DOCSLIB.ORG

Dissertation. While

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dissertation. While ln cornpliance with the Canadian Privacy Legislation sorne supporting forms may have been removed from this -dissertation. While these forms may be included . in the document page count, their removal does not represent any loss of content from the dissertation. REFERENDUM: A DEAD LETTER Prospects for Self-Determination in Western Sahara Gallit Dobner Department of Political Science McGill University, Montreal March2003 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master' s of Arts © Gallit Dobner, 2003 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisisitons et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 0-612-88634-4 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 0-612-88634-4 The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts from it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou aturement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Canada Freedom is a plant alien to our part of the world. Whenever implanted, it dies ... We used to blame the colonialists, then sorne of us colonized others and the plant of freedom died over and over again. Each time it died a dreamer who inhabited his own world would try to revive it only to perish along with it.. aIl those who made the effort rode against powerful windmills with wooden swords. - Jihad al-Khazin TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................... i RÉSUMÉ .......................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................... iii MAP OF WESTERN SAHARA .............................................................. v INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 1 A BRIEF HISTORY: From Tribalism to Nationalism ..................................... 3 Western Sahara and Hs People ....................................................... 3 Spanish Colonization .................................................................. 5 The Liberation Strugg1e Begins ...................................................... 6 Regional Designs ....................................................................... 7 The Liberation Struggle Continues ................................................... 9 THE PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION: More than a Quarter ofa Century Of Failed Promises ................................................................... 10 Self-Determination as a Univers al Legal Principle ................................ 10 The Failed Application of Self-Determination in Western Sahara .............. Il Initial Support .. .............................................................. , Il The International Court ofJustice. ..... .. 13 Moroccan Occupation ........................................................ 15 OA U Involvement... ..... ... 16 UN Involvement ............................................................... 17 THE REFERENDUM AS A MOROCCAN PREROGATIVE ........................... 19 Morocco' s Stake in Western Sahara. .... .. 19 Regime Legitimacy ........................................................... , 20 Natural Resources ............................................................ 24 Extensive Investment ......................................................... 26 Regional Bargaining Power ................................................. 27 Morocco's Efforts to Obstruct a Referendum ....................................... 28 Refusai to Negotiate ........................................................... 28 Stalling the Pro cess ............................................................ 30 Advocatingfor a Political Agreement.................. .................. '" 31 Prospects ................................................................................. 33 THE REFERENDUM AS A PREJUDICED PROCESS .................................. 34 Voter Eligibility ........................................................................ 34 Voter Registration ...................................................................... 38 Voter Identification ............................... , ..................................... 38 Ceasefire Violations .................................................................... 41 Premature 'Repatriation' ............................................................... 43 UN Personnel. ..... .. 45 Moroccan Control over MINURSO Personnel ... ......................... 45 Neutrality ofthe UN in Question ............................................ 46 Prospects ................................................................................. 49 THE REFERENDUM AS AN UNENFORCEABLE INSTRUMENT .................. 50 UN Passivity ............................................................................ 50 UN Enforcement in Western Sahara ........................................ 51 UN Enforcement in East Timor and Namibia .............................. 52 Moroccan Alliances: Powerful Friends ............................................. 53 The United States .............................................................. 53 France ........................................................................... 57 Other Instrumental Allies ..................................................... 59 Polisario Alliances: Dwindling Support ............................................. 61 Aigeria .......................................................................... 61 Other Lesser Allies ............................................................ 63 Prospects ................................................................................. 65 ALTERNATIVES TO THE REFERENDUM ............................................... 65 The Status Quo ......................................................................... 66 More ofthe Same: The Benefits ............................................. 66 An Untenable Situation: The Costs ......................................... 