ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSȱ ȱ Thisȱ reportȱ hasȱ beenȱ preparedȱ byȱ theȱ staffȱ ofȱ theȱ Environmentalȱ Monitoringȱ andȱ ReportingȱBranchȱofȱtheȱOntarioȱMinistryȱofȱtheȱEnvironment.ȱȱCanada’sȱNationalȱAirȱ Pollutionȱ Surveillanceȱ programȱ isȱ alsoȱ acknowledgedȱ forȱ providingȱ airȱ monitoringȱ instrumentation.ȱ
ȱ ȱ ©ȱCopyright:ȱQueenȇsȱPrinterȱforȱOntario,ȱ2006ȱ ȱ ȱ PIBsȱ6041eȱ 2005ȱReportȱFindingsȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Theȱ2005ȱairȱqualityȱreportȱmarksȱ35ȱyearsȱofȱreportingȱonȱtheȱstateȱofȱairȱqualityȱinȱOntario.ȱȱ ThisȱreportȱsummarizesȱprovinceȬwideȱmonitoringȱofȱambientȱairȱquality.ȱ ȱ Overall,ȱairȱqualityȱinȱOntarioȱhasȱimprovedȱsignificantlyȱoverȱtheȱpastȱ35ȱyearsȱforȱnitrogenȱ dioxide,ȱcarbonȱmonoxideȱandȱsulphurȱdioxide.ȱȱHowever,ȱozoneȱandȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱ
(PM2.5),ȱ theȱ majorȱ componentsȱ ofȱ smog,ȱ continueȱ toȱ exceedȱ theȱ ambientȱ airȱ qualityȱ criteriaȱ andȱsetȱreferenceȱlevelsȱandȱthus,ȱremainȱtheȱpollutantsȱofȱmostȱconcern.ȱ ȱ Thereȱwereȱ15ȱsmogȱadvisoriesȱcoveringȱ53ȱdaysȱ(dueȱtoȱozoneȱand/orȱfineȱparticulateȱmatter)ȱ issuedȱ inȱ 2005.ȱȱThisȱ isȱ aȱ recordȱ numberȱ ofȱ smogȱ advisoryȱ daysȱ inȱ aȱ yearȱ issuedȱ byȱ theȱ ministry,ȱsinceȱtheȱinceptionȱofȱtheȱSmogȱAlertȱprogram.ȱȱTheȱpreviousȱrecordȱforȱnumberȱofȱ smogȱadvisoriesȱandȱsmogȱadvisoryȱdaysȱoccurredȱinȱ2002ȱwhenȱtheȱministryȱissuedȱaȱtotalȱofȱ 10ȱsmogȱadvisoriesȱcoveringȱ27ȱdays.ȱȱ ȱ Inȱ2005,ȱ12ȱofȱtheȱ15ȱadvisoriesȱoccurredȱduringȱtheȱtraditionalȱsummerȱsmogȱseason,ȱMayȱtoȱ
September.ȱȱForȱ theȱ firstȱ time,ȱ sinceȱ theȱ inclusionȱ ofȱ PM2.5ȱ inȱ theȱ Smogȱ Alertȱ programȱ inȱ Augustȱ 2002,ȱ Ontarioȱ issuedȱ aȱ winterȱ smogȱ advisory.ȱȱInȱ Februaryȱ 2005,ȱ anȱ intenseȱ 5Ȭdayȱ
smogȱepisodeȱoccurredȱdueȱtoȱelevatedȱPM2.5ȱlevels.ȱȱThisȱwasȱfollowedȱbyȱtheȱearliestȱsmogȱ advisoryȱ issuedȱ inȱ Aprilȱ 2005ȱ dueȱ toȱ ozone.ȱȱAnotherȱ highlightȱ includedȱ aȱ widespreadȱ
autumnȱPM2.5ȱepisodeȱacrossȱOntarioȱinȱOctoberȱ2005ȱwhichȱwasȱoutsideȱtheȱtraditionalȱsmogȱ season.ȱ ȱ Aȱ recordȬbreakingȱ numberȱ ofȱ smogȱ advisoryȱ daysȱ (20)ȱ wereȱ issuedȱ inȱ Juneȱ 2005,ȱ aȱ monthȱ withȱhighȱtemperaturesȱandȱtransboundaryȱflowȱofȱpollutedȱairȱintoȱOntario.ȱȱThisȱincludedȱaȱ recordȱlongȱeightȬdayȱepisode.ȱ ȱ AnalysisȱofȱsmogȱandȱweatherȱdataȱstronglyȱindicatesȱthatȱtheȱAmericanȱMidwestȱandȱOhioȱ
ValleyȱRegionȱofȱtheȱU.S.ȱcontinueȱtoȱbeȱsignificantȱcontributorsȱtoȱelevatedȱozoneȱandȱPM2.5ȱ inȱsouthernȱOntarioȱduringȱtheȱsmogȱseason.ȱ ȱ Theȱ provincialȱ ambientȱ airȱ qualityȱ criteriaȱ (AAQC)ȱ forȱ nitrogenȱ dioxideȱ andȱ carbonȱ monoxideȱwereȱnotȱexceededȱatȱanyȱofȱtheȱambientȱmonitoringȱsitesȱinȱ2005.ȱȱTheȱoneȬhourȱ AAQCȱforȱsulphurȱdioxideȱwasȱonlyȱexceededȱatȱtheȱSudburyȱsiteȱforȱoneȱhour.ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱi 2005ȱReportȱFindingsȱcontinued…ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Inȱ 2005,ȱ Ontario’sȱ AAQCȱ forȱ ozoneȱ wasȱ exceededȱ atȱ 37ȱ ofȱ theȱ 38ȱ Airȱ Qualityȱ Indexȱ (AQI)ȱ stationsȱ onȱ atȱ leastȱ oneȱ occasion.ȱȱThunderȱ Bayȱ wasȱ theȱ onlyȱ siteȱ thatȱ didȱ notȱ recordȱ anyȱ hoursȱofȱozoneȱaboveȱtheȱoneȬhourȱAAQCȱofȱ80ȱpartsȱperȱbillionȱ(ppb).ȱȱȱȱ ȱ TheȱdesignatedȱCanadaȬwideȱStandardȱ(CWS)ȱreportingȱsitesȱwereȱallȱaboveȱtheȱ2010ȱCWSȱofȱ 65ȱppbȱforȱozoneȱinȱ2005ȱwithȱtheȱexceptionȱofȱThunderȱBayȱwhereȱtheȱCWSȱcalculatedȱozoneȱ valueȱwasȱ58ȱppb.ȱ ȱ Elevenȱofȱtheȱ15ȱdesignatedȱCWSȱreportingȱsitesȱwereȱaboveȱtheȱ2010ȱCWSȱofȱ30ȱPg/m3ȱforȱ
PM2.5.ȱ Theȱ majorityȱ ofȱ theȱ areasȱ thatȱ reportedȱ greaterȱ thanȱ 30ȱ Pg/m3ȱ wereȱ confinedȱ toȱ southwesternȱOntarioȱandȱtheȱGoldenȱHorseshoe,ȱincludingȱtheȱGreaterȱTorontoȱAreaȱ(GTA).ȱ ȱ Aȱcomparisonȱofȱairȱqualityȱinȱ39ȱcitiesȱworldȬwideȱwasȱconductedȱforȱ2005.ȱȱOverall,ȱtheȱairȱ qualityȱ ofȱ theȱ Ontarioȱ cities,ȱ Windsor,ȱ Torontoȱ andȱ Ottawa,ȱ wasȱ generallyȱ betterȱ thanȱ theȱ otherȱcitiesȱusedȱinȱthisȱanalysisȱforȱtheȱparametersȱmeasured.ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱȱȱii ȱ TableȱofȱContentsȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ 2005ȱReportȱFindings..………………………………………………………………………………………….ȱ iȱ ȱ Chapterȱ1ȱ ȱ ȱ Overview……………………………………………………………………………………………………ȱ 1ȱ ȱ Chapterȱ2ȱ ȱ ȱ GroundȬLevelȱOzone………………………………………………………………………………………ȱ 5ȱ ȱ Chapterȱ3ȱ ȱ ȱ FineȱParticulateȱMatter…………………………………………………………………………………….ȱ 17ȱ ȱ Chapterȱ4ȱ ȱ ȱ OtherȱCriteriaȱContaminants……………………………………………………………………………...ȱ 24ȱ ȱ Chapterȱ5ȱ ȱ ȱ AirȱQualityȱIndices,ȱSmogȱAlertȱProgramȱandȱSmogȱEpisodes……………………………………….ȱ 33ȱ ȱ Glossary………………………………………………………………………………………………………….ȱ 54ȱ ȱ Acronyms…...……………………………………………………………………………………………………ȱ 57ȱ ȱ References……………………………………………………………………………………………………….ȱ 58ȱ ȱȱ ȱ Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………………………ȱ AȬ1ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ iii ListȱofȱFiguresȱ ȱ Figureȱ1.1ȱ ȱ ȱ AtmosphericȱLifeȱCycleȱofȱAirȱPollutants…………………….……………………………………….ȱ 1ȱ
Figureȱ1.2ȱ ȱ ȱ SelectedȱCitiesȱAroundȱtheȱWorldȱUsedȱforȱ2005ȱAirȱQualityȱComparison……………………….ȱ 4ȱ
Figureȱ2.1ȱ ȱ ȱ OzoneȱandȱNOxȱHourlyȱMeansȱatȱWindsorȱDowntown…………...………………………………... 6ȱ
Figureȱ2.2ȱ ȱ ȱ OntarioȱVolatileȱOrganicȱCompoundsȱEmissionsȱbyȱSector………………………………………...ȱ 6ȱ ȱ Figureȱ2.3ȱ ȱ ȱ OntarioȱNitrogenȱOxidesȱEmissionsȱbyȱSector…………………………………..…………………… 7ȱ ȱ Figureȱ2.4aȱ ȱ ȱ OzoneȱInjuryȱonȱUpperȱLeafȱSurfaceȱofȱSensitiveȱVegetation………………………………………ȱ 8ȱ
Figureȱ2.4bȱ ȱ ȱ OzoneȱInjuryȱtoȱUnderȱLeafȱSurfaceȱofȱSensitiveȱVegetation……………………………………….. 8
Figureȱ2.5ȱ ȱ ȱ GeographicalȱDistributionȱofȱNumberȱofȱOneȬHourȱOzoneȱExceedancesȱAcrossȱOntario………ȱ 10ȱ ȱ Figureȱ2.6ȱ ȱ ȱ PollutionȱRosesȱforȱOzoneȱatȱSelectedȱSitesȱAcrossȱOntarioȱDuringȱJuneȱ7Ȭ14,ȱ2005ȱEpisode…...ȱ ȱ 11ȱ Figureȱ2.7ȱ ȱ ȱ CompositeȱAverageȱandȱRangeȱofȱOzoneȱOneȬHourȱMaximumȱConcentrationsȱinȱOntario……ȱ 12ȱ ȱ Figureȱ2.8ȱ ȱ ȱ TrendȱofȱOzoneȱSeasonalȱMeansȱatȱSitesȱAcrossȱOntario……………………………………………ȱ 13ȱ ȱ Figureȱ2.9ȱ ȱ ȱ TrendȱofȱOzoneȱMonthlyȱMeansȱinȱNorthȱBayȱandȱLondon,ȱOntario……………………………...ȱ 14ȱ ȱ Figureȱ2.10ȱ ȱ ȱ OzoneȱLevelsȱatȱDesignatedȱCWSȱSitesȱAcrossȱOntario……………………………………………….ȱ 15ȱ ȱ Figureȱ2.11ȱ ȱ ȱ OzoneȱOneȬHourȱMaximumȱConcentrationsȱforȱSelectedȱCitiesȱWorldȬwide..…………………... 15ȱ ȱ
iv ListȱofȱFiguresȱcontinued…ȱ ȱ ȱ Figureȱ3.1ȱ ȱ ȱ OntarioȱPM2.5ȱEmissionsȱbyȱSector……………………...... ȱ 18ȱ ȱ Figureȱ3.2ȱ ȱ ȱ AnnualȱStatisticsȱforȱ24ȬHourȱAverageȱPM2.5ȱAcrossȱOntario……………………...... ȱ 19ȱ ȱ Figureȱ3.3ȱ ȱ ȱ GeographicalȱDistributionȱofȱNumberȱofȱDaysȱPM2.5ȱ24ȬHourȱConcentrationsȱ>ȱ30ȱPg/m3ȱ AcrossȱOntario……………………………………………………………………………...... ȱ 20ȱ ȱ Figureȱ3.4ȱ ȱ ȱ PollutionȱRosesȱforȱPM2.5ȱatȱSelectedȱSitesȱAcrossȱOntarioȱDuringȱSeptemberȱ12Ȭ14,ȱ2005ȱ Episode……………………………….………………………………………...... ȱ 21ȱ ȱ Figureȱ3.5ȱ ȱ ȱ PM2.5ȱLevelsȱatȱDesignatedȱCWSȱSitesȱAcrossȱOntario………………………………………………ȱ 22ȱ ȱ Figureȱ3.6ȱ ȱ ȱ PM2.5ȱAnnualȱMeansȱforȱSelectedȱCitiesȱWorldȬwide………………………………………………... 23ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.1ȱ ȱ ȱ NitrogenȱDioxideȱAnnualȱMeansȱAcrossȱOntario……………………………………………………ȱ 25ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.2ȱ ȱ ȱ RangeȱofȱNitrogenȱDioxideȱAnnualȱMeansȱinȱOntario………………………………………………ȱ 26ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.3ȱ ȱ ȱ NitrogenȱDioxideȱAnnualȱMeansȱforȱSelectedȱCitiesȱWorldȬwide…………………………………. 26ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.4ȱ ȱ ȱ OntarioȱCarbonȱMonoxideȱEmissionsȱbyȱSector...……………………………………………………ȱ 27ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.5ȱ ȱ ȱ TrendsȱofȱCarbonȱMonoxideȱOneȬHourȱandȱEightȬHourȱMaximumsȱinȱOntario…….…………..ȱ 28ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.6ȱ ȱ ȱ CarbonȱMonoxideȱOneȬHourȱMaximumȱConcentrationsȱforȱSelectedȱCitiesȱWorldȬwide………ȱ 29ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.7ȱ ȱ ȱ OntarioȱSulphurȱDioxideȱEmissionsȱbyȱSector…………….ȱ……….………………………………...ȱ 30ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.8ȱ ȱ ȱ SulphurȱDioxideȱAnnualȱMeansȱAcrossȱOntario………………………………..…………...... ȱ 31ȱ
v ListȱofȱFiguresȱcontinued…ȱ ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.9ȱ ȱ ȱ RangeȱofȱSulphurȱDioxideȱConcentrationsȱinȱOntario……..………………………………………...ȱ 32ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.10ȱ ȱ ȱ SulphurȱDioxideȱAnnualȱMeansȱforȱSelectedȱCitiesȱWorldȬwide…………………………………..ȱ 32ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.1ȱ ȱ ȱ AirȱQualityȱIndexȱ(AQI)ȱMonitoringȱSitesȱinȱOntario………………………………………………..ȱ 34ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.2aȱ ȱ ȱ DailyȱMaximumȱAQIȱValuesȱinȱWindsorȱDowntown……………………………………………….ȱ 39ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.2bȱ ȱ ȱ DailyȱMaximumȱAQIȱValuesȱinȱSarnia………………..………………………………………………. 39ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.2cȱ ȱ ȱ DailyȱMaximumȱAQIȱValuesȱinȱHamiltonȱDowntown……………………………………………… 40ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.2dȱ ȱ ȱ DailyȱMaximumȱAQIȱValuesȱinȱTorontoȱDowntown……………………………………………….. 40ȱ
Figureȱ5.2eȱ ȱ ȱ DailyȱMaximumȱAQIȱValuesȱinȱOttawa………………………………………………………………. 41ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.3ȱ ȱ ȱ AirȱQualityȱIndexȱSummary……………………………………………………………………………ȱ 42ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.4ȱ ȱ ȱ SummaryȱofȱSmogȱAdvisoriesȱIssued…………………………………………………………………. 45ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.5ȱ ȱ ȱ GeneralizedȱSynopticȱWeatherȱPatternȱOverȱSouthernȱOntarioȱConduciveȱtoȱElevatedȱ PollutantȱLevels………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.6ȱ ȱ ȱ NumberȱofȱOzoneȱEpisodeȱDaysȱinȱOntario…………………………………………………………. 49ȱ
Figureȱ5.7ȱ ȱ ȱ 48ȬHourȱBackȱTrajectoriesȱatȱ500mȱArrivingȱatȱLondon,ȱOntarioȱatȱ1300ȱEDTȱonȱSmogȱEpisodeȱ Daysȱinȱ2005………….…………………………………………………………………………………... 50ȱ ȱ
vi ListȱofȱFiguresȱcontinued…ȱ ȱ Figureȱ5.10aȱ ȱ PercentȱContributionsȱonȱHighȱOzoneȱConcentrationȱDaysȱinȱOntario,ȱSouthwesternȱ Ontario……………………………………………………………………………………………………ȱ 52ȱ
Figureȱ5.10bȱ ȱ PercentȱContributionsȱonȱHighȱOzoneȱConcentrationȱDaysȱinȱOntario,ȱ GTA/Hamilton…………………………………………………………………………………………...ȱ 52ȱ
Figureȱ5.10cȱ ȱ PercentȱContributionsȱonȱHighȱOzoneȱConcentrationȱDaysȱinȱOntario,ȱImmediateȱAreasȱ DownwindȱofȱGTA/Hamilton...………………………………………………………………………... 52ȱ
ȱ ListȱofȱTablesȱ ȱ Tableȱ1.1ȱ ȱ ȱ LinkagesȱbetweenȱAirȱPollutantsȱandȱCurrentȱAirȱIssues…………………………………………….ȱ 2ȱ ȱ Tableȱ5.1ȱ ȱ ȱ AirȱQualityȱIndexȱPollutantsȱandȱTheirȱImpacts………………………………………………………ȱ 35ȱ ȱ Tableȱ5.2ȱ ȱ ȱ AirȱQualityȱIndexȱSummaryȱ…….………………………………………………………………………ȱ 36ȱ ȱ Tableȱ5.3ȱ ȱ ȱ NumberȱofȱDaysȱatȱLeastȱOneȱHourȱAQIȱ>ȱ49…………………………………………………………ȱ 37ȱ ȱ Tableȱ5.4ȱ ȱ ȱ NumberȱofȱDaysȱthatȱOzone,ȱFineȱParticulateȱMatter,ȱandȱBothȱPollutantsȱResultedȱinȱatȱLeastȱ OneȱHourȱAQIȱ>ȱ49……………………………………………………………………………………….ȱ 37ȱ ȱ Tableȱ5.5ȱ ȱ ȱ SmogȱAdvisoryȱStatisticsȱforȱOntario…………………………………………………………………...ȱ 44ȱ ȱ Tableȱ5.6ȱ ȱ ȱ SmogȱEpisodeȱDaysȱinȱOntario…………………………………………………………………...... ȱ 49ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
vii Chapterȱ1ȱ ȱ Overviewȱ
ȱ AirȱpollutionȱisȱofȱconcernȱtoȱmanyȱpeopleȱwhoȱliveȱinȱOntario.ȱȱAlthoughȱtheȱaverageȱlevelsȱforȱ theȱmajorityȱofȱairȱpollutantsȱinȱOntarioȱhaveȱdecreasedȱoverȱtheȱpastȱ35ȱyears,ȱsmogȱremainsȱaȱsignificantȱ issue,ȱespeciallyȱinȱsouthernȱOntarioȱwhereȱelevatedȱlevelsȱofȱtheȱairborneȱpollutantsȱcomprisingȱofȱsmogȱ areȱcommon.ȱȱAsȱdepictedȱinȱFigureȱ1.1,ȱairȱpollutionȱcomesȱfromȱvariousȱsourcesȱincludingȱstationaryȱ sourcesȱsuchȱasȱfactories,ȱpowerȱplantsȱandȱsmelters;ȱmobileȱsourcesȱsuchȱasȱcars,ȱbuses,ȱtrucks,ȱplanes,ȱ marineȱ vesselsȱ andȱ trains;ȱ and,ȱ naturalȱ sourcesȱ suchȱ asȱ forestȱ fires,ȱ windblownȱ dustȱ andȱ biogenicȱ emissionsȱfromȱvegetation.ȱ ȱ Manyȱ pollutants,ȱ includingȱ thoseȱ thatȱ areȱ associatedȱ withȱ smogȱ (ozoneȱ andȱ fineȱ particulateȱ matter)ȱremainȱinȱtheȱatmosphereȱforȱlongȱperiodsȱofȱtime.ȱȱTheseȱairȱpollutantsȱand/orȱtheirȱprecursorsȱ areȱgeneratedȱlocally,ȱregionally,ȱnationallyȱandȱinternationally,ȱandȱcanȱtravelȱfromȱprovinceȱtoȱprovinceȱ andȱcountryȱtoȱcountry,ȱaffectingȱareasȱfarȱremovedȱfromȱtheirȱrespectiveȱsourcesȱofȱpollution.ȱȱȱ
Figure 1.1 Atmospheric Life Cycle of Air Pollutants
Local, regional or Transformation Long-range transport
ȱ
ȱ 1 Theȱreleaseȱofȱpollutantsȱintoȱtheȱatmosphereȱandȱremovalȱofȱpollutantsȱfromȱtheȱatmosphereȱareȱ ongoingȱ processes.ȱȱPollutantȱ levelsȱ areȱ affectedȱ byȱ sourceȱ strengths,ȱ sunlight,ȱ moisture,ȱ clouds,ȱ precipitation,ȱgeography,ȱandȱregionalȱandȱlocalȱweather.ȱ ȱȱ Thisȱreportȱfocusesȱonȱairȱconcentrationsȱbasedȱonȱmeasurementsȱofȱkeyȱcriteriaȱpollutantsȱinȱtheȱ ambientȱoutdoorȱairȱtoȱassessȱtheȱstateȱofȱairȱqualityȱinȱtheȱprovinceȱofȱOntarioȱduringȱ2005ȱandȱoverȱtheȱ lastȱ35ȱyears.ȱȱ ȱ TheȱOntarioȱMinistryȱofȱtheȱEnvironmentȱcollectsȱcontinuousȱambientȱairȱqualityȱdataȱatȱ38ȱAirȱ QualityȱIndexȱ(AQI)ȱmonitoringȱsitesȱacrossȱtheȱprovince.ȱȱTheseȱdataȱareȱusedȱtoȱdetermineȱtheȱstateȱofȱ airȱ qualityȱ inȱ Ontarioȱ andȱ helpȱ developȱ abatementȱ programsȱ toȱ reduceȱ theȱ burdenȱ ofȱ airȱ pollutants,ȱ addressȱkeyȱairȱissuesȱandȱassessȱtheȱefficacyȱofȱpoliciesȱandȱprograms.ȱAmbientȱairȱmonitoringȱprovidesȱ informationȱonȱtheȱactualȱconcentrationsȱofȱselectedȱpollutantsȱinȱcommunitiesȱacrossȱOntario.ȱȱTableȱ1.1ȱ showsȱtheȱrelationshipȱbetweenȱmonitoredȱairȱpollutantsȱandȱcurrentȱairȱissues.ȱ ȱ Table 1.1: Linkages between Air Pollutants and Current Air Issuesȱ Global Acid Visibility/ Pollutant Smog Odour Warming Deposition Soiling
Ozone Yes Yes Yes No No Sulphur Dioxide Yes Yes Yes No Yes Carbon Monoxide Yes Yes No No No Nitrogen Oxides Yes Yes Yes No Yes Volatile Organic Yes Yes No Yes No Compounds Particulate Matter Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Total Reduced No No No Yes No Sulphur Compounds ȱ ȱ Theȱdataȱcollectedȱbyȱtheȱprovince’sȱstateȬofȬtheȬartȱairȱmonitoringȱnetworkȱhaveȱcontributedȱtoȱ severalȱairȱqualityȱinitiativesȱandȱregulations.ȱTheȱMinistryȱofȱtheȱEnvironmentȱcontinuesȱtoȱmonitorȱairȱ qualityȱacrossȱOntarioȱandȱusesȱthisȱinformationȱto:ȱ ȱ informȱtheȱpublicȱaboutȱoutdoorȱambientȱairȱquality;ȱ assessȱOntario’sȱairȱqualityȱandȱevaluateȱlongȬtermȱtrends;ȱ identifyȱareasȱwhereȱcriteriaȱareȱexceededȱandȱidentifyȱtheȱoriginsȱofȱpollutants;ȱ provideȱtheȱbasisȱforȱairȱpolicy/programȱdevelopment;ȱ provideȱquantitativeȱmeasurementsȱtoȱenableȱabatementȱofȱspecificȱsources;ȱ
ȱ 2 determineȱtheȱsignificanceȱofȱpollutantsȱfromȱU.S.ȱsourcesȱandȱtheirȱeffectsȱonȱOntario;ȱȱ provideȱ airȱ qualityȱ researchersȱ withȱ dataȱ toȱ linkȱ environmentalȱ andȱ humanȱ healthȱ effectsȱ toȱ airȱ quality;ȱandȱ provideȱsmogȱadvisoriesȱforȱpublicȱhealthȱprotectionȱandȱpublicȱoutreach.ȱ
Thisȱ annualȱ report,ȱ theȱ 35thȱ inȱ aȱ series,ȱ summarizesȱ theȱ stateȱ ofȱ ambientȱ airȱ qualityȱ inȱ Ontarioȱ duringȱ2005ȱandȱexaminesȱtrendsȱoverȱtime.ȱȱItȱcoversȱtheȱmeasuredȱlevelsȱofȱsixȱcontaminants:ȱozoneȱ
