80 CLERKENWELL ROAD London EC1M
London Borough of Islington
Historic environment assessment
February 2014
© Museum of London Archaeology 2014 Museum of London Archaeology Mortimer Wheeler House 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 020 7410 2200 | fax 020 410 2201 www.museumoflondonarchaeology.org.uk general enquiries: [email protected]
80 Clerkenwell Road London EC1M
An historic environment assessment
NGR 531745 182125
Sign-off history: Issue Date: Prepared by: Checked by Approved by: Reason for Issue: No. 1 14.02.2014 Coralie Acheson Jon Chandler Laura O’Gorman First issue Jonathan Lead Consultant Contract Manager Hutchings (Archaeology) Judit Peresztegi (Graphics)
Y code: P0198
Museum of London Archaeology Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED tel 0207 410 2200 fax 0207 410 2201 email:[email protected]
Museum of London Archaeology is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales with company registration number 07751831 and charity registration number 1143574. Registered office: Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf Road, London N1 7ED
Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
Contents
Executive summary 1
1 Introduction 2 1.1 Origin and scope of the report 2 1.2 Designated heritage assets 2 1.3 Aims and objectives 3
2 Methodology and sources consulted 4
3 Site location, topography and geology 6 3.1 Site location 6 3.2 Topography 6 3.3 Geology 6
4 Archaeological and historical background 8 4.1 Overview of past investigations 8 4.2 Chronological summary 8
5 Statement of significance 13 5.1 Introduction 13 5.2 Factors affecting archaeological survival 13 5.3 Archaeological potential and significance 13
6 Impact of proposals 15 6.1 Proposals 15 6.2 Implications 15
7 Conclusion and recommendations 16
8 Gazetteer of known historic environment assets 16
9 Planning framework 23 9.1 Statutory protection 23 9.2 National Planning Policy Framework 23 9.3 Greater London regional policy 25 9.4 Local planning policy 26
10 Determining significance 26
11 Non-archaeological constraints 30
12 Glossary 31
13 Bibliography 33 13.1 Published and documentary sources 33 13.2 Other Sources 33 13.3 Cartographic sources 33 i P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
13.4 Available site survey information checklist 34
Figures
Cover: View of the site, looking north-west (MOLA, 03.02.2014)
Fig 1 Site location Fig 2 Historic environment features map Fig 3 Location of the site within the Inner Precinct of the medieval Priory of St John of Jerusalem Fig 4 Plan showing a reconstruction of the likely subsoil topography of the study area based on archaeological investigations (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 19) Fig 5 Priory precinct conjectured layout in the mid 12th century (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 41) Fig 6 Priory precinct conjectured layout in the late 12th to late 13th centuries (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 62) Fig 7 Priory precinct conjectured layout in the 14th and 15th centuries (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 89) Fig 8 Priory precinct conjectured layout in the late 15th and 16th centuries (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 131) Fig 9 The Agas map of c1562 Fig 10 Faithorne and Newcourt's map of 1658 Fig 11 Ogilby and Morgan's map of 1676 Fig 12 Rocque's map of 1746 Fig 13 Horwood's map of 1799 (revised 1813) Fig 14 Ordnance Survey 1st edition 25":mile map of 1877–78 Fig 15 Ordnance Survey 2nd edition 25":mile map of 1896 Fig 16 View of Albermarle way, looking east. The street is at a slightly lower level than the surrounding buildings (MOLA, 03.02.2014) Fig 17 Gatehouse, formerly the entrance into the Inner Precinct of the Priory (MOLA, 03.02.2014) Fig 18 View of the site, looking south-west (MOLA, 03.02.2014) Fig 19 Pavement lights on Clerkenwell Road on the southern side of the site (MOLA, 03.02.2014) Fig 20 View of one of the 'square' vaults with pavement lights in the northern part of the basement (MOLA, 03.02.2014) Fig 21 View of the basement, looking south. One of the 'rounded' vaults can be seen on the southern side of the room (MOLA, 03.02.2014) Fig 22 Existing ground floor plan with areas of proposed demolition highlighted (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P100/a, 14.02.2014) Fig 23 Existing basement plan with areas of proposed demolition highlighted (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P099/A, 14.02.2014) Fig 24 North-south section through the site as existing with areas of proposed demolition highlighted (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P131/A, 14.02.2014) ii P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
Fig 25 Proposed ground floor plan (BenAdamsArchtiects, dwg no. P200/A, 14.02.2014) Fig 26 Proposed basement plan (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P199/A, 14.02.2014) Fig 27 North-south section through the site as proposed (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P501/A, 14.02.2014) Fig 28 Plan of the assumed area of underpinning (Fluid Structures, 11.02.2014)
Note: site outlines may appear differently on some figures owing to distortions in historic maps. North is approximate on early maps.
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Executive summary
Croudace Properties has commissioned Museum of London Archaeology to carry out a historic environment assessment in advance of proposed development at 80 Clerkenwell Road, in the London Borough of Islington. The scheme comprises the refurbishment and extension of the existing mid-20th century building, including a rooftop extension, and a new rear (north) façade extending the upper floors outwards in line with the lower floors. This would be accompanied by underpinning and drainage works below the existing foundation slab, currently known to comprise underpinning in the northern part of the site, but the full extent of which are not yet known. This desk-based study assesses the impact on buried heritage assets (archaeological remains). Although above ground heritage assets (historic structures) are not discussed in detail, they have been noted where they assist in the archaeological interpretation of the site. The construction of the existing basement, which occupies the entire site footprint, will have heavily truncated any archaeological remains on the site, although there is the possibility that some fragmentary archaeological remains survive below the basement slab, between deeper foundations. These may include: • Medieval burials, such as those found c 30m north-west at 2 Albermarle Way, which would be remains of high heritage significance; • Medieval remains associated with the Priory of the Order of St John. Although the site was located in the inner precinct it was located away from the principal buildings and possibly within an open area used as a garden. Garden soils would be of low significance. Structural remains of ancillary buildings, if present, would be of medium to high significance; • Post-medieval remains such as wells, cess pits or foundations relating to the Pewter Platter Inn and later buildings on the site. Such remains would be of low significance. Archaeological investigations in the area have found no in situ prehistoric remains, suggesting that evidence of early activity in the area has been removed by later development. The site lay in an area outside of the centres of settlement in the Roman and early medieval (Saxon) periods, although it is close to the line of a Roman road. The proposed development involves no change in the basement floor level and possible archaeological impacts would be confined to the proposed underpinning of the existing foundations and new drainage. Underpinning of the existing foundations in the north of the site will be required. The extent of any further underpinning and below slab drainage is not currently known. Although the full extent of the below slab works required has yet to be determined, works are most likely to be localised. Any surviving archaeological remains within the site would be removed locally and their significance reduced to low or negligible. Further clarification on the extent of below ground works/underpinning and services would be required, however impacts are most likely to be localised. Given that the site has some potential for archaeological survival, albeit fragmentary, it is recommended that an Archaeological Watching Brief be carried out during all ground reduction/excavation. This would ensure that all archaeological remains are recorded prior to their removal. Such work would need to be undertaken in accordance with an approved Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) and could be carried out under the terms of a standard planning condition. A Burial Licence from the Ministry of Justice would be required prior to the removal and re-internment of any human remains, if present, and this would need to be considered in advance to avoid delays in the construction programme.
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1 Introduction
1.1 Origin and scope of the report 1.1.1 Croudace Properties has commissioned Museum of London Archaeology (MOLA) to carry out a historic environment assessment in advance of proposed development at 80 Clerkenwell Road, London, EC1M (National Grid Reference 531745 182125: Fig 1). The scheme comprises the refurbishment and extension of the existing mid- 20th century building, including a rooftop extension, and a new rear (north) façade extending the upper floors outwards in line with the lower floors. This would be accompanied by underpinning and drainage works below the existing foundation slab, currently known to comprise underpinning in the northern part of the site, but the full extent of which are not yet known. 1.1.2 This desk-based study assesses the impact of the scheme on buried heritage assets (archaeological remains). It forms an initial stage of investigation of the area of proposed development (hereafter referred to as the ‘site’) and may be required in relation to the planning process in order that the local planning authority (LPA) can formulate an appropriate response in the light of the impact upon any known or possible heritage assets. These are parts of the historic environment which are considered to be significant because of their historic, evidential, aesthetic and/or communal interest. 1.1.3 This report deals solely with the archaeological implications of the development and does not cover possible built heritage issues, except where buried parts of historic fabric are likely to be affected. Above ground assets (ie, designated and undesignated historic structures and conservation areas) on the site or in the vicinity that are relevant to the archaeological interpretation of the site are discussed. Whilst the significance of above ground assets is not assessed in this archaeological report, direct physical impacts upon such arising from the development proposals are noted. The report does not assess issues in relation to the setting of above ground assets (eg visible changes to historic character and views). 1.1.4 The assessment has been carried out in accordance with the requirements of the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) (DCLG 2012; see section 10 of this report) and to standards specified by the Institute for Archaeologists (IfA Oct 2012/Nov 2012), English Heritage (2008), and the Greater London Archaeological Advisory Service (GLAAS 2009). Under the ‘Copyright, Designs and Patents Act’ 1988 MOLA retains the copyright to this document. 1.1.5 Note: within the limitations imposed by dealing with historical material and maps, the information in this document is, to the best knowledge of the author and MOLA, correct at the time of writing. Further archaeological investigation, more information about the nature of the present buildings, and/or more detailed proposals for redevelopment may require changes to all or parts of the document.
1.2 Designated heritage assets 1.2.1 The site does not contain any nationally designated (protected) heritage assets, such as scheduled monuments, listed buildings or registered parks and gardens. The site lies within an archaeological priority area. It is within the Clerkenwell Green Conservation Area. 1.2.2 There is a possibility that human remains might survive within the site. The site is located in an area used for burial during the medieval period, although the depth of the current basement implies that burials, if present within the area of the site, would have been removed by 19th and 20th century construction. If any human remains were to survive however, the Ministry of Justice would need to be notified, who may also need to issue an Exhumation Licence.
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1.3 Aims and objectives 1.3.1 The aim of the assessment is to: • identify the presence of any known or potential buried heritage assets that may be affected by the proposals; • describe the significance of such assets, as required by national planning policy (see section 9 for planning framework and section 10 for methodology used to determine significance); • assess the likely impacts upon the significance of the assets arising from the proposals; and • provide recommendations to further assessment where necessary of the historic assets affected, and/or mitigation aimed at reducing or removing completely any adverse impacts upon buried heritage assets and/or their setting.
