MEDI-SCOPE

FACETS ON MEDICAL LIFE IN SENGLEA IN THE LATE 18th AND EARLY 19th CENTURIES

OR PAUL CASSAR MD B.SC DPM FRHIST. S D.L1TT (HON. CAUSA).

Hon. Fellow afthe University of .

n 1662 four priests from Senglea their ill-health is not specified except in medical profession he had to spend six founded the Congregation of the three instances i. e. injirmita d' occhi (eye years practising at the Holy Infirmary 7 I Oratorians of St. Philip Neri. disease), medicando il piede (medicating of • They were given the use of a small the foot) and piaghe dei piedi (foot A Dr. Luigi Dimech figures as a house together with the oratory and the ulcers). In other cases the illness is party in a lawsuit against a jeweller in nearby church of Marija tal-Portu Salv referred to in such generic words as April 18388 and as the author of a which later on became known as the malattia, infirmita and indisposizione. booklet, published in 1868, alleging Church of St. Philip. In 16701 the that the British Consulate in Tunis was priests carried out structural alter­ Medical personnel in league with the Bey's government ations in these buildings. Their suc­ " to deprive the numerous creditors (of cessors rebuilt and enlarged them in T en professional men are recorded as the Bey), claiming their property, of 1744. having rendered their medical services ultimate justice" 9. The Oratorians were never a to the sick priests. In some instances Antonio Muscat (1777-1847) was numerous group and by the late 18th only the surname of the practitioner is practising as assistant surgeon (chirurgo 2 century there were only nine ofthem . recorded but in every case a distinction pratica) at the age of seventeen years on An insight into the communal life of is made into medica, chirurgo and speziale the galleys of the Order of St. John. these priests is provided by a register of or aromatario. They were: During the rising of the Maltese against accounts3 kept by them between 1776 the French in 1798, he joined the and 30th July 1825. This document Physician (medico) insurgents and was posted to the Ta' records the expenses incurred for: (a) Xicluna/ Scicluna (1788 & 1789) Samra Battery serving as surgeon and the purchases, from 1792 to 1822, of ... Azzopardi (1820) also as a combatant. In the latter building materials, hire of boats and ... Dimech (1822) capacity he took part in attacks against carts for the transport of stones, wood, the and Senglea. At Surgeon (chirurgo) etc and the wages paid to labourers the end of hostilities he was employed Filippo ... (1784) engaged in carrying out structural as surgeon at the Civil Hospital of Stanislao Zammut (sic)ISammut alterations in houses in Senglea be­ Valletta and at the Lazzaretto. Some (1805, 1808, 1817 & 1818) longing to the Oratorians\ (b) the time after 1811 he obtained the Francesco Caruana (1822) celebrations for the feast of St. Philip boctorate in medicine. H e was active Antonio Muscat (1824) Neri and for decorating the church and during the plague of 1813 and later Antonino Cassar (1825) the altar dedicated to the saint from engaged in private practice in the three 1777 to 1820 and for the feast of the Pharmacist (speziale or aromatario) cities. H e served during the cholera 5 Holy Trinity, etc from 1776 to 1809 ; ... Pisani (1788). epidemic of 1837 and in 1841 was and (c) for saying Masses for the repose appointed medico dei poveri (the equi­ of the souls of deceased individuals These practitIOners never reached valent of District Medical Officer) for 6 10 between 1781 and 1821 . the highest rungs of the professional Bormla . Apart from these items there are hierarchy and their lives influenced but There were two pharmacists with the entries - scattered over many folios - a small circle of people in the restricted Pisani surname in Senglea in the last of payments related to illnesses of ambience of Senglea so much so that a quarter of the 18th century - Lorenzo, various members of the congregation. search to identify them and trace their who in 1770 acquired the pharmacy It is proposed in this paper to deal with medical activities has not been very shop of the deceased John Baptist these snippets of medical interest. rewarding. Salibal1 and who died by 1798; and A Dr. Francesco Xicluna (Scicluna) Francesco, his son, who during the Illnesses was in practice in the late 18th century. French occupation was accused of After beginning his medical studies in involvement in a conspiracy against the Nine different names of priests are Malta for a year, he went to Naples to French in August 1798. H e was tried recorded as having been sick during the continue his m edical education and acquitted but was later re-arrested period 20th February 1777 to 30thJuly graduating from the School ofSalerno. and shot on the 19th February 1799 1825 with a gap between April 1798 He returned to Malta inJuly 1767 but following a search of his pharmacy shop and the 10th July 1801. The nature of before being allowed to exercise the_ by the French authorities and the