(O3),ȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱ(PM2.5),ȱnitrogenȱdioxideȱ(NO2),ȱcarbonȱmonoxideȱ(CO),ȱsulphurȱdioxideȱ(SO2)ȱ andȱ totalȱ reducedȱ sulphurȱ (TRS)ȱ compounds.ȱȱWhereȱ appropriate,ȱ airȱ pollutantȱ concentrationsȱ fromȱ selectedȱOntarioȱcitiesȱhaveȱbeenȱcomparedȱtoȱtheȱinformationȱavailableȱinȱotherȱcitiesȱworldȬwide.ȱȱTheȱ citiesȱ includedȱ inȱ thisȱ comparativeȱ studyȱ areȱ depictedȱ inȱ Figureȱ 1.2.ȱ Cityȱ populationsȱ rangedȱ fromȱ approximatelyȱ20,000ȱ(Yellowknife,ȱCanada)ȱtoȱ17,000,000ȱ(SãoȱPaulo,ȱBrazil),ȱandȱshouldȱbeȱtakenȱintoȱ accountȱ whenȱ examiningȱ theirȱ reportedȱ pollutantȱ concentrations.ȱ Monitoringȱ methodsȱ andȱ sitingȱ proceduresȱmayȱvaryȱfromȱcountryȱtoȱcountry;ȱtherefore,ȱcomparisonsȱamongȱnationsȱareȱnotȱintendedȱtoȱ beȱusedȱasȱaȱcomprehensiveȱranking.ȱȱAirȱqualityȱstandardsȱforȱtheȱchosenȱcriteriaȱpollutantsȱinȱthisȱstudyȱ mayȱ varyȱ fromȱ countryȱ toȱ countryȱ asȱ well;ȱ however,ȱ theȱ interȬcityȱ comparisonsȱ representedȱ hereȱ areȱ referencedȱtoȱOntario’sȱambientȱairȱqualityȱcriteriaȱ(AAQC),ȱtheȱnationalȱambientȱairȱqualityȱstandardsȱ (NAAQS)ȱforȱtheȱUnitedȱStates,ȱandȱtheȱguidelinesȱgivenȱbyȱtheȱWorldȱHealthȱOrganizationȱ(WHO).ȱ ȱȱ TheȱreportȱalsoȱsummarizesȱtheȱresultsȱfromȱtheȱAirȱQualityȱIndexȱ(AQI)ȱandȱSmogȱAlertȱprograms,ȱ andȱbrieflyȱexaminesȱsmogȱepisodesȱinȱ2005.ȱ ȱ Theȱmainȱfocusȱofȱtheȱ2005ȱpublicationȱisȱtoȱreportȱonȱtheȱstateȱofȱOntario’sȱambientȱairȱqualityȱfromȱ theȱAQIȱnetwork.ȱȱTheȱannualȱstatisticsȱandȱ10Ȭyearȱtrendsȱofȱambientȱdataȱareȱpresentedȱinȱtheȱattachedȱ appendix.ȱȱOntarioȱcontinuesȱtoȱbenefitȱfromȱoneȱofȱtheȱmostȱcomprehensiveȱairȱmonitoringȱsystemsȱinȱ NorthȱAmerica.ȱȱTheȱambientȱnetworkȱisȱdesignedȱtoȱmeasureȱcontinuousȱairȱqualityȱatȱ38ȱmonitoringȱ sitesȱacrossȱtheȱprovinceȱandȱundergoesȱregularȱmaintenanceȱtoȱensureȱaȱhighȱstandardȱofȱquality.ȱȱWithȱ theseȱdata,ȱinformedȱdecisionsȱcanȱbeȱmadeȱonȱwhatȱneedsȱtoȱbeȱdoneȱtoȱprotectȱandȱimproveȱtheȱqualityȱ ofȱairȱforȱallȱOntarians.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ 3 ȱ
Figure 1.2 Selected Cities Around the World Used for 2005 Air Quality Comparison
29 38
9 5 37 14 24 21 32 20 35 39 19 12 36 28 13 6 7 8 27 26 22 11 2 3 10 17 4 16 23 34 4 30 18 15 GREAT L AKES B ASIN
Minneapolis- St. Paul
Toronto Milwaukee 31 Detroit Chicago Windsor 25 Erie 1 Cleveland 33
1. Adelaide; 2. Athens; 3. Atlanta; 4. Austin; 5. Belfast; 6. Boston; 7. Chicago; 8. Cleveland; 9 . Copenhagen; 10. Dallas; 11. Denver; 12. Detroit; 13. Erie; 14. Geneva; 15. Hong Kong; 16. Houston; 17. Jacksonville; 18. Miami; 19. Milwaukee; 20. Minneapolis-St. Paul; 21. Montreal; 22. New York; 23. Orlando; 24. Ottawa; 25. Perth; 26. Philadelphia; 27. Pittsburgh; 28. Prague; 29. Reykjavik; 30. San Antonio; 31. Sao Paulo; 32. Seattle; 33. Sydney; 34. Tampa; 35. Toronto; 36. Windsor; 37. Winnipeg; 38. Yellowknife; 39. Zurich. ȱ Chapterȱ2ȱ ȱ
GroundȬLevelȱOzoneȱ ȱ ȱ GroundȬlevelȱ ozoneȱ isȱ aȱ gasȱ formedȱ whenȱ nitrogenȱ oxidesȱ (NOx)ȱ andȱ volatileȱ organicȱ compoundsȱ (VOCs)ȱ reactȱ inȱ theȱ presenceȱ ofȱ sunlight.ȱȱWhileȱ ozoneȱ atȱ groundȬlevelȱ isȱ aȱ majorȱ environmentalȱandȱhealthȱconcern,ȱtheȱnaturallyȱoccurringȱozoneȱinȱtheȱstratosphereȱisȱbeneficialȱ asȱitȱshieldsȱtheȱearthȱfromȱharmfulȱultravioletȱradiation.ȱ ȱ Characteristics,ȱsourcesȱandȱeffectsȱ ȱ ȱ Ozoneȱisȱaȱcolourless,ȱodourlessȱgasȱatȱambientȱconcentrations,ȱandȱisȱaȱmajorȱcomponentȱ ofȱ smog.ȱȱGroundȬlevelȱ ozoneȱ isȱ notȱ emittedȱ directlyȱ intoȱ theȱ atmosphere.ȱȱTheȱ formationȱ andȱ transportȱofȱgroundȬlevelȱozoneȱareȱstronglyȱdependentȱonȱmeteorologicalȱconditions.ȱȱChangingȱ weatherȱpatternsȱcontributeȱtoȱshortȬtermȱandȱyearȬtoȬyearȱdifferencesȱinȱozoneȱconcentrations.ȱȱ Inȱ Ontario,ȱ elevatedȱ concentrationsȱ ofȱ groundȬlevelȱ ozoneȱ areȱ generallyȱ recordedȱ onȱ hotȱ andȱ sunnyȱdaysȱfromȱMayȱtoȱSeptember,ȱbetweenȱnoonȱandȱearlyȱevening.ȱȱȱ ȱ
TheȱdiurnalȱvariationȱofȱozoneȱandȱitsȱrelationshipȱwithȱNOxȱforȱtheȱmonthȱofȱJuneȱ2005ȱ areȱdisplayedȱforȱWindsorȱinȱFigureȱ2.1.ȱȱTheȱincreaseȱinȱNOxȱconcentrations,ȱmeasuredȱasȱnitricȱ oxideȱ(NO)ȱandȱnitrogenȱdioxide,ȱduringȱtheȱmorningȱrushȬhourȱisȱmainlyȱtheȱresultȱofȱvehicularȱ traffic;ȱhowever,ȱtheȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱdipȱoverȱtheȱsameȱperiodȱdueȱtoȱtheȱscavengingȱeffectȱ ofȱNO.ȱȱByȱtheȱlateȱmorning,ȱgroundȬlevelȱozoneȱcontinuesȱtoȱbeȱproducedȱasȱaȱresultȱofȱchemicalȱ reactionsȱ betweenȱ VOCsȱ andȱ NOxȱ inȱ theȱ presenceȱ ofȱ sunlight.ȱȱOzoneȱ concentrationsȱ startȱ toȱ increaseȱandȱpeakȱbyȱmidȬafternoonȱwhenȱtheȱsunlightȱisȱstillȱrelativelyȱintense.ȱȱAsȱtheȱsunȱgoesȱ down,ȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱtypicallyȱdecrease.ȱ ȱ ȱ Figureȱ 2.2ȱ showsȱ typicalȱ estimatesȱ ofȱ Ontario’sȱ VOCȱ emissionsȱ fromȱ point,ȱ areaȱ andȱ transportationȱsources.ȱȱTransportationȱsectorsȱaccountedȱforȱapproximatelyȱ37ȱperȱcentȱofȱVOCȱ emissions.ȱȱGeneralȱ solventsȱ andȱ otherȱ industrialȱ processesȱ wereȱ theȱ secondȱ largestȱ sourcesȱ ofȱ VOCȱemissions,ȱeachȱaccountingȱforȱapproximatelyȱ19ȱperȱcent.ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ Figureȱ 2.3ȱ showsȱ estimatesȱ ofȱ Ontario’sȱ NOxȱ emissionsȱ fromȱ point,ȱ areaȱ andȱ transportationȱsources.ȱȱTransportationȱsectorsȱaccountedȱforȱapproximatelyȱ62ȱperȱcentȱofȱNOxȱ emissions.ȱȱUtilitiesȱ wereȱ theȱ secondȱ largestȱ sourceȱ ofȱ NOxȱ emissions,ȱ accountingȱ forȱ approximatelyȱ13ȱperȱcent.ȱ
5ȱ ȱ
Figure 2.1
Ozone and NOx Hourly Means at Windsor Downtown June 2005
80 Ozone
70 NOx
60
50
40
30 Concentration (ppb)
20
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324 Hour (EST)
ȱ
Figure 2.2 Ontario Volatile Organic Compounds Emissions by Sector (Emissions from Point/Area/Transportation Sources, 2002 Estimates)
Printing/Surface Coating 11% Road Vehicles 17%
Other Industrial Processes 19%
Other Transportation 20%
General Solvent Use Miscellaneous 19% 7% Residential 7%
Note: 2002 is the latest complete inventory. Emissions may be revised with updated source/sector information or emission estimation methodologies as they become available. ȱ
6ȱ Figure 2.3 Ontario Nitrogen Oxides Emissions by Sector (Emissions from Point/Area/Transportation Sources, 2002 Estimates)
Smelters/Primary Metals Utilities 3% Other Transportation 13% 33%
Other Industrial Processes 11%
Miscellaneous 6% Cement and Concrete 5% Road Vehicles 29%
Note: 2002 is the latest complete inventory. Emissions may be revised with updated source/sector information or emission estimation methodologies as they become available. ȱ ȱ Ozoneȱirritatesȱtheȱrespiratoryȱtractȱandȱeyes.ȱȱExposureȱtoȱozoneȱinȱsensitiveȱpeopleȱcanȱ resultȱinȱchestȱtightness,ȱcoughingȱandȱwheezing.ȱȱChildrenȱwhoȱareȱactiveȱoutdoorsȱduringȱtheȱ summer,ȱ whenȱ ozoneȱ levelsȱ areȱ highest,ȱ areȱ particularlyȱ atȱ risk.ȱȱIndividualsȱ withȱ preȬexistingȱ respiratoryȱ disorders,ȱ suchȱ asȱ asthmaȱ andȱ chronicȱ obstructiveȱ pulmonaryȱ diseaseȱ (COPD),ȱ areȱ alsoȱ atȱ risk.ȱȱGroundȬlevelȱ ozoneȱ isȱ linkedȱ toȱ increasedȱ hospitalȱ admissionsȱ andȱ prematureȱ deaths.ȱȱȱ ȱ OzoneȱalsoȱcausesȱagriculturalȱcropȱlossȱeachȱyearȱinȱOntario,ȱwithȱvisibleȱleafȱdamageȱinȱ manyȱcrops,ȱgardenȱplantsȱandȱtrees,ȱespeciallyȱduringȱtheȱsummerȱmonths.ȱȱOzoneȱinjuryȱhasȱ beenȱobservedȱonȱsensitiveȱcropsȱinȱpartsȱofȱsouthwesternȱandȱcentralȱOntarioȱwhereȱtheȱhighestȱ ambientȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱareȱgenerallyȱrecorded.ȱȱForȱexample,ȱozoneȱinjuryȱwasȱobservedȱ onȱ foliageȱ ofȱ elderberry,ȱ yellowȱ poplar,ȱ sycamore,ȱ walnutȱ andȱ milkweedȱ atȱ aȱ siteȱ nearȱ Portȱ Stanleyȱinȱ2005.ȱȱOverall,ȱfoliageȱofȱyoungȱelderberryȱandȱwalnutȱtreesȱhadȱmoderateȱ(10Ȭ35%)ȱ injury,ȱ whileȱ theȱ otherȱ affectedȱ plantsȱ atȱ thisȱ siteȱ hadȱ lightȱ (2Ȭ10%)ȱ toȱ traceȱ (0Ȭ1%)ȱ injury.ȱȱ Althoughȱtheȱsunny,ȱhot,ȱandȱhumidȱweatherȱconditionsȱinȱtheȱsummerȱofȱ2005ȱwereȱconduciveȱ toȱ ozoneȱ formation,ȱ theȱ leaf’sȱ foliarȱ stomataȱ closedȱ toȱ preserveȱ moistureȱ loss,ȱ thereforeȱ preventingȱ ozoneȱ fromȱ enteringȱ theȱ leaf.ȱȱOzoneȱ injuryȱ onȱ plantȱ foliageȱ commonlyȱ appearsȱ asȱ stipplingȱ(grey,ȱbrownȱorȱblackȬlikeȱdotsȱtheȱsizeȱofȱaȱpinȱhead)ȱonȱtheȱupperȱsurfaceȱofȱleaves,ȱasȱ depictedȱinȱFigureȱ2.4a.ȱȱOzoneȱcanȱalsoȱcauseȱvisibleȱleafȱdamageȱonȱsomeȱspecies,ȱsuchȱasȱpotatoȱ
7ȱ andȱtomatoȱplants,ȱasȱlarger,ȱirregularȱshaped,ȱshinyȱgreyȱorȱbronzeȱspotsȱonȱtheȱunderȱsurfaceȱofȱ leavesȱasȱshownȱinȱFigureȱ2.4b.ȱȱFortunately,ȱplantsȱhaveȱtheȱabilityȱtoȱrecoverȱfromȱozoneȱinjury.ȱ ȱ ȱ Figure 2.4a Ozone Injury on Upper Leaf Surface of Sensitive Vegetation i. ii.
iii. iv.
Notes:ȱȱ i.ȱ Beanȱleafȱwithȱupperȱsurfaceȱozoneȱstipplingȱandȱcoalescentȱinjuryȱonȱ intervienalȱtissue.ȱ ii.ȱ Elderberryȱfoliageȱwithȱozoneȱinjuryȱonȱupperȱsurface.ȱ iii.ȱ Whiteȱbeanȱplantȱwithȱdistinctiveȱozoneȱstipplingȱandȱbronzingȱonȱ upperȱsurfaceȱofȱseveralȱleaves.ȱ iv.ȱ Milkweedȱwithȱgrayishȱozoneȱspottingȱonȱupperȱsurfaceȱofȱleaves.ȱ
Figure 2.4b Ozone Injury to Under Leaf Surface of Sensitive Vegetation i. ii.
Notes:ȱȱ i.ȱ Potatoȱcompoundȱleafȱwithȱtypicalȱbronzeȱspotsȱonȱunderȱsurface.ȱ ii.ȱ Tomatoȱcompoundȱleafȱwithȱshinyȱcopper/bronzeȱozoneȱlesionsȱonȱ undersideȱofȱleaflets.ȱ ȱ
8ȱ Sensitiveȱfieldȱcropsȱincludeȱpotatoȱandȱtomato,ȱhowever,ȱwhiteȱbeanȱisȱtheȱmostȱozoneȬ sensitiveȱ cropȱ grownȱ inȱ Ontario.ȱȱElevatedȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱ areȱ notȱ theȱ onlyȱ causeȱ forȱ adverseȱimpactsȱonȱtheȱgrowthȱandȱyieldȱofȱsensitiveȱplantsȱsinceȱplantȱresponseȱtoȱozoneȱmayȱbeȱ influencedȱ byȱ theȱ typeȱ ofȱ crop,ȱ variety,ȱ developmentȱ stage,ȱ agriculturalȱ practicesȱ andȱ weatherȱ conditions.ȱȱTheȱTransboundaryȱAirȱPollutionȱinȱOntarioȱreportȱstatesȱthatȱtheȱlossȱofȱagriculturalȱ andȱforestȱproductivityȱdueȱtoȱairȱpollutionȱinȱOntarioȱisȱestimatedȱatȱapproximatelyȱ$280ȱmillionȱ perȱyearȱinȱdamages.ȱ ȱ Monitoringȱresultsȱforȱ2005ȱ ȱ ȱ Duringȱ 2005,ȱ groundȬlevelȱ ozoneȱ wasȱ monitoredȱ atȱ allȱ 38ȱ Ontarioȱ Ministryȱ ofȱ theȱ EnvironmentȱAirȱQualityȱIndexȱmonitoringȱstations.ȱȱTheȱhighestȱannualȱmeanȱwasȱ34.6ȱpartsȱperȱ billionȱ (ppb),ȱ measuredȱ atȱ Portȱ Stanley,ȱ aȱ ruralȱ andȱ transboundaryȬinfluencedȱ siteȱ onȱ theȱ northernȱshoreȱofȱLakeȱErie,ȱwhileȱtheȱlowestȱannualȱmean,ȱ20.3ȱppb,ȱwasȱmeasuredȱatȱTorontoȱ West,ȱaȱsiteȱimpactedȱdirectlyȱbyȱlocalȱnitricȱoxideȱemissions.ȱȱGenerally,ȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱareȱ lowerȱinȱurbanȱareasȱbecauseȱitȱisȱreducedȱbyȱreactionȱwithȱnitricȱoxideȱemittedȱbyȱvehiclesȱandȱ otherȱlocalȱcombustionȱsources.ȱ ȱ ȱ Amongȱ urbanȱ sitesȱ inȱ 2005,ȱ theȱ highestȱ oneȬhourȱ ozoneȱ concentrationȱ (116ȱ ppb)ȱ wasȱ recordedȱatȱChatham,ȱwhereasȱtheȱWindsorȱWestȱsiteȱrecordedȱtheȱgreatestȱnumberȱofȱinstancesȱ (150)ȱwhenȱozoneȱwasȱaboveȱOntario’sȱoneȬhourȱAAQCȱofȱ80ȱppb.ȱȱPeterboroughȱrecordedȱtheȱ highestȱannualȱurbanȱmeanȱ(31.2ȱppb).ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Atȱruralȱsites,ȱGrandȱBendȱmeasuredȱtheȱhighestȱoneȬhourȱconcentrationȱ(131ȱppb),ȱwhileȱ PortȱStanleyȱhadȱtheȱmostȱinstancesȱ(172)ȱaboveȱOntarioȇsȱoneȬhourȱAAQC,ȱfollowedȱbyȱGrandȱ Bendȱ whereȱ theȱ AAQCȱ wasȱ exceededȱ 98ȱ times.ȱȱBothȱ sites,ȱ Portȱ Stanleyȱ andȱ Grandȱ Bend,ȱ areȱ impactedȱsignificantlyȱbyȱU.S.ȱemissions.ȱ ȱ ȱ GroundȬlevelȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱcontinuedȱtoȱexceedȱtheȱprovincialȱAAQCȱacrossȱtheȱ province.ȱȱInȱ2005,ȱOntario’sȱoneȬhourȱAAQCȱforȱozoneȱwasȱexceededȱatȱ37ȱofȱtheȱ38ȱAQIȱstationsȱ onȱatȱleastȱoneȱoccasion.ȱȱThunderȱBayȱreportedȱaȱoneȬhourȱmaximumȱofȱ69ȱppbȱandȱwasȱtheȱonlyȱ siteȱthatȱdidȱnotȱrecordȱanyȱhoursȱofȱozoneȱaboveȱ80ȱppbȱinȱ2005.ȱȱ ȱ ȱ Theȱ geographicalȱ distributionȱ ofȱ theȱ numberȱ ofȱ ozoneȱ exceedancesȱ acrossȱ Ontarioȱ isȱ shownȱ inȱ Figureȱ 2.5.ȱȱHigherȱ numbersȱ ofȱ oneȬhourȱ ozoneȱ exceedancesȱ wereȱ recordedȱ onȱ theȱ northernȱshoresȱofȱLakeȱErieȱandȱLakeȱOntarioȱandȱtheȱsoutheasternȱshoreȱofȱLakeȱHuronȱandȱ easternȱ shoreȱ ofȱ Georgianȱ Bay.ȱȱAsȱ statedȱ inȱ theȱ Transboundaryȱ Airȱ Pollutionȱ inȱ Ontarioȱ report,ȱ
9ȱ elevatedȱ ozoneȱ levelsȱ inȱ theseȱ areasȱ areȱ generallyȱ attributedȱ toȱ theȱ longȬrangeȱ transportȱ ofȱ pollutantsȱintoȱOntarioȱfromȱtheȱUnitedȱStates.ȱȱTransboundaryȱairȱpollutionȱisȱthenȱcombinedȱ withȱaȱlocalȱbuildȬupȱofȱpollutantsȱthatȱmayȱbeȱcarriedȱthroughoutȱtheȱprovinceȱduringȱaȱsmogȱ episodeȱ asȱ demonstratedȱ inȱ Figureȱ 2.6ȱ whichȱ displaysȱ theȱ ozoneȱ pollutionȱ rosesȱ atȱ selectȱ sitesȱ acrossȱ Ontarioȱ duringȱ anȱ ozoneȱ episodeȱ Juneȱ 7Ȭ14,ȱ 2005.ȱȱStartingȱ atȱ theȱ southwesternȱ tipȱ ofȱ Ontario,ȱ representedȱ byȱ theȱ Windsorȱ Westȱ monitoringȱ site,ȱ theȱ dataȱ clearlyȱ showsȱ thatȱ theȱ predominantȱwindsȱfromȱtheȱsouthwestȱ(SW)ȱtoȱsouthȬsouthwestȱ(SSW)ȱresultedȱinȱtheȱtransportȱ ofȱairȱpollutionȱfromȱtheȱUnitedȱStatesȱintoȱWindsor.ȱȱItȱwasȱduringȱthisȱperiodȱthatȱtheȱmajorityȱ ofȱhighȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱwereȱrecorded.ȱȱInȱcomparison,ȱtheȱpollutionȱroseȱforȱNewmarket,ȱaȱ cityȱ locatedȱ approximatelyȱ 30ȱ kilometersȱ northȱ ofȱ Toronto,ȱ showsȱ aȱ slightȱ changeȱ inȱ windȱ direction,ȱwithȱprevailingȱwindsȱfromȱtheȱSSWȱtoȱsouthȬsoutheastȱ(SSE).ȱȱThisȱreflectsȱtheȱimpactȱ fromȱpotentialȱtransportȱofȱpollutionȱfromȱtheȱU.S.ȱandȱlocalȱpollutionȱfromȱToronto.ȱȱMorrisburgȱ receivedȱtheȱpollutedȱairȱfromȱtheȱSWȱtoȱwestȱdirections,ȱandȱlikeȱNewmarketȱandȱWindsorȱWest,ȱ alsoȱrecordedȱhighȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱexceedingȱOntario’sȱoneȬhourȱAAQCȱofȱ80ȱppbȱduringȱ theȱ episode.ȱȱTheȱ highestȱ frequencyȱ ofȱ theȱ windsȱ forȱ Saultȱ Ste.ȱ Marieȱ wereȱ mainlyȱ fromȱ theȱ southeast;ȱ however,ȱ theȱ siteȱ recordedȱ itsȱ highestȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱ whenȱ theȱ windsȱ wereȱ southwesterly,ȱindicatingȱtheȱtransboundaryȱinfluence.ȱ ȱ Figure 2.5 Geographical Distribution of Number of One-Hour Ozone Exceedances Across Ontario (2005)
Sault Ste. Marie Sudbury
North Bay
Ottawa Thunder Bay Georgi an Parry Sound Bay Dorset Lake Superior Morrisburg
Kingston Peterborough Lake Huron Belleville Newmarket
Brampton Tor onto Lake Ontario Mississauga Oakville Grand Bend Hamilton St. Catharines Brantford Sarnia
Legend Port Stanley 0 - 24 Chatham Windsor 25 - 49 Lake Erie 50 - 99 > 100
ȱ
10 ȱ
90
%
0
4
45 % 135
0
3
%
0
2
%
0 1
0 %
0 8 0 1 direction. >0 - 23 >23 - 50 >50 - 80 >80 - 149 >149 (ppb) Morrisburg Morrisburg 3 315 225 O Concentration
270
io
r
ta
n
O
e
k La
90
%
0 4
45
135
30%
20%
0% 1
0 0 0% 8 1
Newmarket
Figure 2.6
e
i r
315 225
E
e
k
a
270 L During June 7-14, 2005 Episode
90
%
0
4
45 % 135
0
3
%
0 2
PollutionRoses for Ozone at Selected Sites Across Ontario
% 0
Lake 1 Huron
0 %
0 8 0 1
90
%
0
4
45 % 135 0
Windsor West 3
315 225
% Windsor W.