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2 Methodology and sources consulted
2.1.1 For the purposes of this report the documentary and cartographic sources, including results from any archaeological investigations in the site and a study area around it were examined in order to determine the likely nature, extent, preservation and significance of any buried heritage assets that may be present within the site or its immediate vicinity and has been used to determine the potential for previously unrecorded heritage assets of any specific chronological period to be present within the site. 2.1.2 In order to set the site into its full archaeological and historical context, information was collected on the known historic environment features within a 100m-radius study area around the area of proposed development, as held by the primary repositories of such information within Greater London. Additionally data from a wider 200m radius study area was considered but not included unless directly considered relevant to the site. These comprise the Greater London Historic Environment Record (HER) and the London Archaeological Archive and Resource Centre (LAARC). The HER is managed by English Heritage and includes information from past investigations, local knowledge, find spots, and documentary and cartographic sources. LAARC includes a public archive of past investigations and is managed by the Museum of London. The study area was considered through professional judgement to be appropriate to characterise the historic environment of the site. Occasionally there may be reference to assets beyond this study area, where appropriate, e.g., where such assets are particularly significant and/or where they contribute to current understanding of the historic environment. 2.1.3 In addition, the following sources were consulted: • MOLA – Geographical Information System, the deposit survival archive, published historic maps and archaeological publications; • English Heritage – information on statutory designations including scheduled monuments and listed buildings ; • The London Society Library – published histories and journals; • London Metropolitan Archive – historic maps and published histories; • Landmark – historic Ordnance Survey maps from the first edition (1860– 70s) to the present day; • British Geological Survey (BGS) – solid and drift geology digital map; online BGS geological borehole record data; • Croudace Properties – architectural drawings and existing site plans (BenAdams Architects, 2014); and • Internet - web-published material including LPA local plan, and information on conservation areas and locally listed buildings. 2.1.4 The assessment included a site visit carried out on the 3rd of February 2014 in order to determine the topography of the site and nature of the existing buildings on the site, and to provide further information on areas of possible past ground disturbance and general historic environment potential. This included an inspection of the existing buildings. Observations made on the site visit have been incorporated into this report. 2.1.5 Fig 2 shows the location of known historic environment features within the study area. These have been allocated a unique historic environment assessment reference number (HEA 1, 2, etc), which is listed in a gazetteer at the back of this report and is referred to in the text. Conservation areas and Archaeological Priority Areas are not shown. 2.1.6 Section 10 sets out the criteria used to determine the significance of heritage assets. This is based on four values set out in English Heritage’s Conservation
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principles, policies and guidance (2008), and comprise evidential, historical, aesthetic and communal value. The report assesses the likely presence of such assets within (and beyond) the site, factors which may have compromised buried asset survival (i.e. present and previous land use), as well as possible significance. 2.1.7 Section 12 contains a glossary of technical terms. A full bibliography and list of sources consulted may be found in section 13. This section includes non- archaeological constraints and a list of existing site survey data obtained as part of the assessment.
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3 Site location, topography and geology
3.1 Site location 3.1.1 The site is 80 Clerkenwell Road (NGR 531745 182125: Fig 1). The site is bounded by Clerkenwell Road to the south, St John Street to the east, Albermarle Way to the north and 82 Clerkenwell Road to the west. The site falls within the historic parish of St John Clerkenwell, and lay within the county of Middlesex prior to being absorbed into the administration of the Greater London Borough of Islington. 3.1.2 The site lies c 320m east of the course of the River Fleet, which now lies culverted under Farringdon Street (Fig 3). The site is c 1.3km north of the River Thames.
3.2 Topography 3.2.1 Topography can provide an indication of suitability for settlement, and ground levels can indicate whether the ground has been built up or truncated, which can have implications for archaeological survival (see section 5.2). 3.2.2 The site lies on the eastern side of the valley formed by the Fleet River. The ground levels in the western part of the study area reflect this, sloping downwards from east to west. Ordnance Survey spot heights show that ground level at the junction between St John Street and Clerkenwell road, immediately south-east of the site, is 18.0m above Ordnance Datum (OD). This falls to 16.9m OD at the junction of Clerkenwell Road and St John’s Square, c 30m south-west of the site. Within the broader topography of the surrounding landscape there are also variations in ground level immediately around the site. Albermarle Way has a lower ground level than that of the buildings on lining it, which may reflect the gradual building up of the ground level on either side of the street during the post-medieval period. Archaeological investigations on the northern side of Albermarle Way, c 25m north- west of the site, recorded the ground level as being c 18.5m OD, although Albermarle Way itself has a lower level of c 17.3m OD (DGLA 1989, HEA 1 and 2). There is also a slight slope down from the site, northwards into Albermarle Way, which was observed on the site visit (Fig 16). 3.2.3 The modern ground levels and modern development has obscured the original topography in the area around the site. A subsurface model of the original topography is presented in a MOLA monograph of the Priory of the Order of St John (Sloane and Malcolm 2004), and reproduced as Fig 4. Based on the results of past archaeological investigations, this suggests that the church and principal buildings of the priory occupied the top of a low hill at around 17.0m OD, c 85m to the north- west of the site, whilst the site lay on the eastern side of the hill at c 13.5m OD. The model is useful in that it helps provide an indication of the potential depth of natural deposits and possible archaeological remains (see para 3.3.6 below).
3.3 Geology 3.3.1 Geology can provide an indication of suitability for early settlement, and potential depth of remains. 3.3.2 London occupies part of the Thames Basin, a broad syncline of chalk filled in the centre with Tertiary sands and clays. In the City, and in most of London, this Tertiary series of bed-rock consists of London Clay. Above the bed-rock lie the Pleistocene (Quaternary) fluvial deposits of the River Thames arranged in flights or gravel terraces. These terraces represent the remains of former floodplains of the river, the highest being the oldest with each terrace becoming progressively younger down the valley side. 3.3.3 The site lies upon the terrace of the Hackney Gravel Formation (British Geological Survey 1:10,000 solid and drift geology map), which is capped in places by a layer of brickearth, a sandy silt which in London is called the ‘Langley Silt Formation’. This 6 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
is a fine-grained silt believed to have accumulated by a mixture of processes (eg wind, slope and freeze-thaw) mostly since the Last Glacial Maximum around 17,000BP. While the BGS mapping does not show brickearth present in the area it was recorded on archaeological investigations in Albermarle Way (HEA 2) to the immediate north of the site. If untruncated the top of the brickearth can provide an indicator of the level of historic land surfaces. 3.3.4 The levels of the natural gravel and brickearth have been recorded during excavations in the study area. It appears that originally the northern part of the modern day St John’s Square, c 85m to the north-west of the site was at the top of a low, saddle shaped hill, with a flat plateau at its top, where the untruncated gravel would have been around 17.2m OD (Fig 4). The levels of the gravels drop off sharply to the west towards the River Fleet. The fall in the levels towards the east of this plateau, forming a low channel along St John Street has led to the supposition that a watercourse may have run along the route of this road. Gravels recorded on the eastern side of St John Street indicate a downward slope to the east, which is mirrored by findings of a westward downwards slope in the gravel surface on the other side of the street (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 18–19). 3.3.5 A watching brief at 2 Albermarle Way, c 30m to the north-west of the site (HEA 2) recorded the untruncated top of the brickearth (a very thin layer over the gravel it is noted) at 13.4–13.5m OD (DGLA 1989). This was c 3.9m below ground level (mbgl), although this can only be estimated from the level of the top of the basement slab (14.3m OD) and the approximate depth of the basement given in the report (around 3.0m). 3.3.6 Ground levels in the area of the site have changed dramatically since the medieval period, reflecting the building up of the ground during successive phases of building and demolition. Modelling of the original subsurface topography of the area, based on levels recorded during numerous archaeological investigations in the area (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 19), would suggest that the top of the brickearth in the site would have originally lain between 12.0–13.0m OD, around 0.5m below the level recorded higher up the slope at 2 Albermarle Way.
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4 Archaeological and historical background
4.1 Overview of past investigations 4.1.1 There have been no archaeological investigations in the site in the past. The site lies within the Inner Precinct of the medieval Priory of St John of Jerusalem (Fig 3) and as a result developments in the area have been closely accompanied by archaeological investigation. There have been 18 archaeological investigations within 100m of the site, 14 of which have been within either the Inner or Outer Precincts of the Priory. While the majority of these investigations have been small scale watching briefs or evaluations, the combination of these with the smaller number of larger excavations, and the density of investigation, mean that the archaeology of the area is well understood. 4.1.2 The archaeological investigations have revealed substantial evidence for the medieval and post-medieval development of the area. No identifiably prehistoric, Roman or early medieval remains have been found, although a layer of agricultural soil predating the 12th century monastic foundation could date to an earlier period (HEA 2). The footings of medieval walls and associated pits and surfaces have been found on a number of the sites (HEA 4–7, 10, 15 and 16) and skeletons from the medieval cemetery were found on two sites (HEA 2 and 5). Post-medieval remains were found on nearly every site, reflecting the suburban development of the area from an early period. The results of these investigations, along with other known sites and finds within the study area, are discussed by period, below. The date ranges below are approximate.
4.2 Chronological summary
Prehistoric period (800,000 BC–AD 43) 4.2.1 The GLHER records that a Palaeolithic perforated antler hoe was found by chance in 1914 (HEA 32), c 95m north-west of the site. There are no other finds within the study area despite a number of archaeological investigations. Whilst the area would have been suitable for settlement during the prehistoric period, much of the ancient landsurface is likely to have been truncated by later activity from the later medieval onwards.
Roman period (AD 43–410) 4.2.2 Shortly after the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43, the main settlement of London (Londinium) was established on the north side of the Thames, c 750m south of the site. The first settlement of Londinium was destroyed during Queen Boudicca’s revolt of AD 60, however London was soon rebuilt and became the centre of government for the province. By AD 410, with increasing attacks from Saxons and other tribes, Rome renounced its responsibility of Londinium. 4.2.3 Little is known about the surrounding area of the site during this period. It is likely that the site lay close to a Roman road which is believed to have followed a line which may have passed through the south-eastern corner of the site (Fig 2). The road may have originally been a pre-London trackway (Margary 1967, 57). However no archaeological evidence of the road has been recorded within the vicinity of the site and its exact location is currently unknown, its course merely a projection between known points on the road some distance to the east and west of the site. 4.2.4 No evidence of Roman occupation or activity has been recorded within the study area. In all likelihood, during this period the site lay in open fields, outside the main settlement.
