools COLUMN TOTAL 138490,00

ALARM PHASE BUDGET

Proposed Total Intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes Storage facilities Water tanks Tanks 8 150,000 1200,000

Enrolment School fees School fees 2500 30,000 75000,000 Hygiene Detergents Litres 200x70 120 1680000 70 schools Sanitary pads Kits 3000 1200 3600,000 Hand washing kits Kits 80 4,000 320,000 Clean water Water tracking Trips 4*20 15000 1,200,000 20 schools Fuel Litres 200x20x4 125 2000,000 20 schools,4 trips each Enrolment Boarding facilities mattress 600 2500 1500,000

84988000

EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET

Water shortage Purchase of water tank Water tank 38 80,000 3,040,000 Enrolment Purchase of mattress Mattress 1200 2500 3,000,000 Instructional Purchase of instructional material Exercise book, pens 7800 275 2145000 material text books Food Additional food by wfp /county govt Cereals,pulses,oilcsb 64431 80 5154480 & salt Sub-total 40,699,480

5.5 AGRICULTURE SECTOR 5.5.1 Background Information Some parts of the County lies within sahelian climatic region (100 % ASAL) in ecological zones VII and normally hot, windy and dry with temperatures of 18.8 and 42 degree centigrade for most parts of the year. Rainfall is erratic and poorly distributed. The annual rainfall is within the ranges of 0.9mm-224 mm per annum and Average relative humidity of 38%. The soils range from sandy soils, dark clay and sandy loam to alluvial soils deposits while the vegetation ranges from scrubland to thorny thickets. The main crops grown in the County are sorghum, maize,millet, cowpeas and green grams. The mode of production is majorly rain fed. The production is still at subsistence level and is yet to be opened up to more intensive and commercially competitive levels. In 2012 the County managed 1,591.8MTsorghum, maize, millet, cowpeas and green grams were produced in this County with an estimated worth Kshs 20.87 Million. Approximately 26,643 farmers were reached using various extensionmethods in 2012. Horticulture is practiced in areas where there are shallow wells and the major enterprises include tomatoes, capsicums, kales, and spinach, pawpaw and water melons. In 2011 49.3MT of horticultural crops were produced with an estimated value of Kshs2.87Million. The annual rainfall ranges from 250mm to 350 mm. There are 8 districts in the county namely; Wajir-East, Wajir-North, Wajir-West, Wajir-South, Eldas, Buna, Habaswein and Tarbaj

The County has no well defined river or water sources except seasonal EwasoNyiro river tributaries that floods part of the habaswein district during rainy seasons. The other sources are water pans, dams and boreholes. The pans and dams dry up during dry spell. The vast County consists of featureless plain except in northern parts which have hilly out-crops. Large areas are prone to flooding during rainy season often making roads impassable hence paralyzing transport and communication networks. This renders most areas inaccessible, particularly for timely essential service delivery and interventions 5.5.2 SWOT Analysis

Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats . Well-trained personnel deployed . Inadequate means of transport to . Potential land for expansion of . Environmental degradation due to drought carry out extension activities- irrigation schemes and construction ,overstocking and floods. motor bikes and motor vehicles. of new ones . Pastoralist and Agro-pastoralist conflicts(livestock destroying crops in the fields) . General insecurity in potential areas. . Saline water-wajir east & part of Wajir south districts . Good partnership and . Delayed funding from the county . Potential rainwater harvesting . Cross border conflict with neighboring collaboration with government. communities (during raids farmer abandon their stakeholders both in the . Inaccessibility to good quality farm fields). government and in private input seeds, pesticides etc. for the . Recurrent drought(rain fed agriculture) sectors. farmers . Existing irrigation borelos and . Poor coordination among service . Promotion of smart agriculture . Crop pests and diseases especially for vegetable shallow wells with well- providers. . Ready market for Agricultural production organized farmers groups. produce within Wajir county . Promotion of industrial crops eg Aloe spp

5.5.3 Agriculture Sector Seasonal Calendar

ACTIVITY JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Rainfall land preparation planting Gapping/thinning weeding pest/disease control harvesting &post harvestmgt marketing

5.5.4 Agriculture Sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis

Indicator Issues to address Warning stage Thresh hold Interventions CerealsPrices High prices of cereal Alert 30% prices increase Provision of market information commodities Alarm 40% price increase Improve market linkages Emergency 50% price increases Upscale dissemination of market information Recovery 40% price decline Provision of market information Normal Standard Strengthen market linkages &Disseminate market information Crop yields Low crop yields Alert 30% decline Plant early maturing crops & traditional high value crops (THVC)

Alarm Scarce – less than 5% Value addition on available food Emergency No harvests Provision & distribution of relief foods

Recovery 10% on vegetables only Provision of grants to farmers & clean planting materials Training on proper agronomic practices Normal Over 70% Provision of farm inputs & appropriate technology

Food availability Inaccessibility & Alert crop wilt and dries up Provision of market information & value addition on food and accessibility unavailability of food Alarm Rain fed crops wilts and dries up Strengthen market linkages Emergency No crop in the farms Provision of relief food supplements & credit to cereal traders Recovery Irrigated crops germinating Provision of extension services Normal Good yield Strengthen market linkages Water Quality and quantity of Alert 40% of water pans full Promote water conservation & utilization technologies in crop production availability and water available for crop access for crop production Alarm 15% of water pans full Rehabilitation of shallow wells/ boreholes & strengthen water users production associations Emergency Pans dry Training on water conservation technologies Recovery 60%of water pans full Enhance water harvesting initiatives like; Roof catchment ,Trapezoidal bunds, Contour bunds and Retention ditches Normal Water pans full Drilling of boreholes, Water pan excavation , Extension service delivery and water harvesting technologies; Agronomic Poor agronomic Alert Training on appropriate technologies practices Practices Alarm Training on appropriate technologies Emergency Training on appropriate technologies Recovery Training on appropriate technologies Normal Training on appropriate technologies

5.5.5 Agriculture Sector Intervention Plan

PHASE: ALERT

Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Costs Define roles and responsibilities intervention frame PPLn Provision of market Market Alert Ensure farmers 2 months Price increase 70 % of 4m Community: Give information on market trends information assessment early are aware of of cereals. farmers Government: Information dissemination stage, market forces.

Development partners: Capacity building&provision of logistics

Crop yield Data collection Alert Establish yield 1month Crops wilting 30 % 2m Community: Give information on crop yields assessment early deficit farmers Data analysis Government: Information dissemination stage Development partners: Capacity building & logistics Enhanced Water Up-scaling Alert Ensure 70 % of 3 months Moisture 70 % of 20m Community: accept and adopt technologies availability and water stage farm families stress signs farmers Government: Appropriate Technology transfer access for crop conservation & conserve water on crops production utilization for crop Development partners: Capacity building &logistics technologies. production Enhanced Train on Alert Disseminate 3months Inappropriate 60 % of 4 m Community: accept and adopt appropriate technologies appropriate modern stage appropriate technologies farmers Government: Appropriate Technology transfer agronomic agronomic technologies practiced technologies technologies Development partners: Capacity buildingandlogistics promoted

100

PHASE: ALARM

Proposed intervention Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population Costs Define roles and responsibilities Promote kitchen/ Establish kitchen alarm early Each household 2 months Vegetable availability 50 % of farmers 4m Community: accept & adopt multistorey gardening &multistorey garden stage, establishes a diminishing. technology kitchen garden. Government: technology dissemination &logistics Development partners :Capacity building&logistics Improved value Training on value alarm early Increase shelve life 1month Food value 50 % of farmers 2m Community: accept & adopt addition on food addition on locally stage for food diminishing technology produced food Government: Technology promotion. & logistics Development partners: Capacity building & logistics Upscale irrigation Adopt/ upscale 2 months Irrigate 20 acres 2months Water level drops 20% of farmers 20m Community: accept and adopt appropriate more below 50% in water technology technologies pans Government: Provide funds & expertise &logistics Development partners :Capacity building&logistics