14 MEDISCOPE 1 2 FACETS OF MEDICAL LIFE discovery of a sword in the shop at a medication, etc but are shown globally Ca momiLLa (1822) time when the possession of weapons under such terms as per la malattia del Spirito salmoniaco (1824) had been prohibited by the French 12. It Padre .... The minimum amount paid Unguento rosato (1824) has not been possible to ascertain which was 2 scudi and 10 grani (1783) and the of the two Pisanis is referred to in the maximum was.67 scudi 10 tari and 16 Rhubarb, in the form of an infusion manuscript. grani (1786) to cover a period of or of syrup, was prescribed as a purg­ An apothecary Ignatius Cos tu had a treatment of three months. ative; Sweet Almond Oil was given as a pharmacy in Senglea as shown by his In some instances payments for the mild aperient and as a cough mixture; signature Ar. Ignatis Costu deLLa Senglea purchase of medicaments are given Rose Water was prepared from the on the title-page ofthe Farmacopoea ofL. separately. The lowest amount paid petals of Rosa Centifolia and taken as an Brugnatelli published in Venice in was 8 tari (1784) and the highest 18 scudi astringent; chamomile was an infusion 180313. and I tari (1788). of the flowers of A rthemis nobilis and There are entries in the account book Under the date 20th April 1780 there givep. as a febrifuge and for the relief of . of payments to a number of attendants is an entry to the effect that 5 scudi 15 fl atulence; Spiritus ammoniae aromaticus on the sick corresponding to to-day's grani were spent for buying a "book in was a m ixture of carbonate of ammonia nurses. These are Francesco Caruana which are noted the expenses of the and Oil of Nutmeg employed as a (1786) and Giovanni Farrugia (1825). medicaments and the cost of the sudorific and expectorant; Ointment of Others are referred to anonymously as illnesses" but this book has not, so far, Roses was a compound of crushed rose petals and fat for the dressing of guardiano or assistenza dell'uomo neLLa come to light. l 5 malattia (1820) or assistenza di due uomini ulcers . (1820). Medicatnents bought Dietary regim.en Fees paid to physicians and These are often referred to surgeons genericall y as medicamenti presi or purga This consisted in the administration (1787) except for a few items distin­ of siero or whey (1784), latte asinino There is marked variation in the guished by their names: (asses' milk) (1804 and 1817), latte di amounts paid as fees probably depend­ capra (goats' milk) (1825), galline ing on the number of calls and the Reobarbaro (1788) (chicken) (1825), came di vacca (beef) nature of treatment applied. The Olio di mandorla dolce (1792) (1825) and vino di Malaga (Malaga physician, on the whole, received a Acqua rosacea (1822) wine) (1825) which contained up to higher fee than the surgeon. Thus in the case of the former the fee varied from a minimum of 1 scudo and 3 tari in 1789 to a maximum of 15 scudi in 1822; the surgeon's minimum was 10 tari in 1784 up to 5 scudi in 1818. It is not possible to give their equivalent monetary value to-day owing to changes in currency and in cost of living during the past two hundred years. But as a very rough guide, one scudo would correspond to about eight cents; and one tari to six mils. By way of comparison it may be noted that the contemporary wage of the cook employed by the Oratorians was eight scudi a month. Presumably the fees charged were in co nformity with the tariff laid down by the code of laws promulgated in 1724 by Grand Master Antonio Manoel de Vilhena which established a rate of one tari for a day visit and four tari for a night call. The prices of medicaments supplied by the pharmacist was fixed by the Chief Government Medical Officer (Protomedico). The medical and surgical practitioners and the pharmacist were actually paid at the end of treatment or l4 after the death of the patient .