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Early medieval (Saxon) period (AD 410–1066) 4.2.5 Following the withdrawal of the Roman administration from England in the early 5th century AD the whole south-east of the country fell into an extended period of socio- economic decline. The walled Roman city was apparently largely abandoned. In the 7th to 9th centuries the trading port of Lundenwic developed in the area now occupied by Aldwych, the Strand and Covent Garden (Cowie and Blackmore 2008, xv). 4.2.6 Archaeological investigations have revealed evidence for early Saxon activity in the Clerkenwell area on the eastern side of the River Fleet (this followed the route of modern Farringdon Road). This has taken the form of dispersed settlement and small-scale industry or craft working. Excavations 47–49 St John’s Square, c 60m to the north-west of the site (HEA 5) revealed pits containing pottery dated to AD 450– 550 (Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 21, Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 21). In the 19th century, glass beads and a pair of glass earrings, dated to the later 6th or 7th century, were found near Farringdon Station, c 220m to the south of the site (Vince 1990, 109). Excavations at Cowcross Street, c 240m to the south of the site, revealed two graves of possible late 6th to 7th century date (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 24), possibly part of a cemetery on the border of Clerkenwell and Smithfield (Cowie and Blackmore 2008, 22). 4.2.7 In the late 9th century, the old Roman city c 750m to the south of the site was reoccupied in response to devastating Viking raids. Around the 9th and 10th century, the Saxon Minster system began to be replaced by local parochial organisation, with formal areas of land centred on nucleated settlements served by a parish church. The site lay within an area later known as Clerkenwell. The nature of the landholding in this period is unclear, and there was apparently no settlement centre until the later medieval period (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 24).
Later medieval period (AD 1066–1485) 4.2.8 Throughout this period the site lay within the inner precinct of the Priory of the Order of St John of Jerusalem, on its eastern side (Fig 3). Following the Norman Conquest of 1066, the area of Clerkenwell was acquired by the Bricett family. By the 12th century, monasteries and other religious houses were being set up on the open land around the city, and it was in 1144, that a knight, Jordan de Bricett, gave a part of his land for the construction of the Priory of the Order of St John of Jerusalem. The priory became the English ‘Provincial’ headquarters for the Knights Hospitaller, and controlled the produce and income from estates in England and Wales, and dispensed charity. 4.2.9 The early layout of the priory has been reconstructed from documentary sources and the results of archaeological investigations in the MoLAS Monograph of the Priory of St John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell (Sloane and Malcolm, 2004, see Fig 5– Fig 8). There was a chapel or church, first mentioned in 1185 (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 27). The earliest structure mentioned in documentary sources is dated to c 1163, when the precinct wall is described as ‘the wall of the curia of the Hospital of Jerusalem (ibid., 27). By the late 12th century, the priory would have consisted of a church; dwellings for the Prior, monks, chaplains and visitors; storage and service buildings; possibly an infirmary hall or hospice and a granary within the precinct wall. 4.2.10 The original church (HEA 45) was located on the site of the existing St John Clerkenwell parish church (HEA 23), c 55m to the north-west of the site. The crypt was recorded during an archaeological watching brief (HEA 6) c 55m to the north- west of the site. The remains of the gatehouse (HEA 27) which allowed access to the priory precinct from the south from St John’s Lane (off St John’s Street), are located c 70m to the south-west of the site (Fig 17). It is likely that during the early part of the Priory’s existence (between AD 1144 and AD 1185) the site was located within the inner precinct, south-east of the church (Fig 5). A layer of worked soil, 9 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
containing chalk fragments, mortar and charcoal, was recorded at 2 Albermarle Way, c 30m north-west of the site (HEA 2). This was thought to be a 12th or 13th century deposit, laid down after the foundation of the monastery. There was no evidence at that site of any structures relating to this layer which may indicate that the area was largely open land within the precinct, although the investigation was a small scale watching brief during underpinning so this is not conclusive. The outer precinct, to the south of the site, would have contained houses for brethren who did not warrant official residences within the inner precinct. It was also the commercial centre of the priory, attracting local artisans and traders (ibid., 203) 4.2.11 Between AD 1185 and AD 1280 radical development of the church took place. The original single isle chancel was demolished, the crypt was expanded to three times its original size and a new three isle chancel was constructed above (ibid., 43, Fig 6). Parts of this later phase of construction were observed during the archaeological watching brief (HEA 6) c 55m to the north-west. A range of conventual (ie relating to the priory) buildings were also probably constructed during this time to the north of the church. It is likely that at this time the site continued to occupy and area outside the main area of buildings near the precinct wall, perhaps used for kitchens and yards. 4.2.12 The church underwent another radical alteration after AD 1280, with the round nave was replaced by a narrower rectangular nave (Fig 7). Attached to its north side was the ‘Great Chamber’, which served as a private room for the Prior. On the south side was the cloister (ibid., 71). Burials have been found within several parts of the Inner Precinct. Excavation at 47–49 St John’s Court, c 55m north-west of the site, found 13 skeletons; the remains of a lay cemetery (HEA 5). Further south, perhaps reflecting an extension to the cemetery area, or an area of burial for people of lower status, two burials were recorded at 2 Albermarle Way, c 30m north-west of the site (HEA 2). Both burials were orientated from east to west (head at the western end), and were 1.4m apart. One of the burials, which was left in situ, had stain around the body, indicating a coffin burial. The other was an adult male, not yet middle-aged, whose bones indicated that he had been engaged in heavy physical activity and had poor dental health. He had been buried wrapped in a shroud, a crudely made shroud pin surviving in the grave cut (DGLA 1989; Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 125). The wear and tear on the man’s skeleton make it unlikely that he was a monk, and may have been a lay brother engaged in manual work, or a visitor to the hospital.
Post-medieval period (AD 1485–present) 4.2.13 At the beginning of this period the priory underwent further major development, with the construction of a range of buildings both to the north and west of the church (Fig 8). Documentary evidence indicates that in the 15th–16th century the south-eastern corner of the Inner Precinct, where the site is located, was the location of the Lavenders garden (ibid., 136, Fig 8). It is likely therefore that the site lay within open ground during this period. 4.2.14 In 1537, King Henry VIII took control of the Priory of St John, and in May 1540 the Act of Dissolution was passed (ibid, 222). In 1546, Henry granted or sold parts of the inner precinct to John Dudley, Lord de Lisle but the King continued to protect the Hospital buildings of St John from demolition. Almost a year following the King’s death in January 1547 Dudley granted the land at St John’s back to Henry VIII’s only surviving son, Edward VI, and in 1548 the young King granted the site of the priory to his eldest sister Mary, who quickly moved her household here and lived in a semi-regal style (ibid, 223). In 1549 Edward VI ordered that the church, the side isles and the bell tower be undermined and exploded with gun powder. During the brief Catholic reign of Queen Mary I some attempt was made to restore the priory, but on the accession of Mary’s protestant half-sister, Elizabeth in 1558, brought all restoration to an abrupt halt, and the surviving buildings were put to a mundane use. 4.2.15 One of the buildings still to survive at this time was the Great Hall, and in 1568 (the
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tenth year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I) the hall was described as containing water pipes which ran from Jerusalem passage and the inner courtyard on the south side of the Great Hall (ibid, 228). 4.2.1 The 16th and early 17th-century maps of the area are pictorial not accurate in detail, and Agas’ map of c 1562 (Fig 9) seems to have conflated some of the former buildings of the priory. It does, however, show a boundary that appears to be the precinct wall. While the exact location of the site is difficult to establish due to the perspective it is likely it is in an area of buildings just east of the large gatehouse, which had formerly been the entrance to the inner precinct, and which can be seen on the map. 4.2.2 Faithorne and Newcourt’s map of 1658 (Fig 10) shows that the site was occupied by three terrace buildings fronting onto St John’s Street, and one smaller building running perpendicular at the rear. These buildings are shown to have a walled garden to their rear. 4.2.3 Ogilby and Morgan’s map of 1676 (Fig 11) shows that the site lay immediately to the south of the formal gardens of Aylesbury House, which had been established within the area of the former monastery. The site lay partially within the footprint of terraced houses, with yards to the rear, fronting onto St John Street. The western part of the site would have been within the open courtyard and buildings relating to the Pewter Platter Inn (labelled A8). Morgan’s slightly later map of 1682 (not reproduced) shows no change in the layout of the buildings on the site. 4.2.4 Rocque’s map of 1746 (Fig 12) does not show the buildings and open yards in detail, but it can be seen that, broadly, the site lay in the north-eastern corner of a block of buildings centred around a courtyard, which is labelled with the name of the Inn which would have been based within at least some of the surrounding buildings, the Pewter Platter, which was previously labelled on the 17th century maps. A more detailed view of the site is shown on Horwood’s map of 1799 (Fig 13). The site is shown as having terraced houses fronting onto St John and Albermarle Streets (now ‘Albermarle Way’) with stables or other light industrial buildings behind the houses. The south-western part of the site would have extended into the courtyard at the centre of the block of buildings. 4.2.5 The Ordnance Survey 1st edition 25”:mile map of 1877–78 (Fig 14) indicates that very little had changed in the layout of the site over the course of the 19th century. The site remained occupied by terraced buildings fronting onto Albermarle Street and St John Street, with a courtyard in the centre (the south-west corner of the site). 4.2.6 Considerable change occurred, however, in the last few years of that century. The Ordnance Survey 2nd edition 25”:mile map of 1896 (Fig 15) shows the large scale demolition of buildings in the area, including within the site, to make way for the new Clerkenwell Road to be built to the immediate south of the site. Clerkenwell Road was opened in 1878 (Weinreb and Hibbert 2008, 195). The current site layout was established with the construction of the buildings. It has been reported that the current building was rebuilt following bombing during the Second World War, which is consistent with the architecture. The London County Council bomb damage maps do not show any damage to the site during the war, but they are not exhaustive so this does not mean that this was not the case. Rebuilding had no effect on the mapped layout of the site, however, which has remained unchanged since 1896. 4.2.7 The site today consists of building which covers the entire site, five storeys on the southern side, and three storeys on the northern side (Fig 18), with a basement across the entire site footprint. The current basement has a floor level of c 3.7mbgl (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P131/A, 14.02.2014, Fig 24). 4.2.8 The basement has a number of vaults which extend beneath the pavement (Fig 19). While some of these are square shaped and more clearly of the same date as the building (Fig 20), the majority of these have a low rounded profile (Fig 21). It is possible that these were part of the earlier, late 19th century building, and were incorporated into the newer building on its construction. Other structural elements 11 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014 may also have been incorporated but the existing whitewashing and plaster- boarding present within the basement have hidden the changes.
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5 Statement of significance
5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 The following section discusses past impacts on the site: generally from late 19th and 20th century developments which may have compromised archaeological survival, eg, building foundations or quarrying, identified primarily from historic maps, the site walkover survey, and information on the likely depth of deposits. It goes on to consider factors which are likely to have compromised asset survival. 5.1.2 In accordance with the NPPF, this is followed by a statement on the likely potential and significance of buried heritage assets within the site, derived from current understanding of the baseline conditions, past impacts, and professional judgement.
5.2 Factors affecting archaeological survival
Natural geology 5.2.1 Based on current knowledge, the predicted level of natural geology within the site is as follows: • Current ground level lies at c 18.0m OD (although the precise level is not known) • The top of the untruncated brickearth lies at c 13.0m OD (c 5.0mbgl) – see discussion in section 3.3.