101

PHASE: EMERGENCY

Proposed Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population Costs Define roles and intervention responsibilities Promote Establish drip emergency early stage, Irrigate 20 acres more 3months Water level in 20% of farmers 20 m Community: accept & own appropriate irrigation kits dams drops to projects agronomic below 50% full and shade nets Government :Provide technologies funds & expertise Development partner: Capacity building

PHASE : RECOVERY

Proposed Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population Costs Define roles and intervention responsibilities Provision of Procure & distribute Recovery early Each farmer gets 1 months 80% accesses planting 80 % of farmers 20 m Community :timely & clean clean planting material stage, adequate planting materials appropriate planting planting and inputs materials Government: extension materials to service provision, farmers procuring clean

102

planting materials Development partners :procuring clean planting materials and distributing Provision of Promoting appropriate Recovery stage To upscale production 2months 80 % access technology 80% of farmers 8m Community : accept % suitable technologies adopt technologies technologies Government :Provide funds & expertise Development partners :facilitate Capacity building&logistics Enhanced Promotion of trapezoidal Recovery stage Optimize water 3 months Poor water conservation 80% of farmers 80m Community : accept % water bunds, contour bunds harvested for methods used adopt technologies harvesting production Government :Provide initiatives funds & expertise technologies Development partners :facilitate Capacity building&logistics

103

PHASE : NORMAL Proposed Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target population Costs Define roles and responsibilities intervention clean Procure & distribute Normal Each farmer to get 2 months 80% accesses planting 80 % of farmers 20 m Community :timely & appropriate planting clean planting material stage, adequate planting materials planting materials and inputs materials Government: extension service provision, procuring clean planting materials Development partners :procuring clean planting materials and distributing Provision of Promoting appropriate Normal stage To upscale 3months Poor agronomic 80% of farmers 10m Community : accept % adopt suitable technologies production practices technologies agronomic Government :Provide funds & expertise technologies Development partners :facilitate Capacity builbbding&logistics Enhanced Trapezoidal buds Normal stage Optimize water 3 months Poor water 80% of farmers 100m Community : accept % adopt water constructed harvested for crop conservation methods technologies harvesting Retention ditches dug production used Government :Provide funds & expertise initiatives Roof catchments done Development partners :facilitate Capacity technologies Contour bunds building&logistics constructed Drilling boreholes Pan Excavation

104

5.5.6 Agriculture Sector Budget

ALERT PHASE BUDGET

Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost (Ksh) Total cost Notes

1.Provision of market information Market assessment DSA 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 districts

2.Crop yield assessment Data collection & analysis DSA 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 districts 3.Enhanced Water availability and Upscalling water conservation DSA & tools 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 access for crop production & utilization technologies. districts Irrigation equipment 8 districts 500,000 4,000,000 4.Enhanced appropriate agronomic Train on modern agronomic DSA 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 technologies promoted technologies districts Sub total 1,013,563,545

ALARM PHASE BUDGET Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes 1.Promote kitchen/ multistorey Establish kitchen &multistorey DSA 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 gardening garden districts 8000 kitchen gardens 200 1,600,000

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2.Improved value addition on food Training on value addition on Tools= 8,000 kitchen 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 locally produced food gardens districts 3.Upscale irrigation Adopt/ upscale appropriate Tools & equipment 8 districts 2,000,000 16,000,000 technologies Sub total 1,349,280,560

EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes 2.Promote appropriate agronomic Establish drip irrigation kits Irrigation kits 80 10,000 800,000 technologies and shade nets 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 districts Shadenets 80 300,000 24,000,000 Sub total 2,963,845,110 RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET Proposed interventions Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes 1.Provision of clean planting Procure & distribute clean Assorted Clean planting 2,000,000 16,000,000 materials to farmers planting material and inputs materials

2.Provision of suitable technologies Promoting appropriate 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 technologies districts

3.Enhanced water harvesting Promotion of trapezoidal 3 officers for 5 daysx 8 4,000 480,000 initiatives technologies bunds, contour bunds districts Sub-total 16,960,000

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5.6 CONFLICT SECTOR 5.6.1 Sector Brief Wajir County is located in North Eastern Kenya. It borders Mandera to the North and North East, Garissa to the South and South West, Isiolo and Marsabit to the West, Somalia to the East and Ethiopia to the North West. The county sits on area of 56,685.8 km2 and has a population of about 661,941. Administratively, the county has eight districts namely Wajir East, West, South, North, Buna, Tarbaj , Habaswein and Eldas with Wajir town as the proposed County headquarters. Like other Northern Counties, Wajir has been synonymous with resource based conflict of water and pasture. In the distant past, the county was aflame with deadly clan wars. The effects of the violent fights were wearing down hard on women and children in terms of death, maiming, loss of livelihoods and the resultant animosity.

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5.6.2 Conflict Sector Indicators and triggers Analysis

Indicator Issues To Address Warning Stage Threshold Interventions : Community And External Actors Water Water stressrelated to ALERT - Average Distance More than 16KMs • Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams Availability and conflict. for livestock • Support conflict warning system access - Average Distance 7KM for human • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI ALARM - Average Distance More than 20 KMs • Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams for livestock • Support conflict warning system - Average Distance 10 KM for human • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI EMERGENCY - Average Distance More than 25 KMs • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict zones and cross border points using DPC for livestock • Provision of psychosocial support. - Average Distance 15KM for human • Provision of HH NFI RECOVERY - Average Distance More than 5 KMs • Documentation of best practices and reconstitution of peace committees. for livestock Promotion of inter clan sporting activities. - Average Distance 3KM for human Pasture and Pasture stressrelated ALERT Average Distance More than • Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams browse to conflict. - 16KMs for livestock • Support conflict warning system availability and • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC access • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI ALARM - Average Distance More than • Activate and sensitize conflict mitigation teams - 20KMs for livestock • Support conflict warning system • Intensify peace building efforts in conflict flash points using DPC • Provision of psychosocial support. • Provision of HH NFI. EMERGENCY - Average Distance More than 5 Intensify peace building efforts in conflict zones and cross border points using DPC - KMs for livestock

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EW PHASE: ALERT Code Proposed Intervention Activities When Objectives Timefra Trigger Target Cost Define roles and me Population (Ksh) responsibility LALT1 Activate and sensitize Organize peace workshop Alert late To equip them with skills on Three Water 160 pple 1.1M Community role conflict mitigation teams for conflict mitigation stage peace building and conflict months availability for Mobilization of peace elder teams. management livestock use Sensitization of and human. community on peace. Support conflict warning Organized peace Alert late To mitigate potential Three Resource based 16 groups 700,000 DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, system mediation forums stage occurrence of conflict months conflict partners Capacity building Intensify peace building Organized community Alert late To stop potential conflict Three Resource based 16 groups 2.5M , efforts in conflict flash dialog meeting stage months conflict points using DPC Provision of psychosocial Organize psychosocial Alert late To enable the affected Three Conflict 40% of the 3M Community role support. support to the most stage population recover from the months most Beneficiary’s affected population conflict psychologically. affected identification and population verification. • Provision of HH NFI Assessment To establish the number of HH Three Conflict 3000HH 1.2M DMA,KRCS, partners displaced months Capacity building HH NFI To provide shelter and HH 5M items to displaced families Beneficiaries Verification To ensure that the most needy 1.2M are targeted by the intended intervention Distribution To provide the displaced HH 3.6 with NFI LALT2 Activate and sensitize Organize peace workshop Alert late To equip them with skills on Three Water 160 pple 1.1M Community role conflict mitigation teams for conflict mitigation stage peace building and conflict months availability for Mobilization of peace elders teams. management livestock use Sensitization of and human. community on peace. Support conflict warning Organized peace Alert late To mitigate potential Three Resource based 16 groups 700,000 DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, system mediation forums stage occurrence of conflict months conflict partners Capacity building Intensify peace building Organized community Alert late To stop potential conflict Three Resource based 16 groups 2.5M efforts in conflict flash dialog meeting stage months conflict points using DPC