0
2
% 0
270 1
0 %
0 8 0 1 Sault Ste. Marie Ste. Sault 315 225 Note:pollution A rosea is diagram indicating thefrequency ofgiven concentration levels ofa pollutant asafunction of wind 270
ȱ ȱ
11 Trendsȱ ȱ ȱ Theȱ compositeȱ averageȱ andȱ rangeȱ ofȱ theȱ annualȱ oneȬhourȱ maximumȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱareȱshownȱforȱtheȱ26Ȭyearȱperiodȱofȱ1980ȱtoȱ2005ȱinȱFigureȱ2.7.ȱȱForȱthisȱperiod,ȱtheȱ averageȱofȱtheȱannualȱoneȬhourȱmaximumȱconcentrationsȱrangeȱfromȱ84ȱppb,ȱrecordedȱinȱ2004,ȱtoȱ 142ȱppb,ȱrecordedȱinȱ1988.ȱȱTheȱdataȱshowȱrandomȱfluctuationsȱbutȱanȱoverallȱdecreasingȱtrendȱ (13ȱperȱcent)ȱinȱtheȱaverageȱannualȱoneȬhourȱmaximumȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱfromȱ1980ȱtoȱ2005ȱisȱ evident.ȱȱOverȱ theȱ pastȱ 10ȱ yearsȱ (1996ȱ toȱ 2005),ȱ theȱ annualȱ compositeȱ meansȱ ofȱ theȱ oneȬhourȱ maximumȱconcentrationsȱofȱozoneȱhaveȱdecreasedȱbyȱapproximatelyȱ3ȱperȱcent.ȱȱForȱ2005,ȱtheȱ oneȬhourȱmaximumsȱrangedȱfromȱ69ȱppbȱtoȱ121ȱppbȱwithȱanȱaverageȱofȱ99ȱppb.ȱȱ ȱ
Figure 2.7 Composite Average and Range of Ozone One-Hour Maximum Concentrations in Ontario (1980 - 2005) 200 Maximum
180 Average of 1h Maximums
Minimum 160
140
120
100
80 Concentration (ppb) 60
40
20
0
1 3 5 7 2 4 92 94 96 98 00 988 990 003 005 1980 198 1982 198 1984 198 1986 198 1 1989 1 1991 19 1993 19 1995 19 1997 19 1999 20 2001 200 2 200 2
Note: Based on data from 23 ambient ozone sites operated over 26 years. Ontario 1h AAQC = 80 ppb. ȱ ȱ Theȱtrendȱofȱtheȱozoneȱseasonalȱcompositeȱmeansȱ(summerȱandȱwinter)ȱasȱrecordedȱatȱ22ȱ longȬtermȱozoneȱsitesȱforȱtheȱperiodȱ1980ȱtoȱ2005ȱisȱshownȱinȱFigureȱ2.8.ȱȱItȱshowsȱthatȱthereȱhasȱ beenȱanȱincreasingȱtrendȱinȱtheȱozoneȱseasonalȱmeansȱduringȱtheȱ26Ȭyearȱperiodȱwhereȱtheȱozoneȱ summerȱ meansȱ haveȱ increasedȱ byȱ approximatelyȱ 28ȱ perȱ centȱ andȱ theȱ winterȱ meansȱ byȱ approximatelyȱ 47ȱ perȱ cent.ȱȱFromȱ 1996ȱ toȱ 2005,ȱ summerȱ compositeȱ meansȱ increasedȱ byȱ approximatelyȱ11ȱperȱcentȱandȱwinterȱcompositeȱmeansȱincreasedȱbyȱapproximatelyȱ23ȱperȱcent.ȱȱ Theȱincreasesȱinȱsummerȱandȱwinterȱozoneȱmeansȱappearȱtoȱbeȱlargelyȱrelatedȱtoȱrisingȱglobalȱ backgroundȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱ throughoutȱ Ontario.ȱȱThereȱ areȱ indicationsȱ thatȱ globalȱ
12 backgroundȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱhaveȱbeenȱincreasingȱbyȱ0.2Ȭ2ȱperȱcentȱperȱyearȱinȱrecentȱyears. Potentialȱ contributionsȱ toȱ theȱ increasesȱ inȱ theȱ summerȱ compositeȱ meansȱ mayȱ beȱ relatedȱ toȱ meteorologicalȱfactorsȱandȱlongȬrangeȱtransportȱofȱozoneȱandȱitsȱprecursorsȱfromȱtheȱU.S.ȱ ȱ
Figure 2.8 Trend of Ozone Seasonal Means at Sites Across Ontario (1980 - 2005)
40
Summer Mean
35 Winter Mean
30
25
20
15 Concentration (ppb)
10
5
0
3 0 79 81 90 92 96 98 986 988 994 003 005 19 1980 19 1982 198 1984 1985 1 1987 1 1989 19 1991 19 1993 1 1995 19 1997 19 1999 200 2001 2002 2 2004 2 2006
Note: Based on data from 22 ozone sites operated over 26 years. Seasonal definitions - Summer (May to September); Winter (January to April, October to December). ȱ ȱ InȱFigureȱ2.9,ȱtheȱaveragedȱozoneȱmonthlyȱmeansȱareȱcomparedȱbetweenȱtwoȱlocationsȱ forȱ theȱ periodȱ 1991ȱ toȱ 2005.ȱȱThisȱ figureȱ showsȱ theȱ typicalȱ behaviourȱ ofȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱ throughoutȱtheȱyearȱinȱnorthernȱandȱsouthernȱOntarioȱasȱrepresentedȱbyȱNorthȱBayȱandȱLondon,ȱ respectively.ȱȱTheȱozoneȱmonthlyȱmeanȱconcentrationsȱareȱhigherȱinȱNorthȱBayȱduringȱtheȱcolderȱ monthsȱ ofȱ theȱ year.ȱȱForȱ theȱ monthȱ ofȱ January,ȱ theȱozoneȱ meanȱconcentrationȱ inȱ Northȱ Bayȱ isȱ approximatelyȱ9ȱppbȱ(63ȱperȱcent)ȱgreaterȱthanȱthatȱobservedȱinȱLondon.ȱȱAmongȱtheȱpossibleȱ scientificȱexplanations,ȱlocalȱemissionsȱofȱnitricȱoxideȱareȱgenerallyȱlowerȱinȱtheȱnorth,ȱsoȱthereȱisȱ lessȱremovalȱofȱozoneȱthanȱinȱsouthernȱurbanȱareas.ȱȱAlso,ȱduringȱlateȱwinterȱandȱearlyȱspring,ȱ thereȱ isȱ greaterȱ potentialȱ forȱ stratosphericȱ ozoneȱ toȱ beȱ mixedȱ intoȱ theȱ lowerȱ troposphereȱ inȱ northernȱOntario.ȱȱDuringȱtheȱsummerȱmonthsȱofȱJuneȱandȱJuly,ȱtheȱozoneȱmeanȱconcentrationsȱ inȱLondonȱareȱapproximatelyȱ5ȱppbȱ(betweenȱ15ȱandȱ20ȱperȱcent)ȱgreaterȱthanȱthoseȱreportedȱinȱ NorthȱBay.ȱȱItȱisȱcommonȱforȱozoneȱandȱitsȱprecursorsȱtoȱbeȱtransportedȱintoȱsouthernȱOntarioȱ fromȱtheȱmidȬwesternȱU.S.ȱcausingȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱtoȱincreaseȱinȱsouthernȱOntarioȱoverȱtheȱ summerȱmonths.ȱ ȱ
13 Figure 2.9 Trend of Ozone Monthly Means in North Bay and London, Ontario (1991 - 2005)
50
North Bay London
40
30
20 Concentration (ppb) Concentration
10
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ȱ ȱ TheȱCanadaȬwideȱStandardȱforȱOzoneȱ ȱ ȱ Inȱ 2000,ȱ theȱ Canadianȱ Councilȱ ofȱ Ministersȱ ofȱ theȱ Environmentȱ (CCME)ȱ developedȱ aȱ CanadaȬwideȱStandardȱ(CWS)ȱforȱozoneȱasȱaȱresultȱofȱtheȱpollutant’sȱadverseȱeffectsȱonȱhumanȱ healthȱ andȱ theȱ environment.ȱȱAsȱ referencedȱ inȱ theȱ Guidanceȱ Documentȱ onȱ Achievementȱ Determination,ȱtheȱCWSȱforȱozoneȱisȱ65ȱppb,ȱeightȬhourȱrunningȱaverageȱtime,ȱbasedȱonȱtheȱ4thȱ highestȱannualȱambientȱ measurementȱaveragedȱ overȱ threeȱ consecutiveȱ years.ȱȱJurisdictionsȱareȱ requiredȱtoȱmeetȱtheȱCWSȱbyȱ2010ȱandȱcommenceȱreportingȱonȱtheȱachievementȱofȱtheȱCWSȱforȱ ozoneȱbyȱ2011.ȱȱInȱtheȱinterim,ȱcomprehensiveȱreportingȱonȱprogressȱtowardȱmeetingȱtheȱCWSȱforȱ ozoneȱcommencedȱinȱ2006.ȱ ȱ Figureȱ2.10ȱdisplaysȱtheȱ2005ȱCWSȱforȱozoneȱ–ȱbasedȱonȱtheȱ4thȱhighestȱozoneȱeightȬhourȱ dailyȱmaximumȱ–ȱforȱdesignatedȱsitesȱacrossȱOntario.ȱȱ(Theȱ2005ȱCWSȱconsistsȱofȱanȱaverageȱoverȱ aȱthreeȬyearȱperiod,ȱ2003ȱtoȱ2005).ȱȱȱAllȱofȱtheȱsitesȱexceededȱtheȱCWSȱofȱ65ȱppbȱforȱozone,ȱwithȱ theȱexceptionȱofȱThunderȱBayȱwhereȱtheȱthreeȬyearȱaverageȱofȱtheȱ4thȱhighestȱozoneȱeightȬhourȱ dailyȱmaximumȱwasȱ58ȱppb.ȱ
14 Figure 2.10 Ozone Levels at Designated CWS Sites Across Ontario Based on the CWS for Ozone (2003 - 2005) 104 CWS for ozone = 65 ppb 91
78
65
52
39
Concentration (ppb) 26
13
0
r n o h n y y o i t ga p r a s u l ton w ton wa nta ron kville s ta B nd u a mpton sa nto ing Barrie To O a is Gue ng w rl London Ot Wi Ki Sudbu nder Mo Br ss Kitchener n Bu hu to Mi T il St. Catharines Peterborough ilton Do Ham Ham
Note: Displayed sites are based on requirements for Canada-wide Standard (CWS) reporting commencing in 2010. Toronto reporting is based on Toronto Downtown, Toronto North, Toronto East and Toronto West sites. The CWS for ozone (65 ppb) is based on the 4th highest 8-hour running average over 3 consecutive years (2003 - 2005).
ȱ
Figure 2.11 Ozone One-Hour Maximum Concentrations for Selected Cities World-wide (2005) 240
200
160
120
Ontario AAQC = 80 ppb
Concentration (ppb) 80
40
0
s l e i t k lo g n ey s h n io R e er O e h n l th g fe e n to a rg au v ic m vi au s phia Bay SO Eri n er attl a then u tlantaicagoall l u lando .P e ur usti P agen kni elfase kj P h D e r nton Z A Mia TAWAelaide w A SydnA d tsb DetroitBosto ND D Pragu GenevaT d o B S ao ng Ko Ho C ilwaukee O mpa Montreal O A enh ll ey S o ClevelandNew Yorkila is-St nA a WI Winnipe R H M h Pit l T TORONT op P Sa Jacksonvil C Ye
neapo n Mi Note: Ontario cities are displayed in UPPERCASE font. ȱ ȱ ȱ
15 InternationalȱPerspectiveȱ ȱ ȱ Figureȱ 2.11ȱ displaysȱ theȱ ozoneȱ oneȬhourȱ maximumȱ concentrationsȱ inȱ 2005ȱ forȱ 39ȱ citiesȱ aroundȱtheȱworldȱ(seeȱFigureȱ1.2ȱforȱcityȱlocations).ȱȱȱȱSaoȱPauloȱrecordedȱtheȱhighestȱozoneȱoneȬ hourȱ maximumȱ reachingȱ 199ȱ ppb,ȱ followedȱ byȱ Hongȱ Kongȱ atȱ 186ȱ ppb.ȱȱReykjavik,ȱ inȱ Iceland,ȱ reportedȱtheȱlowestȱozoneȱoneȬhourȱmaximumȱatȱ50ȱppb.ȱȱTheȱOntarioȱoneȬhourȱAAQCȱofȱ80ȱppbȱ wasȱexceededȱatȱ32ȱofȱtheȱcitiesȱexaminedȱhere,ȱincludingȱWindsor,ȱTorontoȱandȱOttawa.ȱ ȱ
16 Chapterȱ3ȱ ȱ FineȱParticulateȱMatterȱ ȱ ȱ Airborneȱparticulateȱmatterȱisȱtheȱgeneralȱtermȱusedȱtoȱdescribeȱaȱmixtureȱofȱmicroscopicȱ solidȱparticlesȱsuspendedȱinȱair.ȱȱParticulateȱmatterȱisȱclassifiedȱaccordingȱtoȱitsȱaerodynamicȱsizeȱ –ȱmainlyȱdueȱtoȱtheȱdifferentȱhealthȱeffectsȱassociatedȱwithȱparticlesȱofȱdifferentȱdiameters.ȱȱFineȱ particulateȱ matterȱ (orȱ respirableȱ particles),ȱ denotedȱ asȱ PM2.5,ȱ refersȱ toȱ particlesȱ thatȱ areȱ 2.5ȱ micronsȱinȱdiameterȱandȱlessȱthatȱmayȱpenetrateȱdeepȱintoȱtheȱrespiratoryȱsystem.ȱToȱputȱthingsȱ inȱperspective,ȱaȱfineȱparticleȱisȱapproximatelyȱ30ȱtimesȱsmallerȱthanȱtheȱaverageȱdiameterȱofȱaȱ humanȱhair.ȱ ȱ ȱ Particlesȱoriginateȱfromȱmanyȱdifferentȱindustrialȱandȱtransportationȱsources,ȱasȱwellȱasȱ fromȱnaturalȱsources.ȱȱTheyȱmayȱbeȱemittedȱdirectlyȱfromȱaȱsourceȱorȱformedȱinȱtheȱatmosphereȱ byȱ theȱ transformationȱ ofȱ gaseousȱ emissions.ȱȱThisȱ chapterȱ discussesȱ theȱ ambientȱ monitoringȱ resultsȱfromȱOntario’sȱPM2.5ȱmonitoringȱnetwork.ȱ ȱ Characteristics,ȱsourcesȱandȱeffectsȱ ȱ ȱ Particulateȱ matterȱ includesȱ aerosols,ȱ smoke,ȱ fumes,ȱ dust,ȱ flyȱ ashȱ andȱ pollen.ȱȱItsȱ compositionȱvariesȱwithȱorigin,ȱresidenceȱtimeȱinȱtheȱatmosphere,ȱtimeȱofȱyearȱandȱenvironmentalȱ conditions.ȱȱFineȱ particulateȱ matterȱ mayȱ beȱ emittedȱ directlyȱ toȱ theȱ atmosphereȱ throughȱ fuelȱ combustionȱ(e.g.ȱmotorȱvehicles,ȱsmelters,ȱpowerȱplants,ȱindustrialȱfacilities,ȱresidentialȱfireplacesȱ andȱwoodȱstoves,ȱagriculturalȱburningȱandȱforestȱfires)ȱorȱformedȱindirectlyȱinȱtheȱatmosphereȱ throughȱaȱseriesȱofȱcomplexȱchemicalȱreactions.ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ Figureȱ 3.1ȱ showsȱ estimatesȱ ofȱ Ontario’sȱ primaryȱ PM2.5ȱ emissionsȱ fromȱ point,ȱ areaȱ andȱ transportationȱsources.ȱȱOtherȱindustrialȱprocessesȱandȱresidentialȱsectorsȱaccountedȱforȱ30ȱperȱ centȱandȱ29ȱperȱcentȱofȱPM2.5ȱemissions,ȱrespectively,ȱwhileȱtheȱtransportationȱsectorȱaccountedȱ forȱ18ȱperȱcent.ȱȱ ȱ
SignificantȱamountsȱofȱPM2.5ȱmeasuredȱinȱsouthernȱOntarioȱareȱofȱsecondaryȱformationȱ andȱofȱtransboundaryȱorigin.ȱȱDuringȱperiodsȱofȱelevatedȱconcentrationsȱofȱPM2.5ȱinȱOntario,ȱitȱisȱ estimatedȱ thatȱ thereȱ areȱ significantȱ contributionsȱ fromȱ theȱ U.S.,ȱ specificallyȱ inȱ borderȱ communities,ȱsuchȱasȱWindsor,ȱPortȱStanleyȱlocatedȱonȱtheȱnorthernȱshoreȱofȱLakeȱErie,ȱGrandȱ
ȱ 17 BendȱandȱTivertonȱonȱtheȱeasternȱshoreȱofȱLakeȱHuron,ȱandȱParryȱSoundȱinȱtheȱGeorgianȱBayȱ area.ȱ
Figure 3.1
Ontario PM2.5 Emissions by Sector (Emissions from Point/Area/Transportation Sources, 2002 Estimates)
Miscellaneous 7% Transportation 18%
Other Industrial Processes 30%
Residential 29% Smelters/ Primary Metals Pulp and Paper 12% 4%
Note: 2002 is the latest complete inventory. Emissions may be revised with updated source/sector information or emission estimation methodologies as they become available. ȱ ȱ
ȱ Exposureȱ toȱ PM2.5ȱ isȱ associatedȱ withȱ hospitalȱ admissionsȱ andȱ severalȱ seriousȱ healthȱ effects,ȱincludingȱprematureȱdeath.ȱȱPeopleȱwithȱasthma,ȱcardiovascularȱorȱlungȱdisease,ȱasȱwellȱ asȱ childrenȱ andȱ elderlyȱ people,ȱ areȱ consideredȱ toȱ beȱ theȱ mostȱ sensitiveȱ toȱ theȱ effectsȱ ofȱ PM2.5.ȱȱ
Adverseȱ healthȱ effectsȱ haveȱ beenȱ associatedȱ withȱ exposureȱ toȱ PM2.5ȱ duringȱ bothȱ shortȱ periodsȱ suchȱasȱaȱsingleȱday,ȱandȱlongerȱperiodsȱofȱaȱyearȱorȱmore.ȱȱFineȱparticulateȱmatterȱmayȱalsoȱbeȱ responsibleȱ forȱ environmentalȱ impactsȱ suchȱ asȱ corrosion,ȱ soiling,ȱ damageȱ toȱ vegetationȱ andȱ reducedȱvisibility.ȱ ȱ Monitoringȱresultsȱinȱ2005ȱ ȱ ȱ Inȱ 2005,ȱ eachȱ ofȱ Ontario’sȱ ambientȱ airȱ monitoringȱ sitesȱ operatedȱ aȱ Taperedȱ Elementȱ OscillatingȱMicrobalanceȱ(TEOM)ȱatȱ30°CȱwithȱaȱSampleȱEquilibrationȱSystemȱ(SES)ȱtoȱmeasureȱ theȱPM2.5ȱconcentrationsȱonȱanȱhourlyȱbasis.ȱȱTheȱannualȱmeanȱconcentrationsȱrangedȱfromȱ5.0ȱ microgramsȱ perȱ cubicȱ metreȱ (Pg/m3)ȱ inȱ Sudburyȱ toȱ 12.8ȱ Pg/m3ȱ inȱ Sarnia.ȱȱTheȱ highestȱ 24Ȭhourȱ averageȱofȱ54ȱPg/m3ȱwasȱalsoȱrecordedȱinȱSarnia.ȱȱAnnualȱmeansȱamongȱtheȱruralȱsitesȱrangedȱ fromȱ 5.8ȱ Pg/m3ȱ inȱ Dorsetȱ toȱ 8.6ȱ Pg/m3ȱ inȱ Portȱ Stanley.ȱȱTheȱ 24Ȭhourȱ PM2.5ȱ maximumȱ concentrationsȱ measuredȱ atȱ ruralȱ sitesȱ rangedȱ fromȱ 39ȱ Pg/m3ȱ inȱ Morrisburgȱ toȱ 53ȱ Pg/m3ȱ inȱ
ȱ 18 Tiverton.ȱȱTheȱ 2005ȱ annualȱ summaryȱ statisticsȱ forȱ 24Ȭhourȱ PM2.5ȱ forȱ sitesȱ acrossȱ Ontarioȱ areȱ shownȱinȱFigureȱ3.2.ȱȱTheȱ98thȱpercentileȱwasȱlessȱthanȱ30ȱPg/m3ȱatȱthreeȱruralȱsitesȱ–ȱTiverton,ȱ ParryȱSoundȱandȱDorsetȱ–ȱandȱthreeȱurbanȱsitesȱ–ȱNorthȱBay,ȱSudburyȱandȱSaultȱSte.ȱMarie.ȱȱTheȱ
PM2.5ȱreferenceȱlevelȱofȱ30ȱPg/m3ȱforȱaȱ24Ȭhourȱperiodȱwasȱexceededȱatȱleastȱonceȱatȱallȱsitesȱwithȱ theȱexceptionȱofȱThunderȱBay.ȱȱAmbientȱsitesȱlocatedȱinȱsouthwesternȱOntarioȱexceededȱ30ȱPg/m3ȱ moreȱfrequentlyȱthanȱinȱeasternȱandȱnorthernȱOntario.ȱTheȱprovincialȱambientȱaverageȱforȱPM2.5ȱ duringȱ 2005ȱ wasȱ 8.4ȱ Pg/m3ȱ whichȱ isȱ anȱ increaseȱ ofȱ approximatelyȱ 1ȱ Pg/m3ȱ whenȱ comparedȱ toȱ 2004.ȱ ȱ
Figure 3.2
Annual Statistics for 24-Hour Average PM2.5 Across Ontario (2005) 70 max 98%
median 60 10% min 50 ) 3 g/m
P 40
30 Concentration ( Concentration 20
10
0
. . a y d r s ...... n e a n a t e h e ll d t y e n m i d n e n r e e h n n n E N ll e ll rg e a ry t W a n o l o o n lp t t W t W to i w to g k rri g i u wa n u ri D r h rn e d n rt f e n e D M n D to o o g v a p u r a u v wa a u rs B b a r o t a B n a e t ri t t k h a a e b t o o h M s a S o t v n h a n n to to n n n in m s B ro ll s rn S D d . o d h d L S i tc h Gu o o il rl is m o e o Ot rt u e s n T ra i t lt lt n ro ro ro Oa Os ra w b rri C y o S t d in C rt B K a i i m o o o u B s e r B o rr N S n o C m a ro T T B is e a i W Gra . m o T N t M lt W P t a a H T M e P u S H H P a S ȱ ȱ