68 A Return to Arms ....................................................................... 74 Terrorism ....................................................................... 74 Guerrilla Warfare ............................................................. 76 A Political Soluntion ................................................................... 81 A Polisario-Moroccan Compromise ... ..................................... 81 Auton()lny ............................................................... 82 AUfonomy: nU! Framework Agreement ........ 82 Er:lens'tve AUfonorny ... ..................................... 84 f)artition ............................................................... 86 A UN Imposed Resolution ................................................... 90 An Algero-Moroccan Pax .................................................... 92 Algerian-Polisario Relations ....................................... 92 Algerian-Moroccan Relations ...................................... 94 Aigerian lnterests .................................................... 95 IN CONCLUSION .............................................................................. 100 REFERENCE LIST ............................................................................. 103 ABSTRACT Western Sahara has been granted the dubious distinction of Africa's last colony. Long a victim of imperial enterprise, the territory was annexed by Morocco in 1975 just as Spain withdrew. Despite international protest affirming the Saharawi people's right to a referendum of self-determination, still the question of Western Sahara lingers, frozen in time. This paper will demonstrate that a referendum no longer offers a way forward for three reasons: it is unlikely a referendum will be held due to Morocco' s unwillingness to cooperate; if a referendum went forward, it is improbable that it would prove free and fair given Moroccan attempts to undermine the process; and if a successful referendum took place, it is unlikely the international community would be prepared to enforce Saharawi sovereignty. As such, alternatives must be sought. An examination of possible scenarios suggests limited autonomy, as a result of an Algero-Moroccan rapprochement, is Western Sahara's most likely trajectory. RÉSUMÉ Le Sabra Occidental est accordé la distinction douteuse d'être la dernière colonie en Afrique. Victime de longue date de l'entreprise coloniale, le territoire a été annexé par le Maroc en 1975, aussitôt que l'Espagne s'était retirée. Malgré la contestation internationale affirmant le droit du peuple sahraoui à un référendum d'autodétermination, la question du Sabra Occidental persiste, comme si elle était gelée dans l'histoire. Cette exposition démontrera qu'un
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Living the Legacy of Slavery Between Discourse and Reality
    Cahiers d’études africaines 179-180 | 2005 Esclavage moderne ou modernité de l’esclavage ? Living the Legacy of Slavery Between Discourse and Reality E. Ann McDougall Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/15068 DOI : 10.4000/etudesafricaines.15068 ISSN : 1777-5353 Éditeur Éditions de l’EHESS Édition imprimée Date de publication : 19 décembre 2005 Pagination : 957-986 ISBN : 978-2-7132-2049-4 ISSN : 0008-0055 Référence électronique E. Ann McDougall, « Living the Legacy of Slavery », Cahiers d’études africaines [En ligne], 179-180 | 2005, mis en ligne le 01 janvier 2007, consulté le 16 juin 2020. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ etudesafricaines/15068 ; DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.15068 © Cahiers d’Études africaines Cet article est disponible en ligne à l’adresse : http://www.cairn.info/article.php?ID_REVUE=CEA&ID_NUMPUBLIE=CEA_179&ID_ARTICLE=CEA_179_0957 Living the Legacy of Slavery. Between Discourse and Reality par E. Ann MCDOUGALL | Editions de l’EHESS | Cahiers d’études africaines 2005/3-4 - 179 ISSN 0008-0055 | ISBN 2713220491 | pages 957 à 986 Pour citer cet article : — McDougall E., Living the Legacy of Slavery. Between Discourse and Reality, Cahiers d’études africaines 2005/3-4, 179, p. 957-986. Distribution électronique Cairn pour Editions de l’EHESS . © Editions de l’EHESS . Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Mainstreaming in State-Building: a Case Study of Saharawi Refugees and Their Foreign Representatives Sonia Rossetti University of Wollongong
    University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2011 Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives Sonia Rossetti University of Wollongong Recommended Citation Rossetti, Sonia, Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives, Master of Arts (Research) thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2011. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/3295 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact Manager Repository Services: [email protected]. Erratum by author Page 61 Senia Bachir Abderahman is not the former president of the Saharawi Women Union, but a Saharawi student at the Mount Holyoke College in Norway. Gender mainstreaming in state-building: a case study of Saharawi refugees and their foreign representatives A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Arts (Research) from UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by Sonia Rossetti (Dott.ssa Giurisprudenza, University of Bologna Graduate Certificate in Australian Migration Law and Practice, ANU) Faculty of Arts School of History and Politics 2011 Table of Contents Table of Contents iii List of Figures vi List of Tables vi Acronyms vii Glossary vii Abstract ix Acknowledgements xiii Chapter One: Introduction to the case study and methodology 1 1.1 Outlining the approach
    [Show full text]
  • Report on the Kingdom of Morocco's Violations Of