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5.6.3 CONFLICT SECTOR INTERVENTION PLAN

Code Proposed Intervention Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Population (Ksh) LALM1 Activate and sensitize Organize peace workshop Alarm stage To equip them with skills Three months Water availability 160 pple 1.1M Community role conflict mitigation teams for conflict mitigation on peace building and for livestock use Mobilization of peace eldesr teams. conflict management and human. Sensitization of community on peace. Support conflict warning Organized peace Alarm stage To mitigate potential Three months Resource based 16 groups 700,00 DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, system mediation forums occurrence of conflict conflict 0 partnesr Capacity building Intensify peace building Organized community Alarm stage To stop potential conflict Three months Resource based 16 groups 2.5M efforts in conflict flash dialog meeting conflict points using DPC Provision of psychosocial Organize psychosocial Alert late To enable the affected Three months Conflict 40% of the 3M Community role support. support to the most stage population recover from most Beneficiary’s affected population the conflict affected identification and psychologically. population verification. Provision of HH NFI Assessment Alert late To establish the number Three months Conflict 3000HH 1.2M DMA,KRCS, partners stage of HH displaced Capacity building Household Non Food To provide shelter and HH 28.5M Items(HH NFI) items to displaced families Beneficiaries Verification To ensure that the most 1.2M needy are targeted by the intended intervention Distribution To provide the displaced 3.6 HH with NFI LALM2 Activate and sensitize Organize peace workshop Alarm stage To equip them with skills Three months Water availability 160 pple 1.1M Community role conflict mitigation teams for conflict mitigation on peace building and for livestock use Mobilization of peace eldesr teams. conflict management and human. Sensitization of community on peace.

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• Support conflict Organized peace Alarm stage To mitigate potential Three months Resource based 16 groups 700,00 DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, warning system mediation forums occurrence of conflict conflict 0 partnesr Capacity building

LELM 1 • Intensify peace Organized peace Emergency • To stop potential Three months • Tribal conflict 16 groups 7.5M Community role building efforts in mediation forums stage occurrence of conflict Mobilization of peace elders conflict zones and and small arms Sensitization of cross border points proliferation at the community on peace. using DPC conflict areas and cross DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,NG, border points. partners • Capacity buildinG Organized community dialog meeting

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EW PHASE:RECOVERY Code Proposed Intervention Activities When Objectives Time Frame Trigger Target Cost Define roles and Population (Ksh) responsibility LREC1 Promotion of inter clan • Cultural sports week • Recovery • To enhance peaceful Three months • Peace 40 groups 6M Community role sporting activities. stage coexistence Mobilization of the community DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,N G, partnesr Team building LREC2 Documentation of best • Community meetings • Recovery • To share on what Three months • Peace 16 groups 2M Community role practices and stage worked well and what Mobilization of the reconstitution of DPC needs to be improved community on DMA,WPDA,Oxfarm,CG,N G, partnesr Organizing for forums

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ALERT PHAS 13.4. CONFLICT SECTOR BUDGET

Proposed Total Intervention CODE Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes LALT1 Activate and sensitize Organize peace workshop for conflict Workshop Two workshop in every sub-county conflict mitigation mitigation teams. 8 137,500 1,100,000 teams • Organize psychosocial support to the

most affected population • Assessment Missions 4 300000 1,200,000 4 multi sectoral assessments done in critical areas • HH NFI Kits 9500 3000 28,500,000 3000 HH kits procured and delivered at the FDP • Beneficiaries Verification Trips 4 300000 1,200,00 Beneficiaries identified for distribution • Distribution Sites 12 3,600,000 HH NFI distributed to targeted beneficiaries Support conflict Organized peace mediation forums Forums 16 43,750 700,000 16 forums within the County/Cross warning system border

16 forums within the County/Cross Intensify peace Organized peace mediation forums Forums 16 43,750 700,000 building efforts in border conflict flash points Organized community dialog meeting Meetings Holding 16 structure peace meetings using DPC 16 156,250 2,500,000 within the county/cross border Sub Total LAT1 38,300,000 LAT2 Activate and sensitize • Organize peace workshop for

conflict mitigation conflict mitigation teams. teams 8 137,500 1,100,000 two workshop in every sub-county

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workshop • Support conflict Organized peace mediation forums Forums warning system 16 43,750 700,000 16 forums in within the County

• Intensify peace Organized peace mediation forums Forums 16 43,750 700,000 16 forums in within the County building efforts in Organized community dialog meeting Meetings Holding 16 structure peace meetings conflict flash points 16 156,250 2,500,000 using DPC within the county/cross border • Sub Total LAT2 5,000,000

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RECOVERY PHASE BUDGET Proposed Total Intervention CODE Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Cost Notes LREC1 • Promotion of Cultural sports week Forums inter clan Peaceful existence 16 375,000 6,000,000 sporting among different clan activities. Sub Total LREC1 6,000,000 LREC2 • Documentation • Community meetings Meetings of best Documentation of best practices and practices and lessons 16 2,000,000 reconstitution of learnt and reconstitution DPC of DPC

Sub Total LREC2 2,000,000

CONFLICT BUDGET SUMMARY

Alert 11,100,000 ALARM 26,000,000

EMERGENCY 28,000,000 RECOVERY 17,200,000 NORMAL 12,000,000 GRAND TOTAL 94,300,000

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5.7 SOCIAL PROTECTION. 5.7.1 DROUGHT VULNERABILITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION The objective is to ensure effective and well-targeted financial support to those who are most vulnerable during emergency, to protect their lives and livelihoods from chocks. The safety net and cash transfer programme will enhance the capacity of and opportunities for the poor and vulnerable to improve and sustain their lives, livelihoods, and welfare of the beneficiaries and their dependants to maintain a reasonable level of income. 5.7.2 CURRENT INTERVENTIONS 5.7.2.1 Hunger Safety Net Programme (HSNP II) HSNP is part of the National Safety Nets Programme which is coordinated by the National Social Protection Secretariat and reflects the Government of Kenya’s commitment to improving social welfare systems as outlined in the National Social protection Policy. The objective of the HSNP is to ensure effective, financially secure and well-targeted use of safety net and cash transfer programme to support some of the most vulnerable. NDMA which falls under the Ministry of Devolution and Planning is the institutional home of HSNP II through which the Government will support the programme. NDMA will be responsible for the implementation and oversight of the programme and will have support from FSD who will manage the payments component while HelpAge will manage the right and grievances component 5.7.2.2 Relief Operations Since 2004, the larger Wajir County has been under food aid assistance at varying levels of support based on the prevailing food security situations. Since then various food and non-food interventions have been sustained to enable the communities to access food and recover from the successive shocks and hazards. The initial number of beneficiaries who were targeted by the initial phase of the emergency operation programme in 2004/2005 was 214,107. During the subsequent phases, the number dropped steadily until the March – August 2006 phase when the number rose gain to 282,981.Thereafter, the number of beneficiaries decreased in the subsequent phases until April 2009 when the figure rose to 176,363, and again in October 2009 when the number increased by 72 percent to 303,000 beneficiaries. Following good performance of short rain, the figure was down scaled to 22%. In April 2013 the figure was further revised down to 143,900 beneficiaries. The current case load stands at 130,000 only. 5.7.2.3 THE CASH TRANSFER FOR ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN (CT-OVC) PROGRAMME The Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) Programme was launched by the Government of Kenya (GOK) in 2004. The broad objective of the Programme is to strengthen households’ capacities to provide a social protection system through regular cash transfers to families with OVC, in order to encourage fostering and retention of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in

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their families within the communities and to promote their human capital development. The Programme provides regular support to poor households caring for OVCs in programme areas.