Figureȱ 3.3ȱ showsȱ theȱ geographicalȱ distributionȱ ofȱ theȱ numberȱ ofȱ daysȱ PM2.5ȱ 24Ȭhourȱ concentrationsȱgreaterȱthanȱ30ȱPg/m3ȱacrossȱOntario.ȱȱInȱ2005,ȱSarniaȱandȱTorontoȱrecordedȱtheȱ highestȱ numberȱ ofȱ daysȱ (24ȱandȱ19,ȱ respectively)ȱ inȱ Ontarioȱ withȱ 24ȬhourȱPM2.5ȱ concentrationsȱ greaterȱthanȱ30ȱPg/m3.ȱȱMostȱpartsȱofȱsouthwesternȱOntario,ȱfromȱWindsorȱtoȱOshawaȱandȱnorthȱ toȱBarrie,ȱexceededȱtheȱ24ȬhourȱaverageȱPM2.5ȱconcentrationȱofȱ30ȱPg/m3ȱbetweenȱ9ȱandȱ12ȱdays.ȱ ȱ Likeȱozone,ȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱmayȱbeȱtransportedȱfromȱtheȱU.S.ȱandȱcombinedȱwithȱ localȱ pollutants,ȱ hasȱ theȱ potentialȱ toȱ impactȱ widespreadȱ areasȱ ofȱ theȱ provinceȱ duringȱ aȱ smogȱ episode.ȱȱForȱ example,ȱ duringȱ theȱ Septemberȱ 12Ȭ14,ȱ 2005ȱ PM2.5ȱ episode,ȱ theȱ highestȱ PM2.5ȱ
ȱ 19 concentrationsȱwereȱrecordedȱwhenȱprevailingȱwindsȱwereȱfromȱaȱsouthȬsouthwesterlyȱdirectionȱ asȱillustratedȱinȱFigureȱ3.4.ȱ
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ȱ
ȱ 21 TheȱCanadaȬwideȱStandardȱforȱPM2.5ȱȱ ȱ ȱ Inȱ 2000,ȱ theȱ Canadianȱ Councilȱ ofȱ Ministersȱ ofȱ theȱ Environmentȱ developedȱ aȱ CWSȱ forȱ
PM2.5ȱ asȱ aȱ resultȱ ofȱ theȱ pollutant’sȱ adverseȱ effectsȱ onȱ humanȱ healthȱ andȱ theȱ environment.ȱȱAsȱ referencedȱinȱtheȱGuidanceȱDocumentȱonȱAchievementȱDetermination,ȱtheȱCWSȱforȱPM2.5ȱisȱ30ȱPg/m3,ȱ 24Ȭhourȱaveragingȱtime,ȱbasedȱonȱtheȱ98thȱpercentileȱannualȱambientȱmeasurementȱaveragedȱoverȱ threeȱ consecutiveȱ years.ȱȱJurisdictionsȱ areȱ requiredȱ toȱ meetȱ theȱ CWSȱ byȱ 2010ȱ andȱ commenceȱ reportingȱbyȱyearȱ2011.ȱȱInȱtheȱinterim,ȱcomprehensiveȱreportingȱonȱprogressȱtowardȱmeetingȱtheȱ
CWSȱforȱPM2.5ȱcommencedȱinȱ2006.ȱ ȱ
ȱ Figureȱ 3.5ȱ displaysȱ theȱ 2005ȱ CWSȱ forȱ PM2.5ȱ –ȱ basedȱ onȱ theȱ 98thȱ percentileȱ ofȱ theȱ dailyȱ averageȱ forȱ 15ȱ designatedȱ sitesȱ acrossȱ Ontario.ȱȱ(Theȱ 2005ȱ CWSȱ consistsȱ ofȱ anȱ averageȱ overȱ aȱ threeȬyearȱ period,ȱ 2003ȱ toȱ 2005).ȱȱBasedȱ onȱ theȱ threeȬyearȱ average,ȱ theȱ 98thȱ percentilesȱ rangedȱ fromȱ 34ȱ Pg/m3ȱ inȱ London,ȱ Hamiltonȱ Downtown,ȱ Oakvilleȱ andȱ Mississaugaȱ toȱ 28ȱ Pg/m3ȱ inȱ Peterboroughȱ andȱ Ottawa.ȱȱ(Kitchenerȱ andȱ Guelphȱ alsoȱ recordedȱ 98thȱ percentilesȱ ofȱ 34ȱ Pg/m3ȱ basedȱonȱaȱtwoȬyearȱaverage).ȱȱElevenȱofȱtheȱ15ȱdesignatedȱsitesȱexceededȱtheȱCWSȱtargetȱofȱ30ȱ Pg/m3.ȱȱTheȱmajorityȱofȱareasȱthatȱexceededȱ30ȱPg/m3ȱwereȱconfinedȱtoȱsouthwesternȱOntarioȱandȱ theȱGoldenȱHorseshoe,ȱincludingȱtheȱGreaterȱTorontoȱAreaȱ(GTA).ȱȱTheȱhigherȱlevelsȱareȱdueȱtoȱ theȱcombinedȱeffectȱofȱtheȱtransboundaryȱinfluenceȱandȱOntario’sȱownȱsourcesȱinȱthoseȱareas.ȱȱȱ
Figure 3.5
PM2.5 Levels at Designated CWS Sites Across Ontario
Based on the CWS for PM2.5 (2003 - 2005) 40
35
CWS for PM = 30 Pg/m3 30 2.5 ) 3
g/m 25 P
20
15 Concentration ( 10
5
0
r a n lle o on gh wn lph ug e a gt u ntain Barrie ttawa G ss u mpt in orou O London wnto itchene Oakvi Toronto ra Windsor rl o K si B rb D Bu te Mis ton lton Mo St. CatharinesPe mi a H Hamil Note: Displayed sites are based on requirements for Canada-wide Standard (CWS) reporting commencing in 2010. Toronto reporting is based on Toronto Downtown, Toronto North, Toronto East and Toronto West sites. 3 th The CWS for PM2.5 (30 Pg/m ) is based on the 24-hour, 98 percentile, annual ambient measurement averaged over 3 years (2003-2005). The values displayed for Kitchener and Guelph are based on 2-year averages (2004-2005). ȱ
ȱ 22 InternationalȱPerspectiveȱ ȱ
ȱ Figureȱ3.6ȱdisplaysȱPM2.5ȱannualȱmeansȱinȱ2005ȱforȱ23ȱcitiesȱfromȱaroundȱtheȱworldȱ(seeȱ
Figureȱ1.2ȱforȱcityȱlocations).ȱȱTheȱPM2.5ȱannualȱmeansȱareȱallȱbasedȱonȱcontinuousȱmeasurements;ȱ however,ȱ monitoringȱ methodsȱ andȱ instrumentȱ operationsȱ mayȱ varyȱ betweenȱ cities;ȱ therefore,ȱ comparisonsȱ amongȱ citiesȱ areȱ notȱ intendedȱ toȱ beȱ usedȱ asȱ aȱ comprehensiveȱ ranking.ȱȱPragueȱ reportedȱ theȱ highestȱ annualȱ meanȱ PM2.5ȱ concentrationȱ (25.8ȱ Pg/m3)ȱ forȱ 2005ȱ andȱ Yellowknifeȱ recordedȱtheȱlowestȱannualȱmeanȱPM2.5ȱconcentrationȱofȱ3.1ȱPg/m3.ȱȱFiveȱcitiesȱ(noneȱwhichȱwereȱ locatedȱinȱCanada)ȱexceededȱtheȱannualȱU.S.ȱNAAQSȱofȱ15ȱPg/m3.ȱȱOfȱtheȱ23ȱselectedȱcitiesȱworldȬ wide,ȱ 14ȱ exceededȱ theȱ WHOȱ annualȱ guidelineȱ ofȱ 10ȱ Pg/m3.ȱȱFigureȱ 3.6ȱ includesȱ threeȱ Ontarioȱ citiesȱ –ȱ Windsor,ȱ Torontoȱ andȱ Ottawa.ȱȱWindsorȱ wasȱ theȱ onlyȱ cityȱ ofȱ theȱ threeȱ Ontarioȱ sitesȱ examinedȱtoȱexceedȱtheȱWHOȱguidelineȱofȱ10ȱPg/m3ȱinȱ2005.ȱ
Figure 3.6
PM2.5 Annual Means for Selected Cities World-wide (2005) 35
30
25 ) 3 g/m P 20
U.S. NAAQS = 15 Pg/m3 15
3 Concentration ( Concentration WHO Guideline = 10 Pg/m 10
5
0
t i lo h e k k er O e e oi vi ay v T ttl d WA au rg a iam B n ney N P u e d ea Perth A b Detr ykj M O S Prague wauke e Orlando D Sy R delai itts il Montreal O A OTT Sao R New Yor WINDSOR T Winnipeg P M Tampa Yellowknife Jacksonville Copenhagen Note: Ontario sites are displayed in UPPERCASE font. Monitoring methods and instrument operations may vary between cities. ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ 23 Chapterȱ4ȱ ȱ OtherȱCriteriaȱContaminantsȱ ȱ ȱ Characteristics,ȱ sourcesȱ andȱ effectsȱ ofȱ nitrogenȱ dioxide,ȱ carbonȱ monoxideȱ andȱ sulphurȱ dioxideȱ areȱ discussedȱ inȱ thisȱ chapter,ȱ asȱ wellȱ asȱ theirȱ ambientȱ concentrationsȱ duringȱ 2005ȱ andȱ trendsȱ overȱ timeȱ whereȱ appropriate.ȱȱAȱ comparisonȱ ofȱ pollutantȱ concentrationsȱ fromȱ anȱ internationalȱperspectiveȱisȱalsoȱpresented.ȱ ȱ NITROGENȱDIOXIDEȱ ȱ Characteristics,ȱsourcesȱandȱeffectsȱ ȱ ȱ NitrogenȱdioxideȱisȱaȱreddishȬbrownȱgasȱwithȱaȱpungentȱodour,ȱwhichȱtransformsȱinȱtheȱ airȱtoȱformȱgaseousȱnitricȱacidȱandȱnitrates.ȱȱItȱalsoȱplaysȱaȱmajorȱroleȱinȱatmosphericȱreactionsȱ thatȱproduceȱgroundȬlevelȱozone,ȱaȱmajorȱcomponentȱofȱsmog.ȱȱNitrogenȱdioxideȱreactsȱinȱtheȱairȱ toȱ formȱ organicȱ nitrates,ȱ whichȱ contributeȱ toȱ theȱ formationȱ ofȱ fineȱ particulateȱ matterȱ inȱ theȱ atmosphere.ȱ ȱ
ȱ Allȱ combustionȱ inȱ airȱ producesȱ nitrogenȱ oxides,ȱ ofȱwhichȱ NO2ȱ isȱ aȱ component.ȱȱMajorȱ sourcesȱ ofȱ NOxȱ emissionsȱ includeȱ theȱ transportationȱ sector,ȱ utilitiesȱ andȱ otherȱ processes.ȱȱ (Ontario’sȱnitrogenȱoxidesȱemissionȱestimatesȱareȱdisplayedȱbyȱsectorȱinȱFigureȱ2.3ȱofȱChapterȱ2).ȱ ȱ ȱ Nitrogenȱdioxideȱcanȱirritateȱtheȱlungsȱandȱlowerȱtheȱresistanceȱtoȱrespiratoryȱinfection.ȱȱ
Peopleȱ withȱ asthmaȱ andȱ bronchitisȱ haveȱ increasedȱ sensitivityȱ toȱ NO2.ȱȱNitrogenȱ dioxideȱ chemicallyȱtransformsȱintoȱnitricȱacidȱinȱtheȱatmosphereȱand,ȱwhenȱdeposited,ȱcontributesȱtoȱtheȱ acidificationȱ ofȱ lakesȱ andȱ soilsȱ inȱ Ontario.ȱȱNitricȱ acidȱ canȱ alsoȱ corrodeȱ metals,ȱ fadeȱ fabrics,ȱ degradeȱrubber,ȱandȱdamageȱtreesȱandȱcrops.ȱ ȱ Monitoringȱresultsȱforȱ2005ȱ ȱ ȱ NitrogenȱdioxideȱannualȱmeansȱacrossȱOntarioȱareȱdisplayedȱinȱFigureȱ4.1.ȱȱTheȱTorontoȱ Westȱsite,ȱlocatedȱinȱanȱareaȱofȱTorontoȱinfluencedȱbyȱsignificantȱvehicularȱtraffic,ȱrecordedȱtheȱ highestȱ annualȱ meanȱ (26.6ȱ ppb)ȱ forȱ NO2ȱ duringȱ 2005.ȱȱTypically,ȱ theȱ highestȱ NO2ȱ meansȱ areȱ recordedȱ inȱ largeȱ urbanizedȱ areas,ȱ suchȱ asȱ theȱ Goldenȱ Horseshoeȱ areaȱ ofȱ southernȱ Ontarioȱ includingȱtheȱGTA.ȱȱTheȱTorontoȱEastȱandȱWestȱairȱmonitoringȱstationsȱrecordedȱtheȱhighestȱ24Ȭ
24 hourȱaverageȱconcentrationȱ(65ȱppb)ȱandȱtheȱTorontoȱEastȱsiteȱalsoȱrecordedȱtheȱhighestȱoneȬhourȱ concentrationȱ (104ȱ ppb)ȱ inȱ 2005.ȱȱTheȱ provincialȱ 24Ȭhourȱ criterionȱ ofȱ 100ȱ ppbȱ andȱ oneȬhourȱ criterionȱ ofȱ 200ȱ ppbȱ forȱ NO2ȱ wereȱ notȱ exceededȱ atȱ anyȱ ofȱ theȱ monitoringȱ locationsȱ inȱ Ontarioȱ duringȱ2005.ȱ ȱ
Figure 4.1 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Means Across Ontario (2005) 30
26.6
25
20.7 20.1 20 19.3 19.2 17.2 17.1 16.9 16.9
14.5 15 14.1 13.8 13.1 12.9 12.7 11.0 10.1 9.8
Concentration (ppb) Concentration 10 8.5 8.2 6.8
5
0
t t th s le m a e y r e il ner ille East v nes ha No W ri he t o lington Barrie Sarnia Ottaw llev o or Oak London tha e ur owntownBrampton a Kitc Cha Brantford B North Ba B nds D C Newmark Toront i t. Toronto West Toront W S ilton Downtown Toronto Downtown Ham Windsor ȱ ȱ Trendsȱ ȱ
ȱ Theȱ trendȱ ofȱ theȱ compositeȱ annualȱ meansȱ forȱ ambientȱ NO2ȱ concentrationsȱ showsȱ aȱ decreasingȱtrendȱfromȱ1975ȱtoȱ2005ȱasȱdisplayedȱinȱFigureȱ4.2.ȱȱAverageȱconcentrationsȱdecreasedȱ byȱ approximatelyȱ 31ȱ perȱ centȱ overȱ theȱ 30Ȭyearȱ period.ȱȱThereȱ wasȱ approximatelyȱ 25ȱ perȱ centȱ decreaseȱ inȱ averageȱ NO2ȱ concentrationsȱ fromȱ 1975ȱ toȱ 1995,ȱ andȱ approximatelyȱ 11ȱ perȱ centȱ decreaseȱoverȱtheȱlastȱdecade,ȱ1996ȱtoȱ2005.ȱ ȱ Internationalȱperspectiveȱ ȱ
ȱ Figureȱ4.3ȱdisplaysȱtheȱNO2ȱannualȱmeanȱconcentrationsȱinȱ2005ȱforȱ38ȱcitiesȱworldȬwideȱ
(seeȱ Figureȱ 1.2ȱ forȱ cityȱ locations).ȱȱAthensȱ reportedȱ theȱ highestȱ NO2ȱ annualȱ meanȱ ofȱ 35.9ȱ ppb.ȱȱ Eightȱsites,ȱincludingȱToronto,ȱexceededȱtheȱWHOȱguidelineȱofȱ21ȱppb.ȱȱYellowknifeȱrecordedȱtheȱ
25 lowestȱNO2ȱannualȱmeanȱofȱ3.5ȱppb.ȱȱLargeȱurbanȱcentresȱtypicallyȱexperienceȱhigherȱNO2ȱlevelsȱ dueȱtoȱincreasedȱenergyȱuseȱandȱmotorȱvehicleȱemissions.ȱ ȱ
Figure 4.2 Range of Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Means in Ontario (1975 - 2005) 60 Max Average of Annual Means
50 Min
40
30
Concentration (ppb) Concentration 20
10
0
90 96 02 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 19 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 19 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 20 2003 2004 2005
Note: Annual composite mean based on 16 ambient sites operated over 31 years. ȱ
Figure 4.3 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Means for Selected Cities World-wide (2005)
42 U.S. NAAQS = 53 ppb
35
28
WHO Guideline = 21 ppb 21
Concentration (ppb) Concentration 14
7
0
s g r e a d it e n e n y k o o e ia O u v R i en eg i d ife n ve h e o ttl eal o kee n d o an a tr SO Er allas ip ai K icago ag etr e n ag usto n . Paulto Perth el kn h Zurich D S D h D n TAWA n Miami Austin Athen Den RONTPr Gen evel Belfast N Bost o i Sydne St A Orlan ng C l Mo I ittsburghilwau H Ad New oYork O C Sao PauloW pen W OT Reykjavi H T P M o Tampa Bay Yellow Philadelp JacksonvilleC San eapolis- n in M Note: Ontario cities are displayed in UPPERCASE font.
26 CARBONȱMONOXIDEȱ ȱ Characteristics,ȱsourcesȱandȱeffectsȱ ȱ Carbonȱmonoxideȱisȱaȱcolourless,ȱodourless,ȱtasteless,ȱand,ȱatȱhighȱconcentrations,ȱaȱpoisonousȱ gas.ȱȱThisȱgasȱcanȱenterȱtheȱbloodstreamȱandȱreduceȱoxygenȱdeliveryȱtoȱtheȱorgansȱandȱtissues.ȱȱ PeopleȱwithȱheartȱdiseaseȱareȱparticularlyȱsensitiveȱtoȱCO.ȱȱExposureȱtoȱhighȱCOȱlevelsȱisȱlinkedȱ withȱtheȱimpairmentȱofȱvision,ȱworkȱcapacity,ȱlearningȱabilityȱandȱperformanceȱofȱcomplexȱtasks.ȱȱ Carbonȱ monoxideȱ isȱ producedȱ primarilyȱ byȱ theȱ incompleteȱ combustionȱ ofȱ fossilȱ fuels.ȱȱAsȱ displayedȱinȱFigureȱ4.4,ȱtheȱtransportationȱsectorȱaccountedȱforȱ86ȱperȱcentȱofȱallȱCOȱemissionsȱ fromȱpoint,ȱareaȱandȱtransportationȱsources.ȱ ȱ
Figure 4.4 Ontario Carbon Monoxide Emissions by Sector (Emissions from Point/Area/Transportation Sources, 2002 Estimates)
Smelters/ Primary Metals 2% Other Transportation 30%
Road Vehicles 56% Other Industrial Processes Residential/ 5% Miscellaneous 7%
Note: 2002 is the latest complete inventory. Emissions may be revised with updated source/sector information or emission estimation methodologies as they become available. ȱ ȱ Monitoringȱresultsȱforȱ2005ȱ ȱ ȱ Inȱ 2005,ȱ theȱ highestȱ annualȱ meanȱ ofȱ 0.44ȱ partsȱ perȱ millionȱ (ppm)ȱ wasȱ recordedȱ atȱ theȱ Ottawaȱsite.ȱȱTheȱhighestȱoneȬhourȱandȱeightȬhourȱmaximumȱCOȱvalues,ȱ2.65ȱppmȱandȱ1.66ȱppmȱ wereȱmeasuredȱatȱtheȱTorontoȱWestȱsite.ȱȱTypically,ȱtheȱhigherȱCOȱconcentrationsȱareȱrecordedȱinȱ urbanȱcentresȱasȱaȱresultȱofȱvehicleȱemissions.ȱȱOntario’sȱoneȬhourȱ(30ȱppm)ȱandȱeightȬhourȱ(13ȱ
27 ppm)ȱambientȱairȱqualityȱcriteriaȱforȱCOȱhaveȱnotȱbeenȱexceededȱatȱanyȱofȱtheȱmonitoringȱsitesȱinȱ Ontarioȱsinceȱ1991.ȱ ȱ Trendsȱ ȱ ȱ TheȱtrendsȱinȱprovincialȱaveragedȱoneȬhourȱandȱeightȬhourȱmaximumȱCOȱconcentrationsȱ fromȱ 1971ȱ toȱ 2005ȱ areȱ shownȱ inȱ Figureȱ 4.5.ȱȱAmbientȱ COȱ concentrations,ȱ asȱ measuredȱ byȱ theȱ compositeȱ averageȱ ofȱ theȱoneȬhourȱandȱ eightȬhourȱmaximums,ȱdecreasedȱ byȱ approximatelyȱ86ȱ perȱcentȱandȱ90ȱperȱcent,ȱrespectively,ȱoverȱthisȱ35Ȭyearȱperiod.ȱȱTheȱCOȱcompositeȱannualȱmeanȱ inȱ2005ȱwasȱ92ȱperȱcentȱlowerȱthanȱtheȱcorrespondingȱ1971ȱcompositeȱmean;ȱhowever,ȱthereȱwasȱ approximatelyȱ49ȱperȱcentȱdecreaseȱinȱaverageȱCOȱconcentrationsȱoverȱtheȱlastȱdecade,ȱ1996ȱtoȱ 2005.ȱ ȱ Internationalȱperspectiveȱ ȱ ȱ Figureȱ4.6ȱdisplaysȱtheȱCOȱoneȬhourȱmaximumȱconcentrationsȱinȱ2005ȱforȱ39ȱcitiesȱworldȬ wideȱ(seeȱFigureȱ1.2ȱforȱcityȱlocations).ȱȱAthens,ȱPerthȱandȱSaoȱPauloȱreportedȱtheȱthreeȱhighestȱ COȱ oneȬhourȱ maximumsȱ betweenȱ 12ȱ ppmȱ andȱ 13ȱ ppm.ȱȱAustinȱ recordedȱ theȱ lowestȱ COȱ maximumsȱofȱ1ȱppm,ȱfollowedȱcloselyȱbyȱWindsorȱandȱOttawa.ȱȱThereȱwereȱnoȱexceedancesȱofȱ theȱ oneȬhourȱ WHOȱ guideline,ȱ theȱ Ontarioȱ AAQCȱ orȱ theȱ U.S.ȱ NAAQSȱ atȱ anyȱ ofȱ theȱ citiesȱ examinedȱinȱ2005.ȱ
Figure 4.5 Trends of Carbon Monoxide One-Hour and Eight-Hour Maximums in Ontario (1971 - 2005) 20 One-Hour Maximum 18 Eight-Hour Maximum
16
14
12
10
8 Concentration (ppm) Concentration 6
4
2
0 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Note: Data are based on nine ambient CO sites operated over 35 years. Ontario's one-hour AAQC = 30 ppm. Ontario's eight-hour AAQC = 13 ppm.