Cost of illness

The payments incurred for the various illnesses are not always broken down into professional fees, cost of

MEDISCOPE 1 2 15 FACETS OF MEDICAL LIFE

16% of absolute alcohol by volume. the Convent . of St. Philip Neri was "At a quarter to two in the afternoon, The siero or whey is the watery part of prepared as a temporary hospital for the page (paggio) of His Excellency l9 milk that remains when the rest forms patients from the . There is Monsignor Bishop (Francesco Saverio curds. It was recommended in lung an indirect reference to the plague in Caruana) brought me a letter with the diseases. Asses' milk, being " lighter" another of the Oratorians' manu­ information that His Excellency Sir than that of the goat and the cow, was scripts20 to the effect that the High Henry Frederick Bouverie, our prescrIbed for patients who could not Masses that were due to be celebrated Governor, had found it necessary to use l6 " digest" the other types of milk . monthly at the altar of the Santissimo our oratory as a hospital for those Bambino were not said from May to stricken with the current illness of The plague of 1813 August as the Bishop had prohibited cholera; for this reason the Bishop the people from gathering in churches asked me to make arrangements with­ The story of epidemiology in the with the aim of preventing the spread of out any delay to prepare the oratory Maltese Islands during the 19th the "contagion" of plague. These for this purpose but (directed me) to century revolves mainly around the Masses founded by the Baroness Maria retain the church and the li brary in my plague of 1813 and the outbreaks of Depiro, were eventually celebrated in custody. Accordingly I immediately cholera of 1837, 1850, 1865 and 1887. September. began to make the necessary prepar­ The appearance of plague caused a ations by placing the furnishings and major disruption of the public health The cholera of 1837 other objects of the oratory in the base­ and of the economy of the Maltese ment corridor and keeping them under Islands from early April 1813 to the During the cholera epidemic of 1837 lock and key. The sacred pictures were beginning of September 1814. There not only the convent but also the removed to the pantry and the library. was widespread mortality inspite of the church were used as hospitals as is The first patient to be received was a sanitary measures enforced by the recorded in another ' register of woman from Vittoriosa who died on 21 government. Se nglea, however, M emorie • the same day. Other patients were claimed to have enjoyed a total Cholera broke out on the 9th June brought from the same town, 23 exemption from the disease though this 1837 at the Ospizio, the old people's and Senglea . On the 5th July the l7 has been disputed • This may be due to home, at spreading thence to Fiscal (legal official) of the Bishop the fact that nowhere were the other parts of Malta. Temporary arrived at half-past nine in the morning quarantine laws so scrupulously hospitals were established in Valletta with an order to evacuate the church l8 observed as in Senglea . This freedom and in some of the villages and towns co mpletely because the government 22 from plague may be the reason why the including Senglea . wanted to turn it into a hospital as the Esiti register makes no allusion to the The Oratorian chronicler wrote thus oratory proved to be too small; and to epidemic though it has been stated that on the 20th June 1837: (Translation) place the church furnishings in the