Past impacts 5.2.2 There is moderate archaeological survival potential. The current basement, which occupies the entire footprint of the site, will have truncated archaeological remains but some archaeological survival beneath is possible. 5.2.3 The existing basement slab lies at c 14.3m OD (3.7mbgl). Taking into account the thickness of the slab, the basement formation level might extend down to 13.8m OD (4.2mbgl). Any archaeological remains will have been removed to this depth within the basement footprint; localised remains potentially survive however beneath, between deeper pile caps, lift pits and piled foundations, which will probably have entirely removed remains within the footprint of each. 5.2.4 The only evidence available for the depth of archaeological remains in the immediate vicinity of the site comes from the 1989 watching brief at 2 Albermarle Way, c 30m north-west of the site (HEA 2). Here an 18th century basement had removed any archaeological remains present to c 3.0mbgl (14.3m OD). Archaeological remains survived to a depth of 13.4m OD (c 3.9mbgl), including burials which were recorded at 13.8m OD (c 3.5m OD). 5.2.5 In the absence of any geotechnical information, the exact level of natural within the site - a useful indicator of the approximate depth of archaeological remains - is uncertain. The top of natural brickearth is predicted to lie at c 13.0m OD within the site, reflecting the slope in the original topography towards the east. Based on this, c 0.8m of archaeological deposits potentially survive beneath the basement slab, and to greater depths where features have been cut down into the brickearth (eg pits, ditches, footings of earlier buildings, and graves).
5.3 Archaeological potential and significance 5.3.1 The nature of possible archaeological survival in the area of the proposed development is summarised here, taking into account the levels of natural geology and the level and nature of later disturbance and truncation discussed above. 5.3.2 This section discusses the archaeological potential of the site for each period, based on what we already know about the site and study area (as discussed in 13 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
chronological summary), along with geology, topography, and in particular taking into account past disturbance which may have affected survival (the site may have high potential for activity but with poor survival potential). 5.3.1 The site has a low potential for archaeological remains dating to the prehistoric period. The location of the site on well drained gravels close to the predictable resources of the river Fleet would have been favourable for occupation. Despite this, no evidence of prehistoric activity has been uncovered other than the chance discovery of a Palaeolithic antler tool in 1914 (HEA 32). It is likely that development from the medieval and post-medieval periods has removed much of the earlier land surfaces. 5.3.2 The site has a low potential for archaeological remains dating to the Roman period. Despite the numerous archaeological investigations within the study area no evidence of Roman occupation or activity has been recorded. It is possible that the site lay close to a Roman road or trackway, which may even have run through the south-eastern corner of the site. However no archaeological evidence of this road has been recorded in the vicinity of the site and its approximate route is not confirmed. In all likelihood, during the Roman period, the site lay in open fields or woodland outside the main settlement of Londinium. 5.3.3 The site has a low potential for archaeological remains dating to the early medieval period. There is limited evidence of some small scale use of the area in this period. A pit with Saxon pottery was found c 60m to the north-west of the site and other remains have been found outside the study area to the south and west. Given the density of archaeological investigation in the area and the very small number of early medieval remains which have been recovered there is only considered to be a low potential for further remains to survive within the site. 5.3.4 The site has a high potential for archaeological remains dating to the later medieval period. The site lay in the south-eastern corner of the inner precinct of the Priory of St John of Jerusalem. This in an area which does not appear to have been extensively developed in the later medieval period, instead being a largely open area used for gardens to the south-east of the church and principal buildings, although outbuildings may have been present. An archaeological watching brief c 30m north-west of the site at 2 Albermarle Way (HEA 2) led to the discovery of two medieval burials indicating that this area was used as a cemetery for at least part of this period. As discussed in section 5.2, the survival of any remains of this date is currently uncertain, although they are likely to have been heavily truncated by the existing basement and foundations. Should medieval burials survive within the site these would be heritage assets of high significance, based on their potential evidential and historical value. Structural remains would be of medium to high significance, depending on their survival and extent, while remains of garden soils or other similar medieval layers would be of low significance. 5.3.5 The site has a high potential for archaeological remains dating to the post-medieval period. Historic maps from the 17th century show that the site was developed from at least the 17th century, with buildings along St John Street and what is now Albermarle Way with a courtyard behind. Some of the buildings may have been part of the Pewter Platter Inn, which is noted on the maps in the 17th and 18th centuries. Post-medieval features, particularly deeply cut features such as wells, may survive within the site, although much else will have been removed by the existing basement. They would most likely be heritage assets of low significance based on their potential evidential and historical values.
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6 Impact of proposals
6.1 Proposals 6.1.1 The proposed development comprises the refurbishment and extension of the existing mid-20th century building, including a rooftop extension, and a new rear (north) façade extending the upper floors outwards in line with the lower floors (Fig 22–Fig 27). 6.1.2 These works would be accompanied by localised below slab works comprising of underpinning the existing foundations and installation of new drainage. A plan of the assumed extent of the necessary underpinning indicates that the existing foundations in the northern part of the site would require underpinning, extending into the natural undisturbed gravel (Fluid Structures, 11.02.2014, Fig 28). Assuming that the existing foundations have already removed archaeological remains within their footprint, the excavation for underpinning would require the removal of ground potentially containing remains across c 50m², approximately 15% of the site. The extent of the excavation for the below slab drainage is not currently known. 6.1.3 Extension/deepening of the existing basement is not proposed.
6.2 Implications 6.2.1 The site lies within the inner precinct of the Priory of St John of Jerusalem. Fragmentary remains, of medium or high significance and including burials, potentially survive beneath the existing basement slab. Deep cut post-medieval features of low significance, might also survive. 6.2.2 The proposed underpinning and drainage works below the slab would remove locally any surviving archaeological remains within the footprint of the ground disturbance, reducing their significance to low or negligible. This would currently comprise of underpinning in the northern part of the site. The extent of the drainage works required are not yet known, so the extent of the impact would depend on the scale of below slab interventions required.
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7 Conclusion and recommendations
7.1.1 The site lies within the area of the inner precinct of the medieval Priory of St John of Jerusalem, within an area used as a cemetery for at least part of the medieval period. There is the potential for structural remains, burials and soil layers of medieval date. The construction of the current basement will have removed the majority of archaeological remains, although it is possible that some features survive below the slab. The proposed development would require some underpinning and drainage works below the existing slab which would involve the localised removal of archaeological remains. The severity of this impact would depend on the level of archaeological survival and the extent of the below slab works, currently only known to comprise underpinning in the north of the site. Extension/deepening of the existing basement is not proposed. 7.1.2 Table 1 summarises the known or likely buried assets within the site, their significance, and the impact of the proposed scheme on asset significance.
Table 1: Impact upon heritage assets (prior to mitigation) Asset Asset Impact of proposed scheme Significance Fragmentary survival of High Underpinning and below slab drainage Medieval remains relating to the (burials) works (unknown extent at time of Priory, potentially including Medium – writing) burials, structural remains or High garden soil type layers (structures) Significance of asset locally reduced High potential Low (soil to negligible layers) Fragmentary survival of Post- Low medieval remains, such as wells, cess pits or truncated foundations High potential
7.1.3 Further clarification on the extent of below ground works/underpinning and services would be required, however impacts are most likely to be localised. Given that the site has some potential for archaeological survival, albeit fragmentary, it is recommended that an Archaeological Watching Brief be carried out during all ground reduction/excavation. This would ensure that all archaeological remains are recorded prior to their removal. 7.1.4 Such work would need to be undertaken in accordance with an approved Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) and could be carried out under the terms of a standard planning condition. A Burial Licence from the Ministry of Justice would be required prior to the removal and re-internment of any human remains, if present, and this would need to be considered in advance to avoid delays in the construction programme.
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8 Gazetteer of known historic environment assets
8.1.1 The table below represents a gazetteer of known historic environment sites and finds within the 100m-radius study area around the site. The gazetteer should be read in conjunction with Fig 2. 8.1.2 The GLHER data contained within this gazetteer was obtained on 05/02/2014 and is the copyright of English Heritage 2014.
Abbreviations DGLA - Department of Greater London Archaeology HER – Historic Environment Record ILAU – Inner London Archaeology Unit MoLAS – Museum of London Archaeology Service (now named MOLA) PCA – Pre-Construct Archaeology
HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No. 1 4–5 Albermarle Way, St John’s Square AME92
Watching brief carried out by MoLAS in 1992. Above the level of the 13th century cloister of the Order of St John's headquarters lay a post- medieval dump as well as an 18th century brick wall positioned on the line of the cloister walk 2 2 Albermarle Way ALB89
Watching brief carried out by the DGLA in 1989 after contractors digging underpinning holes for refurbishment of a standing building had uncovered human skeletons. Natural gravels and brickearth, and possibly agriculturally worked soils, were succeeded by soils into which two inhumation burials were inserted. One was surrounded by a coffin stain, and a medieval shroud pin was recovered from the other. The site was within the inner precinct of the priory of St John Clerkenwell. At least one rubbish pit was also found, probably of medieval date. The burials and pits were truncated by the 18th century brick cellar of the standing building. 3 St John’s Square SJJ04
Watching brief carried out by MoLAS in 2004. The excavation of four tree pits was monitored; all four revealed post-medieval levelling layers for an earlier phase of road construction. Natural deposits were not reached. 4 BT trench, Clerkenwell Road JER83
Watching brief carried out by the DGLA in 1983. The remains of a stone rubble wall, composed mainly of green Reigate stone was observed which ran north-south, and then returned east. 5 47–49 St John’s Square JON89 LDO95 Excavation carried out by the DGLA in 1989. A doorway and later light well were recorded in the north wall of the crypt of the church of the priory of St John and associated basements; both were blocked, and the light well overlay the very fragmentary remains of a building of medieval date, possibly part of the prior's apartments. Near the north wall of the later 14th century nave was located a lay cemetery from which 13 skeletons were recovered from a very clear sequence of grave cuts of 14th to probably 16th century date. Beneath the cemetery were the remnants of an earlier church wall, which in turn cut through a ditch left by the robbing of the 12th century round nave. In the area of the 17th century mansion of the earls of Aylesbury floor surfaces of tile, clay and brick were located, along with the remains of joists from a 17 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No. wooden platform; a gateway was recorded leading into a gravelled yard surface with wheel ruts at the point of entry. The mansion reused many of the priory wall
Worked stone recording of specimens in the Order of St John museum was also carried out by MoLAS in 1995. The worked stones were originally derived from the demolished precinct of the medieval Order of St John and reused in the building of post-medieval Clerkenwell. Computerisation of data has allowed the museum stones to be integrated with those excavated in 1988 and later by the DGLA and MoLAS. The survival on many of the elements of polychrome paintwork, employing expensive vermilion and azure pigments, indicates the wealth of the order and allows the colour scheme of the chancel to be reconstructed in some detail. 6 The Grand Priory, Church of St John, St John’s Square GPC00
Watching brief carried out by MoLAS in 2000. Trial pits were excavated prior to the relaying of the crypt floor; the removal of the old floor was also monitored. The central nave of the crypt was discovered to have been founded directly onto natural gravels, without foundations. This may explain a ledge around the base of the nave wall as spread footings, an alternative explanation to a theory that the ledge acted as a bench in an early form of chapter house. The south bay of the church was shown to be built over fill and this may relate to an expansion in the 12th century from a smaller Norman Church (f.1150). The south wall of the church cut through this fill. 7 48 St John’s Square SJU99
Watching brief carried out by MoLAS in 1999. Natural sand was cut by several intercutting pits filled with worked stone, provisionally dated to mid12th – mid 16th century. These were overlaid by a series of post- medieval dumps and make-up layers, followed by 18th or 19th century walls and 20th century disturbance. 8 47–48 St John’s Square STQ01
Standing building recording and excavation carried out by MoLAS in 2001. Below-ground structural remains consisted of three brick vaults forming the cellar roof, the bricks dating from the Tudor period. The interior of the cellars was recorded photographically. 9 76–78 Clerkenwell Road CKX08
Watching brief carried out by MOLA in 2008 during excavation of a drainage run. Natural gravels were revealed beneath a dumped deposit containing a single sherd of 18th century pottery, the latter associated with the redevelopment of the building. Above was another dumped layer of possible 19th century date, cut by a possible pit. A modern basement slab completed the sequence. 10 29 and 30 Great Sutton Street GSU99 GSN06 GSU99: Evaluation carried out by MoLAS in 1999. Natural gravel was cut by pits for the removal of the gravel and brickearth, which were backfilled in the late 16th century with general waste material. They were sealed by made ground, of 17th – early 19th century date, upon which brick buildings were constructed in the early 19th century and were demolished, probably in the late 19th century, when some of their demolition material was used to level the site.
