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Speaking About Speaking About Child Sexual Abuse in Britain, 1965-1991

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Speaking About Speaking About Child Sexual Abuse in Britain, 1965-1991 ORBIT-OnlineRepository ofBirkbeckInstitutionalTheses Enabling Open Access to Birkbeck’s Research Degree output Speaking about speaking about child sexual abuse in Britain, 1965-1991 https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/id/eprint/40384/ Version: Full Version Citation: Basannavar, Nicholas Ranjan Gadsby (2019) Speaking about speaking about child sexual abuse in Britain, 1965-1991. [Thesis] (Un- published) c 2020 The Author(s) All material available through ORBIT is protected by intellectual property law, including copy- right law. Any use made of the contents should comply with the relevant law. Deposit Guide Contact: email Speaking About Speaking About Child Sexual Abuse in Britain, 1965-1991 Nicholas Ranjan Gadsby Basannavar Department oF History, Classics and Archaeology Birkbeck College, University oF London Submitted For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Declaration The work presented in the thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, this has been indicated within the thesis. Nicholas Ranjan Gadsby Basannavar Abstract Focusing on three case studies between the years 1965 and 1991, this thesis explores the mutable ways in which child sexual abuse has been represented – or spoken about – in Britain, particularly in popular media forms. Drawing on historian Frank Ankersmit’s observation that historical investigation is a form of “speaking about speaking”, it paints a picture of representational, attitudinal and social change over time, clarifies definitional forms relating to childhood, attraction, and abuse, and examines the deeply historical tropes inherent in present-day inquiries into abuse. An analysis of the Moors murders trial shows that discussions about sexual attraction to children did exist, but were often couched in heavily coded, indirect ways. By the 1970s, this was changing: ‘paedophilia’ was discussed more commonly not only in medicine and academia, which had historically been its domains, but also in the popular press and in governmental debates. I argue that it was angst about the Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) that shaped subsequent cultural constructs of the ‘paedophile’ in Britain. The final case study on the Cleveland child sexual abuse crisis reveals the employment of increasingly direct terminology in the 1980s, although allusive, metonymical forms and displacements persisted and were entrenched amidst deep moral and social concern for the child. The thesis concludes by using the figure of Jimmy Savile as a means of thinking about a wider debate on the relationship between anachronism and abuse. The study argues that historical debate about child sexual abuse needs to move further from stark notions of historical absence and silence, and towards a heightened awareness of historical ‘speaking’, in all its complex narrative forms. 3 Acknowledgements My first thanks must go to Birkbeck, an institution that I love and admire. The School of History, Classics and Archaeology generously awarded me a scholarship that made this research possible. After some difficulties of ‘framing’ in the opening months, my upgrade panel of Joanna Bourke and Julia Laite helped me to take the right steps on the journey to representational enlightenment. Joanna and Sean Brady were exemplary teaching guides whilst I acted as an Associate Tutor in 2014-15. Janet Weston and Vicky Russell were supportive fellow tutors, and those in my seminar group the ideal students: challenging, engaged, fun, and just occasionally tipsy. Thanks also to Jana Comfort and Sian Green for their kind and professional course management. Giacomo Giudici was the best PhD drinking partner I could have wished for. The wonderful Jerry White has been a well of support and wisdom, and without his encouragement at critical moments, I doubt that I would have had the gumption to reach this stage. The Loudoun Trust is an important body that I have been fortunate enough to contribute to in the last couple of years. Carine Minne, Rob Hale, Peter Timms, David Millar and Peter Hill deserve great credit for their determined work on the prevention of child sexual abuse. They have all read my drafts and offered insightful and encouraging responses during this journey. I must also thank Justin Bengry, Gill Frank, George Rousseau and Laurence Brockliss for giving my research a platform over the years. A snatched ten- minute chat with Stephen Fry (during which we recited the opening lines of Lolita to each other) gave the project a strange but compelling impetus at a key moment. Kind financial support was forthcoming from both the Sidney Perry Foundation and the Roger and Sarah Bancroft Clark Charitable Trust, to whom I offer deep gratitude. To those at my ‘other’ office, I thank Jun and Traian in particular for allowing me the space and time to complete this work. Thank you also to the staff at Senate House and the British Library (especially those at the former newspaper site at Colindale, who helped me unravel untold metres of microfilm). 