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RELIEF FOOD INTERVENTION PLAN

RELIEF FOOD BUDGET

PHASE: EMERGENCY

Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost Define roles and intervention frame populatio s responsibilities n Relief food supplies Distribute emergency Each 3 10% of 50 % of 50m Community :proper utilization relief food early stage, household months households take popilation of food accesses food one meal per Government: procure & daily. day. distribute food Development partners: procure & distribute food Cash Relief and CFW Distribute Entire HH access to At least Food relief & 30% of 67m Community: appropriate cash to cover emergency food from the 8 HSNP jointly HHs targeting at least 30% and market while months cover only up to Private sector: cash of HH basket recovery protecting / 30-50% of HHs distribution phase creating assets and at 70% ration size Donor (Govern/Donor/NGO: and supporting provision of cash food martket

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ALERT PHASE BUDGET

Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost (Ksh) Total cost Notes

5.Relief food supplies Procurement & supply of Purchasing & distribution 337,854,515 1,013,563,545 Ppln=178802 relief food Sub total 1,013,563,545

ALARM PHASE BUDGET Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes 4.Relief food supplies Procurement & supply of Purchasing & distribution 443,573,520 1,330,720,560 Ppln=209898

relief food Sub total 1,349,280,560

EMERGENCY PHASE BUDGET Proposed intervention Activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes 1.Relief food supplies Procurement & supply of Purchasing & distribution 796,188,370 2,388,565,110 relief food Provision of cash Cash distribution, CFW Conditional and Target 20,000 month 68,750,000 550,000,000 unconditional cash HHs Shadenets 80 300,000 24,000,000 Sub total 2,963,845,110 Grand total 6,050,910,165

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Indicator Issues To Address Warning Threshold Interventions Stage

Prevention of loss • Need for scaling ALARM -Condition of pasture and browse poor to very of life and up interventions to poor • Scale up the cash transfer from the livelihood - prevent loss of life normal 19,201 beneficiaries who Mortality rates of up to 10-20 % of young and or livelihoods routinely receive the cash transfer weak animals reported. under the programme to 30,000

beneficiaries -Livestock prices drops by 50% as the livestock brought to the market exceeds the number demanded

-Terms of trade drops by 50% as the livestock sector economy declines

-Most shallow well and pans dry up. The malnutrition level at this stage is MUAC of <12.5-<13.5

-Malnutrition status of pregnant and lactating mothers is MUAC of <25

-The anaemia level at moderate case scenario is HB of <7-<9g/dl

-Poor global acute malnutrition rate ( wasting ) - 5.1- <9.9%,

-Increased admission into the SFP and OTP programme

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- MUAC of % at risk higher than the long term average for the period

Prevention of • Full scale up in Emergency . Livestock prices decreases by 40-60% Carry out full scale cash transfer to extensive loss of life order to prevent . Livestock migration becomes prevent extensive loss of life or and livelihood extensive loss of extensive livelihood. life or livelihood. . Milk prices increases by 60% . Milk availability and consumption reduces by 60% . Water availability within normal grazing areas diminishes and water tracking increases . Malnutrition rates of children below 5 increases above emergency level (MUAC >20%) and acute malnutrition is >?per cent (Confirm MUAC/GAM) . Animal; body conditions deteriorate substantially (score less than 1.8) . Animal deaths increase substantially (> 20% for all categories); . Terms of trade collapse (less than 50% of seasonal norm) . Coping strategy index of above 4.0

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BUDGET

ACTIVITIES SUB-ACTIVITIES TARGET TARGETED AREAS(SUB- QTY UNIT UNIT COST COST (KSH) POPULATION COUNTIES) (QUANTIT) Up scaling . of cash Carry out the transfer Payments 12,000 County wide 12,000 12 2000 288,000,000 transfers of t program households Payment, supervision and Fuel 6 sub counties 6 125 1200 900,000 monitoring Per-diem 6 Sub-Counties 5 50 5000 1,750,000 Total 290,650,000

15.0 GRAND COUNTY CONTINGENCY PLAN BUDGET SUMMARY (ALL SECTORS)

PHASE AMOUNT (KSH) ALERT 1,547,334,544 ALARM 1,766,656,059 EMERGENCY 3,582.889,310 RECOVERY 651,194,000

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GRAND COUNTY TOTAL 7,548,000,000 6.0 MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION OF CP PROCESS 6.1 Standard Operating Procedures The standard operating procedures outlines the relationships between various stakeholders and structures that are supposed to sustain different levels of interventions throughout the drought cycle. It emphasises, strong relationship among various actors and stakeholders in drought management. The Government provides leadership through NDMA, while other actors that include, County Governments, INGOs, NGOs, CBOs, and community DRR structures playing their respective roles in mitigating the effects of drought. The following taskforces and working groups at National, County, Sub-County and Community level will play the overall management and coordination and are critical in successful implementation of the drought contingency plan.

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6.2 Response Taskforces/ Working Groups at all levels

1. NATIONAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA)

Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery)

• Provide policy and legal guidelines on integrating DRR into national • Activate preparedness measures at a very early alert stage • Facilitate recovery and livelihoods developmental policies. reconstruction. • Stock pile fast moving items and acquiring required human • Provide timely and relevant drought information resources • Document lessons learnt and • Facilitate strengthening of drought preparedness and mitigation • Repair and maintenance of the available emergency share with other stakeholders for structures at all levels. infrastructure. better drought management • Facilitates review and updates of drought contingency plans • Constitute drought rapid assessment teams to collect, analyze and disseminate drought information with clear • Strengthen community resilience through coordination of medium to thresholds long term resilience building programmes (ending drought emergency) • Ensure early drought response mechanisms by disbursing DCF • Strengthen drought information systems. to the affected counties. • Resource mobilization to build the capacities of National, county and • Coordinate drought response to ensure use of best practices communities disaster preparedness teams and standards • Facilitate inter communities and inter-counties agreements for better • Coordinate and provide leadership to KFSM, KFSSG, and natural resources access and control. sector working groups on emergency response

• Advice the President who in turn declares the drought a national disaster if it reaches beyond set thresholds. 2.Kenya Food Security Meeting(KFSM)

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• Strengthen drought management structures • Provide updated information on drought status • Facilitate and support recovery throughout the drought period. activities for livelihoods • Strengthen drought information management and sharing mechanisms • Continuous vulnerability update reconstruction. • Support community resilience initiatives • Monitor drought response activities with a clear focus on • Support DCF and strengthen disbursement mechanism mitigating drought effects.

• Support KFSSG on rapid assessments and continuous drought monitoring

3.Kenya Food Security Steering Group(KFSSG)

• Support drought management information • Constitute rapid assessment teams and carry out drought • Carry out post drought assessments effects assessments in collaboration with CSGs • Review and update livelihood zones maps • Provide drought status overview to stakeholders and • Conduct bi-annual food security assessments • KFSM Facilitate recovery and livelihoods • Recommend resilience strategies to KFSM for support. reconstruction. • Prioritize key intervention areas by sector working groups • Review and update on contingency plans across the counties • Review and recommend targeting levels for support by • Strengthen drought management structures both at national and local KFSM levels through necessary capacity building initiatives. • Provide monitoring and evaluation on drought response • Strengthen sector working groups and DISC through sector working groups. • Work closely with the county steering groups 4. County Planning Units

• Building on the work of the community, County NDMA and CPUs refine • During a drought the CPUs are part of the rapid teams • Continue to update contingency and consolidate the ‘drought management risks’ and map the likely that carry out rapid food security assessments to update plans based on EW information drought progression and impact for each climate and livelihood zone contingency plans in to actions plans for request of DCF

• In collaboration with NDMA drought response officers, sector working groups of CSG and community DRR structures, the CPUs support the development and updating of drought contingency and resilience plans