GSN06: Evaluation and watching brief carried out by MoLAS in 2006. Evidence of garden features in the form of bedding trenches, and 18 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No. rubbish pits dated to the 16th–17th century was found above the natural sand. Two of the pits were brick lined and in one instance brick and timber lined. Some of the garden features located at the southern end of site were either related to the Carthusian monastery or to the later manor house. They were truncated by late 18th–19th century rubbish pits, several of which were in turn truncated by the late 19th century Zion chapel and commercial buildings that once occupied the site. The partial remains were recorded of an east-west chalk wall which could either be the remains of the ‘Pardon Churchyard’ boundary wall, the Pardon Chapel or that of a previously unknown structure 11 88 St John Street JRD98
Watching brief carried out by PCA in 1998. In one of two testpits investigated, the earliest recorded deposit was a possible horticultural soil dating to the 17th century. It was overlaid by make-up layers of demolition material, the earliest of which is dated to the 18th century. These were cut by the insertion of a ceramic drain and the external wall of the property and eventually sealed by the concrete surface of the courtyard. In the second testpit a post-medieval cellar was located beneath the courtyard surface. It had been infilled in the 19th/20th century. 12 99 St John Street SJT96
Watching brief carried out by MoLAS in 1996. A brick-lined well of 16th century date was excavated to a depth of 3m and some fills from a medieval cesspit were sampled. The well was probably in the garden of a property that once belonged to Thomas Docwra, Prior of the Order of St John in England and responsible for much rebuilding work in the priory. 13 94–100 St John Street STJ88 STJ89 Archaeological excavation carried out by the DGLA in 1988–89. In addition to natural deposits beneath the basement slab, a truncated mortared chalk wall datable by pottery, tile and brick fragments to the 16th century was revealed, although a large part of the fabric was probably reused medieval building material. It is likely that the remains represent part of a Tudor rebuilding of the Charterhouse boundary wall. Further excavation in 1989 located a section of wall comprising unworked blocks of chalk and flint laid in irregular courses. 14 The Museum of the Order of St John SJF09
Watching brief carried out by MOLA in 2009. Monitoring of a new drainage trench on the east side of the exposed rubble make up overlain by modern concrete slab. 15 89–97 St John Street SAJ98
Evaluation carried out by MoLAS in 1998. Natural gravels were overlaid by a silt deposit above which lay a brick floor, chalk and brick foundations and a series of crushed mortar floors. In one testpit a late 17th or 18th century cellar was recorded; its foundations were corbelled and its brick floor had been replaced several times before it was infilled in the mid 19th century. Construction of the existing building had truncated all later deposits. 16 St John’s Gate SJG95
Watching brief carried out by MoLAS in 1995. Three trenches dug by London Electricity Board in St John's Lane and Briset Street, just S of the 16th century gate-house, were investigated. A robbed-out medieval wall with garden soil to its west was revealed in one trench. To its east, and also recorded in another trench, were gravel road surfaces 19 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No. representing medieval and later St John's Lane. In a third trench a brick wall and associated post-medieval deposits were recorded. 17 St John’s Churchyard Holmes ID: 67
Mrs Holmes (1896) records “what exists of this is between the church and St John Street, a narrow strip, about 320 square yards in extent, closed and paved with tiles and tombstones. Its laying out by the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association is in hand” 18 The new Charterhouse Burial ground Holmes ID: 63
Mrs Holmes (1896) records “When the above ground [The old Charterhouse Graveyard, HEA 19] a smaller piece to the north was set aside for the interment of the pensioners. This remains still, and is very neatly kept. There are a few gravestones on the wall and splendid fruit trees. It is about ¼ acre in extent.” 19 The old Charterhouse Graveyard Holmes ID: 62
Mrs Holmes (1896) records “In 1828 to 1830, when the present Pensioners’ Court and other buildings were erected, part of this ground was built upon; but part exists in the courtyard on each side of the Pensioners’ Courts, being about 1/8 acre in extent. All the open land has been used at one time or another for burials.” 20 K2 Telephone Kiosk at junction with Albermarle Way 1297969
Grade II listed. Telephone kiosk. 1927. Designed by Giles Gilbert Scott. 21 2 Albermarle Way 1195444
Grade II listed. Terraced house. c.17319, refronted c.1860. 22 36 and 36A, St John’s Square 1195742
Grade II listed. Terraced house and shop. Dated 1830 in a plaque above the corner entrance: 'REBUILT ANNO DOMINI 1830 BY JAMES BRAKE'. 23 Priory Church pf St John of Jerusalem 1268840
Grade I listed. Anglican church. Crypt of c1140 and c1180; the main body of the church partly of 16th century and partly of 1723 by Simon Michell; restored by Lord Mottistone after bomb damage, c1958. 24 47 and 48 St John’s Square 1208835
Grade II listed. Terraced houses with shops, now offices. 16th century cellars; no 47 of probably early 18th century date and no 48 of late 18th century. The houses are situated north of the former priory church of St John of Jerusalem, and probably associated with one of the post- Dissolution (1540) houses 25 70 and 72 Clerkenwell Road 1195549
Grade II listed. Workshop or warehouse. c1875. 26 27 St John’s Square 1208834
Grade II listed. Single house, now offices and workshops. 1876 by Richard Norman Shaw for Sir Edmund Lechmere. 27 St John’s Gate 1208827 080436/20/003– Grade I listed. Originally the south gateway to the Priory of Clerkenwell, 004 the headquarters of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem; now the headquarters of the Most Venerable Order of St John. Built 1504 by Prior Thomas Docwra; probably refaced in 1846 through the efforts of W.P.Griffith, local architect and antiquarian; further restoration work of 1873–4 by Richard Norman Shaw, 1893 (reworking of coats of arms 20 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No. over the arch) and 1903 by John Oldrid Scott, all through the efforts of Sir Edmund Lechmere; east wing, including the Chapter Hall, added 1903 to the designs of John Oldrid Scott. Brick with dressed ragstone facings and stone dressings, roof of clay tiles. The building consists of an arch over the street with a room over it, flanked by slightly higher tower-like wings differently arranged on the north and south sides. 28 88 St John Street 1208756
Grade II listed. Two terraced houses, now with shop to ground floor. c1821 (metal plaque at first floor level, reads 'P [Parish of] SS [St Sepulchre] Mdx [Middlesex] 1821'). 29 86 St John Street 1208755
Grade II listed. Terraced house, now with cafe to ground floor. Early 19th century. 30 148–154 St John Street 1195732
Grade II listed. Brewery building. 1893 by Bradford and Sons. 31 86–86 Clerkenwell Road No site code issued. GLHER: Watching brief carried out by MoLAS in 2002 during geotechnical work. ELO269 No archaeological deposits survived below the modern basement. 32 Findspot 080383/00/00
Palaeolithic perforated antler tool found in 1914 33 Post-medieval inn (site of) 080535/00/00
Odd house, recorded by the ILAU. The Inn had secret hiding places, trap doors and escape routes, and was a rendezvous for highwaymen, with extensive ranges of stabling at the back. 34 St John’s Priory MLO57203 080436/14/00 Priory of the Knights Hospitallers of St John of Jerusalem at 080436/15/00 Clerkenwell as the head house of the Hospital of St John in England, 080436/17/00– founded c 1148. Sacked and most of the buildings burnt in the 080436/07/008 peasants revolt of 1381, but soon rebuilt. At the dissolution the buildings were granted to John Dudley, later Duke of Northumberland. Under Edward VI the nave and tower of the church were blown up by the Duke of Somerset to provide building material for his house on the Strand. The dissolution survey of 1546 mentions a number of buildings, including a dormitory for the priests (probably of the secular priests attached to the priory than that of the knights themselves), the sub- Priors mansion, armoury, the Great and Little Courts, a counting house, distillery, kitchens, and a hall. 35 Priory Church (site of) 080436/11/001– 080436/11/012 The crypt of the church of St John’s Priory was one of the first things built on the site. In one of its interior walls, fragments of the original round nave can be seen. Originally the nave of the crypt was of plain Norman character, but an extension added in the 13th century is more decorative. In the 18th and 19th centuries the crypt was used as a mortuary with at least 325 bodies buried there. These were later removed in 1894. The Priors’ Chapel is on the north side of the crypt of the church of St Johns Priory. It was built by Prior Joseph de Chauncey before 1280.
The vestry of St John’s Church was probably built c 1500 by Prior Docwra. Docwra’s chapel was attached onto the south side of the church in the early 16th century, next to the vestry.
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HEA Description Site code/ No. HER No. The bell tower of the church was at the north-west corner of the square nave, the only description of this bell tower comes from Stowe, who said it was a “most curious piece of workmanship, graven, gilt and enamelled to the great beautifying of the City of London”.