28 Figure 4.6 Carbon Monoxide One-Hour Maximum Concentrations for Selected Cities World-wide (2005) 14 U.S. NAAQS = 35 ppm Ontario AAQC = 30 ppm 12 WHO Guideline = 26 ppm
10
8
6 Concentration (ppm) Concentration 4
2
0
s o d o k r it y o l A n th l d as ia lle e ay eg en ife ti en u vi h ve ork ong i n B ea p ton eva g rich W s lan p Y anta cag tr Erie i s u Per e an el Miamien etro tl nv elfasti n n o burgh u Ath Dall D PragueD A B h Seattle Z wkn A lwaukee Orl ew gK Syd in B Gen o i Adelaide lad Houston C Mo tts ORONTO enha l OTTA Sao Pa Clev Reykja i N ckso W Pi p el WINDSOR M h Hon Tampa T o Y polis-St.P Paul Ja San Antonio C a
Minne Note: Ontario cities are displayed in UPPERCASE font.
ȱ SULPHURȱDIOXIDEȱ ȱ Characteristics,ȱsourcesȱandȱeffectsȱ ȱ ȱ Sulphurȱdioxideȱisȱaȱcolourlessȱgasȱthatȱsmellsȱlikeȱburntȱmatches.ȱȱSulphurȱdioxideȱcanȱ alsoȱbeȱoxidizedȱtoȱformȱsulphuricȱacidȱaerosols.ȱȱInȱaddition,ȱsulphurȱdioxideȱisȱaȱprecursorȱtoȱ sulphates,ȱwhichȱareȱoneȱofȱtheȱmainȱcomponentsȱofȱairborneȱfineȱparticulateȱmatter.ȱ ȱ
ȱ Approximatelyȱ 71ȱ perȱ centȱ ofȱ theȱ SO2ȱ emittedȱ inȱ Ontarioȱ comesȱ fromȱ smeltersȱ andȱ utilitiesȱasȱshownȱinȱFigureȱ4.7.ȱȱOtherȱindustrialȱsourcesȱincludeȱpetroleumȱrefineries,ȱironȱandȱ steelȱ mills,ȱ andȱ pulpȱ andȱ paperȱ mills.ȱȱLesserȱ sourcesȱ ofȱ SO2ȱ includeȱ transportation,ȱ andȱ residential,ȱcommercialȱandȱindustrialȱheating.ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ Healthȱ effectsȱ causedȱ byȱ exposureȱ toȱ highȱ levelsȱ ofȱ SO2ȱ includeȱ breathingȱ problems,ȱ respiratoryȱillness,ȱandȱtheȱexacerbationȱofȱrespiratoryȱandȱcardiovascularȱdisease.ȱȱPeopleȱwithȱ asthma,ȱchronicȱlungȱdiseaseȱorȱheartȱdiseaseȱareȱtheȱmostȱsensitiveȱtoȱSO2.ȱȱSulphurȱdioxideȱalsoȱ damagesȱ treesȱ andȱ crops.ȱȱSulphurȱ dioxide,ȱ likeȱ NO2,ȱ isȱ alsoȱ aȱ precursorȱ ofȱ acidȱ rain,ȱ whichȱ contributesȱtoȱtheȱacidificationȱofȱsoils,ȱlakesȱandȱstreams,ȱacceleratedȱcorrosionȱofȱbuildings,ȱandȱ
29 reducedȱvisibility.ȱȱSulphurȱdioxideȱalsoȱcausesȱtheȱformationȱofȱmicroscopicȱacidȱaerosols,ȱwhichȱ haveȱseriousȱhealthȱimplicationsȱandȱcontributeȱtoȱclimateȱchange.ȱ ȱ
Figure 4.7 Ontario Sulphur Dioxide Emissions by Sector (Emissions from Point/Area/Transportation Sources, 2002 Estimates)
Cement and Transportation Concrete 6% Utilities 4% 24% Petroleum Refining 9%
Other Industrial Processes 9%
Miscellaneous 1%
Smelters 47%
Note: 2002 is the latest complete inventory. Emissions may be revised with updated source/sector information or emission estimation methodologies as they become available. ȱ ȱ Monitoringȱresultsȱforȱ2005ȱ ȱ ȱ Sarniaȱrecordedȱtheȱhighestȱannualȱmeanȱ(7.8ȱppb)ȱandȱ24Ȭhourȱmaximumȱconcentrationȱ
(73ȱppb)ȱofȱSO2ȱduringȱ2005.ȱȱSudburyȱrecordedȱtheȱhighestȱoneȬhourȱconcentrationȱ(253ȱppb).ȱȱ
Theȱ highestȱ concentrationsȱ ofȱ SO2ȱ historicallyȱ haveȱ beenȱ recordedȱ inȱ theȱ vicinityȱ ofȱ largeȱ industrialȱfacilitiesȱsuchȱasȱsmeltersȱandȱutilities.ȱȱTheȱprovincialȱoneȬhourȱcriterionȱforȱSO2ȱofȱ250ȱ ppbȱwasȱonlyȱexceededȱatȱtheȱSudburyȱsiteȱforȱoneȱhour;ȱhowever,ȱtheȱ24Ȭhourȱcriterionȱ(100ȱppb)ȱ forȱSO2ȱwasȱnotȱexceededȱatȱanyȱofȱtheȱambientȱairȱmonitoringȱsitesȱinȱ2005.ȱȱȱ ȱ
ȱ TheȱSO2ȱannualȱmeansȱatȱambientȱAQIȱsitesȱacrossȱOntarioȱareȱdisplayedȱinȱFigureȱ4.8.ȱȱ Asȱmentionedȱpreviously,ȱSarniaȱrecordedȱtheȱhighestȱannualȱmeanȱinȱ2005.ȱȱTheȱannualȱlevelsȱ acrossȱtheȱprovinceȱrangedȱfromȱaȱlowȱofȱ1.1ȱppbȱinȱBellevilleȱtoȱaȱhighȱofȱ7.8ȱppbȱinȱSarnia.ȱȱTheȱ annualȱcriterionȱofȱ20ȱppbȱforȱSO2ȱwasȱnotȱexceededȱatȱanyȱsiteȱinȱOntarioȱduringȱ2005.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
30 Figure 4.8 Sulphur Dioxide Annual Means Across Ontario (2005) 9
7.8 8
7
6 5.3 5.1 4.9 5
4 3.0 2.8 2.8 3 2.6 Concentration (ppb) Concentration 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 1.9 2 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.1 1
0
t y a d n t n e e e r g on s i ri ll wn u d to ar town town b ar d ntfor M B levi Sarnia n u ssau a ling Ottawa wn S Oakville r Lon r rampto Chatham B u Bel Downto B B indsor Wes lt Ste n Do or Dow to Missi to W s n Toronto We l d Sau n ami H Wi Toro
Note: Data collected from ambient sites. Ontario's annual AAQC = 20 ppb.
ȱ Trendsȱ ȱ
ȱ Theȱ trendȱ ofȱ theȱ compositeȱ annualȱ meansȱ forȱ ambientȱ SO2ȱ concentrationsȱ showsȱ aȱ decreasingȱ trendȱ ofȱ approximatelyȱ 88ȱ perȱ centȱ fromȱ 1971ȱ toȱ 2005,ȱ asȱ depictedȱ inȱ Figureȱ 4.9.ȱȱ Controlȱ ordersȱ onȱ smeltingȱ operationsȱ andȱ theȱ Countdownȱ Acidȱ Rainȱ programȱ resultedȱ inȱ significantȱ decreasesȱ ofȱ SO2ȱ emissionsȱ priorȱ toȱ theȱ earlyȱ 1990s.ȱȱBasedȱ onȱ relativelyȱ lowȱ concentrationsȱoverȱtheȱlastȱdecadeȱandȱaȱlinearȱtrend,ȱthereȱhasȱbeenȱapproximatelyȱ35ȱperȱcentȱ decreaseȱinȱSO2ȱconcentrationsȱfromȱ1996ȱtoȱ2005.ȱ ȱ Internationalȱperspectiveȱ ȱ
ȱ Figureȱ4.10ȱdisplaysȱtheȱSO2ȱannualȱmeanȱconcentrationsȱinȱ2005ȱforȱ35ȱcitiesȱworldȬwideȱ (seeȱ Figureȱ 1.2ȱ forȱ cityȱ locations).ȱȱErieȱ reportedȱ theȱ highestȱ annualȱ meanȱ (11ȱ ppb)ȱ whereasȱ
Reykjavik,ȱSydneyȱandȱYellowknifeȱallȱrecordedȱtheȱlowestȱSO2ȱannualȱmeansȱ(lessȱthanȱ1.0ȱppb)ȱ inȱ2005.ȱȱTheȱOntarioȱcitiesȱincludedȱhere,ȱWindsor,ȱTorontoȱandȱOttawa,ȱreportedȱannualȱmeanȱ levelsȱofȱ5.0ȱppb,ȱ2.6ȱppbȱandȱ1.5ȱppb,ȱrespectively.ȱȱAllȱreportedȱcitiesȱwereȱbelowȱtheȱOntarioȱ annualȱAAQCȱofȱ20ȱppbȱandȱtheȱU.S.ȱannualȱNAAQSȱofȱ30ȱppb.ȱ ȱ ȱ
31 ȱ
Figure 4.9 Range of Sulphur Dioxide Annual Means in Ontario (1971 - 2005)
60 Max
Average of Annual Means 50 Min
40
30
Ontario Annual AAQC = 20 ppb Concentration (ppb) Concentration 20
10
0
86 990 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 19 1987 1988 1989 1 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Note: Annual composite mean based on 11 ambient sites operated over 35 years. ȱ ȱ
Figure 4.10 Sulphur Dioxide Annual Means for Selected Cities World-wide (2005) 12 U.S. NAAQS = 30 ppb Ontario AAQC = 20 ppb 10
8
6
4 Concentration (ppb)
2
0
e d a s it o e n a e t l o n i i R tl ta O lle ay v A th ife rgh n h o eal kee T i e ich W d Er u p SO tr ag sto B allas r iami sti javik n l then n nv enver u A lan Per k D Detr Seat ON o D Z M Au g Kong A N Boston Atlan R D Gen PraguBelfas Or Sydney ttsb n levelalade I Mo Chic Hou ey llowk New York C i W Sao Paulo is-St. PauOTT R e Pi Ho Milwau TO Tampa l Ph Jacks Y
Minneapo Note: Ontario cities are displayed in UPPERCASE font. ȱ ȱ
32 Chapterȱ5ȱ ȱ AirȱQualityȱIndices,ȱSmogȱAlertȱ ProgramȱandȱSmogȱEpisodesȱ ȱ AirȱQualityȱIndicesȱ ȱ ȱ TheȱMinistryȱofȱtheȱEnvironmentȱoperatesȱanȱextensiveȱnetworkȱofȱairȱqualityȱmonitoringȱ sitesȱacrossȱtheȱprovince.ȱȱInȱ2005,ȱ38ȱofȱtheseȱsites,ȱinȱ24ȱurbanȱcentresȱandȱsixȱruralȱareas,ȱformedȱ theȱbasisȱofȱtheȱAQIȱnetwork.ȱȱInȱ2005,ȱChathamȱwasȱaddedȱtoȱtheȱAQIȱnetworkȱinȱreplacementȱofȱ MerlinȱinȱsouthwesternȱOntario,ȱandȱMorrisburgȱwasȱaddedȱinȱeasternȱOntario.ȱȱTheȱAirȱQualityȱ Officeȱ ofȱ theȱ Environmentalȱ Monitoringȱ andȱ Reportingȱ Branchȱ continuouslyȱ obtainsȱ dataȱ forȱ criteriaȱairȱpollutantsȱfromȱtheseȱ38ȱsites.ȱ ȱ ȱ TheȱAQIȱnetwork,ȱshownȱinȱFigureȱ5.1,ȱprovidesȱtheȱpublicȱwithȱairȱqualityȱinformation,ȱ inȱnearȱrealȬtime,ȱfromȱacrossȱtheȱprovince.ȱȱTheȱAQIȱisȱbasedȱonȱpollutantsȱthatȱhaveȱadverseȱ effectsȱonȱhumanȱhealthȱandȱtheȱenvironment.ȱȱTheȱpollutantsȱareȱozone,ȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱ
PM2.5,ȱ nitrogenȱ dioxide,ȱ carbonȱ monoxide,ȱ sulphurȱ dioxide,ȱ andȱ totalȱ reducedȱ sulphurȱ compounds.ȱȱAtȱtheȱendȱofȱeachȱhour,ȱtheȱconcentrationȱofȱeachȱpollutantȱmeasuredȱatȱeachȱsiteȱisȱ convertedȱ intoȱ aȱ numberȱ rangingȱ fromȱ zeroȱ upwardsȱ usingȱ aȱ commonȱ scaleȱ orȱ index.ȱȱTheȱ calculatedȱnumberȱforȱeachȱpollutantȱisȱreferredȱtoȱasȱaȱsubȬindex.ȱ ȱ ȱ Atȱaȱgivenȱsite,ȱtheȱhighestȱsubȬindexȱforȱanyȱgivenȱhourȱbecomesȱtheȱAQIȱreadingȱforȱ thatȱlocation.ȱȱTheȱindexȱisȱaȱrelativeȱscale,ȱinȱthat,ȱtheȱlowerȱtheȱindex,ȱtheȱbetterȱtheȱairȱquality.ȱȱ Theȱindexȱvalues,ȱcorrespondingȱcategories,ȱandȱpotentialȱhealthȱandȱenvironmentalȱeffects,ȱareȱ shownȱinȱTableȱ5.1.ȱ ȱ ȱ IfȱtheȱAQIȱvalueȱisȱbelowȱ32,ȱtheȱairȱqualityȱisȱcategorizedȱasȱgood.ȱȱForȱAQIȱvaluesȱinȱtheȱ 32Ȭ49ȱ rangeȱ (moderateȱ category),ȱ thereȱ mayȱ beȱ someȱ adverseȱ effectsȱ forȱ veryȱ sensitiveȱ people.ȱȱ Forȱindexȱvaluesȱinȱtheȱ50Ȭ99ȱrangeȱ(poorȱcategory),ȱtheȱairȱqualityȱmayȱhaveȱadverseȱeffectsȱforȱ sensitiveȱ membersȱ ofȱ humanȱ andȱ animalȱ populations,ȱ andȱ mayȱ causeȱ significantȱ damageȱ toȱ vegetationȱandȱproperty.ȱȱWithȱanȱAQIȱvalueȱofȱ100ȱorȱmoreȱ(veryȱpoorȱcategory),ȱtheȱairȱqualityȱ mayȱhaveȱadverseȱeffectsȱforȱaȱlargeȱproportionȱofȱthoseȱexposed.ȱ ȱ
33 ȱ ȱ Cornwall To r on to E. Toronto Dtn. Toronto Ottawa Morrisburg Toronto N. Toronto Kingston Tor onto Toronto W. Toronto Lake Ontario Belleville Oshawa St. Catharines St. To ro nt o Dorset Peterborough Mississauga Oakville Burlington Hamilton Mtn. Hamilton Year-Round AQI Sites AQI Year-Round Sites AQI Seasonal Parry Sound Brantford Barrie Newmarket North Bay North Brampton (2005) Figure 5.1 5.1 Figure Hamilton W. Hamilton Guelph Hamilton Dtn. Hamilton Kitchener Georgi an Bay Port Stanley Port London Tiverton Lake Erie Grand Bend Sudbury Chatham Sarnia Lake Huron Lake Superior Lake Air Quality Index (AQI) Monitoring Sites in Ontario Windsor W. Windsor Dtn. Windsor Thunder Bay Bay Thunder Sault Ste Marie
34 Table 5.1: Air Quality Index Pollutants and Their Impacts*
Total Reduced Fine Particulate Nitrogen Carbon Sulphur Ozone Sulphur Index Category Matter Dioxide Monoxide Dioxide (O ) (TRS) 3 (PM ) (NO ) (CO) (SO ) 2.5 2 2 Compounds 0-15 Very good No health effects are Sensitive populations No health effects No health effects No health effects No health effects expected in healthy may want to exercise are expected in are expected in are expected in are expected in people caution healthy people healthy people healthy people healthy people 16-31 Good No health effects are Sensitive populations Slight odour No health effects Damages some Slight odour expected in healthy may want to exercise are expected in vegetation in people caution healthy people combination with ozone 32-49 Moderate Respiratory irritation in People with respiratory Odour Blood chemistry Damages some Odour sensitive people during disease at some risk changes, but no vegetation vigorous exercise; noticeable people with heart/lung impairment disorders at some risk; damages very sensitive plants
50-99 Poor Sensitive people may People with respiratory Air smells and Increased Odour; Strong odour experience irritation disease should limit looks brown; symptoms in increasing when breathing and prolonged exertion; some increase in smokers with heart vegetation possible lung damage general population at bronchial reactivity disease damage when physically active; some risk in asthmatics people with heart/lung disorders at greater risk; damages some plants 100-over Very poor Serious respiratory Serious respiratory Increasing Increasing Increasing Severe odour; effects, even during effects even during light sensitivity for symptoms in non- sensitivity for some people may light physical activity; physical activity; people asthmatics and smokers with heart asthmatics and experience nausea people with heart/lung with heart disease, the people with diseases; blurred people with and headaches disorders at high risk; elderly and children at bronchitis vision; some bronchitis more vegetation high risk; increased risk clumsiness damage for general population * Please note that the information in this table is subject to change. ȱ ȱ ȱ Computedȱ AQIȱ valuesȱ andȱ airȱ qualityȱ forecastsȱ areȱ releasedȱ toȱ theȱ publicȱ andȱ newsȱ mediaȱatȱsetȱtimesȱeachȱday.ȱȱTheȱpublicȱcanȱaccessȱtheȱindexȱvaluesȱbyȱcallingȱtheȱministry’sȱairȱ qualityȱinformationȱIntegratedȱVoiceȱResponseȱ(IVR).ȱȱToȱaccessȱanȱEnglishȱrecording,ȱcallȱ1Ȭ800Ȭ 387Ȭ7768,ȱorȱinȱToronto,ȱcallȱ416Ȭ246Ȭ0411.ȱȱForȱaȱFrenchȱrecording,ȱcallȱ1Ȭ800Ȭ221Ȭ8852.ȱȱTheȱAQIȱ valuesȱ canȱ alsoȱ beȱ obtainedȱ fromȱ theȱ ministry’sȱ websiteȱ atȱ www.airqualityontario.com.ȱȱAirȱ qualityȱ forecasts,ȱ basedȱ onȱ regionalȱ meteorologicalȱ conditionsȱ andȱ currentȱ pollutionȱ levelsȱ inȱ OntarioȱandȱborderingȱU.S.ȱstates,ȱareȱalsoȱprovidedȱdailyȱonȱthisȱwebsite.ȱ ȱ ȱ Tableȱ5.2ȱshowsȱtheȱpercentageȱdistributionȱofȱhourlyȱAQIȱreadingsȱforȱtheȱ38ȱmonitoringȱ sitesȱbyȱtheȱAQIȱdescriptiveȱcategoryȱandȱtheȱnumberȱofȱdaysȱwithȱatȱleastȱoneȱhourȱAQIȱreadingȱ greaterȱthanȱ49.ȱȱOnȱaverage,ȱtheȱAQIȱsitesȱinȱ2005ȱreportedȱairȱqualityȱinȱtheȱveryȱgoodȱandȱgoodȱ categoriesȱapproximatelyȱ87ȱperȱcentȱofȱtheȱtimeȱandȱmoderateȱtoȱpoorȱcategoriesȱaboutȱ13ȱperȱ centȱofȱtheȱtime.ȱ ȱ
35 Table 5.2: Air Quality Index Summary (2005) No. of Days At Valid Percentage of Valid Hours AQI in Range City/Town Very Good Good Moderate Poor Very Poor Least Hours 0-15 16-31 32-49 50-99 100+ 1 Hour > 49 Windsor Downtown 8735 35.5 46.2 16.2 2.1 0 37 Windsor West 8672 37.4 43.8 16.7 2.1 0 37 Chatham 8605 28.7 53.3 16.5 1.6 0 26 Sarnia 8729 29.9 50.5 16.9 2.6 <0.1 34 Grand Bend 8717 24.0 61.5 13.1 1.4 0 27 London 8749 31.9 51.3 16.1 0.8 0 18 Port Stanley 8727 22.0 59.8 15.8 2.3 0 30 Tiverton 8638 23.7 65.9 9.7 0.6 0 9 Brantford 8724 31.7 52.7 14.6 0.9 0 20 Kitchener 8719 30.5 53.3 14.9 1.3 0 20 St. Catharines 8739 36.8 48.6 13.9 0.7 0 20 Guelph 8718 30.1 54.7 14.0 1.2 0 23 Hamilton Downtown 8625 42.1 43.7 13.2 1.0 0 20 Hamilton Mountain 8732 31.6 52.6 14.4 1.4 0 24 Hamilton West 8754 43.3 44.5 11.7 0.5 0 15 Toronto Downtown 8691 43.6 43.8 11.4 1.3 0 20 Toronto East 8722 48.7 39.9 10.4 1.1 0 22 Toronto North 8706 37.6 48.5 12.3 1.6 0 20 Toronto West 8729 49.7 36.7 12.1 1.5 0 25 Burlington 8689 41.1 45.5 12.7 0.7 0 16 Oakville 8707 33.7 52.0 13.2 1.1 0 20 Oshawa 8675 35.1 52.7 11.0 1.2 0 19 Brampton 8750 34.5 50.9 13.5 1.2 0 24 Mississauga 8742 42.9 42.7 13.1 1.3 0 24 Barrie 8735 34.4 53.7 11.1 0.8 0 14 Newmarket 8744 26.3 59.7 13.0 1.0 0 21 Parry Sound 8744 23.3 62.0 13.6 1.1 0 17 Dorset 8673 25.9 62.1 11.3 0.7 0 13 Ottawa 8739 43.6 47.6 7.6 1.2 0 13 Kingston* 8721* 48.3* 45.3* 6.1* 0.4* 0* 9* Belleville 8689 31.4 55.9 11.7 1.1 0 19 Morrisburg 8747 33.1 56.3 9.7 0.8 0 15 Cornwall 8742 31.6 57.1 10.4 1.0 0 14 Peterborough 8697 27.5 59.3 12.0 1.3 0 18 Thunder Bay 8514 50.6 46.7 2.7 <0.1 0 1 Sault Ste. Marie 8742 30.5 59.2 10.1 0.3 0 5 North Bay 8707 35.8 54.4 9.3 0.5 0 10 Sudbury 8743 30.3 59.8 9.5 0.4 0 12 *Note: The above AQI Summary statistics for Kingston do not include PM2.5 data. ȱ ȱ ȱ Airȱ qualityȱ inȱ theȱ veryȱ goodȱ andȱ goodȱ categoriesȱ atȱ individualȱ sitesȱ rangedȱ fromȱ approximatelyȱ80ȱperȱcentȱatȱSarniaȱtoȱ97ȱperȱcentȱatȱThunderȱBay.ȱȱOfȱtheȱ1.1ȱperȱcentȱofȱpoorȱairȱ qualityȱinȱOntarioȱduringȱ2005,ȱ55ȱperȱcentȱwasȱdueȱtoȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱandȱ45ȱperȱcentȱdueȱ toȱozone.ȱȱThunderȱBayȱwasȱtheȱonlyȱmonitoringȱstationȱthatȱdidȱnotȱreportȱairȱqualityȱinȱtheȱpoorȱ categoryȱ dueȱ toȱ ozone;ȱ Thunderȱ Bay’sȱ poorȱ airȱ qualityȱ hoursȱ wereȱ allȱ dueȱ toȱ fineȱ particulateȱ matter.ȱȱNinetyȱfiveȱperȱcentȱofȱtheȱexceedancesȱofȱtheȱpoorȱthresholdȱatȱOttawaȱwereȱdueȱtoȱfineȱ particulateȱmatter,ȱandȱfiveȱperȱcentȱwereȱdueȱtoȱozone.ȱȱAtȱWindsorȱDowntown,ȱ68ȱperȱcentȱofȱ theȱexceedingȱhoursȱofȱtheȱpoorȱthresholdȱwasȱdueȱtoȱozone.ȱȱTheȱonlyȱincidentȱofȱveryȱpoorȱairȱ