• CPUs in collaboration with county NDMA ensure that county contingency plans and budgets are updated regularly, to reflect significant changes in

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weather, food security and other pertinent data that are revealed by the Early warning System

• CPUs with support from NDMA ensure that DRR issues are mainstreamed in the county development planning and resource allocation 4.County Steering Group ( CSG )

Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery)

• Analysis of exact details of the implications of the warning / ensuring that • Coordinate/ continuously monitor all preparedness/ • Advocacy for mainstreaming of warnings especially for vulnerable groups are passed through the fastest response activities. drought mitigation measures in means of communication and checked for accuracy development plans • Policy recommendations to the central government, • Activation of all response / preparedness teams/ taskforces and clear humanitarian/ development partners, county political • Continuous coordination of activities directions for each ones responsibility spelt out as outlined in leadership, lower local governments, and sectoral to provide sustainable means of contingency plan. emergency response teams based on assessment findings, livelihood to most vulnerable relief/ rehabilitation needs. communities. • Carry out capacity assessment of relevant response teams and ensure they are fully trained and aware of their roles and responsibilities as per • Provide drought information communication channels • Strengthening of disaster drought contingency plan management structures at all levels. • Strengthen community readiness systems for effective • Collaborate with county NDMA and CPUs to review and update county response. • Document lessons learnt during the drought contingency plans before drought onset. drought period for improvements in • Develop and adopt targeting framework based on the future droughts. • Monthly (or as necessary) CSG review meetings attended by all vulnerability levels. government line departments in respect of all drought preparedness/ • Facilitate interventions that enhance • Ensure proper coordination of drought response activities mitigation activities. livelihoods recovery. for effective and efficient response. • Facilitate communities to develop and review their contingency plans for • Facilitate community institutions to • Ensure timely utilization of DCF for effective and timely mainstreaming in county contingency planning. review and draw lessons learnt for response mechanism. better drought response • Support resilience initiatives (ending drought emergencies). • Provide technical backstopping to community institutions • Sustain capacity building to community institutions on drought risk through sector working groups. reduction. • Monitor and evaluate response activities and identify • Advocacy for mainstreaming of drought mitigation measures in associated impacts development plans • Identify and focus on drought hot spots. • Assess the capacity requirements and identify gaps • Develop comprehensive drought response plan in • Strengthen conflict management initiatives cooperating multi-hazard approach(Conflict management initiatives)

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5. Community disaster risk reduction structures (at division/ward level)

• Carry out community participatory drought risk reduction assessment • Identify the most vulnerable households and individuals • Facilitate recovery of livelihoods. and identify the most vulnerable groups for targeting through relief and safety net programs • Coordinate implementation of • Establish and strengthen drought risk reduction committees at village • Contribute to disseminate information on drought status recovery initiatives at the community level and response level • Facilitate community process for review and update of drought risk • Coordinate drought response interventions at cluster or reduction and contingency plans. villages levels through sector committees • Play a lead role in drought risk reduction measures planning and • Work in collaboration with CSG in monitoring and implementation. evaluating the drought response activities. • Navigate communities to resilience through medium and long term • Facilitate awareness creation to the community to actively strategies participate drought response activities for effective mitigation efforts. • Conduct community awareness on drought risk reduction campaigns • Work with sector working groups to develop sector • Sustain resource mobilization within the community and from their rosters for various organized interventions. development supporters • Strengthen conflict management initiatives • Facilitate intra and inter community agreements development. • Stockpile food, and equipments for drought period • Provide necessary linkages for resilience especially with county governments. 6.Drought information management teams (KFSSG and CSG working groups) Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery)

• Conduct bi-annual drought assessments • Closely monitor disaster progress. • Continuous monitoring of weather situation / information • Continue updates on livelihoods zones review and mapping • Continuous flow of information to the CSG/KFSSG dissemination. relevant stakeholders and communities on latest • Prepare and update vulnerability mapping, if there be any details. • Compilation/ dissemination of change in classification of areas shown in the map prepared for disaster drought trend for future • affected areas. Provide regular drought vulnerability updates to the reference/ planning. stakeholders • Disseminate drought warning alerts to all relevant stakeholders • Identify and facilitate post • and communities. Strengthen community early warning institutions and drought information for information dissemination channels at community • In case of warning that the drought has abated/ conditions purposes of livelihoods 127

have changed course, information should be immediately shared with all level. reconstruction relevant stakeholders and the communities. • Strengthen drought early warning information collection, analysis, sharing and dissemination mechanisms • Capacity builds drought information stakeholders for better drought information management. • Strengthen traditional drought early warning system 7.Public relations and communication team (NDMA drought information and CSG information sector group) Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery)

• Work closely with drought information management team and visit to • Alert all relevant stakeholders on the warning and • Restore equipments and tools. drought affected areas. maintain close contact with county governments. • Arrange for publicity materials in • Assessment of publicity requirements of the affected areas depending on • Check personnel and equipment and arrange publicity consultation with concerned extent of drought vulnerability in the county. through available means regarding drought status. departments on necessary post drought and recovery publicity • • Develop communication policy and framework for drought information As part of the rapid assessment teams visit drought needs. management with clear objectives. affected areas and ascertain publicity requirements. • Documentation / dissemination of • Mobilize all required logistics for publicity works. • Deploy fully equipped publicity units in affected areas. lessons learnt to support future • Keep close liaison with county governments and all concerned heads of • Issue relevant press messages by all available means, planning. departments, sector working groups and community disaster timely and regularly. • Collect and disseminate drought management committees for giving advance publicity. • Frequently visit drought affected areas to ensure mitigation good practices adopted by • Train and capacity build other stakeholders on effective communication effectiveness of communication mechanisms. communities and share across other strategies at all levels. stakeholders. • Develop and disseminate resilience building messages. • Maintain close liaison with the local press and all media heads stationed in the national and local levels. 8.Food items coordination teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

• Coordination meeting of stockiest is held every quarter and levels of • Inter sectoral coordination/ coordination as well as ensure • Compilation of a multi sectoral post emergency supplies by each stockiest (relief food, water, medicines, that coordination with NGOs is complete and each NGO is disaster report starting from disaster vaccines etc) are updated in the data base. aware of their areas of operations and level of season , disaster and post disaster participation. period bringing out all aspects of • Plan awareness campaign strategy before the drought onset in terms of 128

warning dissemination procedures, food stockpiling. preparedness, response, restoration, • Regular review meetings with line departments and rehabilitation , detailed causes of • Issue warning to the sectoral emergency focal points to check their emergency response teams/ taskforces. damages, casualties and deficiencies response mechanisms, materials and equipments as per checklist and in • Ensure continuous flow of information and national to support in future planning. accordance with drought contingency plan aligning with needs authorities/ CSG / drought response teams are kept assessment. • Provision of relief seed for early informed of latest details. planting in crop production areas • Meeting with emergency team focal points to review mitigation/ • Increase targeting levels considering the vulnerability response requirements and minimum resources/ logistics required for • Facilitate recovery and livelihoods each sectoral response. levels reconstruction • Coordinate both relief and safety net programs in drought • Support community resilience initiatives through promotion of livelihoods diversification options affected areas. • Establish and strengthen the necessary logistics • Build capacity of relief food value chain actors arrangement for timely relief food operations. • Strengthen community relief committees • Basic trainings to relief committees on food commodities • Strengthen FFA activities to bridge between general relief operations. handling • Update and review targeting levels as per the food security assessments • Monitor the quality of distributed food to avert incidences of food toxicities e.g. aflotoxicies • Mobilization of relevant stakeholders and stocking of resources for relief programs. • Train households on basic food utilization (preparation of supplementary feeds) 9. Conflict management teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) stage)