A burial area to the west of the chapel was excavated in teh1930s. Three medieval internments were discovered. One of the skeletons was without a head and so it has been speculated that this is the bofy of Grand Prior John Langstruther, who was beheaded by Edward VI after the battle of Tewesbury in 1471.
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9 Planning framework
9.1 Statutory protection
Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 9.1.1 The Act sets out the legal requirements for the control of development and alterations which affect buildings, including those which are listed or in conservation areas. Buildings which are listed or which lie within a conservation area are protected by law. Grade I are buildings of exceptional interest. Grade II* are particularly significant buildings of more than special interest. Grade II are buildings of special interest, which warrant every effort being made to preserve them.
Human remains 9.1.2 Development affecting any former burial ground is regulated by statute, principally the Burial Act 1857, the Disused Burial Grounds Act 1884 and 1981, and the Pastoral Measure 1983. The prior exhumation and re-interment of human remains is required and must be carried out under the terms of a Burial Licence, to be obtained from the Ministry of Justice. 9.1.3 Where likely survival of human burials in ground consecrated under the rites of the Church of England has been identified in a Historic Environment Assessment it is possible that a 'Faculty' may need to be sought by the developer in addition to Planning Consent. Faculty is issued by the office of the Chancellor of the Diocesan authorities in accordance with the provision of the Faculty Jurisdiction Measure 1964 (as amended by the Care of Churches and Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction Measure 1991). Separately, exhumation of any human remains should be notified to the Ministry of Justice who may also need to issue a Burial Licence. A Burial Licence is required from the Ministry of Justice if the remains are not intended for reburial in consecrated ground (or if this is to be delayed - for example where archaeological or scientific analysis takes place first). 9.1.4 Under the Town and Country Planning (Churches, Places of Religious Worship and Burial Grounds) Regulations 1930, the removal and re-interment of human remains should be in accordance with the direction of the local Environmental Health Officer.
9.2 National Planning Policy Framework 9.2.1 The Government issued the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) in March 2012 (DCLG 2012). One of the 12 core principles that underpin both plan-making and decision-taking within the framework is to ‘conserve heritage assets in a manner appropriate to their significance, so that they can be enjoyed for their contribution to the quality of life of this and future generations’ (DCLG 2012 para 17). It recognises that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource (para 126), and requires the significance of heritage assets to be considered in the planning process, whether designated or not. The contribution of setting to asset significance needs to be taken into account (para 128). The NPPF encourages early engagement (i.e. pre-application) as this has significant potential to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of a planning application and can lead to better outcomes for the local community (para 188). 9.2.2 NPPF Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment, is produced in full below: Para 126. Local planning authorities should set out in their Local Plan a positive strategy for the conservation and enjoyment of the historic environment, including heritage assets most at risk through neglect, decay or other threats. In doing so, they should recognise that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource and
23 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014 conserve them in a manner appropriate to their significance. In developing this strategy, local planning authorities should take into account: • the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; • the wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits that conservation of the historic environment can bring; • the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness; and • opportunities to draw on the contribution made by the historic environment to the character of a place. Para 127. When considering the designation of conservation areas, local planning authorities should ensure that an area justifies such status because of its special architectural or historic interest, and that the concept of conservation is not devalued through the designation of areas that lack special interest. Para 128. In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets’ importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should have been consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation. Para 129. Local planning authorities should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the proposal. Para 130. Where there is evidence of deliberate neglect of or damage to a heritage asset the deteriorated state of the heritage asset should not be taken into account in any decision. Para 131. In determining planning applications, local planning authorities should take account of: • the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation; • the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality; and • the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness. Para 132: When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset’s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional. Para 133. Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply: 24 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
• the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable uses of the site; and • no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in the medium term through appropriate marketing that will enable its conservation; and • conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or public ownership is demonstrably not possible; and • the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing the site back into use. Para 134. Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, this harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use. Para 135. The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset. Para 136. Local planning authorities should not permit loss of the whole or part of a heritage asset without taking all reasonable steps to ensure the new development will proceed after the loss has occurred. Para 137. Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets to enhance or better reveal their significance. Proposals that preserve those elements of the setting that make a positive contribution to or better reveal the significance of the asset should be treated favourably. Para 138. Not all elements of a World Heritage Site or Conservation Area will necessarily contribute to its significance. Loss of a building (or other element) which makes a positive contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area or World Heritage Site should be treated either as substantial harm under paragraph 133 or less than substantial harm under paragraph 134, as appropriate, taking into account the relative significance of the element affected and its contribution to the significance of the Conservation Area or World Heritage Site as a whole. Para 139. Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets. Para 140. Local planning authorities should assess whether the benefits of a proposal for enabling development, which would otherwise conflict with planning policies but which would secure the future conservation of a heritage asset, outweigh the disbenefits of departing from those policies. Para 141. Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publicly accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publicly accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.
9.3 Greater London regional policy
The London Plan 9.3.1 The overarching strategies and policies for the whole of the Greater London area are contained within the London Plan of the Greater London Authority (GLA July 2011). Policy 7.8 relates to Heritage Assets and Archaeology: A. London’s heritage assets and historic environment, including listed buildings, registered historic parks and gardens and other natural and historic landscapes, conservation areas, World Heritage Sites, registered battlefields, scheduled monuments, archaeological remains and memorials should be identified, so that 25 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
the desirability of sustaining and enhancing their significance and of utilising their positive role in place shaping can be taken into account. B. Development should incorporate measures that identify, record, interpret, protect and, where appropriate, present the site’s archaeology. C. Development should identify, value, conserve, restore, re-use and incorporate heritage assets, where appropriate. D. Development affecting heritage assets and their settings should conserve their significance, by being sympathetic to their form, scale, materials and architectural detail. E. New development should make provision for the protection of archaeological resources, landscapes and significant memorials. The physical assets should, where possible, be made available to the public on-site. Where the archaeological asset or memorial cannot be preserved or managed on-site, provision must be made for the investigation, understanding, recording, dissemination and archiving of that asset. F. Boroughs should, in LDF policies, seek to maintain and enhance the contribution of built, landscaped and buried heritage to London’s environmental quality, cultural identity and economy as part of managing London’s ability to accommodate change and regeneration. G. Boroughs, in consultation with English Heritage, Natural England and other relevant statutory organisations, should include appropriate policies in their LDFs for identifying, protecting, enhancing and improving access to the historic environment and heritage assets and their settings where appropriate, and to archaeological assets, memorials and historic and natural landscape character within their area.
9.4 Local planning policy 9.4.1 Islington’s Local Plan is currently made up of the Core Strategy, adopted in 2011 (Islington Council, 2011a), the Development Management Policies (June 2013), Site Allocations (June 2013) and the Finsbury Local Plan (June 2013). 9.4.2 Islington’s Core Strategy Policy CS 9 Protecting and enhancing Islington’s built and historic environment includes the statement that “The historic significance of Islington’s unique heritage assets and historic environment will be conserved and enhanced whether designated or not. These assets in Islington include individual buildings and monuments, parks and gardens, conservation areas, views, public spaces and archaeology. Active management of conservation areas will continue, through a programme of proactive initiatives for the conservation-led regeneration of historic areas, and potential designation of new conservation areas. Archaeological Priority Areas will continue to be defined on the proposals map to assist in the management of these historic assets.” 9.4.3 The Islington Development Management Policies was adopted in June 2013, and forms a key document in assessing planning application over the next 15 years so that the aims of the Local Plan are achieved. The relevant policies to heritage in the document comprise: Policy DM2.3: Heritage A. Conserving and enhancing the historic environment Islington's historic environment is an irreplaceable resource and the council will ensure that the borough's heritage assets are conserved and enhanced in a manner appropriate to their significance. Development that makes a positive contribution to Islington's local character and distinctiveness will be encouraged. B. Conservation areas i) The council will require that alterations to existing buildings in conservation areas conserve or enhance their significance. Similarly, new developments within Islington’s conservation areas and their settings are required to be of high quality contextual design so that they conserve or enhance a conservation area’s significance. Harm to the significance of a conservation area will not be permitted unless there is a clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to the significance of a conservation area will be strongly resisted. 26 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014 ii) The council will require the retention of all buildings and structures which make a positive contribution to the significance of a conservation area. The appropriate repair and re-use of such buildings will be encouraged. The significance of a conservation area can be substantially harmed over time by the cumulative impact arising from the demolition of buildings which may individually make a limited positive contribution to the significance of a conservation area. Consequently, the loss of a building which makes a positive contribution to a conservation area will frequently constitute substantial harm to the significance of the conservation area. iii) The council will resist the loss of spaces, street patterns, views, vistas, uses, trees, and landscapes which contribute to the significance of a conservation area. iv) The council will use its statutory powers to ensure that buildings and spaces within conservation areas that are at risk from neglect or decay are appropriately maintained and repaired. v) Planning applications are required to include a Heritage Statement which demonstrates a clear understanding of the significance of any heritage assets affected by proposals and the impact on their significance. C. Listed buildings i) The significance of Islington’s listed buildings is required to be conserved or enhanced. Appropriate repair and reuse of listed buildings will be encouraged. ii) The significance of a listed building can be harmed by inappropriate repair, alteration or extension. Proposals to repair, alter or extend a listed building must be justified and appropriate. Consequently a high level of professional skill and craftsmanship will be required. Proposals to repair, alter or extend a listed building which harm its significance will not be permitted unless there is a clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss of a listed building will be strongly resisted. iii) New developments within the setting of a listed building are required to be of good quality contextual design. New development within the setting of a listed building which harms its significance will not be permitted unless there is a clear and convincing justification, and substantial harm will be strongly resisted. iv) The best use for a listed building is usually that for which it was designed. However, where the original use of a listed building is demonstrably unviable other uses may be permitted provided they do not harm the significance of the listed building. v) The council will use its statutory powers to ensure that listed buildings at risk from neglect or decay are appropriately maintained and repaired. vi) Applications for listed building consent must be accompanied by a Heritage Statement which demonstrates a clear understanding of the significance of the affected listed building and of the impact on its significance. D. Registered historic parks and gardens, London squares and other heritage landscapes Spaces identified in the London Parks and Gardens Trust's Inventory of Historic Green Spaces are included in this section. Appendix 9 lists these historic green spaces, registered historic parks and gardens and London squares in Islington. i) Developments must ensure the conservation or enhancement of historic parks and gardens / London squares, and their settings. ii) The council will, and development must, safeguard features which contribute to the significance of the park, garden or square. iii) Developments must not detract from the enjoyment, layout, design, character, appearance or setting of historic parks, gardens or squares and key views out from the landscape, or prejudice future restoration. iv) The council will undertake to prepare conservation statements or management plans and to implement appropriate enhancement schemes for these spaces, or support relevant organisations to do so. E. Non-designated heritage assets Non-designated heritage assets, including locally listed buildings and shopfronts, should be identified early in the design process for any development proposal which may impact on their significance. The council will encourage the retention,
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repair and reuse of non-designated heritage assets. Proposals that unjustifiably harm the significance of a non-designated heritage asset will generally not be permitted. F. Archaeology and scheduled monuments i) The council will ensure the conservation of scheduled monuments and non- designated heritage assets with archaeological interest which are of demonstrably equivalent significance. ii) Archaeological priority areas and scheduled monuments are identified on the Policies Map and in Appendix 7. All planning applications likely to affect important archaeological remains are required to include an Archaeological Assessment. iii) Archaeological remains should be retained in situ. Where this cannot be achieved measures must be taken to mitigate the impact of proposals through archaeological fieldwork to investigate and record remains in advance of works, and subsequent analysis, publication and dissemination of the findings. G. Climate change i) Proposals that aim to mitigate, and adapt to, the effects of climate change should in the first instance explore all opportunities of enhancing energy efficiency and forms of providing renewable energy and improved adaptation to climate change without harming the significance of heritage assets. ii) Where conflict between climate change objectives and the conservation of heritage assets is unavoidable the public benefit of mitigating the effects of climate change will be weighed against any harm to the significance of heritage assets, in accordance with the development management principles in national, London and Islington planning policy. 9.4.4 The Finsbury Local Plan (Area Action Plan for Bunhill and Clerkenwell) covers the area of the site (Islington Council, 2013). It was adopted in June 2013. It includes under Objective 5 “To enhance and make the most of the area’s heritage and culture” that the special character and significance of the historic built environment, particularly in historic Clerkenwell, should be conserved and enhanced, and that “design frameworks or masterplans will be required for sensitive or larger sites, and contributions will be sought to widen public access to and appreciation of the historic environment”.