16 MEDISCOPE 12 FACETS OF MEDICAL LIFE sacristy and to transfer the Blessed with recitation of the litany and ceased completely by the 11th Sacrament to the Oratory. As soon as I benediction with the Blessed O ctober25 . On the 28th of August the began, with the help of a few men, to Sacrament; facilities were provided for few patients that were still receiving remove the furnishings, pictures, the hearing of daily confessions for the treatment in the church were removed statues, etc., the church was filled with convenience of the people but more to " a spacious building situated in an people who refused to have the church than one thousand persons failed to airy spot" at Floriana26 . During the surrendered for the new purpose; in attend Mass on feast days because they period that the hospital was open, from fa ct as soon as they saw me preparing to had been deprived of their church, the 20th June to the 2nd September, it transfer the Blessed Sacrament to the because of the fear (of catching the received 685 patients of whom 350 Oratory many of them advanced disease) or because of other reasons. died, 329 recovered and 6 were trans­ towards me and not only restrained me On the following da y, two Capuchin ferred to the Valletta hospital27. but took away from me the key of the friars came at the instance of the Bishop The library, the Main Hall (saLa) and tabernacle. I went to the sacristy and to administer the Sacraments and assist the sacristy remained in the hands of stayed there trembling with fear at the the sick in the hospital after the death the Oratorian community during the sight of the tumult. In the meanwhile from cholera of the Rev. Vincenzo whole time that the church was used as some of them ascended the church­ Pisani who had been giving spiritual a hospital28, but there is evidence that steeple and started ringing the bells. As assistance to the patients"24. accommodation for patients was soon as I heard the sound of the bells I After reaching its peak in July, the provided in another part of the convent went to stop the ringing and sent epidemic started to wane in August and . besides the church and the oratory for various persons and the sacristan to bring down everyone from the belfry and lock its door securely as was in fact done. The people refused to leave the church and replaced everything that had been already removed by me. At last after many entreaties and plead­ ings we succeeded in clearing the people from the church and closing it after promising them that we would see the Governor about the matter. The lawyer (blank) went along with others to see the Governor but did not find him. At 2 p.m. the Principal Intendent of the Police, Mr. Galland (?) arrived with a large troop of soldiers. They were posted around the church and oratory and in Strada Rea Le to ensure that the order issued in the morning was carried QUt. The Intendent asked me to explain to the people, in the Maltese language, that the church was being taken over for the public good • but .he told me not to refer to the Governor but to say that the church was being taken over by order of the • Bishop. Following this (speech) we again cleared the church of its furnishings, statues, pictures of the Via Crucis, etc., and I removed the Blessed Sacrament to the oratory. The sick were transferred to the church and the soldiers were placed on guard on the parvIs. It was rumoured that if the peo·ple had attempted a riot the soldiers had been given order to shoot and even a cannon at (Fort) Sant' Angelo would have been brought into action. Thank God that no one attempted to ring the bells of the Parish Church (of Our Lady of Victories); fortunately the Arch­ priest was warned in time and he locked the door leading to the bell­ tower. Mass was celebrated in the oratory