• Map all conflict hot spots and develop • Keep watch over the drought situation particularly in livestock concentration areas that are conflicts hotspots. strategies to address long term conflict • Keep in readiness available personnel for community policing. management initiatives • Provisions to be made to dispatch force rapid response personnel as and when required. • Facilitate intra and inter communities land uses agreements to minimize friction • Ensure security of drought affected communities and their livelihoods. among user groups during drought periods. • Maintenance of law and order. • Disseminate information on mapped conflicts hot spot to all stakeholders and • Detail security personnel for guarding relief materials and at the time of distribution of relief items. county governments. • Work in liaison with county governments and the CSG. • Collect all intelligence information of all • Facilitate access to inaccessible areas and facilities for effective drought response important matter pertaining to the drought warning and pass correct information to 129

the county governments and relevant stakeholders. • Strengthen the county peace committees to integrate conflict management into planning. • Facilitate community resilience through livelihoods diversifications 10.Rapid assessment team Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

• Training of team members on assessment modalities. • Carry out initial rapid assessments/draft • Arrange/ carry out multi sectoral post drought assessments. assessment report within 24 hours. • In collaboration with line departments, develop an • Provide necessary data for lessons learnt documentation. appropriate assessment tool that should be presented • Present assessment report to the KFSSG and CSG to the KFSSG and CSG for approval. clearly highlighting extent of damage, required responses. • Draft an assessment work plan. • Arrange / conduct multi sectoral detailed • Mobilize all necessary assessment resources/ logistics. assessments of damages, casualties, resource • Participate in drought contingency plans updates shortfalls. • Develop and maintain inventories of drought affected assets and individuals • Provide essential data for targeting and timely response 11. Human health response teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency Post Disaster(Recovery) stage) stage) HEALTH

• Enhance human diseases surveillance mechanisms at • Alert all doctors and paramedical staff on • Restore equipment and stores. all levels. receipt of warning. • Repair or replace damaged equipments. • Visit the generally drought affected areas on the basis • Check personnel, equipment and medical stores • Arrange for disposal of utilized medicines and disinfectants. of vulnerability and upgrade where necessary. • Strengthen community disease surveillance mechanisms • Prepare a list of health facilities located in the area • Arrange for necessary vehicles, ambulances in consultation with the district administration/

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district health team. • Prepare a list and contacts of medical personnel/ paramedics already available in the area and the • Immediately visit the affected areas. projected number of additional personnel of each • Start measures for health relief in the affected category that may be required in each of the areas in case of acute drought conditions. area through mobile clinics. • Make immediate arrangements for temporary/ • Prepare a list of medical personnel and paramedical mobile clinics if necessary. staff of different categories that can be withdrawn from their places of work and their services utilized for • Decide immediately on isolation of certain emergency relief work. patients, if necessary and arrange for isolation wards. • Ensure that adequate stock of medicines, vaccines and disinfectants likely to be necessary are kept at the • Frequently visit the drought affected areas and county and sub-county health facilities. ensure effectiveness of health measures. • Keep ready materials for establishing an isolation unit for each of the very vulnerable areas. • Arrange for mobilizing at short notice medical relief teams. • Prepare a detailed plan for utilizing the doctors and staff from other health organization in the district if so required. • Sustain community awareness campaigns to reduce drought related diseases • Take measures for prevention of epidemic and arrange vaccinations against drought prone epidemics. 11.1 Nutrition Pre- disaster During/ Post Disaster

• Activate/ Operationalize nutrition surveillance • Alert personnel on receipt of drought warning and keep constant touch with health teams and that of food sector. systems. • Ensure that vulnerable groups received at supplementary / TFC are properly taken care of. • Make arrangements for mobile units for maternal and • child welfare centres in vulnerable areas if necessary. Ensure adequate supplies for nutrition programs. • Draw up nutrition program for children under 5 years and expectant/ nursing mothers in drought prone areas.

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• Assess requirements and make arrangements for supplementary feeding /therapeutic feeding • Community awareness on basic nutrition skills • Enhancing communities’ resilience through household food diversification options. 12. Water hygiene, and sanitation team Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

• Visit the generally drought affected areas. • Alert lower local government authorities on • Restore tools and equipments receipt of drought warning. • Assess measures likely to be required for safe water • Repair or replace damaged tools and equipments. supply in those areas. • Visit the affected areas immediately along with • public health education team. Documentation / dissemination of lessons learnt to support • Prepare list of WASH personnel already available and future planning. the number of additional personnel that may be • Assess extent of water supply measures • required in each area. required and deploy necessary staff. Re-train water user associations for effective water resource management. • Prepare list of WASH personnel that may be withdrawn • Constantly visit the drought affected areas and from other areas to be used for relief work. ensure adequate safe water supply measures for both domestic and livestock requirements. • Put arrangements in place for deployment of public health education teams at county and sub county levels • Provide fuel subsidies for motorized water for hygiene and sanitation awareness campaign work. sources • Ensure adequate stock of equipment and materials for • Identify areas with acute water shortages for emergency response/ preposition in appropriate places. targeting in water trucking with clear populations and needs. • Stockpile fast moving spare parts for boreholes and other water sources • Other measures as per the Kenyan public health act. • Stockpile water treatment agents for ease of access during drought period • Train and equip the water resource user associations with basic skills and equipments • Draw up tentative program of action 13.Crop and Livestock drought response teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

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13.I Crop

• Based on meteorological reports, and biophysical EWS • Alert all relevant stakeholders / community on • Implementation of agricultural livelihood restorative activities. indicators, advice the season with below normal rains receipt of warning. • Disposal of undistributed agricultural relief supplies that cannot and advice suitable crop varieties and cropping • Draw a tentative program for emergency relief be used beyond that particular period. patterns. work. • Documentation / dissemination of lessons learnt to support • Assessment of acreage under crops and number of • Render technical guidance to farmers for future planning farmers to be affected in each of the areas. salvage and protection of surviving crops and • Assessment of requirements of seeds and tools for rising of such varieties of crops as may be drought recovery. suitable during the season/ in the next planting season. • Stockpile the right drought tolerant crop varieties for ease of access by farmers • Arrange for spraying of pesticides if necessary. • Constantly visit the affected areas to ensure effectiveness if agricultural relief and rehabilitation measures. I3.2 Livestock Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal and alert stage) During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) Post Disaster(Recovery)

• Assess requirements of veterinary measures to be • Alert all relevant stakeholders / pastoralists on • Restore tools and equipments/ repair/replace damaged under taken in the affected areas and arrange for receipt of warning. equipment. required staff, equipments, vet drugs, vaccines etc and • • materials for opening first aid centres and dispensaries. Draw up tentative program for mass Arrange for disposal of balance medicines or replenish stock of vaccinations and treatment. medicines and stores. • Assessment of / make necessary arrangements for • • access to dry season grazing areas/ water for livestock. Visit drought affected areas immediately with Take steps for repair of damaged veterinary facilities. veterinary relief team and start relief measures. • Establish and strengthen community institutions as a readiness • Mobilize veterinary teams at the county and sub county • Arrange with help of district authorities mechanism. level for livestock sector response. relocation of livestock to refuge grazing areas. • Review and update development plans on livestock sector with • Arrange for prevention of wide spread of epizootics. • Constantly visit the livestock concentration focus on breeds improvement • Establish and maintain the necessary infrastructure areas and ensure effectiveness of vaccinations • and treatments undertaken. Monitor livestock market trends and advice pastoralists the right • Capacity building activities for pastoral groups on time for destocking livestock production. • Carry out livestock off-takes to cushion • pastoralists against losses Enhance communities’ livelihoods diversification options. • Sustain access to livestock extension services by pastoral groups. • Support provision of livestock feeds and supplements

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• Prepare veterinary map showing veterinary service • Train and support hides and skins groups on areas and livestock population covered by each of the leather and tannery institution. • Provide necessary veterinary services in key • Arrange for short/ refresher trainings for veterinary markets to sustain livestock trade. medical care and prevention of epizootics for veterinary staff/ community animal health workers. • Arrange for sufficient materials for public awareness.