36 qualityȱwasȱdueȱtoȱfineȱparticulateȱmatter,ȱandȱthisȱwasȱrecordedȱinȱSarniaȱonȱFebruaryȱ5,ȱ2005ȱforȱ fourȱhoursȱduringȱaȱwinterȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱepisodeȱthatȱblanketedȱnortheasternȱU.S.ȱandȱ southernȱandȱeasternȱOntario.ȱȱ(Thisȱuniqueȱepisodeȱwillȱbeȱdiscussedȱlaterȱinȱthisȱchapter).ȱ ȱ Threeȱyearsȱofȱdataȱhaveȱbeenȱcompiledȱsinceȱtheȱintroductionȱofȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱ intoȱtheȱairȱqualityȱindexȱsystemȱinȱAugustȱ2002.ȱȱTableȱ5.3ȱshowsȱtheȱnumberȱofȱdaysȱthatȱpoorȱ airȱqualityȱwasȱrecordedȱforȱatȱleastȱoneȱhourȱatȱmajorȱcitiesȱinȱsouthernȱOntarioȱandȱalsoȱNorthȱ BayȱinȱnortheasternȱOntarioȱduringȱtheȱperiodȱ2003Ȭ2005.ȱ ȱ Table 5.3 Number of Days at Least One Hour AQI > 49 (2003-2005)
City/Town 2003 2004 2005
Windsor Downtown 17 7 37 Hamilton Downtown 22 12 20 Toronto Downtown 12 6 20 Ottawa 5 1 13 North Bay 7 0 10
ȱȱȱ Theȱsignificantȱdifferenceȱbetweenȱtheȱnumberȱofȱdaysȱrecordedȱduringȱ2004ȱandȱ2005ȱisȱ dueȱprimarilyȱtoȱprevailingȱmeteorology.ȱȱInȱ2004,ȱMayȱtoȱAugustȱwereȱgenerallyȱcoolȱandȱwetȱ whileȱSeptemberȱwasȱunseasonablyȱwarmȱandȱdry.ȱȱRecordȬbreakingȱhotȱandȱhumidȱconditionsȱ dominatedȱ theȱ weatherȱ acrossȱ Ontarioȱ inȱ 2005,ȱ especiallyȱ forȱ theȱ monthsȱ ofȱ Juneȱ andȱ July.ȱȱInȱ 2005,ȱ Windsorȱ Downtownȱ recordedȱ theȱ highestȱ numberȱ ofȱ daysȱ (37)ȱ withȱ atȱ leastȱ oneȱ hourȱ ofȱ poorȱairȱquality.ȱȱOnȱsomeȱdays,ȱbothȱozoneȱandȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱcausedȱtheȱAQIȱtoȱexceedȱ theȱpoorȱthresholdȱofȱ49.ȱȱTableȱ5.4ȱshowsȱtheȱnumberȱofȱdaysȱwhenȱozone,ȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱ andȱbothȱpollutantsȱresultedȱinȱtheȱpoorȱcategoryȱforȱatȱleastȱoneȱhourȱduringȱ2005.ȱȱ ȱ Table 5.4 Number of Days that Ozone, Fine Particulate Matter, and Both Pollutants Resulted in at Least One Hour AQI > 49 (2005) No. of Days At No. of Days At No. of Days At Least Total Number of City/Town Least 1 Hour > 49 Least 1 hour > 49 1 hour > 49 Due to Days AQI > 49 Due to O3 only Due to FPM only O3 and FPM Windsor 30 14 7 37 Hamilton 8 14 2 20 Toronto 9 13 2 20 Ottawa 1 12 0 13 North Bay 6 6 2 10 ȱ
37 Figuresȱ 5.2aȬeȱ displayȱ theȱ dailyȱ maximumȱ AQIȱ valuesȱ atȱ Windsorȱ Downtown,ȱ Sarnia,ȱ Hamiltonȱ Downtown,ȱ Torontoȱ Downtownȱ andȱ Ottawa,ȱ respectively,ȱ forȱ 2005.ȱȱAllȱ fiveȱ figuresȱ showȱtheȱwinterȱsmogȱepisodeȱthatȱoccurredȱduringȱtheȱperiodȱFebruaryȱ4Ȭ8,ȱ2005ȱwithȱelevatedȱ dailyȱ maximumȱ AQIȱ valuesȱ dueȱ toȱ PM2.5.ȱȱInȱ fact,ȱ fourȱ outȱ ofȱ theȱ fiveȱ sitesȱ reportedȱ dailyȱ maximumȱAQIȱvaluesȱinȱtheȱpoorȱcategoryȱ(AQI>49)ȱduringȱthatȱperiod;ȱTorontoȱDowntownȱwasȱ theȱonlyȱexception.ȱȱInȱFigureȱ5.2a,ȱozoneȱdominatedȱtheȱdailyȱmaximumȱAQIȱvaluesȱoverȱtheȱ entireȱyear,ȱaccountingȱforȱapproximatelyȱ69ȱperȱcentȱinȱWindsorȱDowntown;ȱ31ȱperȱcentȱwereȱ dueȱtoȱPM2.5.ȱȱDuringȱtheȱsummerȱmonthsȱ(MayȱtoȱSeptember),ȱozoneȱwasȱevenȱmoreȱdominantȱ inȱWindsor,ȱwithȱapproximatelyȱ80ȱperȱcentȱofȱdailyȱmaximumȱAQIȱreadingsȱdueȱtoȱozone.ȱȱ ȱ InȱSarnia,ȱFigureȱ5.2b,ȱapproximatelyȱ55ȱperȱcentȱofȱdailyȱmaximums,ȱforȱtheȱentireȱyear,ȱ wereȱasȱaȱresultȱofȱozone,ȱandȱ45ȱperȱcentȱwereȱdueȱtoȱPM2.5.ȱDuringȱtheȱsummerȱmonths,ȱSarniaȱ showedȱ aȱ similarȱ trendȱ toȱ Windsorȱ withȱ approximatelyȱ 70ȱ perȱ centȱ ofȱ dailyȱ maximumȱ AQIȱ readingsȱdueȱtoȱozone.ȱ ȱ Asȱ shownȱ inȱ Figureȱ 5.2c,ȱ ozoneȱ accountedȱ forȱ approximatelyȱ 65ȱ perȱ centȱ ofȱ theȱ dailyȱ maximumȱAQIȱreadingsȱatȱHamiltonȱDowntown,ȱandȱ35ȱperȱcentȱwereȱdueȱtoȱPM2.5.ȱȱOnȱdaysȱ whenȱtheȱmaximumȱAQIȱwasȱinȱtheȱmoderateȱorȱpoorȱcategoryȱ(AQI>31),ȱapproximatelyȱ63ȱperȱ centȱwereȱdueȱtoȱPM2.5ȱandȱ37ȱperȱcentȱwereȱdueȱtoȱozone.ȱȱThisȱindicatesȱthatȱevenȱthoughȱtheȱ dailyȱmaximumȱAQIȱreadingsȱinȱHamiltonȱDowntownȱwereȱdominatedȱbyȱozoneȱforȱtheȱyear,ȱasȱ
AQIȱvaluesȱincrease,ȱtheȱmaximumsȱbecameȱdominatedȱbyȱPM2.5.ȱȱȱ
38 Figure 5.2a Daily Maximum AQI Values in Windsor Downtown (2005)
Ozone Fine Particulate Matter
100
50 Daily Maximum AQI Value Value AQI Maximum Daily 32
16
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ȱ
Figure 5.2b Daily Maximum AQI Values in Sarnia (2005)
Ozone Fine Particulate Matter
100
50 Daily Maximum AQI Value Value AQI Maximum Daily
32
16
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
39 Figure 5.2c Daily Maximum AQI Values in Hamilton Downtown (2005)
Ozone Fine Particulate Matter
100
50 Daily Maximum AQI Value Value AQI Maximum Daily 32
16
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Figure 5.2d Daily Maximum AQI Values in Toronto Downtown (2005)
Ozone Fine Particulate Matter
100
50 Daily Maximum AQI Value 32
16
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
40 Figure 5.2e Daily Maximum AQI Values in Ottawa (2005)
Ozone Fine Particulate Matter
100
50 Daily Maximum AQI Value Value AQI Maximum Daily 32
16
0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
ȱ Atȱ Torontoȱ Downtown,ȱ Figureȱ 5.2d,ȱ dailyȱ maximumȱ AQIȱ valuesȱ wereȱ againȱ clearlyȱ dominatedȱbyȱozone,ȱwithȱapproximatelyȱ76ȱperȱcentȱofȱreadingsȱdueȱtoȱozone,ȱandȱ24ȱperȱcentȱ dueȱtoȱPM2.5.ȱȱInȱOttawa,ȱFigureȱ5.2e,ȱapproximatelyȱ72ȱperȱcentȱofȱtheȱreportedȱdailyȱmaximumȱ
AQIȱ readingsȱ wereȱ dueȱ toȱ ozone,ȱ andȱ 28ȱ perȱ centȱ wereȱ dueȱ toȱ PM2.5.ȱȱOzoneȱ wasȱ clearlyȱ dominant,ȱhoweverȱ12ȱofȱtheȱ13ȱpoorȱdaysȱ(daysȱwithȱatȱleastȱoneȱhourȱinȱtheȱpoorȱcategory)ȱwereȱ dueȱtoȱPM2.5,ȱandȱonlyȱoneȱdayȱwasȱdueȱtoȱozone.ȱȱ ȱ ȱ Figureȱ 5.3ȱ showsȱ theȱ compositeȱ pieȱ diagramsȱ ofȱ theȱ percentagesȱ ofȱ veryȱ good,ȱ good,ȱ moderateȱandȱpoorȱairȱqualityȱrecordedȱatȱsitesȱacrossȱtheȱprovinceȱinȱ2005.ȱȱTheȱpieȱdiagramȱonȱ theȱtopȱleftȱshowsȱcategoryȱpercentages.ȱȱTheȱpieȱdiagramȱonȱtheȱbottomȱrightȱbreaksȱdownȱtheȱ poorȱairȱqualityȱintoȱpercentagesȱofȱpollutantsȱassociatedȱwithȱtheȱAQIȱaboveȱ49.ȱȱFiftyȱfiveȱperȱ centȱofȱtheȱpoorȱAQIȱvaluesȱwereȱdueȱtoȱfineȱparticulateȱmatter,ȱandȱtheȱremainingȱ45ȱperȱcentȱ wereȱ dueȱ toȱ O3.ȱȱByȱ wayȱ ofȱ contrast,ȱ 79ȱ perȱ centȱ ofȱ theȱ poorȱ AQIȱ valuesȱ wereȱ dueȱ toȱ fineȱ particulateȱmatter,ȱandȱ21ȱperȱcentȱdueȱtoȱO3ȱinȱ2004ȱ(notȱshown).ȱ
41 ȱ
Figure 5.3 Air Quality Index Summary (2005)
Very Good Good 51.9% 34.7%
Moderate 12.2%
Poor 1.1% Very Poor <0.1% Ozone PM 45% 2.5 55%
Smogȱalertȱprogramȱ ȱ ȱ Theȱ ministryȱ beganȱ issuingȱ smogȱ advisoriesȱ inȱ 1993ȱ underȱ theȱ Airȱ Qualityȱ Advisoryȱ program,ȱandȱthenȱexpandedȱtoȱtheȱSmogȱAlertȱprogramȱinȱ2000.ȱȱTheȱprogramȱisȱaȱjointȱeffortȱ betweenȱtheȱOntarioȱMinistryȱofȱtheȱEnvironmentȱandȱEnvironmentȱCanada.ȱȱSmogȱadvisoriesȱ areȱissuedȱtoȱtheȱpublicȱwhenȱwidespread,ȱelevatedȱ(AQIȱvaluesȱgreaterȱthanȱ49)ȱandȱpersistentȱ smogȱ (O3ȱ andȱ PM2.5)ȱ levelsȱ areȱ forecastȱ toȱ occurȱ withinȱ theȱ nextȱ 24ȱ hours,ȱ orȱ ifȱ elevatedȱ smogȱ conditionsȱoccurȱwithoutȱwarningȱandȱweatherȱconditionsȱconduciveȱtoȱelevatedȱsmogȱlevelsȱareȱ forecastȱtoȱcontinueȱforȱseveralȱhours.ȱTheȱsmogȱadvisoryȱprogramȱcoversȱsouthern,ȱeasternȱandȱ centralȱOntarioȱwhereȱozoneȱlevelsȱareȱmostȱlikelyȱtoȱexceedȱtheȱoneȬhourȱAAQCȱofȱ80ȱppbȱandȱ
PM2.5ȱlevelsȱofȱ45ȱPg/m3ȱthreeȬhourȱrunningȱaverage.ȱ ȱ Theȱ Smogȱ Alertȱ programȱ providesȱ Ontariansȱ withȱ improvedȱ reportingȱ throughȱ comprehensiveȱandȱtimelyȱairȱqualityȱreadingsȱandȱforecasts,ȱandȱincludesȱtheȱfollowing:ȱ ȱ AȱtwoȬlevelȱairȱqualityȱforecastȱthatȱprovidesȱaȱthreeȬdayȱoutlookȱknownȱasȱaȱSmogȱWatch,ȱinȱ additionȱtoȱtheȱcurrentȱ24ȬhourȱSmogȱAdvisory;ȱ Aȱ Smogȱ Watchȱ isȱ issuedȱ whenȱ thereȱ isȱ aȱ 50ȱ perȱ centȱ chanceȱ thatȱ elevatedȱ smogȱ levelsȱ areȱ forecastȱwithinȱtheȱnextȱthreeȱdays;ȱ
42 AȱSmogȱAdvisoryȱisȱissuedȱwhenȱthereȱisȱaȱstrongȱlikelihoodȱthatȱelevatedȱsmogȱlevelsȱareȱ forecastȱwithinȱtheȱnextȱ24ȱhours;ȱ Anȱ immediateȱ Smogȱ Advisoryȱ issuedȱ ifȱ widespread,ȱ elevatedȱ smogȱ levelsȱ occurȱ withoutȱ warningȱandȱweatherȱconditionsȱconduciveȱtoȱtheȱpersistenceȱofȱsuchȱlevelsȱareȱforecastȱtoȱ continueȱforȱseveralȱhours;ȱ Aȱpublicȱwebsite,ȱwww.airqualityontario.com,ȱwhereȱcurrentȱAQIȱreadings,ȱsmogȱforecastsȱ andȱotherȱairȱqualityȱinformationȱareȱavailable;ȱ Directȱ eȬmailsȱ ofȱ smogȱ alertsȱ toȱ everyoneȱ whoȱ subscribesȱ toȱ theȱ ministry’sȱ Smogȱ Alertȱ networkȱatȱtheȱaboveȱwebsite;ȱ TollȬfreeȱnumbersȱbyȱwhichȱanyoneȱatȱanytimeȱcanȱgetȱupdatedȱinformationȱonȱairȱqualityȱ(1Ȭ 800Ȭ387Ȭ7768ȱinȱEnglishȱandȱ1Ȭ800Ȭ221Ȭ8852ȱinȱFrench).ȱ ȱ CoȬoperativeȱactivitiesȱwithȱMichiganȱandȱQuebecȱ ȱ SinceȱMayȱ2000,ȱduringȱtheȱtraditionalȱsmogȱseasonȱfromȱMayȱtoȱSeptember,ȱairȱqualityȱ andȱmeteorologicalȱdiscussionsȱbetweenȱMichiganȱandȱOntarioȱmeteorologistsȱareȱheldȱtwiceȱperȱ weekȱorȱmoreȱfrequentlyȱifȱthereȱisȱpotentialȱforȱaȱSmogȱAdvisoryȱinȱOntarioȱorȱanȱozoneȱactionȱ dayȱinȱMichigan.ȱȱAlthoughȱozoneȱactionȱdaysȱinȱMichiganȱandȱsmogȱadvisoriesȱinȱOntarioȱareȱ notȱlinkedȱtoȱtheȱsameȱairȱqualityȱstandards,ȱtheȱweatherȱconditionsȱconduciveȱtoȱhighȱlevelsȱofȱ smogȱ areȱ oftenȱ commonȱ toȱ bothȱ airsheds,ȱ particularlyȱ inȱ theȱ DetroitȬWindsorȱ area.ȱȱThisȱ arrangementȱwasȱexpandedȱinȱ2004ȱtoȱalsoȱincludeȱyearȱroundȱdiscussionsȱunderȱLakeȱMichiganȱ AirȱDirector’sȱConsortiumȱ(LADCO)ȱonȱtheȱissuanceȱandȱharmonizingȱofȱsmogȱalertsȱandȱozoneȱ actionȱdaysȱduringȱtheȱsummer,ȱasȱwellȱasȱPM2.5ȱforecastingȱforȱtheȱGreatȱLakesȱtransboundaryȱ area.ȱȱ ȱ Theȱ issuanceȱ ofȱ smogȱ advisoriesȱ inȱ Ontarioȱ underȱ theȱ Smogȱ Alertȱ programȱ andȱ inȱ Quebecȱ underȱ theirȱ InfoȬSmogȱ programȱ duringȱ theȱ smogȱ seasonȱ isȱ alsoȱ harmonizedȱ throughȱ discussionsȱ whenȱ requiredȱ betweenȱ Ontarioȱ meteorologistsȱ andȱ theȱ Meteorologicalȱ Servicesȱ ofȱ Canada,ȱQuebecȱRegionȱmeteorologistsȱforȱborderȱregionsȱsuchȱasȱOttawa,ȱOntarioȱandȱGatineau,ȱ Quebec.ȱ ȱ 2005ȱsmogȱadvisoriesȱ ȱ Forȱ theȱ 2005ȱ traditionalȱ smogȱ seasonȱ (Mayȱ 1ȱ toȱ Septemberȱ 30ȱ inclusive),ȱ Ontariansȱ experiencedȱ 12ȱ smogȱ advisoriesȱ coveringȱ 42ȱ days.ȱȱOverȱ theȱ entireȱ calendarȱ year,ȱ 15ȱ smogȱ advisories,ȱcoveringȱ53ȱdays,ȱwereȱissued,ȱasȱdisplayedȱinȱTableȱ5.5.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
43 Table 5.5 Smog Advisory Statistics for Ontario (2005)
Advisory Advisory Period Duration of Advisory
1 February 4-8 5 days
2 April 19-20 2 days
3 May 8-10 3 days
4 June 2-4 3 days
5 June 5-6 2 days
6 June 7-14 8 days
7 June 24-30 7 days
8 July 4-5 2 days
9 July 10-15 6 days
10 July 20 1 day
11 July 21 1 day
12 August 2-4 3 days
13 August 8-10 3 days
14 September 12-14 3 days
15 October 3-6 4 days
ȱ Inȱ 2005,ȱaȱ recordȱ wasȱ setȱ forȱ theȱ numberȱ ofȱ smogȱ advisoryȱdaysȱ acrossȱ Ontarioȱ forȱallȱ regions.ȱȱForȱtheȱprovinceȱasȱaȱwhole,ȱthereȱwereȱ53ȱsmogȱadvisoryȱdaysȱinȱ2005,ȱcomparedȱtoȱȱȱ theȱ previousȱ recordȱ ofȱ 27ȱ suchȱ daysȱ inȱ 2002.ȱȱForȱ theȱ firstȱ timeȱ sinceȱ theȱ inclusionȱ ofȱ fineȱ particulateȱmatterȱintoȱtheȱSmogȱAlertȱprogramȱinȱAugustȱ2002,ȱOntarioȱexperiencedȱanȱintenseȱ winterȱsmogȱepisodeȱinȱFebruaryȱ2005.ȱȱThisȱwasȱfollowedȱbyȱtheȱissuanceȱofȱaȱsmogȱadvisoryȱ dueȱtoȱgroundȬlevelȱozoneȱonȱAprilȱ19Ȭ20,ȱtheȱearliestȱdateȱofȱtheȱyearȱforȱsuchȱanȱoccurrence.ȱȱAȱ recordȬbreakingȱnumberȱofȱ20ȱsmogȱadvisoryȱdaysȱwasȱthenȱissuedȱinȱJune,ȱaȱmonthȱwithȱmanyȱ hotȱ daysȱ andȱ transboundaryȱ flowȱ ofȱ pollutedȱ airȱ intoȱ Ontario.ȱȱThisȱ alsoȱ includedȱ aȱ recordȬ breakingȱeightȬdayȱepisode.ȱȱAnotherȱhighlightȱincluded,ȱforȱtheȱfirstȱtime,ȱaȱwidespreadȱautumnȱ fineȱparticulateȱmatterȱepisodeȱacrossȱOntarioȱinȱOctoberȱ2005.ȱȱAȱhistoryȱofȱsmogȱadvisoriesȱandȱ smogȱadvisoryȱdaysȱsinceȱ2002ȱisȱshownȱinȱFigureȱ5.4.ȱȱȱ ȱ
44 Figure 5.4 Summary of Smog Advisories Issued (2002 - 2005)
60 Number of Advisories Number of Days 53
50
40
30 27
20 20 19 15
10 10 8 7
0 2002 2003 2004 2005
ȱ 2005ȱsmogȱepisodesȱ ȱ Smogȱ episodesȱ areȱ definedȱ hereȱ asȱ daysȱ withȱ widespreadȱ andȱ persistentȱ ozoneȱ levelsȱ greaterȱ thanȱ theȱ Ontarioȱ oneȬhourȱ ozoneȱ AAQCȱ ofȱ 80ȱ ppbȱ and/orȱ daysȱ withȱ widespreadȱ andȱ persistentȱ PM2.5ȱ levelsȱ greaterȱ thanȱ theȱ threeȬhourȱ averageȱ Ontarioȱ PM2.5ȱ referenceȱ levelȱ ofȱ 45ȱ Pg/m3.ȱȱSuchȱepisodesȱinȱtheȱwinterȱinȱOntarioȱareȱdueȱprimarilyȱtoȱfineȱparticulateȱmatter,ȱandȱ areȱ typicallyȱ associatedȱ withȱ relativelyȱ stagnantȱ conditionsȱ andȱ theȱ developmentȱ ofȱ strongȱ temperatureȱ inversionȱ conditionsȱ overnight.ȱȱUnderȱ normalȱ atmosphericȱ conditions,ȱ theȱ temperatureȱofȱtheȱatmosphereȱdecreasesȱwithȱheight,ȱwhereasȱanȱinversionȱisȱformedȱwhenȱtheȱ temperatureȱincreasesȱwithȱheight.ȱȱWithinȱtheȱinversionȱlayer,ȱtheȱatmosphereȱisȱveryȱstableȱandȱ isȱ thereforeȱ unableȱ toȱ mixȱ vertically,ȱ andȱ canȱ leadȱ toȱ pollutantsȱ beingȱ trappedȱ inȱ thatȱ layer.ȱȱ Duringȱtheȱday,ȱtheȱsunȱshinesȱonȱtheȱearth’sȱsurface,ȱheatingȱitȱup,ȱandȱinȱturnȱtheȱairȱclosestȱtoȱ theȱsurfaceȱisȱheated,ȱresultingȱinȱnormalȱatmosphericȱconditions.ȱȱWhenȱtheȱsunȱsets,ȱtheȱEarth’sȱ surfaceȱ noȱ longerȱ receivesȱ radiationȱ fromȱ theȱ sun,ȱ soȱ itȱ coolsȱ rapidlyȱ providedȱ theȱ skyȱ isȱclearȱ (cloudsȱactȱasȱinsulation).ȱȱIfȱwindsȱareȱlight,ȱtheȱtemperatureȱofȱtheȱairȱnearȱtheȱsurfaceȱdecreasesȱ fasterȱthanȱtheȱairȱaboveȱit,ȱestablishingȱanȱinversion.ȱȱȱ ȱ
45 TheȱfirstȱsmogȱepisodeȱofȱtheȱyearȱwasȱrecordedȱduringȱtheȱwinterȱmonthsȱinȱFebruaryȱ
2005,ȱ andȱ wasȱ dueȱ toȱ PM2.5.ȱȱTheȱ incidentȱ occurredȱ betweenȱ Februaryȱ 3ȱ andȱ Februaryȱ 7ȱ withȱ widespreadȱelevatedȱPM2.5ȱlevelsȱmonitoredȱonȱFebruaryȱ4ȱandȱ5ȱfromȱWindsor,ȱacrossȱtheȱGTA,ȱ andȱeastwardsȱtoȱOttawa.ȱȱAȱrelativelyȱstagnantȱairȱmassȱoverȱbroadȱregionsȱofȱtheȱGreatȱLakesȱ andȱSt.ȱLawrenceȱValleyȱincludingȱsouthernȱandȱeasternȱOntarioȱduringȱthisȱperiodȱresultedȱinȱ conditionsȱ conduciveȱ toȱ inversionsȱ (clearȱ skiesȱ atȱ nightȱ andȱ lightȱ winds),ȱ asȱ wellȱ asȱ poorȱ dispersionȱconditions.ȱȱTheseȱconditionsȱwereȱidealȱforȱtheȱbuildȬupȱofȱPM2.5ȱandȱotherȱpollutantsȱ overȱ theȱ entireȱ regionȱ andȱ causedȱ AQIȱ readingsȱ toȱ reachȱ theȱ poorȱ categoryȱ atȱ aȱ numberȱ ofȱ locations.ȱȱForȱ example,ȱ12ȱ AQIȱ stationsȱ reportedȱpoorȱ levelsȱ onȱ Februaryȱ 4,ȱ withȱaȱ maximumȱ observedȱ threeȬhourȱ averageȱ concentrationȱ ofȱ 89ȱ Pg/m3ȱ atȱ Sarnia.ȱ Onȱ Februaryȱ 5,ȱ 11ȱ stationsȱ reportedȱpoorȱlevels,ȱwithȱaȱmaximumȱobservedȱthreeȬhourȱaverageȱconcentrationȱofȱ111ȱPg/m3,ȱ alsoȱatȱSarnia.ȱTheseȱelevatedȱPM2.5ȱlevelsȱinȱsouthernȱandȱeasternȱOntarioȱwereȱlikelyȱcausedȱbyȱ localȱ emissionsȱ inȱ combinationȱ withȱ particulateȬladenȱ airȱ fromȱ neighbouringȱ jurisdictions.ȱȱ
Duringȱthisȱperiod,ȱwidespreadȱandȱelevatedȱPM2.5ȱlevelsȱ(higherȱthanȱthoseȱinȱOntario)ȱoccurredȱ inȱneighbouringȱU.S.ȱstatesȱsouthȱandȱwestȱofȱOntario.ȱȱThisȱwouldȱhaveȱlikelyȱimpactedȱareasȱ suchȱasȱ Sarnia,ȱWindsorȱandȱ Londonȱinȱ southwestȱOntario.ȱȱInȱeasternȱ Ontario,ȱ theȱ maximumȱ observedȱ threeȬhourȱ averageȱ concentrationsȱ wereȱ recordedȱ inȱ Cornwallȱ onȱ Februaryȱ 4,ȱ atȱ 62ȱ Pg/m3,ȱandȱinȱOttawaȱonȱFebruaryȱ5,ȱatȱ56ȱPg/m3.ȱȱWoodȬburningȱsourcesȱofȱparticleȱpollutionȱinȱ easternȱOntarioȱandȱadjacentȱQuebecȱregionsȱappearȱtoȱhaveȱplayedȱaȱroleȱinȱtheseȱelevatedȱPM2.5ȱ levels.ȱȱ ȱȱ Theȱ traditionalȱ summerȱ smogȱ season,ȱ usuallyȱ dominatedȱ byȱ groundȬlevelȱ ozone,ȱ isȱ generallyȱ definedȱ asȱ theȱ periodȱ betweenȱ Mayȱ 1ȱ andȱ Septemberȱ 30.ȱȱInȱ 2005,ȱ however,ȱ Ontarioȱ experiencedȱ forȱ theȱ firstȱ timeȱ anȱ ozoneȱ smogȱ episodeȱ inȱ April.ȱȱHotȱ sunnyȱ conditionsȱ withȱ southwesterlyȱwindsȱresultedȱinȱtheȱtransportȱofȱpollutedȱairȱintoȱOntarioȱandȱhighȱsmogȱlevelsȱ onȱAprilȱ19.ȱȱPoorȱairȱqualityȱdueȱtoȱgroundȬlevelȱozoneȱoccurredȱatȱ17ȱsitesȱinȱtheȱAQIȱnetworkȱȱ overȱareasȱofȱsouthwesternȱOntario,ȱacrossȱtheȱGTA,ȱcentralȱandȱeasternȱOntarioȱonȱAprilȱ19,ȱandȱ theȱmaximumȱoneȬhourȱlevelȱofȱ100ȱppbȱoccurredȱatȱDorsetȱinȱtheȱcottageȱcountryȱarea.ȱȱReliefȱ arrivedȱ overnightȱ asȱ aȱ coldȱ frontȱ movedȱ acrossȱ theȱ regionsȱ resultingȱ inȱ cloudinessȱ andȱ precipitation,ȱandȱcleanerȱairȱtheȱnextȱday.ȱȱ ȱ TheȱotherȱepisodeȱoutsideȱofȱtheȱtraditionalȱsmogȱseasonȱoccurredȱinȱOctoberȱduringȱtheȱ periodȱOctoberȱ3ȱtoȱ5ȱandȱwasȱtheȱfirstȱwidespreadȱautumnȱsmogȱepisodeȱdueȱtoȱfineȱparticulateȱ matter.ȱȱWarm,ȱhazyȱandȱhumidȱconditionsȱcombinedȱwithȱaȱlightȱsouthȱtoȱsouthwesterlyȱflowȱofȱ pollutedȱairȱfromȱtheȱU.S.ȱandȱaȱlocalȱbuildȬupȱofȱpollutantsȱresultedȱinȱelevatedȱlevelsȱofȱfineȱ particulateȱ matterȱ overȱ threeȱ daysȱ inȱ southwesternȱ andȱ partsȱ ofȱ centralȱ andȱ easternȱ Ontario,ȱ includingȱtheȱCityȱofȱToronto.ȱȱTwentyȬoneȱsitesȱreportedȱpoorȱairȱqualityȱonȱOctoberȱ3ȱandȱ30ȱ sitesȱreportedȱpoorȱlevelsȱonȱbothȱOctoberȱ4ȱandȱ5.ȱȱElevatedȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱblanketedȱ areasȱ fromȱ Windsorȱ toȱ Cornwall,ȱ acrossȱ theȱ GTAȱ andȱ asȱ farȱ northȱ asȱ Sudburyȱ andȱ Northȱ Bayȱ duringȱ thisȱ episode.ȱȱTheȱ highestȱ observedȱ threeȬhourȱ averageȱ concentrationȱ wasȱ 56ȱ Pg/m3ȱ onȱ
46 Octoberȱ 3ȱ (Sarnia),ȱ 67ȱ Pg/m3ȱ onȱ Octoberȱ 4ȱ (Peterborough)ȱ andȱ 72ȱ Pg/m3ȱ onȱ Octoberȱ 5ȱ (Mississauga).ȱȱIncreasingȱwindsȱalongȱwithȱgoodȱmixingȱandȱdispersionȱofȱpollutantsȱresultedȱinȱ improvedȱairȱqualityȱacrossȱallȱaffectedȱregionsȱbyȱOctoberȱ6.ȱ ȱ SummerȱsmogȱepisodesȱinȱOntarioȱareȱoftenȱaȱpartȱofȱaȱregionalȱweatherȱconditionȱthatȱ prevailsȱ overȱ muchȱ ofȱ northeasternȱ Northȱ America.ȱȱElevatedȱ levelsȱ ofȱ ozoneȱ andȱ PM2.5ȱ areȱ typicallyȱdueȱtoȱweatherȱpatternsȱthatȱaffectȱtheȱlowerȱGreatȱLakesȱregion.ȱȱSuchȱweatherȱpatternsȱ areȱinvariablyȱassociatedȱwithȱslowȱmovingȱhighȱpressureȱcellsȱacrossȱtheȱregionȱandȱresultȱinȱtheȱ longȬrangeȱtransportȱofȱsmogȱpollutantsȱfromȱneighbouringȱU.S.ȱindustrialȱandȱurbanizedȱstatesȱ duringȱwarmȱsouthȱtoȱsouthwesterlyȱairȱflowȱconditions.ȱȱFigureȱ5.5ȱisȱanȱillustrationȱdepictingȱ theseȱ typicalȱ summerȱ smogȱ episodeȱ conditions.ȱȱTheȱ blueȱ “H”ȱ justȱ southeastȱ ofȱ Lakeȱ Erieȱ representsȱaȱhighȱpressureȱsystemȱwhichȱresultsȱinȱsunnyȱskiesȱandȱaȱlightȱsouthȱtoȱsouthwesterlyȱ flowȱ ofȱ warmȱ moistȱ airȱ acrossȱ theȱ lowerȱ Greatȱ Lakesȱ region.ȱȱTheȱ redȱ “L”ȱ overȱ northeasternȱ Ontarioȱrepresentsȱaȱlowȱpressureȱsystem,ȱandȱhasȱaȱcoldȱfrontȱstretchingȱsouthwestwardȱacrossȱ LakeȱHuron,ȱwhichȱresultsȱinȱcloudinessȱandȱprecipitation.ȱȱItȱisȱtheȱpassageȱofȱthisȱcoldȱfrontȱthatȱ typicallyȱendsȱaȱsmogȱepisodeȱandȱsmogȱadvisory.ȱȱBehindȱtheȱcoldȱfront,ȱanotherȱhighȱpressureȱ systemȱ approachesȱ fromȱ theȱ northwest,ȱ causingȱ aȱ northȱ toȱ northwesterlyȱ flowȱ ofȱ cooler,ȱ drier,ȱ andȱcleanerȱair.ȱ ȱ
Figure 5.5 Generalized Synoptic Weather Pattern Over Southern Ontario Conducive to Elevated Pollutant Levels
Warm Front Cool Approaching N-NW Flow New Anticyclone L
Ridge
Low Smog Potential
N
High Smog Potential H Warm, Moist S-SW Flow
47 Anȱexampleȱofȱsummerȱsmogȱepisodeȱconditionsȱoccurredȱduringȱtheȱeventȱwhichȱlastedȱ fromȱAugustȱ2ȱtoȱ4,ȱ2005.ȱȱOnȱAugustȱ2,ȱaȱhighȱpressureȱsystemȱwasȱcenteredȱsouthȱofȱLakeȱErie,ȱ andȱaȱlowȱpressureȱsystemȱwasȱlocatedȱoverȱnorthernȱSaskatchewan,ȱwithȱaȱcoldȱfrontȱstretchingȱ southwestwardȱfromȱtheȱlow.ȱȱTheȱhighȱpressureȱsystemȱremainedȱrelativelyȱstaticȱthroughoutȱ theȱepisodeȱasȱtheȱlowȱpressureȱsystemȱandȱcoldȱfrontȱapproached.ȱȱByȱtheȱafternoonȱofȱAugustȱ4,ȱ theȱ lowȱ pressureȱ systemȱ hadȱ movedȱ toȱ Jamesȱ Bay,ȱ withȱ theȱ coldȱ frontȱ lyingȱ northeastȱ toȱ southwestȱacrossȱLakeȱHuron,ȱwhileȱtheȱhighȱpressureȱsystemȱwasȱsoutheastȱofȱLakeȱErie.ȱȱTheȱ coldȱ frontȱ movedȱ overȱ theȱ lowerȱ Greatȱ Lakesȱ regionȱ overnightȱ onȱ Augustȱ 4,ȱ resultingȱ inȱ aȱ northwesterlyȱflowȱofȱcoolerȱandȱdrierȱairȱacrossȱtheȱprovince,ȱendingȱtheȱepisode.ȱȱDuringȱthisȱ episode,ȱ elevatedȱ oneȬhourȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱ wereȱ encounteredȱ onȱ Augustȱ 2ȱ andȱ3,ȱ withȱ aȱ maximumȱ ofȱ 116ȱ ppbȱ (Chatham)ȱ onȱ Augustȱ 2,ȱ andȱ aȱ maximumȱ ofȱ 104ȱ ppbȱ (Grandȱ Bend)ȱ onȱ
Augustȱ 3.ȱȱElevatedȱ PM2.5ȱ concentrationsȱ wereȱ recordedȱ onȱ Augustȱ 3ȱ andȱ 4,ȱ withȱ aȱ maximumȱ threeȬhourȱ runningȱaverageȱ ofȱ 63ȱ Pg/m3ȱ (Chatham)ȱ onȱ Augustȱ 3,ȱandȱaȱ maximumȱ ofȱ 59ȱ Pg/m3ȱ (TorontoȱNorth)ȱonȱAugustȱ4.ȱ ȱ Elevatedȱ ozoneȱ andȱ fineȱ particulateȱ matterȱ levelsȱ areȱ highlyȱ dependentȱ uponȱ weatherȱ conditionsȱwhichȱvaryȱfromȱyearȱtoȱyear.ȱȱToȱdepictȱtheȱtrendȱinȱOntario,ȱtheȱnumberȱofȱozoneȱ episodeȱdays,ȱcharacterizedȱbyȱdaysȱwithȱwidespreadȱoneȬhourȱaverageȱozoneȱlevelsȱgreaterȱthanȱ 80ȱppb,ȱforȱtheȱperiodȱ1980ȱtoȱ2005ȱisȱdepictedȱinȱFigureȱ5.6.ȱȱThisȱshowsȱthatȱozoneȱepisodeȱdays,ȱaȱ totalȱofȱ22ȱinȱ2005,ȱwereȱinȱmarkedȱcontrastȱtoȱtheȱ5ȱinȱ2004ȱandȱ11ȱinȱ2003.ȱȱ ȱ
Inȱtermsȱofȱsmogȱepisodeȱdaysȱ(dueȱtoȱozoneȱand/orȱPM2.5)ȱthereȱwereȱ31ȱsuchȱdaysȱinȱ2005,ȱ 15ȱinȱ2004,ȱandȱ12ȱinȱ2003.ȱȱForȱ2005,ȱmostȱcasesȱoccurredȱinȱtheȱsummertimeȱandȱwereȱdrivenȱbyȱ ozoneȱ orȱ ozoneȱ andȱfineȱparticlesȱ(21ȱofȱ theȱ 31ȱ cases).ȱȱInȱ contrast,ȱ theȱ eventsȱ inȱ2004ȱ wereȱ allȱ warmȱseasonȱoccurrencesȱandȱwereȱmainlyȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱorȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱandȱ ozoneȱ drivenȱ (10ȱ ofȱ theȱ 15ȱ cases).ȱȱForȱ 2003,ȱ theȱ episodesȱ wereȱ alsoȱ allȱ confinedȱ toȱ theȱ warmȱ seasonȱmonthsȱandȱwereȱmainlyȱozoneȱorȱozoneȱandȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱdrivenȱ(11ȱofȱtheȱ12ȱ cases).ȱTheseȱresultsȱforȱtheȱthreeȱyearsȱareȱsummarizedȱinȱTableȱ5.6.ȱ ȱ Theȱhigherȱnumberȱofȱsmogȱadvisoryȱdaysȱ(Figureȱ5.4)ȱcomparedȱtoȱsmogȱepisodeȱdaysȱ(Tableȱ 5.6)ȱduringȱtheȱperiodȱ2003ȱtoȱ2005ȱreflectȱaȱnumberȱofȱfactorsȱsuchȱasȱtheȱneedȱtoȱcaptureȱeventsȱ overȱ smallȱ geographicȱ regions,ȱ theȱ needȱ toȱ issueȱ advisoriesȱ forȱ marginalȱ eventsȱ toȱ protectȱ populatedȱareas,ȱandȱlimitationsȱinȱforecastingȱweatherȱandȱairȱquality.ȱ
48 Figure 5.6 Number of Ozone Episode Days in Ontario (1980 - 2005) 40
36 35
31 30 27 25 25 24 23 24 22
20 18 17 17 17 16 16 15 Number of Days 15 14 13 13 12 12 11 10 99 7 7 5 5
0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Note: Ozone episode days are days with widespread ozone levels > 80 ppb.
Table 5.6 Smog Episode Days in Ontario (2003 – 2005) Smog Episode Days Due to Year Ozone Ozone and PM2.5 PM2.5 2003 5 6 1 2004 2 3 10 2005 14 8 9
Theȱ airȱ flowȱ intoȱ Ontario,ȱ asȱ shownȱ withȱ 48Ȭhourȱ backȱ trajectoriesȱ onȱ theȱ 31ȱ smogȱ episodeȱ daysȱ duringȱ 2005,ȱ isȱ depictedȱ inȱ Figureȱ 5.7.ȱȱThisȱ qualitativelyȱ confirmsȱ theȱ factȱ thatȱ ozoneȱandȱfineȱparticulateȱmatterȱepisodeȱdaysȱinȱOntarioȱareȱtypicallyȱassociatedȱwithȱsouthȱtoȱ southwesterlyȱflowsȱfromȱtheȱheavilyȱindustrializedȱandȱurbanizedȱregionsȱofȱtheȱUnitedȱStates.ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
49 Figure 5.7 48-H our Back Trajectories at 500m Arriving at Londo n, On tario at 1300 EDT on Smog Episode Days in 2005
50 SourceȱContributionsȱonȱHighȱOzoneȱConcentrationȱDaysȱinȱOntarioȱ ȱ Theȱ Transboundaryȱ Airȱ Pollutionȱ inȱ Ontarioȱ reportȱ presentedȱ aȱ recentȱ airȱ pollutionȱ modellingȱassessmentȱinȱOntarioȱthatȱshowedȱthatȱonȱhighȱozoneȱconcentrationȱdaysȱ(daysȱwhenȱ eightȬhourȱrunningȱaverageȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱwereȱaboveȱtheȱCWSȱreferenceȱlevelȱofȱ65ȱppb),ȱ Ontarioȱ anthropogenicȱ (humanȬmade)ȱ emissionsȱ contributed,ȱ atȱ most,ȱ 16ȱ perȱ centȱ ofȱ theȱ localȱ ozoneȱ problem.ȱȱContributionsȱ dueȱ toȱ Ontarioȱ emissionsȱ rangedȱ fromȱ aboutȱ 1ȱ perȱ centȱ inȱ Windsor,ȱtoȱ9ȱperȱcentȱinȱtheȱGTA,ȱtoȱ16ȱperȱcentȱdownwindȱofȱtheȱGTA/Hamiltonȱarea,ȱandȱtoȱ7ȱ perȱ centȱ inȱ theȱ Kingstonȱ area.ȱ Ontario’sȱ emissionȱ contributionȱ toȱ upperȱ Newȱ Yorkȱ stateȱ andȱ Vermont/Newȱ Hampshireȱ wasȱ approximatelyȱ 3ȱ perȱ cent.ȱȱTheȱ implicationsȱ ofȱ theseȱ resultsȱ inȱ termsȱofȱtransboundaryȱcontributionsȱ(U.S.ȱandȱbackground)ȱareȱprovidedȱbelow.ȱ ȱ Globalȱ backgroundȱ meanȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱ inȱ theȱ lowerȱ atmosphereȱ varyȱ withȱ theȱ timeȱofȱtheȱyearȱandȱwithȱlatitude,ȱbutȱareȱgenerallyȱveryȱsignificantȱatȱaboutȱ40ȱppb.ȱȱIfȱthereȱ wereȱnoȱregionalȱanthropogenicȱemissionsȱofȱnitrogenȱoxidesȱandȱvolatileȱorganicȱcompounds,ȱ theȱ backgroundȱ ozoneȱ aloftȱ wouldȱ stillȱ beȱ availableȱ toȱ beȱ mixedȱ downȱ toȱ groundȱ level.ȱȱAtȱ groundȱ level,ȱ especiallyȱ inȱ urbanȱ areas,ȱ annualȱ averageȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱ areȱ affectedȱ byȱ globalȱbackgroundȱconcentrationsȱbutȱwillȱusuallyȱbeȱlowerȱthanȱtheȱbackgroundȱdueȱlargelyȱtoȱ ozoneȱtitrationȱbyȱnitricȱoxideȱwithȱlimitedȱverticalȱmixingȱtoȱreplaceȱtheȱdepletedȱozoneȱatȱtimesȱ duringȱtheȱday.ȱȱInȱtheȱOntarioȱcontext,ȱbackgroundȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱreferȱtoȱtheȱcontributionsȱ atȱaȱgivenȱlocationȱinȱOntarioȱthatȱareȱprimarilyȱtheȱresultȱofȱanthropogenicȱandȱnaturalȱemissionsȱ fromȱoutsideȱNorthȱAmericaȱandȱnaturalȱsourcesȱwithinȱNorthȱAmerica.ȱȱOnȱhighȱozoneȱdaysȱinȱ Ontario,ȱ backgroundȱ ozoneȱ concentrationsȱ areȱ substantial,ȱ atȱ aboutȱ 50ȱ perȱ centȱ ofȱ theȱ eightȬhourȱ dailyȱmaximaȱfromȱsouthwesternȱOntarioȱthroughȱtoȱareasȱdownwindȱofȱtheȱGTA/Hamiltonȱ(seeȱ Figuresȱ5.8aȬc).ȱȱRegionalȱanthropogenicȱemissionsȱfromȱupwindȱU.S.ȱsourcesȱcontributeȱaboutȱ45ȱ perȱcentȱtoȱobservedȱconcentrationsȱinȱsouthwesternȱOntario,ȱwhereasȱtheȱOntarioȱanthropogenicȱ sourcesȱ contributeȱ aboutȱ 5ȱ perȱ cent.ȱ Forȱ theȱ GTA/Hamilton,ȱ theȱ U.S.ȱ anthropogenicȱ sourcesȱ contributeȱ aboutȱ 40ȱ perȱ centȱ andȱ theȱ Ontarioȱ sourcesȱ aboutȱ 10ȱ perȱ cent.ȱ Downwindȱ ofȱ theȱ GTA/Hamilton,ȱ U.S.ȱ sourcesȱ areȱ estimatedȱ toȱ contributeȱ aboutȱ 30Ȭ35ȱ perȱ centȱ andȱ theȱ Ontarioȱ sourcesȱaboutȱ15ȱperȱcent.ȱ ȱ Basedȱonȱtheseȱfindings,ȱitȱisȱapparentȱthatȱwhileȱbackgroundȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱareȱveryȱ significantȱonȱhighȱozoneȱconcentrationȱdaysȱinȱOntario,ȱtheȱregionalȱanthropogenicȱsourcesȱinȱ theȱairȱshedȱalsoȱplayȱaȱsignificantȱandȱapproximatelyȱequalȱrole.ȱȱMoreover,ȱaboutȱ90ȱperȱcentȱofȱ theȱanthropogenicȱcontributionsȱtoȱtheȱobservedȱlevelsȱinȱsouthwesternȱOntarioȱareȱfromȱupwindȱ regionalȱU.S.ȱsources.ȱȱOverȱtheȱGTA/Hamilton,ȱtheȱU.S.ȱanthropogenicȱcontributionsȱareȱaboutȱ 80ȱ perȱ cent.ȱȱForȱ areasȱ immediatelyȱ toȱ theȱ eastȱ andȱ northȱ ofȱ theȱ GTA/Hamilton,ȱ theȱ U.S.ȱ contributionsȱareȱestimatedȱtoȱbeȱatȱ60Ȭ70ȱperȱcent.ȱ ȱ ȱ
51 Figure 5.8a Percent Contributions on High Ozone Concentration Days in Ontario Southwestern Ontario
Background (50%)
Ontario (5%)
U.S. (45%)
ȱ ȱ
Figure 5.8b Percent Contributions on High Ozone Concentration Days in Ontario GTA/Hamilton
Background (50%)
Ontario (10%)
U.S. (40%)
ȱ
Figure 5.8c Percent Contributions on High Ozone Concentration Days in Ontario Immediate Areas Downwind of GTA/Hamilton
Background (50-55%)
Ontario (15%)
U.S. (30-35%)
ȱ ȱ ȱ
52 Onȱdaysȱofȱlowȱozoneȱconcentrations,ȱcontributionsȱfromȱbackgroundȱozoneȱconcentrationsȱ areȱexpectedȱtoȱdominateȱasȱtheȱanthropogenicȱsourcesȱwouldȱnotȱbeȱexpectedȱtoȱcontributeȱmuchȱ toȱtheȱobservedȱlevels.ȱȱBasedȱonȱtheȱaboveȱmodellingȱstudy,ȱitȱisȱestimatedȱthatȱbackgroundȱozoneȱ concentrationsȱcontributedȱaboutȱ75ȱperȱcentȱtoȱtheȱobservedȱlevelsȱinȱsouthwesternȱOntarioȱonȱȱanȱ averageȱ dayȱ (i.e.ȱ whenȱ allȱ daysȱ areȱ consideredȱ overȱ aȱ fiveȱ monthȱ periodȱ (spring/summer)).ȱ Backgroundȱcontributionsȱwereȱestimatedȱtoȱbeȱaboutȱ75Ȭ80ȱperȱcentȱforȱtheȱGTA/Hamiltonȱandȱ 80Ȭ85ȱperȱcentȱdownwindȱofȱGTA/Hamilton.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