4 When I announced my decision to embark on this PhD, there were some raised eyebrows among friends and family members. Some of those eyebrows remain firmly raised. Those closest to me are vivacious, warm, cynical, generous, wise, and unutterably silly. They have endured (or maybe enjoyed) six years of my grumbling and soul-searching, offering their jokes, their advice, and their time. So to Mudi, Lee, Nick, Theo, Lena, the guys at UBL (Adnan, Atul, James, Olly C, Will B, Will L, and particularly Ed, who spotted that italicisation error in one of my footnotes), Rupert, Jack, George, Olly E, Woody, Sally, and all the rest who have been there, and made me laugh when laughing seemed impossible. To Jill, who took the time to read and comment on this thesis, as well as to offer moral support throughout; to Mum, who has helped in so many ways that a doctorate would be needed to document them; to Edie, John, Gladys, Jun, Toby, Rika and Chris, from 46 to 103, from London to Tokyo; to Yuko, that most extraordinary person who stayed next to me with patience and love whilst I toiled with this thing: thank you. Almost there. In 2012, I walked into a meeting in a vegetarian restaurant in the Brighton Lanes. Ever since, the man I met there has been mentor, critic, ‘power breakfast’ partner, therapist, and friend. He has been Matt Cook, and this simply wouldn’t have gone anywhere without him. I turn from all of these special people, and reach out, and can almost touch the hand of Rangappa Mallappa Basannavar. This thesis is dedicated to him. London, August 2018 5 Contents Introduction - Speaking About Speaking About Child Sexual Abuse 8 The Project 8 Terminology 11 Structure and Key Themes 13 Research Methodology and Ethics 17 The Value of Representation 24 Media and Representation 27 Challenges of Historical Representation 34 Chapter One - Contextual and DeFinitional Perspectives on Paedophilia, Abuse, the Abuser and the Child 41 Introduction 41 What is ‘Paedophilia’? 43 What is ‘Child Sexual Abuse’? 60 Who is the Abuser? 72 Who is the Child? 80 Conclusion 91 Chapter Two - Unspeakable Acts: Media Representations oF the Moors Murders, 1965-67 93 Introduction 93 Framework and Sources 95 Media, Sex and the Sixties 101 The Events 108 Speaking the Unspeakable 115 Homosexuality and Perversion 117 Othering Brady and Hindley 119 Dangerous Spaces 123 Local Pain 127 Comparative Cases 129 Epilogue 132 Chapter Three - Paedophilia Unbound: The PIE Moment, 1974-81 136 Prologue 136 Introduction 137 A Brief History of PIE 140 Why did PIE Emerge?: Cultural Contexts 145 A Paedophile Tradition? 151 Feminism and Psychoanalysis 154 Homosexuality and Paedophilia 157 PIE in Scholarship 159 Speaking about PIE 162 Paedophilia Unbound 165 6 PIE and Paedophilia 170 “Somewhere between Jesus Christ and Jack the Ripper”: Hostility to PIE 175 ‘Gay Paedophiles’: Continued Conflation 178 Epilogue 181 Chapter Four - ‘Do the British Love Their Children?’: Cleveland and Representations oF Child Sexual Abuse in the 1980s 185 Introduction 185 Speaking About Cleveland 189 Cleveland: What Happened? 191 Cleveland in the Media 195 The Central Child 205 Cleveland and the Nuclear Family 213 Child Sexual Abuse Awareness 218 Demonisation of Social Workers and Doctors 223 Medicine, Memory and the Occult 233 Conclusion 240 Conclusion - ‘It was good while it lasted’: Abuse, Representation, and History 244 Speaking About Speaking About Child Sexual Abuse: Conclusions 245 Time and Anachronism 252 ‘Apocalypse Now Then’ 255 Epilogue: ‘Doing’ the History of Child Sexual Abuse 264 Bibliography 267 News Reporting 267 Television Broadcasts and Video 291 Radio Broadcasts, Interviews and Songs 293 Magazine Articles 295 Parliamentary Debates 299 Governmental and Institutional Reports 300 Statutes and Laws 305 Dictionary and Encyclopaedia Entries 307 Books and Book Sections 309 Journal Articles 355 Conference Papers and Presentations 367 Blog Posts 369 Other Online Resources 373 7 Introduction Speaking About Speaking About Child Sexual Abuse The Project This thesis investigates the mutable ways in which child sexual abuse has been represented in the postwar period in Britain, particularly in the written press and other popular media forms. In historical scholarly work, there has been a tendency to argue that concepts such as ‘child sexual abuse’ and ‘paedophilia’ were ‘discovered and constructed in the late 1970s’.1 We also hear that moral attitudes were somehow looser or more accepting in prior decades, or that there was a lack of knowledge about abuse, or even that there was some kind of national ‘conspiracy’ that led to silence.2 My project challenges problematic dichotomies such as silence and noise, ignorance and knowledge, and shows that although categories such as ‘child sexual abuse’ and ‘paedophilia’ may be relatively recent value-constructs, adult attraction to, sex with and sexual abuse of children has been discussed and represented throughout history, in highly complex and changeable ways. I have chosen three case studies, located between 1965 and 1991, to show how the press, wider media and other groups assembled and animated narratives around these issues.
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