MEDISCOPE 1 2 17 FACETS OF MEDICAL LIFE by early November 1837 the Ora­ charged with this task in Senglea asked References torians incurred an expenditure of one the Oratorians to allow them the use of I. At about this time the population ofSenglea jC/ldo, one lari and eightgrani for white­ their kitchen to cook the meat and the was 4111 souls (1694). Between 1736 and 40 washing "the three rooms below the soup. This request was granted and the it had increased to 4896. Bonnici, A. L'Islali sacristy where several persons had died distribution of this relief continued to grajjet il-Bazilika-Santwarju ta' Marija 36 of cholera" 29 be issued until the 30th September . Bambina, Malta, 1986, Vol. 2, p. 156; The church and oratory were On the 23rd August the Bishop. Cutajar, D. & Cassar, C. Malta's Role in opened for public worship with a ordered the celebration of a requiem Mediterranean AlTairs 1530-1699, Mid-Med re ligious function at the end of which Mass for the repose of the souls of those Bank Ltd., Report & Accounts 1984, Malta, the celebrants were entertained to who were dying of cholera. At the same 1985, p. 61. "refreshments and rosoLio"30. On the time he recommended to parish priests 2. The founder was Dun Xmun Schembri who d ied on August 12, 1723 at 89 years of age. and other members of the clergy to 21st October a solemn Mass de requiem Bonnici, A., op., cit., Vol. 2, pp. 156and 375; was said by order of the Bishop in the warn the people "to abstain from the 76-83, 108,260, 280,340,372 & 373; Vol. 1 four cities and at the Cathedral for the consumption of noxious foods (1981 ), pp. 95 & 166. repose of the souls of those who died especially fruits" - which in those days 3. Esili. 1776-1825. The front and back covers during the epidemic. The same was were believed to be the cause of and the spine are missing as are also the fly done on the 27th in the parish churches cholera. leaf, titlepage and folios I to 6. There are of the countryside. In the following From this point in time onwards, the many blank folios. Some of the leaves are days a solemn Mass of thanksgiving archives of the Oratorians remain silent uniformly stained brown suggesting with singing of the Ye Deum was celeb­ concerning the events of the epidemic exposure to some substance (vinegar?) rated in the Cathedral and in all parish which came to an end on the 13th presumably for disinfecting purposes. The fear of catching the "contagion" of plague, churches31 The last religious function October with 1736 reported deaths in 37 etc., from handling paper was prevalent in at the Church of St. Philip Neri in Malta and GOZ0 . the 18th century. It had not disappeared by connection with the cholera epidemic There were two other major cholera 1834 so much so that letters reaching Malta took place on the 1st January 1838 epidemics in the Maltese Islands - in from Gibraltar durin g the cholera epidemic when High Mass was said in honour of 1865 and in 1887 --.:. in which Senglea of that year at the Rock were steeped in the Virgin Mary of Porto Salvo in ful­ was involved (99 cases and 17 cases vinegar for disinfection be fare delivery by filment of a vow, made during the respectively) but no records from the the Post Office in Malta to tbeir recipients. epidemic, for deliverance from the Oratorians have so far been met with Vide Cassar, P. The Correspondence of a Senglea 32 38 Merchanl During Ihe Plague of 1813, Hyphen, disease . regarding these two outbreaks . Admittedly, these glimpses brief and 1980, Vol. 2, No. 4, p. 154. 4. Hriti, fals. 7 & 30t. Cholera epideIDic of 1850 incomplete as they are into the mor­ 5. Ibidem , fols. 50-53, 100-103, 164 & 165t. bidity of a small religious community 6. Ibidem, fal. 140. The r01e played by the Oratorian and into the behaviour of the people of 7. Archives 1911, fal. 93, National Malta community in a further cholera Senglea when faced with medical Library (NML). epidemic that struck the island on the emergencies, both individual and 8. Malta Go vernment Gazette 4th April 1838, p. 9th June 1850 was a purely religious collective, do not reflect stirring events; 134 and 18th April 1838, p. 155. one. In fact according to Jl portafoglio yet they are none the less worthy of 9. Dimech, L. The Brilish (;onsulale in Tunis. maltese 33 , the government intended to consideration. Indeed though these Critical Remarks. Malta, 1868, p. 87. episodes just flit across the folios of the 10. 11 rnediterraneo, 26th May 1847, p. 12. set up a hospital for cholera patients in j I. Cassar, P. Pharmacists and Politics in Malta archives of the Oratorians, they never Senglea but this plan was met "with in the 18th and 19th Centuries, TheS). Luke's every imaginable opposition". The the less provide evidence of tJ:e concern Hospilal Gazette, 1970, Vol. 5, p. 37. priests at the Convent of St. Philip Neri of each passing day during the time of 12. Cassar, P. op., cit. , p. 37; Testa, C. Maz-Zewg "did not want to surrender their place illness with its emotional, financial, .Valiat tas-Swar, Malta, 1979, Vol. I, pp. 206- for this purpose". Another refusal came social and religious overtones. They are 10 and Vol. 2, 1980, pp. 443, 446 and 471. from the owner of the building housing also welcome because, apart from the 13. In the author's library. the Government Primary School who patina given them by time, they 14. Cassar, P. A Note on the Economics of made a formal protest to government resurrect, albeit in a minor key, various Medical Practice in 18th Century Malta, The SI. Luke's Hospilal Gazette, 1974, Vol. 9, p. against the latter's intention to estab­ facets of the medical life of Senglea in the late 18th and the early half of the 166. By way or comparison it may be noted lish a hospital in that school. that at this point in time the wage of the cook 19th centuries which would otherwise In late July a circular from the of the Oratorians was 8 scudi a month. Vide Bishop entreated the people to pray to have remained unknown to the present Bonnici, A. op. , cit., Vol. 2, p. 304. the Holy Virgin, on the eve of the feast generation. One hopes that further 15. Orosi, G. Farrnacologia temica e pmliea or of the Annunciation, to deliver them sources of information will come to Iarmacia ilaliana , Livorno, 1849, pp. 83, 130, from their calamity. On the 23rd July light as other manuscripts dealing with 331, 357-60 and 477: Squire, P. Companion the statues of the Immaculate Concep­ the historia domus of the Oratorians are to the Latest Edition of the British Pharma­ unearthed. copoeia, London, 1882, pp. 39 & 43. tion and ofSt. Philip Neri were exposed I to public veneration at the church of 16. Orosi, G. op. , cil., pp. 297-301. 17. Malla Go uemmenl Gazelle 8th December 1813, Porto Salvo. The people responded by Acknowledgetnents p.25. crowding the church for the recitation 18. Cassar, P. Medical , I am very grateful to Rev. Fr. Victor of the litany and benediction and by London, 1965, p. 186. Xuereb S.]., Superior of the Residence lighting numerous candles before the 19. Borg, T. Ivlalla 11 I-gwaj lal-pesla , Malta, no 34 above-named statues . of the Jesuits at the Oratory of St. date, p. 16. Public spirited individuals organised Philip Neri, Senglea, for attracting my 20. I.ibro meS.le 1768-1825, fals. 269 and 276. 35 Soup Kitchens to feed the indigent • attention to these records and for 2 1. Memorie diuerse della Chiesa del/'Oralor;o di San On the 6th August, the committee allowing me to use them. Cont . on page 27