    REPORT ON THE KINGDOM OF MOROCCO’S VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 1 OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS IN THE PARTS OF WESTERN SAHARA UNDER MOROCCAN OCCUPATION On the occasion of Morocco’s fourth periodic report on the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights To the attention of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Submitted by Western Sahara Resource Watch to the Committee on 18 August 2015 Contact: Sara Eyckmans, International Coordinator, Western Sahara Resource Watch, [email protected] www.wsrw.org 1 Executive Summary 2015 marks forty years since the invasion and occupation of what has come to be regarded as Africa’s last colony, Western Sahara. A significant number of well-established human rights obligations apply in the three quarters of the territory that is under Moroccan occupation. International law contains clear prescriptions for the protection, political independence and advancement of the Saharawi people, who were the original inhabitants of Western Sahara, then Spanish Sahara, until they were abandoned by Spain in 1975. Foremost is the right of self-determination of non-self-governing peoples. The norms prescribed by the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights have been consistently violated in occupied Western Sahara. This submission for the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has been prepared by Western Sahara Resource Watch, an international non-governmental organization, based in Brussels. It is intended to highlight the significant failure of Morocco as the occupying power or State with responsibility for the territory of Western Sahara and the Saharawi people to ensure even the most basic compliance with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
    [Show full text]
  • June 29~ 1979
    June 29~ 1979 Dear Friends: Enclosed is a report of my recent trip to the Western Sahara, the .former Spanish Sahara. This is an area which is only beginning to be known more widely in the United States. I hope that my report will add to some understanding in what is happening there. If you have not seen the report of my colleague, Rich Knight, who was in the area for the 3rd Anniversary of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic in late February and early March, we would be glad to· send one to you. Sincerely yours~ George M. Houser Executive Director GMH/jwb Ene. Pa~llrish/Research Executive Director: George M. Houser/Associate Director: Director: Jennifer Davis/Literature: Richard Knight ~412 \) CANARY ISLANDS rY ~d jJ MOROCCO ALGERIA t(l. o, ~Tindouf ...... ..,..;t / - o EL AAIUN / _/ iL' _ ... __ • Semara / ,/ "\ "1'..... ':11 -.....-:::-"':1- ,/ _~ ,/ I \... " /' . '" Bu Craa _ _ ./ --~_--0 'Ii f)Amgala-~()-1'ifariti ATLANTIC o CE AN WESTERN SAHARA M A U R I T A N I A La Guera . ~P..----_..-....--.... l June 1979 WITH POLISARIO IN THE WESTERN SAHARA George M. Houser I returned only recently from a visit to the Western Sahara, the former colonial Spanish Sahara. I was there two weeks (May S- 20, 1979) under the auspice of POLISARIO, the liberation movement in the territory. This was the most recent of frequent trips to Africa covering 2S years. I consider the two weeks spent with POLISARIO among the most memorable trips I have had over all these years. It was adventure in a political context.
    [Show full text]
  • Submission on Self-Determination Under the UN Declaration on The
    Submission on Self-Determination under the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples to the Expert Mechanism on the rights of indigenous peoples Table of Contents 1 Overview............................................................................................................................................3 1.1 Summary....................................................................................................................................3 1.2 The submitting organization......................................................................................................4 2 Self determination themes................................................................................................................4 2.1 Peace and Self-Determination...................................................................................................4 2.2 Compromised spaces.................................................................................................................7 2.3 Disenfranchisement of unrepresented peoples........................................................................8 2.4 Criminalization of self-determination movements..................................................................11 2.5 International trade and self-determination.............................................................................12 2.6 Indigenous land: commerce and climate.................................................................................13 3 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Preliminary Program 58 Annual Meeting
    Preliminary Program 58th Annual Meeting The State and the Study of Africa November 19 - 22, 2015 San Diego, California Program Committee Chairs: Dismas A. Masolo, University of Louisville Derek R. Peterson, University of Michigan Local Arrangements Committee Chairs: Robert Cancel, University of California, San Diego Arianna Huhn, California State University, San Bernardino and San Diego State University 1 Program Theme The theme of this year’s Annual Meeting is The State and the Study of Africa. The apparatus of African statecraft was assembled in haste. The entirety of Uganda’s legal code had to be pushed through the National Assembly in the space of the six weeks leading up to independence on October 1962. Prime Minister Milton Obote was tinkering with the wording of the national anthem up to the deadline set by the printers of the program for the independence celebrations. The Gold Coast politician Kwame Nkrumah was imprisoned by the colonial administration in 1950. When Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party won the general election of February 1951, Nkrumah was released from his prison cell and formed a government the following day. Guinea voted for independence on 28 September 1958, and became an independent nation four days later. Departing French administrators stripped government offices of telephones, file cabinets and other accoutrements of bureaucracy, and sternly warned the United States and other powers against granting aid to the new country. Once ex-colonies were baptized in the waters of independence, all of the contingencies were washed away. African states immediately set about building the nation. Here universities played a critically important role.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia Western Sahara Association