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10 Determining significance
10.1.1 ‘Significance’ lies in the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest, which may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic. Archaeological interest includes an interest in carrying out an expert investigation at some point in the future into the evidence a heritage asset may hold of past human activity, and may apply to standing buildings or structures as well as buried remains. Known and potential heritage assets within the site and its vicinity have been identified from national and local designations, HER data and expert opinion. The determination of the significance of these assets is based on statutory designation and/or professional judgement against four values (EH 2008): • Evidential value: the potential of the physical remains to yield evidence of past human activity. This might take into account date; rarity; state of preservation; diversity/complexity; contribution to published priorities; supporting documentation; collective value and comparative potential. • Aesthetic value: this derives from the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from the heritage asset, taking into account what other people have said or written; • Historical value: the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through heritage asset to the present, such a connection often being illustrative or associative; • Communal value: this derives from the meanings of a heritage asset for the people who know about it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory; communal values are closely bound up with historical, particularly associative, and aesthetic values, along with and educational, social or economic values. 10.1.2 Table 2 gives examples of the significance of designated and non-designated heritage assets.
Table 2: Significance of heritage assets Heritage asset description Significance World heritage sites Very high Scheduled monuments (International Grade I and II* listed buildings / English Heritage Grade I and II* registered parks and gardens national) Protected Wrecks Heritage assets of national importance English Heritage Grade II registered parks and gardens High Conservation areas (national/ Designated historic battlefields regional/ Grade II listed buildings county) Burial grounds Protected heritage landscapes (e.g. ancient woodland or historic hedgerows) Heritage assets of regional or county importance Heritage assets with a district value or interest for education or cultural Medium appreciation Locally listed buildings (District) Heritage assets with a local (ie parish) value or interest for education or Low cultural appreciation (Local) Historic environment resource with no significant value or interest Negligible Heritage assets that have a clear potential, but for which current Uncertain knowledge is insufficient to allow significance to be determined
10.1.3 Unless the nature and exact extent of buried archaeological remains within any given area has been determined through prior investigation, significance of is often uncertain. 29 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
11 Non-archaeological constraints
11.1.1 It is anticipated that live services will be present on the site, the locations of which have not been identified by this archaeological report. Other than this, no other non- archaeological constraints to any archaeological fieldwork have been identified within the site. 11.1.2 Note: the purpose of this section is to highlight to decision makers any relevant non- archaeological constraints identified during the study, that might affect future archaeological field investigation on the site (should this be recommended). The information has been assembled using only those sources as identified in section 2 and section 14.4, in order to assist forward planning for the project designs, working schemes of investigation and risk assessments that would be needed prior to any such field work. MOLA has used its best endeavours to ensure that the sources used are appropriate for this task but has not independently verified any details. Under the Health & Safety at Work Act 1974 and subsequent regulations, all organisations are required to protect their employees as far as is reasonably practicable by addressing health and safety risks. The contents of this section are intended only to support organisations operating on this site in fulfilling this obligation and do not comprise a comprehensive risk assessment.
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12 Glossary
Alluvium Sediment laid down by a river. Can range from sands and gravels deposited by fast flowing water and clays that settle out of suspension during overbank flooding. Other deposits found on a valley floor are usually included in the term alluvium (eg peat). Archaeological Areas of archaeological priority, significance, potential or other title, often designated by Priority Area/Zone the local authority. Brickearth A fine-grained silt believed to have accumulated by a mixture of processes (eg wind, slope and freeze-thaw) mostly since the Last Glacial Maximum around 17,000BP. B.P. Before Present, conventionally taken to be 1950 Bronze Age 2,000–600 BC Building recording Recording of historic buildings (by a competent archaeological organisation) is undertaken ‘to document buildings, or parts of buildings, which may be lost as a result of demolition, alteration or neglect’, amongst other reasons. Four levels of recording are defined by Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England (RCHME) and English Heritage. Level 1 (basic visual record); Level 2 (descriptive record), Level 3 (analytical record), and Level 4 (comprehensive analytical record) Built heritage Upstanding structure of historic interest. Colluvium A natural deposit accumulated through the action of rainwash or gravity at the base of a slope. Conservation area An area of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance. Designation by the local authority often includes controls over the demolition of buildings; strengthened controls over minor development; and special provision for the protection of trees. Cropmarks Marks visible from the air in growing crops, caused by moisture variation due to subsurface features of possible archaeological origin (i.e. ditches or buried walls). Cut-and-cover Method of construction in which a trench is excavated down from existing ground level [trench] and which is subsequently covered over and/or backfilled. Cut feature Archaeological feature such as a pit, ditch or well, which has been cut into the then- existing ground surface. Devensian The most recent cold stage (glacial) of the Pleistocene. Spanning the period from c 70,000 years ago until the start of the Holocene (10,000 years ago). Climate fluctuated within the Devensian, as it did in other glacials and interglacials. It is associated with the demise of the Neanderthals and the expansion of modern humans. Early medieval AD 410 – 1066. Also referred to as the Saxon period. Evaluation A limited programme of non–intrusive and/or intrusive fieldwork which determines the (archaeological) presence or absence of archaeological features, structures, deposits, artefacts or ecofacts within a specified area. Excavation A programme of controlled, intrusive fieldwork with defined research objectives which (archaeological) examines, records and interprets archaeological remains, retrieves artefacts, ecofacts and other remains within a specified area. The records made and objects gathered are studied and the results published in detail appropriate to the project design. Findspot Chance find/antiquarian discovery of artefact. The artefact has no known context, is either residual or indicates an area of archaeological activity. Geotechnical Ground investigation, typically in the form of boreholes and/or trial/test pits, carried out for engineering purposes to determine the nature of the subsurface deposits. Head Weathered/soliflucted periglacial deposit (ie moved downslope through natural processes). Heritage asset A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions. Heritage assets are the valued components of the historic environment. They include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing). Historic environment A written document whose purpose is to determine, as far as is reasonably possible from assessment existing records, the nature of the historic environment resource/heritage assets within a specified area. Historic Environment Archaeological and built heritage database held and maintained by the County authority. Record (HER) Previously known as the Sites and Monuments Record Holocene The most recent epoch (part) of the Quaternary, covering the past 10,000 years during which time a warm interglacial climate has existed. Also referred to as the ‘Postglacial’ and (in Britain) as the ‘Flandrian’.
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Iron Age 600 BC – AD 43 Later medieval AD 1066 – 1500 Last Glacial Characterised by the expansion of the last ice sheet to affect the British Isles (around Maximum 18,000 years ago), which at its maximum extent covered over two-thirds of the present land area of the country. Locally listed A structure of local architectural and/or historical interest. These are structures that are not building included in the Secretary of State’s Listing but are considered by the local authority to have architectural and/or historical merit Listed building A structure of architectural and/or historical interest. These are included on the Secretary of State's list, which affords statutory protection. These are subdivided into Grades I, II* and II (in descending importance). Made Ground Artificial deposit. An archaeologist would differentiate between modern made ground, containing identifiably modern inclusion such as concrete (but not brick or tile), and undated made ground, which may potentially contain deposits of archaeological interest. Mesolithic 12,000 – 4,000 BC National Monuments National database of archaeological sites, finds and events as maintained by English Record (NMR) Heritage in Swindon. Generally not as comprehensive as the country SMR/HER. Neolithic 4,000 – 2,000 BC Ordnance Datum A vertical datum used by Ordnance Survey as the basis for deriving altitudes on maps. (OD) Palaeo- Related to past environments, i.e. during the prehistoric and later periods. Such remains environmental can be of archaeological interest, and often consist of organic remains such as pollen and plant macro fossils which can be used to reconstruct the past environment. Palaeolithic 700,000–12,000 BC Palaeochannel A former/ancient watercourse Peat A build up of organic material in waterlogged areas, producing marshes, fens, mires, blanket and raised bogs. Accumulation is due to inhibited decay in anaerobic conditions. Pleistocene Geological period pre-dating the Holocene. Post-medieval AD 1500 – present Preservation by Archaeological mitigation strategy where archaeological remains are fully excavated and record recorded archaeologically and the results published. For remains of lesser significance, preservation by record might comprise an archaeological watching brief. Preservation in situ Archaeological mitigation strategy where nationally important (whether Scheduled or not) archaeological remains are preserved in situ for future generations, typically through modifications to design proposals to avoid damage or destruction of such remains. Registered Historic A site may lie within or contain a registered historic park or garden. The register of these Parks and Gardens in England is compiled and maintained by English Heritage. Residual When used to describe archaeological artefacts, this means not in situ, ie Found outside the context in which it was originally deposited. Roman AD 43 – 410 Scheduled An ancient monument or archaeological deposits designated by the Secretary of State as Monument a ‘Scheduled Ancient Monument’ and protected under the Ancient Monuments Act. Site The area of proposed development Site codes Unique identifying codes allocated to archaeological fieldwork sites, eg evaluation, excavation, or watching brief sites. Study area Defined area surrounding the proposed development in which archaeological data is collected and analysed in order to set the site into its archaeological and historical context. Solifluction, Creeping of soil down a slope during periods of freeze and thaw in periglacial Soliflucted environments. Such material can seal and protect earlier landsurfaces and archaeological deposits which might otherwise not survive later erosion. Stratigraphy A term used to define a sequence of visually distinct horizontal layers (strata), one above another, which form the material remains of past cultures. Truncate Partially or wholly remove. In archaeological terms remains may have been truncated by previous construction activity. Watching brief An archaeological watching brief is ‘a formal programme of observation and investigation (archaeological) conducted during any operation carried out for non–archaeological reasons.’