18 MEDISCOPE 1 2 PSYCHIATRIC EMERGENCIES

Cont. from /Jage 22 Social Psychiatric Em.ergency GUIDELINES These are behavioural disturbances res ulting mainly from breakdowns in family communication which, in the FOR AUTHORS .. \uthors arc encouraged to submit material for publication; title of book; publisher; place of absence of specialised crisis interven­ publicati on in Medi-Scope hoping that th e work publication; pages of reference e.g. : tion services are dealt with as conven­ is origina l and is not intended for publication Cuschieri , A, Giles, G.R. and M oossa, AR. tional psychiatric emergencies. el sewhere. All a uthors must give signed consent (1982): Essential Surgical Practice. Wright. PSG. St. Luke's Psychiatric Unit functions to publicati on. The Ed itor retains the customary Bristol. p3-14. right to st yle and, if necessary, to shorten material Illustrations: '!\ a lso as crisis intervention centre as accepted for publicati on Tables, illustrations and graphs should be psychiatrists, psychiatric social workers Acceptable mat ~ ri a l inclu des rev iew articles, submitted on se parate sheets of paper from the and psychologists are available. reports of studies (mostl y those carried out in text proper. A reference must be made clear and However the Centru Hidma Socjali l'dalta), case plTsentations, a ides memories for highlighted in the text. Each should be accom­ coud be a more apporpriate source to students, articles on practical subjects not usually panied by a caption. Graphs must contain all the we ll disc ussed in sta ndard text-books and quiz relevant information including properly labelled refer to as this agency deals with such material. Manusc ripts should not be lengthy: one 3xes. Line drawings and rough sketches may also clients on the social model rather than a may consider that three type-written pages on A4 be supplied. Photographs are most use ful in the medical model. size paper, with one inch margin on either side form of prints rather than slides. The top left A social worker is on call twenty four and double spacing will occupy one page in the hand corner should be marked. Patients shown in journal. photographs should have the ir identity hours. The number of authors shoufd be kept to one concealed or should give their written consent to or two: further acknowledgements can be added publication. Photographic material will only be to the text. T he author's oppointments and returned to the authors ifspecifically req uested in qualifi cations at the time of writing the article writing on submiss ion of manuscripts. If a ny should be gi ven and th e Editor informed of any tables or illustrations submitted have been change of appointment. It should be made clear published elsewhere, written concent tc republic­ on the manuscript which author is responsible for a tion should be obtained by the author from the correcting gaIly proofs and answering queries copyright holder (usually the publisher) a nd the and correspondence. His/ her address and authors. telephone number must be stated. Proof Letters: FACETS OF MEDICAL LIFE co rrections must be kept to a minimum; sizeable Letters to the Editor are welcome, particula rl y alterations should be disc ussed with the Editor. those whi ch take up points from material pub­ A summary of about 80 words should precede lished in the .iournal. They should not normall y (co lll . ./i"om page 18) the article giving the main argument of findings. exceed one type-written page in length a nd may The manuscript submitted MUST be typed wi th include an illustration or table. 