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7.0 ANNEXES PROCEDURES FOR DISBURSEMENT OF DROUGHT CONTINGENCY FUND (DCF) DCF Business Process Based on the new devolution process, this business process refers to county level structures, i.e. county, sub-county and division/ward. The DSG is replaced with the County Steering Group (CSG), which is a sub-committee of the County Development Committee and is mandated to coordinate various stakeholders involved in food security. A County Planning Unit (CPU) is involved in the planning process including mainstreaming of DRR and preparation of contingency plans, under the support of the County NDMA Office (CNDMA), which is a branch office of the NDMA. • The three drought response management systems of: contingency planning, early warning and drought contingency fund management shall be interlinked, so as to ensure the coherence of outputs from all of them. • Drought response activities are specific initiatives triggered by the stages of the drought cycle signalled by the EWS. Interventions are identified for each stage, and activities are implemented depending on five drought-warning stages based on drought monitoring data i.e. (i) normal, (ii) alert, (iii) alarm,(iv) emergency and (v) recovery warning stages. • Comprehensive, multi-sectoral Contingency (shelf) Plans are prepared and activated for rapid reaction to the early warning. They cover necessary interventions at each phase of drought (alert, alarm, emergency and recovery) together with detailed budget for each activity • The early warning information is used to determine the drought status in a given area. • Applications for NDCF funds are supported by detailed contingency plans and budgets that are mapped to each warning phase; • The parameters for early warning phase classification (normal, alarm, alert and emergency) are embedded in the early warning database so as to ensure consistent determination of status across the ASAL region. • Relevant baseline data on such aspects as population size, water resources, nutrition status, etc, will be captured into the livelihood zone database so that it may serve as a basis for activity planning. • The outcomes of the early warning activities should inform and be used to update the contingency action plans. • Comprehensive drought response intervention implementation plans and budgets that are linked to contingency plan and clearly demonstrate expected impact of interventions must be submitted together with the funds request. • The costing of interventions must be subject to standards costing rates that are already embedded in the contingency planning model. • The funds requisition must be a computer generated document that summarises the implementation plan and budget. • Information on disbursement process, implementation and reporting must be stored in web- based software (DCF business process) The proposed drought response and fund disbursement model is summarised in the following tables.

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Table 3: Contingency Planning and Funds Requisition Model

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DROUGHT CONTINGENCY PROCESS (summary) Proposed Drought Contingency Process

A process initiated by the National Drought Management Long-term developmental priorities identified Authority (NDMA) and coordinated by the Technical KFSSG by the community are validated by the county and County Steering Group (CSG) at the county level map out officers representing key sectors at the county each of the districts into climate and livelihood zones. (This is and referred to the relevant CPU for inclusion into the County Integrated Development Plans

Division/ward development committees are facilitated by - Division/ward drought vulnerability reports are Building on the work of the community, County NDMA and County Planning Unit (CPU) to identify consolidated into a sub-county report and enriched County NDMA and CPU refine and factors that render the community vulnerable to drought and by the county team to fully reflect historical data consolidate the ‘drought management the impact of such drought on the community health and and weather projections. Actions proposed by the risks and map the likely drought livelihoods, prioritise them and propose both developmental community are categorised between progression and impact for each climate and emergency responses. This allows mainstreaming DRR developmental (long term) and emergency (d h i l )

The approved county

contingency plans are The The expected impact of the projected drought A comprehensive and costed action plan that responds to each sent to the NDMA. The contingency risks on the human and animal population at of these scenarios is then put together. Types and quantities NDMA reviews plans are each drought phase is identified and the of required materials are also specified. contingency plans and submitted to required response specified, in each instance. consolidate them into a the County This information is then consolidated and used to draw up a The size of the population (human and national drought Steering Group county drought contingency plan that indicates required animal) that is likely to be impacted is also contingency plans which (CSG) for actions and projected costs (use of contingency planning projected, based on the historical data and is submitted to the review and software to standardise the plans). Contingency plans are Board of Directors (BoD) d d l ( d h ) for approval (NDCF)

County contingency plans National Requirements for and budgets are updated contingency plan The NDCF the drought regularly, to reflect and budget are contingency funds consolidates the 137 significant changes in also updated as funding requirements are set and weather, food security needed to reflect into a projected communicated to and other pertinent data information from drought management the Board of that are revealed by the the early warning budget for inclusion Trustees of the E l i S t status.

Early Warning Process

The sentinel sites that are established at the locational/sub-locational level serve as the centre points of drought surveillance

The CDC consults with The Field Monitor visits each sentinel site once a The Data Analyst captures A summary of findings and month to collect data from each household and the data in the Early the Technical proposed actions (drought selected groups of key informants while the County Steering preparedness and response) Warning System Database, drought information officer visits each site once analyses the information Group (TCSG) is compiled and forwarded to a month to collect completed forms and and generates reports. and obtains community DRR structures validates the results by carrying out interviews of These reports are referred their input on and ward-level county offices the findings. for transmission to the

If the early warning process The authority reveals a drought situation, it sends copies The CDM presents the triggers a rapid food The bulletin is Discussions at TCSG of the bulletin report to the CSG which assessment to confirm the submitted to the level take note of and to Ministry NDMA. 138Concurrently, validates it using its own highlight any potential status on the ground. This is HQs to inform done by the County team copies are made and information regarding or existing food security action distributed to the Line the food security status issues for action. This and in some cases by both planning by counties and national teams Ministries at the within the County and information is then used the Ministries. County and other finalises the Food to generate a County

The NDMA then consolidates the reports from the various counties to a national drought early warning b ll ti d di t ib t th t ll t k h ld

Funds Requisitioning and Disbursement Process

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Fund Reporting Process

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On a monthly basis, or at the end of the intervention, if earlier, all ministries and/or departments that are recipients of drought contingency funds submit comprehensive implementation and expenditure reports to the CDC. Such reports include:

• The area of intervention. • The nature of the interventions, e.g provision of water, food, vaccination, etc. • The number of beneficiaries (both human and livestock) • The amount expended per activity • The stage of implementation – whether complete or partial

The CDC carries out The NDMA The NDCF reviews Financial & The CDC compiles a consolidated physical inspection report for the county on this basis reviews the the County Implementatio of the and the County NDMA finance County Financial reports, n reports are implementation manager carries out a reconciliation implementation carry out sample submitted to activities by way of exercise and ensures that all funds reports, carries audit as required, the funding validating the out sample audit and consolidate agencies/bodi disbursed are accounted for. The reports submitted report highlights key issues and as required and them into a es by the County indicates required actions going consolidate them national report. Sector heads. forward. Funding requirements for into a national The report is then the next month are reconfirmed; the report. The submitted to the report is submitted to the NDMA. report is then Board of Trustees. submitted to

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Proposed Drought Contingency processes Linkages

Contingency Planning Early Warning Rapid needs Contingency Fund • Contingency plans are Process Assessment standardized & developed via • When a deteriorating • • the CP software Early Warning Rapid needs situation persists the monitoring are carried Assessment are CMC will request • The contingency planning 1 process assesses the expected out monthly through conducted to ascertain funding based on the Drought Status, risk of food the year. the food security after plan defined at the insecurity and scale of impact 2 an early warning contingency planning on livelihoods. • Early warning is guided bulletin reports a 3 stage. • Objective criteria for by the prescribed deteriorating situation. determining drought status and drought status • The requisition of risk are pre-defined. 4 definition criteria • They are coordinated funds must be • For each drought status and risk (Normal/Alert/Alarm/E by the NDMA accompanied by The category: (Normal (low risk) / mergency/Recovery). Headquarters with the Contingency Plan, Alert (moderate risk) / Alarm (high risk) / Emergency a set of participation of county Early Warning Bulletin • Measurements are actions, expected impacts and officers. and the Rapid needs their corresponding costs are taken of indicators to Assessment Report. put in place. establish if they have • The results are 5 exceed the set published in a food • The plan is approved, first by the CSG and secondly by the thresholds to security report by the NDMA. 6 necessitate a drought NDMA • The plans are developed at status change county/sub county level

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Drought Contingency Process Linkage Details Arrow Stage Action Number 1 Contingency Plan • The contingency plan is the first stage in the drought Contingency process. to • The starting point in contingency planning is to build scenarios and expected Early Warning impacts of hazard, in this case drought, in each scenario. For example, what would be the impact of drought on livelihoods at Alarm / alert stage. This assumes no on- going interventions). • Baseline information on county/sub-county is collected and prepared separately.