32 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
13 Bibliography
13.1 Published and documentary sources Cowie R and Blackmore L, 2008 Early and Middle Saxon rural settlement in the London region. Museum of London Archaeology Service DCLG [Department of Communities and Local Government], March 2012 National Planning Policy Framework. DCLG [Department of Communities and Local Government], EH [English Heritage] & DCMS [Department for Culture, Media and Sport], March 2010 PPS5 Planning for the Historic Environment: Historic Environment Planning Practice Guide. DGLA, 1989. 2 Albermarle Way, watching brief report. EH [English Heritage], 2008 Conservation principles, policies and guidance (Swindon: English Heritage) EH [English Heritage], 2011, The setting of heritage assets. GLA [Greater London Authority], July 2011 The London Plan. Spatial Development Strategy for Greater London. Greater London Archaeology Advisory Service, 2009: Standards for Archaeological Work London Region, External Consultation. Holmes, I 1899 The London Burial Grounds. IfA [Institute for Archaeologists] Nov 2012, By-laws, standards and policy statements of the Institute for Archaeologists, standard and guidance: historic environment desk-based assessments, rev, Reading IfA [Institute for Archaeologists] Oct 2012, Standards and guidance for archaeological advice, Reading. Islington Council, 2002 Islington UDP02, Unitary Development Plan 2002. Islington Council, 2011 Core Strategy Islington Council, 2013 Development Management Policies Islington Council, 2013 Finsbury Local Plan: Area Action Plan for Bunhill and Clerkenwell Margary, I.D. 1967 Roman Roads in Britain, John Baker, London. Sloane, B and Malcolm, G 2004 Excavations at the Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, Clerkenwell, London. MoLAS monograph 20, London Vince, A, 1990 Saxon London: an archaeological investigation, London Weinreb, B. and Hibbert, C. (eds), 2008 The London encyclopaedia. Macmillan. London
13.2 Other Sources Groundsure historic Ordnance Survey mapping British Geological Survey online geology borehole data Greater London Historic Environment Record Internet – web-published sources London Archaeological Archive and Research Centre MOLA Deposit Survival Archive National Monuments Record, Swindon London Metropolitan Archive
13.3 Cartographic sources Agas c 1562 ‘Civitas Londinum’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Faithorne and Newcourt 1658 ‘An Exact Delineation of the Cities of London and Westminster and the suburbs thereof together with the Borough of Southwark’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent
33 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014
Greenwood and Greenwood, 1827 ‘Map of London from an Actual Survey’, reproduced in Margary 1982, ‘Map of London from an Actual Survey’ by C and J Greenwood, 1827, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Horwood, R. 1799 (revised 1813) ‘A map of London, Westminster and Southwark shewing every house’. Leake J, 1667 ‘A map of the City of London showing the extent of the damage caused by the Great Fire of 1665’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1981 A collection of early maps of London, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Morgan, 1682 ‘Map of London’ Ogilby and Morgan, 1676 ‘Large and Accurate Map of the City of London’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1976, ‘Large and Accurate Map of the City of London’ by John Ogilby and William Morgan, 1676, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Rocque, 1746 ‘A Plan of the Cities of London Westminster and Southwark with contiguous buildings from an actual survey’ by John Rocque, reproduced in Margary, H, 1971 ‘A Plan of the Cities of London Westminster and Southwark’ by John Rocque, 1746, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent Stanford, 1862 ‘Stanford’s Library Map of London’, reproduced in Margary, H, 1980, ‘Stanford’s Library Map of London’ 1862, Margary in assoc Guildhall Library, Kent
Ordnance Survey maps Ordnance Survey 1st edition 25” map (1877–8). Ordnance Survey 2nd edition 25” map (1896) Ordnance Survey 3rd edition 25” map (1916) Ordnance Survey 1:1250 and 2:500 scale maps (1954) (1965) (1971) (1976) (1991) (1992) (1997)
Geology map British Geological Survey map sheet 256
Engineering/Architects drawings BenAdamsArchitects, existing plans, elevations and sections, dwg nos. P099/A – P105/A, P120/A – P122/A, P130/- and P131/A, 14.02.2014 BenAdamsArchitects, proposal plans and sections, dwg nos. P199A – P/206/A, P400/A – P402/A, P500/- and P501/A, 14.02.2014 Fluid Structures, plan of the assumed underpinning works required, 11.02.2014
13.4 Available site survey information checklist Information from client Available Format Obtained Plan of existing site services (overhead/buried) N NA N Levelled site survey as existing (ground and buildings) Y (only pdf Y indicative levels, not OD) Contamination survey data ground and buildings (inc. N NA N asbestos) Geotechnical report N NA N Envirocheck report N NA Y / N Information obtained from non-client source Carried out Internal inspection of buildings Site inspection Y Y
34 P:\ISLI\1248\na\Assessments\80 Clerkenwell Road HEA_14-02-2014.docx Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014
Greater London
the site
Borough of Islington 0 10km 0 500m
531700 531750 531800
145 to 157 144
140 142 31a 182200 Crusader House
138 32 to 35
132
136 to 31
30
29 Citizens Advice Bureau
115 to 121 42 to 47 1 to 33 30b 30c The Grand Priory Church of the 30d
130 Order of St John Mallory
Buildings
1 to 12 3
124
182150 113 2 111 1 9 8 to 10 Leo Yard 74
120
36
1 118 70 ALBEMARLE WAY 72 76 116 78 Bank the site 78a
80 to 84
CLERKENWELL ROAD 17
23 35 37
106
35 182100 29 33 27 ST JOHN'S SQUARE 31 34 105
102 1
33
100 31
103
2 28 to 30
1
90 St John's Gate 92
27
4 to 5
97 1
88 ST JOHN'S SQUARE Hat and Mitre Court 2
91
14 to 17 86 182050 25
89 Priory
Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead Scale 1:1,000 @ A4 0 50m to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 2014. Fig 1 Site location
ISLI1248HEA14#01 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014
531700 531800
Brewery Square
Town AYLESBURY STREET *#30 Houses
182200 Jerusalem Passage
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projected line of Roman road
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# Listed Buildings * ALBION PLACE burial grounds (Holmes, 1896)
study area
Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead Scale 1:1,500 @ A4 0 50m to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 2014. Fig 2 Historic environment features map
ISLI1248HEA14#02 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014
Primary School
18 Ward Bdy CR
54 to 56 to 54
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72
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100 100 110 114
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CHARTERHOUSE STREET E 60
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59
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Statue 40 25
a 16.3m 1 HOLB Car Park ORN LB VIA 24 to 30 St Bartholomew's DUCT Based upon the Ordnance Survey mapping45 to 50 with the permission of Fountain the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office © Crown Copyright. Hospital 16.7m Tunnel
Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead 0 1 200m TCB 32 1 36 31 15.3m 0 to prosecution or civil proceedings. City of London 100023243 2014. 37 TCB Fig 3 Location of the site within the Inner Precinct of the medieval Priory of St John of Jerusalem
ISLI1248HEA14#03 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014
W
St John’s Square
the site
V
St John’s Lane
Peter’s Lane
Cowcross Street 0 100m
Fig 4 Plan showing a reconstruction of the likely subsoil topography of the study area based on archaeological investigations (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 19)
ISLI1248HEA14#04 the site the site
itrcevrnetassmn OA2014 Historic environment assessment © MOLA
ISLI1048HEA14#05&06
0 100m 0 100m
Fig 5 Priory precinct conjectured layout in the mid 12th century (Sloane and Fig 6 Priory precinct conjectured layout in the late 12th to late 13th centuries Malcolm 2004, 41) (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 62) the site the site
itrcevrnetassmn OA2014 Historic environment assessment © MOLA
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0 100m 0 100m
Fig 7 Priory precinct conjectured layout in the 14th and 15th centuries Fig 8 Priory precinct conjectured layout in the late 15th and 16th centuries (Sloane and Malcolm 2004, 89) (Sloan and Malcolm 2004, 131) Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014
the site
Fig 9 The Agas map ofc 1562
the site
Fig 10 Faithorne and Newcourt’s map of 1658
ISLI1248HEA14#09&10 Historic environment assessment © MOLA 2014
the site
Fig 11 Ogilby and Morgan’s map of 1676
the site
Fig 12 Rocque’s map of 1746
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Fig 13 Horwood’s map of 1799 (revised 1813)
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Fig 14 Ordnance Survey 1st edition 25":mile map of 1877–78 (not to scale)
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Fig 15 Ordnance Survey 2nd edition 25":mile map of 1896 (not to scale)
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Fig 16 View of Albermarle way, looking east. The street is at a slightly lower level than the surrounding buildings (MOLA, 03.02.2014)
Fig 17 Gatehouse, formerly the entrance into the Inner Precinct of the Priory (MOLA, 03.02.2014)
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Fig 18 View of the site, looking south-west (MOLA, 03.02.2014)
Fig 19 Pavement lights on Clerkenwell Road on the southern side of the site (MOLA, 03.02.2014)
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Fig 20 View of one of the ‘square’ vaults with pavement lights in the northern part of the basement (MOLA, 03.02.2014)
Fig 21 View of the basement, looking south. One of the ‘rounded’ vaults can be seen on the southern side of the room (MOLA, 03.02.2014)
ISLI1248HEA14#20&21 Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014 the site Fig 22 Existing ground floor plan with areas of proposed demolition highlighted (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P100/A, 14.02.2014)
ISLI1248HEA14#22 Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014 the site Fig 23 Existing basement plan with areas of proposed demolition highlighted (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P099/A, 14.02.2014)
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Fig 24 North-south section through the site as existing with areas of proposed demolition highlighted (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P131/A, 14.02.2014) Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014 the site Fig 25 Proposed ground floor plan (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P200/A, 14.02.2014)
ISLI1248HEA14#25 Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014 the site Fig 26 Proposed basement plan (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P199/A, 14.02.2014)
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itrcevrnetassmn OA2014 Historic environment assessment MOLA
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Fig 27 North-south section through the site as proposed (BenAdamsArchitects, dwg no. P501/A, 14.02.2014) Historic environment assessment MOLA 2014 Fig 28 Plan of the assumed area underpinning (Fluid Structures, 11.02.2014)
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