    Submission No 115 Review of Australia’s Relationship with the Countries of Africa Name: Cate Lewis Vice-President Organisation: Australia Western Sahara Association Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade AFRICA ENQUIRY Second Submission from the Australia Western Sahara Association to the Parliamentary Inquiry into Australia’s Relationship with the Countries of Africa The Africa Enquiry must have expected a difference of opinion between Australia Western Sahara Association and the Kingdom of Morocco, because its chair wrote to the Ambassador to point out AWSA’s submission calling for a halt in phosphate imports to Australia. It may not have expected there to be errors of fact in the Ambassador’s submission (No 108). AWSA seeks to correct five of these. If any member wishes to be given references to show that the International Court of Justice did not regard Morocco’s claim to Western Sahara as legitimate please say, but this is well known. For an up-to-date summary of the issue we recommend : Anna Theofilopoulou, (who worked closely with James Baker during his negotiations and has since become a seasoned commentator) in The Global Dispatches, February 2011 : http://www.theglobaldispatches.com/articles/western-sahara 1 Under Background p 3 Western Sahara is with two UN bodies: the Decolonization Committee and the Security Council “After signing the Madrid Accord (November 1975) the treatment of the issue of the Sahara has shifted from Chapter VI …to Chapter VIII. Not in the view of the United Nations: Western Sahara remains on the books of the UN Fourth Committee on Decolonization, which considers the subject every year.
    [Show full text]
  • House of Representatives Subcommittee on Africa Hearings on the Conflict in Western Sahara and U
    House of Representatives Subcommittee on Africa Hearings on the Conflict in Western Sahara and U. S. Policy Statement by Professor Anne Lippert, Ohio Northern University, Ada, Ohio July 23, 1979 Mr. Chairman: (I have visited the refugee camps of the Saharawis of Western Sahara (in the area around Tindouf, Algeria) three times. I spent two weeks in the camps in 1977, ten days in 1978. This summer I traversed part of the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic (the former Spanish Sahara) during a ten day period.) The Saharan Arab Democratic Republic is a territory about 110,000 square miles, approximately the size of Colorado, or about one half the size of France and just slightly smaller than Italy. Spanish colonizers gave 75,000 persons as the population, but there are reasons to believe that that num­ ber is considerably less than the actual population. Reasons for the dis­ crepancy include the following: 1) a largely nomadic population during the Spanish protectorate; 2) Spanish efforts (aided by France and Morocco in the 1950's) at repression of the Saharawis in the 1950's and 1960's which caused a good many of the Saharawis to flee to Mauritania, southern Morocco, Algeria and the Canaries; 3) Spain's desire to retain the territory (lack of a suf­ ficient population is still being used today as an argument for approval of Morocco's invasion of the territory). There are presently over 100,000 Sa­ harawis in the refugee camps near Tindouf, Algeria (persons who fled to that area from the S.A.D.R.
    [Show full text]
  • Minority Rights Group International : Mauritania : Haratin
    Minority Rights Group International : Mauritania : Haratin World Directory of Minorities Africa MRG Directory –> Mauritania –> Haratin Haratin Profile The black African origin of Haratins (‘Black Moors') is beyond doubt. Their language, culture and identity are, however, Arab, the product of centuries of enslavement to Beydan masters. Beydan (‘White Moors') are descended from Berber Arabs and black African groups from the Sahara. Beydan and Haritines can appear racially indistinct and both speak dialects of Hassaniyya related to Bedouin Arabic. Moor society is traditionally divided on social and descent criteria. The slave community is divided into three levels: the total subject, the part slave, and the true Haratin. The government has long described all forms of slave as ‘haratine' or ‘newly freed', thus implying the end of slavery. Historical context In post-colonial Mauritania, urbanization and migration to some extent broke down the slave system, and certain districts of the capital Nouakchott became a haven for escaped slaves. These escapees formed the basis of the emancipation movement El Hor (the free), formed in 1974. El Hor argued that emancipation was impossible without practical measures to enforce anti-slavery laws and provide former slaves with the means to gain economic independence. To this end, it called for land reform and encouraged Haratins to set up agricultural co-operatives. El Hor's emphasis on social issues and its demand for redress and justice inevitably brought it into confrontation with the government. A substantial number of the movement's leaders were arrested, tortured and many of them exiled at the end of the 1970s. In January 1980, a military coup brought President Mohamad Khouna Ould Haidallah to power, whose government embarked on a policy of undermining the El Hor movement by appearing to satisfy its demands.