2 Early Warning • Early Warning Assessment monitors the ‘drought’ status of the target area, using To the prescribed criteria. The intent is to determine what action if any is required. Contingency Plan • The results inform the contingency planning process allows for the contingency plan to be updated in response to significant changes in anticipated/projected status. • Related information such as impact, actions and costs are also updated.

3 Early Warning • If the Early Warning Assessment indicates a deteriorating situation, then it triggers a To Rapid food Assessment within the county Rapid Assessment • This assessment unlike that of the Early warning is conducted and coordinated by the NDMA Head office; with county teams acting as key participants.

4 Rapid Assessment • The contingency plan is further updated to reflect the outcomes of the rapid food To assessment. Contingency Plan

5 Contingency Plan • If the rapid food assessment confirms the requirements for an intervention, To notification is sent to the NDMA, and an intervention plan is prepared and costed, Contingency Fund making reference to the contingency plan, the early warning bulletin & the rapid food assessment report. • A requisition form is completed. • The requisition, together with the documents referred to above is submitted to the NDMA. • The NDMA reviews & approves the requisition and submits to NDDCF for action. • Any variations from the approved Contingency plan must be clearly justified based on the findings in the Early Warning bulletin and Rapid food Assessment reports.

6 Contingency Fund • After the situation has been contained the next years contingency plan is updated To to reflect the lessons learnt, from the previous interventions. Contingency Plan • Reports are submitted accounting for the funds and who they have been utilized • Monitoring and Evaluation Reports are submitted detailing nature of Intervention and the Impact achieved.

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EXAMPLE OF INTERVENTION ACTIVITY FORM

Reference Number T-LALT1 Goal Objectives and The Goal and Objectives are... Expected Impact of 1. Reduce animal population to a level that can Proposed Contingency be sustained by the remaining grazing areas Activity Sector Livestock and water and water availability 2. Provide income to pastoralists

Title of Intervention Activation of preparedness measures for supporting Implementation Modalities The following activities will be carried out: commercial off-take through provision of subsidies and Timeframes - Organise workshop to plan activation of livestock off-take and set subsidies

Implementation Agency Ministry of Livestock Development and VSF Belgium - Alert communities

Justification The ministry of livestock and VSF Belgium have Strategy to Ensure Longer Investments in livestock marketing to improve experience in carrying out these activities Term Sustainability of the infrastructure and information dissemination

Intervention

Environmental Issues None Project Area Wajir Agro- Pastoral Livelihood Zone

Gender Concerns Target female headed households whenever possible (ownership of mature animals with fair body conditions)

Estimated Number of Beneficiaries 350,000 sheep and 30,000 cattle

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Criteria for Selection of Beneficiaries The following criteria was used for the Detail Budget Item Qty Unit Cost Line Total selection of beneficiaries Workshop 2 250,000 500,000 1. Herders with mature animals Organise barazas 25 50,000 1,250,000 2. Fair animal body conditions Radio 20 45,000 900,000 broadcasting Maintenance of lump 4,500,00 4,500,000 holding grounds sum Criteria for Triggering of Contingency Criteria for Triggering of the Contingency Total 9,800,000 Activity Activity was 1. Declaration of Alert Status from the Early warning Assessment Procurement Procedures NDMA procedures through the procurement committee 2. SPI between -084 and -1.27

3. Negative weather forecast Funding From other Sources

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Socio-economic Information The following factors were identified to be the main cause of socio-economic challenges in the County: • Resource based conflicts • Migration and displacement • High food prices • Crop failure • Livestock diseases • Deteriorating water and pasture conditions • Poor infrastructure • Bush fires • High unemployment rate • Frequent drought • High poverty level • Predation and human-wildlife conflict • Environmental degradation • Mushrooming settlements

Stakeholders Analysis These can be developed at local/community level of planning and at the management level/County. At all levels stakeholder analysis should be able to identify the key stakeholders and their specific roles and location. s/n Name of Organization Specific roles/Services County contact Remarks/additional comments 1 Kenya Red Cross Society NFI, shelter, WASH, Livelihood Maurice Onyango 2 NDMA Coordination of drought and food security, A. M. Farah Drought information, Drought response, 0721443324 Building long term resilience, Knowledge management. 3 APHIA plus IMARISHA Health, Nutrition. WASH, Livelihood, Abdi Issack Yarrow OVC/HBC, Education. 4 DPA HSNP right protection, Animal health, Nurdin Abdi Advocacy and governance 0722377355

5 Aldef- Kenya Food Aid, Governance and advocacy, Diyad m Hujale Education, livelihood, Nutrition, WASH, 0722287359 6 WASDA Food Aid, Governance and advocacy, Education, livelihood, Nutrition, WASH, Cross-border 7 UN-World Food Relief programmes (PRRO), supply of tools, IkenyKpua Programme equipments and other non-food items for 0707724300 implementation of the programme. 8 CARITAS Disaster risk reduction., WASH StyversKathuni

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0726396587 9 KAPAP Supply and capacity building on crops and Muktar Abdi livestock production activities through the value chain approach e.g. citrus, poultry 10 OXFAM- GB DRR, market strengthening, Mohamed Mursal 0710600938 11 Save The C children MCH, nutrition, DRR, market strengthening Beatrice Otieno and Health system strengthening 12 UNICEF Health, Education, Harriet Hamale 0739788377 13 MercyCORPS AbdikarimDaud 071442396 15 Wajir Peace Peace building and conflict resolution, Abdi Billow education, shelter, livelihood 0723266332 16 DLMC Livestock marketing information Kaltuma Abdullahi 0723143068 17 Islamic Relief Livelihood, Nutrition, WASH Elvis Okoth 0724939884 18 ADESO-REGAL-IR Livelihoods, NRM, Value addition Abdinasir 0724613113 Wajir County Drought Contingency Plan Preparation Process

Wajir County Contingency Plan preparation process involved initial CSG sensitization on the contingency plan, preparation of six individual Sub-counties contingency plans. Consolidation of the sub-counties contingency plans into draft county contingency plan, validation of the draft county contingency plan by the six sub-counties and final approval of the draft contingency plan by the CSG. Below is the table showing activities, dates, locations and the number of participants in the contingency plan preparation process.

Activity Location Date Forum No. of participant Initial CSG sensitization meeting County 17/1/2014 CSG 30 on contingency plan Preparation of the six sub – Wajir West sub-county 20-21/1/2014 Sub-CSG 29 county contingency plans. Eldas 22-23/1/2014 Sub-CSG 23 Wajir North 24-25/1/2014 Sub-CSG 24 Tarbaj 26-27/1/2014 Sub-CSG 27 Wajir South 28-29/1/2014 Sub-CSG 27 Wajir East 30-31/1/2014 Sub-CSG 30 Consolidation of sub county Habaswein 11-14/2/2014 CSG 41 contingency plan Validation of draft County Wajir West sub-county 17-18/2/2014 Sub-CSG 20 contingency plan by sub counties Eldas 19-20/2/2014 Sub-CSG 23 Wajir North 21-22/2/2014 Sub-CSG 24 Tarbaj 23-24/2/2014 Sub-CSG 27 Wajir South 25-26/2/2014 Sub-CSG 27 Wajir East 27/28/2/2014 30 Final approval by CSG

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