1845, Vol. 2. h llj)/)o SflIglea dal 1831 al31 Dic. doubfe spacing and one inch of margin on either The Editorial Board would like to take this 22. Cassar, P. Medical History of M a lta, side of the text. Articles should be typed on only opportunity to thank all those who help in London, 1965, pp. 192-6. one side of the paper; sheets should be numbered materialising each issue of Medi -Scope as well as 23 . ill/elllorie dir'erse ecc. fol. 43 el seq. a nd the end of the articfe denoted by a double those who by their kind words, constructive 24. Ibidem, fol. 46. line. Authors are strongly advisded to keep a criticism and suggestions are helping in making 25. Cassar, P. Medical History of Malta, cupy. Acceptance of material se n t for publ ication this a fine .iournal. The Board will be pleased to London, 1965, pp. 197-8. is at the sole discretion of the Board. discuss any problem or difficulties as may a rise in 26. Malla G01'er!lmelll Gazelle, 21 st June 1837, p. Drugs should be given their approved name. connection with Medi-Scope_ Abbreviations may be used provided that what 220; 28thJune, p. 233; 5th July, p. 237; 12th they signify is clearl y expressed at least once, on Inlernalional Commillee of M edical } ournal Edilors. July, p. 247 ; 19thJuly, p. 260; 26th July, p. their first appearance in the article. Scientific Uniform Requirements Ior Manuscripls Submilled 10 268; 9th August, p. 283; 16th August p. 295; measurements should be given in SI units with Biomedical } ournals. 23rd August, p. 304; 30th August, p. 312; 6th traditional units in parenthesis if necessary. Br. M ed . .J. (1982) 284: 1766-70. September, p. 320. List of Journals Indexed - printed in the Index 27. Ibidem, p. 320. References! M!.dicus . 28. f)ella chiesa del/'Oral orio, Luglio 1837 - 5 References should be limited to approximately half a dozen. They should be in alphabetical Cellllaio 1854, fol. 109. A number of the first order of the Au thors' names a nd should conform fol ios are missi ng. to the following style: 29. Ibidem, fol. 112. Articles in Journals: 30. M emlnie dim'se ecc, fol. 47. A drink made of Authors' names and initia ls; year of public­ ERRATA CORRIGENDUM alcohol, water, sugar and an essence of a tion; title of article; title of journal; abbreviated ISSUE No. 11, 1987 menta or vanilla. to the style of Index Medicus: volume number; first 31. Ibidem, fol s. 47 & 48. and last page numbers e.g.: 32. Ibidem, fol. 54. Birth, C. (1910): Phlebotomus Fever in Malta Page 10 Line 2: 33. II/)orlafoglio mallese, 1st August 1850, p. 5617. and Crete . .I. Royal Arym M ed. Corp. p. 238- 'resulted' should read 'reported' 260. 34. Memorie diverse ecc, fol s. 320 and 321. Page 10 Line 6: Roberts, S.A and Soothill, J-F. (1982): Provoca­ 35. Cassar, P. Medical History of Malta, tion of All ergic Response by Supplementary 'pedical' should read 'pedicel' London, 1965, p. 200. Feeds of Cow's Milk. Arch. Dis. Child. 57: 127. Page 17 Column 1 Line 2: 36. The committee was composed of Padre Articles in Books: 'westerlllost' should read 'westernlllost' Paolo Lebrun, Francesco Bonello and Author's names and initials; year of public­ Page 17 Column 1 Line 29: Cuglielmo Castaldo (sic). IL porlafoglio ation; title of article; Editor of book; title of book; 'din£' should read 'DMF' l1Iallese , 8th August 1850, p. 5624. publisher; place of publication; first and last page Page 33 Column I Line 23: 37. Pisani , S.L. R eport on the Cholera Epidemic numbers. e.g.: in the Year 1887, Malta, 1888, p. 10. Feroze, R.M. (1981 ): Benign Tumours of the 'perforlllance' should read 'preference' Uterus. Dewhurst, .J. (ed): Integrated Obstetrics 38. Ibidem, pp. 4 & 15. Sutherland,J. Report on Page 33 Column 2 Line 5: and Gynaecology for Postgraduates. Blackwell 'heathers' should reaa .... aters' the Sanitary Conditions of Malta and Scientific Publ. , London. p. 698-703. with reference to the Epidemic Cholera in Books: Page 33 Column 2 Line 16: the Year 1865, London, 1887, p. 8. Authors' names a nd initials; year of 'gesitional' should read 'gestational'.

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