    [Show full text]
  • NON EU WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein, the Holy See, Andorra, Monaco and San Marino)
    1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword by Federica Mogherini...................................................................... 3 THEMATIC PART 1. Introduction ............................................................................................... 5 2. The EU Human Rights Approach to Conflicts and Crises .........................11 3. Addressing the Main Human Rights and Democracy Challenges ............18 4. Human Rights throughout EU External Policies ..................................... 36 GEOGRAPHICAL PART I. Candidate countries and potential candidates ........................................ 39 II. EEA/EFTA Countries ................................................................................ 46 III. European Neighbourhood Pocy .............................................................. 49 IV. Russia and Central Asia ........................................................................... 84 V. Africa ....................................................................................................... 97 VI. Arabian Peninsula.......................... ........................................................ 172 VII. Asia .........................................................................................................182 VIII. Oceania .................................................................................................. 227 IX. The Americas ........................................................................................ 247 List of Acronyms and Initialisms ...............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • EXILE, CAMPS, and CAMELS Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge Among Sahrawi Refugees
    EXILE, CAMPS, AND CAMELS Recovery and adaptation of subsistence practices and ethnobiological knowledge among Sahrawi refugees GABRIELE VOLPATO Exile, Camps, and Camels: Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge among Sahrawi Refugees Gabriele Volpato Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr P. Howard Professor of Gender Studies in Agriculture, Wageningen University Honorary Professor in Biocultural Diversity and Ethnobiology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, UK Other members Prof. Dr J.W.M. van Dijk, Wageningen University Dr B.J. Jansen, Wageningen University Dr R. Puri, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK Prof. Dr C. Horst, The Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway This research was conducted under the auspices of the CERES Graduate School Exile, Camps, and Camels: Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge among Sahrawi Refugees Gabriele Volpato Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Monday 20 October 2014 at 11 a.m. in the Aula. Gabriele Volpato Exile, Camps, and Camels: Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge among Sahrawi Refugees, 274 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) With references, with summaries in Dutch and English ISBN 978-94-6257-081-8 To my mother Abstract Volpato, G. (2014). Exile, Camps, and Camels: Recovery and Adaptation of Subsistence Practices and Ethnobiological Knowledge among Sahrawi Refugees. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands. With summaries in English and Dutch, 274 pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Letter and and Schooling, the U.S
    Volume V, No. 1 SPSC June, 1984 LET TER SAHARAWI REFUGEES NEED ASSISTANCE . WILL cal assistance to Morocco in its war effort. U. S. CITIZENS HELP WITH FOOD AND MEDICINE? It is time that the Saharawis learn that there Since 1978 the SPSC has been involved in pro­ are Americans who understand their desire for viding information about the conflict in West­ self-determination and who want to assist ern Sahara to interested persons in the U.S. the efforts of the refugees to survive. There has been talk from time to time about providing some assistance to the Saharawi Those persons who send from $7 - $14 refugees in the Tindouf area refugee camps. in donations for the Saharawi refugees will but although support groups in France, Bel­ receive a copy of a new poster (20" x 30", gium, Japan, Austria, Spain, Denmark, Italy, full-color) printed by the European Coordi­ the Netherlands, West Germany, Sweden, Swit­ nating Conference. Persons sending donations zerland and elsewhere have provided food, over $20 will receive two posters. Make clothing, medicines, materials for shelter your checks payable to the SPSC Letter and and schooling, the U.S. SPSC has not done mark the check, donation for Saharawi refu­ so to date. (Some medicine has been pro­ gees. vided through the U.S. Committee on Africa. Support groups in other Western nations have Send your donation today to SPSC Letter, hosted summer visits of Saharawi children.) 217 E. Lehr, Ada, Ohio 45810. Your do­ nation will be acknowledged and the funds Requests for assistance for the Saharawis have sent to buy the foods and medicine necessary.
    [Show full text]