ȱ
.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
53 ȱȱGLOSSARYȱ ȱ ȱ Acidicȱdepositionȱ Ȭȱ refersȱ toȱ wetȱ andȱ dryȱ depositionȱ ofȱ aȱ varietyȱ ofȱ airborneȱ acidicȱ pollutantsȱ (acidsȱ orȱ acidȬformingȱ substancesȱsuchȱasȱsulphatesȱandȱnitrates)ȱonȱbiotaȱorȱ landȱorȱinȱwatersȱofȱtheȱEarthȇsȱsurface.ȱ
AirȱQualityȱIndexȱȱ Ȭȱ realȬtimeȱ informationȱsystemȱ thatȱ providesȱ theȱ publicȱ withȱanȱindicationȱofȱairȱqualityȱinȱcities,ȱtownsȱandȱinȱ ruralȱareasȱacrossȱOntario.ȱ
AQIȱstationȱ ȱ Ȭȱ continuousȱ monitoringȱ stationȱ usedȱ toȱ informȱ theȱ publicȱ ofȱ generalȱ ambientȱ airȱ qualityȱ levelsȱ overȱ anȱ entireȱregionȱ(notȱaȱlocalizedȱarea)ȱonȱaȱrealȬtimeȱbasis;ȱ stationȱreportsȱonȱcriteriaȱpollutantȱlevelsȱthatȱareȱnotȱ undulyȱ influencedȱ byȱ aȱ singleȱ emissionȱ source,ȱ butȱ ratherȱ areȱ theȱ resultȱ ofȱ emissionsȱ fromȱ multipleȱ sources,ȱ includingȱ thoseȱ inȱ neighbouringȱ provincesȱ andȱstates.ȱ
Airshedȱ ȱȱ Ȭȱ aȱgeographicalȱregionȱofȱinfluenceȱorȱspatialȱextentȱofȱ theȱairȱpollutionȱburden.ȱ
Ambientȱairȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ outdoorȱorȱopenȱair.ȱ
Carbonȱmonoxideȱ Ȭȱ aȱ colourless,ȱ odourless,ȱ tastelessȱ andȱ atȱ highȱ concentrations,ȱaȱpoisonousȱgas.ȱ
Continuousȱpollutantȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ pollutantsȱ forȱ whichȱ aȱ continuousȱ recordȱ exists;ȱ effectively,ȱ pollutantsȱ thatȱ haveȱ hourlyȱ dataȱ (maximumȱ8,760ȱvaluesȱperȱyearȱexceptȱleapȱyearȱ–ȱe.g.ȱ 2004ȱwhereȱmaximumȱvaluesȱforȱtheȱyearȱareȱ8,784).ȱ
Continuousȱstationȱ ȱ Ȭȱ whereȱ pollutantsȱ areȱ measuredȱ onȱ aȱ realȬtimeȱ basisȱ andȱ dataȱ determinedȱ hourlyȱ (forȱ exampleȱ ozone,ȱ sulphurȱdioxide).ȱ
Criterionȱȱ Ȭȱ maximumȱ concentrationȱ orȱ levelȱ (basedȱ onȱ potentialȱ effects)ȱ ofȱ pollutantȱ thatȱ isȱ desirableȱ orȱ consideredȱ acceptableȱinȱambientȱair.ȱ
Detectionȱlimitȱȱȱ Ȭȱ minimumȱ concentrationȱ ofȱ aȱ contaminantȱ thatȱ canȱ beȱ determined.ȱ
Diurnalȱ Ȭȱ recurringȱ everyȱ day;ȱ actionsȱ thatȱ areȱ completedȱ inȱ 24ȱ hoursȱandȱrepeatedȱeveryȱ24ȱhours.ȱ
ȱ
54 Glossaryȱcontinued...ȱ ȱȱ
ȱ
Exceedanceȱȱ Ȭȱ violationȱ ofȱ theȱ airȱ pollutantȱ concentrationȱ levelsȱ establishedȱ byȱ environmentalȱ protectionȱ criteriaȱ orȱ otherȱenvironmentalȱstandards.ȱ
FineȱParticulateȱMatterȱ Ȭȱ particlesȱ smallerȱ thanȱ aboutȱ 2.5ȱ micronsȱ inȱ aerodynamicȱ diameter,ȱ whichȱ ariseȱ mainlyȱ fromȱ fuelȱ combustion,ȱ condensationȱ ofȱ hotȱ vapoursȱ andȱ chemicallyȬdrivenȱgasȬtoȬparticleȱconversionȱprocesses;ȱ alsoȱ referredȱ toȱ asȱ PM2.5.ȱȱTheseȱ areȱ fineȱ enoughȱ toȱ penetrateȱdeepȱintoȱtheȱlungs.ȱȱ
Foliarȱstomataȱ Ȭȱ inȱ theȱ scientificȱ studyȱ ofȱ plantȱ life,ȱ stomataȱ areȱ tinyȱ openingsȱorȱporesȱfoundȱmostlyȱonȱtheȱunderȬsurfaceȱ ofȱaȱplantȱleaf,ȱandȱusedȱforȱgasȱexchange.ȱ
Fossilȱfuelsȱ Ȭȱ naturalȱ gas,ȱ petroleum,ȱ coalȱ andȱ anyȱ formȱ ofȱ solid,ȱ liquidȱorȱgaseousȱfuelȱderivedȱfromȱorganicȱmaterialsȱ forȱtheȱpurposeȱofȱgeneratingȱheat.ȱ
Globalȱwarmingȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ longȬtermȱriseȱinȱtheȱaverageȱtemperatureȱofȱtheȱearth’sȱ atmosphere;ȱ principallyȱ dueȱ toȱ anȱ increaseȱ inȱ theȱ ȱ buildȬupȱofȱcarbonȱdioxideȱandȱotherȱgases.ȱ
GroundȬlevelȱozoneȱȱ Ȭȱ colourlessȱ gasȱ formedȱ fromȱ chemicalȱ reactionsȱ ȱ betweenȱnitrogenȱoxidesȱandȱreactiveȱhydrocarbonsȱinȱ theȱpresenceȱofȱsunlightȱnearȱtheȱEarthȇsȱsurface.ȱ Micronȱȱ Ȭȱ aȱmillionthȱofȱaȱmetre.ȱ
Nitrogenȱdioxideȱ Ȭȱ aȱ reddishȬbrownȱ gasȱ withȱ aȱ pungentȱ andȱ irritatingȱ odour.ȱ
Ozoneȱepisodeȱdayȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ aȱ dayȱ onȱ whichȱ widespreadȱ (hundredsȱ ofȱ kilometres)ȱ elevatedȱ ozoneȱ levelsȱ (greaterȱ thanȱ 80ȱ ppbȱ maximumȱ hourlyȱconcentration)ȱoccurȱsimultaneously.ȱ
Particulateȱmatterȱȱ Ȭȱ refersȱ toȱ allȱ airborneȱ finelyȱ dividedȱ solidȱ orȱ liquidȱ materialȱ withȱ anȱ aerodynamicȱ diameterȱ smallerȱ thanȱ ȱ 44ȱmicrons.ȱ
Percentileȱvalueȱ Ȭȱ percentageȱ ofȱ theȱ dataȱ setȱ thatȱ liesȱ belowȱ theȱ statedȱ value;ȱ ifȱ theȱ 70ȱ percentileȱ valueȱ isȱ 0.10ȱ ppm,ȱ thenȱ 70ȱ perȱcentȱofȱtheȱdataȱareȱequalȱtoȱorȱbelowȱ0.10ȱppm.ȱ
Photochemicalȱoxidationȱȱ Ȭȱ aȱ complexȱ mixtureȱ ofȱ chemicalsȱ producedȱ inȱ theȱ atmosphere;ȱ theseȱ airȱ pollutantsȱ areȱ formedȱ byȱ theȱ ȱ actionȱofȱsunlightȱonȱoxidesȱofȱnitrogenȱandȱVOCs.ȱ
55 Glossaryȱcontinued...ȱ ȱȱ ȱ
Photochemicalȱsmogȱȱ Ȭȱ seeȱsmog.ȱ
Photochemicalȱreactionȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ Chemicalȱ reactionȱ influencedȱ orȱ initiatedȱ byȱ light,ȱ particularlyȱultravioletȱlight.ȱ
Pollutionȱroseȱȱ Ȭȱ aȱ diagramȱ indicatingȱ theȱ frequencyȱ ofȱ givenȱ concentrationȱ levelsȱ ofȱ aȱ pollutantȱ asȱ aȱ functionȱ ofȱ ȱ windȱdirection.ȱ
Primaryȱpollutantȱȱ Ȭȱ pollutantȱemittedȱdirectlyȱtoȱtheȱatmosphere.ȱ
Secondaryȱpollutantȱ Ȭȱ pollutantȱ formedȱ fromȱ otherȱ pollutantsȱ inȱ theȱ atmosphere.ȱ
Smogȱ ȱ Ȭȱ aȱ contractionȱ ofȱ smokeȱ andȱ fog;ȱ colloquialȱ termȱ usedȱ forȱ photochemicalȱ smog,ȱ whichȱ includesȱ ozone,ȱ fineȱ particulateȱmatter,ȱandȱotherȱcontaminants;ȱtendsȱtoȱbeȱ aȱbrownishȱhaze.ȱ
Smogȱadvisoryȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ smogȱadvisoriesȱareȱissuedȱtoȱtheȱpublicȱwhenȱthereȱisȱ aȱ strongȱ likelihoodȱ thatȱ widespread,ȱ elevatedȱ andȱ persistentȱsmogȱlevelsȱareȱexpected.ȱȱȱ
Stratosphereȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ atmosphereȱ 10ȱ toȱ 40ȱ kilometresȱ aboveȱ theȱ Earthȇsȱ surface.ȱ
Stratosphericȱozoneȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱ ozoneȱformedȱinȱtheȱstratosphereȱfromȱtheȱconversionȱ ȱȱȱ ofȱ oxygenȱ moleculesȱ byȱ solarȱ radiation;ȱ ozoneȱ foundȱ thereȱabsorbsȱmuchȱultravioletȱradiationȱandȱpreventsȱ itȱfromȱreachingȱtheȱEarth.ȱ
Sulphurȱdioxideȱ Ȭȱ aȱcolourlessȱgasȱthatȱsmellsȱlikeȱburntȱmatches.ȱ
Toxicȱdepositionȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȭȱ depositionȱ ofȱ anȱ airborneȱ toxicȱ pollutantȱ atȱ ground,ȱ ȱȱȱ vegetativeȱorȱsurfaceȱlevels.ȱ
Toxicȱpollutantȱȱ Ȭȱ substanceȱ thatȱ canȱ causeȱ cancer,ȱ geneticȱ mutations,ȱ organȱdamage,ȱchangesȱtoȱtheȱnervousȱsystem,ȱorȱevenȱ physiologicalȱharmȱasȱaȱresultȱofȱprolongedȱexposure,ȱ evenȱtoȱrelativelyȱsmallȱamounts.ȱ
Troposphereȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ atmosphericȱ layerȱ extendingȱ fromȱ theȱ surfaceȱ upȱ toȱ aboutȱ10ȱkilometresȱaboveȱtheȱEarthȇsȱsurface.ȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ
56 ACRONYMSȱ
ȱ ȱ
AAQCȱȱ - AmbientȱAirȱQualityȱCriteriaȱ(Ontario)ȱ
AQIȱ ȱ - AirȱQualityȱIndexȱ
CCMEȱ - CanadianȱCouncilȱofȱMinistersȱofȱtheȱEnvironmentȱ
COȱȱ - carbonȱmonoxideȱ
COPDȱ - Chronicȱobstructiveȱpulmonaryȱdiseaseȱ
CWSȱȱ - CanadaȬwideȱStandardȱ
GTAȱ - GreaterȱTorontoȱAreaȱ
IVRȱ - IntegratedȱVoiceȱResponseȱ
MOEȱ - MinistryȱofȱtheȱEnvironmentȱȱ
NAAQSȱ - NationalȱAmbientȱAirȱQualityȱStandardȱ(U.S.)ȱ
NAPSȱ - NationalȱAirȱPollutionȱSurveillanceȱ(Canada)ȱ
NOȱȱ - nitricȱoxideȱ
NO2ȱȱ - nitrogenȱdioxideȱ
NOXȱ - nitrogenȱoxidesȱ
O3ȱȱ - ozoneȱ
PM2.5ȱȱ - fineȱparticulateȱmatterȱ
SESȱ(TEOM)ȱ - SampleȱEquilibrationȱSystemȱ
SO2ȱȱ - sulphurȱdioxideȱ
TEOMȱ ȱ - TaperedȱElementȱOscillatingȱMicrobalanceȱ
TRSȱ ȱ - totalȱreducedȱsulphurȱ
VOCsȱ ȱ - volatileȱorganicȱcompoundsȱ
WHOȱ - WorldȱHealthȱOrganizationȱ
ȱ
Pg/m3ȱȱ - microgramsȱ(ofȱcontaminant)ȱperȱcubicȱmetreȱ(ofȱair)ȱ–ȱbyȱweightȱ ppbȱ ȱ - partsȱ(ofȱcontaminant)ȱperȱbillionȱ(partsȱofȱair)ȱ–ȱbyȱvolumeȱ ppmȱ ȱ - partsȱ(ofȱcontaminant)ȱperȱmillionȱ(partsȱofȱair)ȱ–ȱbyȱvolumeȱ
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59 29. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ S.B.ȱ Finnsson,ȱ Environmentȱ andȱ Foodȱ Agencyȱ ofȱ Iceland,ȱ Reykjavík,ȱ Iceland,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 30. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ C.ȱ Gagnon,ȱ Cityȱ ofȱ Montréal,ȱ Departmentȱ ofȱ Environment,ȱ Québec,ȱ Canada,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 31. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱA.ȱGrieco,ȱDepartmentȱofȱEnvironment,ȱAustralia,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 32. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ M.ȱ Heindorf,ȱ Michiganȱ Departmentȱ ofȱ Environmentalȱ Quality,ȱ Michigan,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 33. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ K.ȱ Kemp,ȱ Nationalȱ Environmentalȱ Researchȱ Institute,ȱ Departmentȱ ofȱ AtmosphericȱEnvironment,ȱDenmark,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 34. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱD.ȱKennedy,ȱDepartmentȱofȱtheȱEnvironment,ȱBelfast,ȱIreland,ȱ2006.ȱȱ ȱ 35. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱW.S.ȱKotasek,ȱColoradoȱDepartmentȱofȱPublicȱHealthȱandȱEnvironment,ȱ Denver,ȱColorado,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 36. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ B.ȱ Lambeth,ȱ Monitoringȱ Operationsȱ Division,ȱ Texasȱ Commissionȱ onȱ EnvironmentalȱQuality,ȱTexas,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 37. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ J.ȱ Maranche,ȱ Airȱ Qualityȱ Program,ȱ Alleghenyȱ Countyȱ Healthȱ Department,ȱPittsburgh,ȱPennsylvania,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 38. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ M.ȱ McAuliffe,ȱ Pennsylvaniaȱ Departmentȱ Bureauȱ ofȱ Airȱ Quality,ȱ Pennsylvania,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 39. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ J.ȱ McMillen,ȱ Washingtonȱ Stateȱ Departmentȱ ofȱ Ecology,ȱ Washington,ȱ UnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 40. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱR.ȱMitchell,ȱEnvironmentȱProtectionȱAuthority,ȱAustralia,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 41. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱR.S.ȱPontes,ȱCiênciaȱeȱTecnologiaȱaȱServiçoȱdoȱMeioȱAmbiente,ȱBrazil,ȱ 2006.ȱ ȱ 42. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱW.M.ȱPun,ȱEnvironmentalȱProtectionȱDepartment,ȱAirȱScienceȱGroup,ȱ China,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 43. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱN.ȱRederlechner,ȱStadtȱZürich,ȱUmwelȬundȱGesundheitsschutzȱZürichȱ UGZ,ȱZürich,ȱSwitzerland,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 44. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ K.ȱ Redmond,ȱ Airȱ Protectionȱ Branch,ȱ Georgiaȱ Departmentȱ ofȱ Naturalȱ Resources,ȱGeorgia,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
60 Referencesȱcontinued…ȱ ȱ 45. Writtenȱ communicationȱwithȱ M.ȱ Riley,ȱ Departmentȱ ofȱ Environmentȱ andȱ Conservation,ȱNewȱ Southȱ Wales,ȱAustralia,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 46. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱP.A.ȱSanborn,ȱMassachusettsȱDepartmentȱofȱEnvironmentalȱProtection,ȱ Massachusetts,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱȱ ȱ 47. WrittenȱcommunicationȱwithȱJ.ȱSantroch,ȱCzechȱHydrometeorologicalȱInstitute,ȱCzechoslovakia,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 48. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ B.ȱ Swinford,ȱ Illinoisȱ Environmentalȱ Protectionȱ Agency,ȱ Chicago,ȱ Illinois,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 49. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ R.ȱ Twaddell,ȱ Newȱ Yorkȱ Stateȱ Departmentȱ ofȱ Environmentalȱ Conservation,ȱNewȱYork,ȱUnitedȱStatesȱofȱAmerica,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 50. Writtenȱ communicationȱ withȱ G.ȱ Veale,ȱ Environmentalȱ Protectionȱ Division,ȱ Governmentȱ ofȱ theȱ NorthwestȱTerritories,ȱYellowknife,ȱNorthwestȱTerritories,ȱCanada,ȱ2006.ȱ ȱ 51. Yap,ȱD.,ȱReid,ȱN.,ȱDeȱBrou,ȱG.ȱandȱR.ȱBloxam.ȱ2005.ȱȱTransboundaryȱAirȱPollutionȱinȱOntario.ȱȱOntarioȱ MinistryȱofȱtheȱEnvironment.ȱ ȱ 52. Yap,ȱD.,ȱFraser,ȱD.,ȱKiely,ȱP.,ȱBitzos,ȱM.,ȱDempsey,ȱF.ȱandȱG.ȱDeȱBrou.ȱȱ2003.ȱȱDataȱAnalysisȱofȱRealȬtimeȱ PM2.5ȱMeasurementsȱinȱOntario.ȱȱPresentedȱatȱtheȱ96thȱAirȱandȱWasteȱManagementȱAssociationȱAnnualȱ Conference,ȱSanȱDiego,ȱCalifornia,ȱJuneȱ2003.ȱ ȱ 53. Yap,ȱD.,ȱFraser,ȱD.,ȱKiely,ȱP.ȱandȱG.ȱDeȱBrou.ȱ1998.ȱPreliminaryȱDataȱAnalysisȱofȱRealȬTimeȱandȱDailyȱ PM10/PM2.5ȱMonitoringȱNetworksȱinȱOntario.ȱȱAWMAȱpaper,ȱ91stȱAnnualȱConference,ȱSanȱDiego,ȱJuneȱ 1998.ȱ ȱ 54. Yap,ȱD.,ȱFraser,ȱD.,ȱKiely,ȱP.,ȱDeȱBrou,ȱG.ȱandȱWȱDong.ȱ1997.ȱTheȱRoleȱofȱTransȬboundaryȱFlowȱonȱ1995ȱ Ozoneȱ Levelsȱ inȱ Ontario.ȱ ȱ Presentedȱ atȱ theȱ 90thȱ Airȱ andȱ Wasteȱ Managementȱ Associationȱ Annualȱ Conference,ȱToronto,ȱOntario,ȱJuneȱ1997.ȱ ȱ 55. Yap,ȱ D.,ȱ Ning,ȱ D.T.ȱ andȱ W.ȱ Dong.ȱ 1988.ȱ ȱ Anȱ Assessmentȱ ofȱ Sourceȱ Contributionȱ toȱ theȱ Ozoneȱ ConcentrationsȱinȱSouthernȱOntario.ȱȱAtmosphericȱEnvironment,ȱVol.ȱ22,ȱNo.ȱ6,ȱpp.ȱ1161Ȭ1168.ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ
61 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ AIRȱQUALITYȱINȱONTARIOȱ 2005ȱREPORTȱ APPENDIXȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ AIRȱMONITORINGȱ&ȱREPORTINGȱSECTIONȱ ENVIRONMENTALȱMONITORINGȱANDȱREPORTINGȱBRANCHȱ ONTARIOȱMINISTRYȱOFȱTHEȱENVIRONMENTȱ ȱ ȱ
A-1 ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSȱ ȱ ThisȱreportȱhasȱbeenȱpreparedȱbyȱtheȱstaffȱofȱtheȱEnvironmentalȱMonitoringȱ andȱReportingȱBranchȱofȱtheȱOntarioȱMinistryȱofȱtheȱEnvironment.ȱȱCanada’sȱ Nationalȱ Airȱ Pollutionȱ Surveillanceȱ programȱ isȱ alsoȱ acknowledgedȱ forȱ providingȱairȱmonitoringȱinstrumentation.ȱ ȱ ȱ
A-2 APPENDIXȱȱ TABLEȱOFȱCONTENTSȱ ȱ
ȱ Pageȱ#ȱ
Introduction...... ȱ AȬ5ȱ
MonitoringȱNetworkȱOperations...... ȱ AȬ5ȱ
NetworkȱDescriptiveȱTablesȱandȱAnnualȱStatistics...... ȱ AȬ6ȱ
ȱȱ ȱ
Tableȱ1ȱ 2005ȱOntarioȱContinuousȱAmbientȱAirȱMonitoringȱNetwork...... ȱ AȬ7ȱ
Tableȱ2ȱ 2005ȱOzoneȱ(O3)ȱStatistics………...... ȱ AȬ9ȱ
Tableȱ3ȱ 2005ȱFineȱParticulateȱMatterȱ(PM2.5)ȱStatistics……...... ȱ AȬ11ȱ
Tableȱ4ȱ 2005ȱNitricȱOxideȱ(NO)ȱStatisticsȱ……...... ȱ AȬ13ȱ
Tableȱ5ȱ 2005ȱNitrogenȱDioxideȱ(NO2)ȱStatisticsȱ……...... ȱ AȬ14ȱ
Tableȱ6ȱ 2005ȱNitrogenȱOxidesȱ(NOx)ȱStatistics……...... ȱ AȬ15ȱ
Tableȱ7ȱ 2005ȱCarbonȱMonoxideȱ(CO)ȱStatisticsȱ……...... ȱ AȬ16ȱ
Tableȱ8ȱ 2005ȱSulphurȱDioxideȱ(SO2)ȱStatistics……...... ȱ AȬ17ȱ
Tableȱ9ȱ 2005ȱTotalȱReducedȱSulphurȱ(TRS)ȱStatistics………...... ȱ AȬ18ȱ
Tableȱ10ȱ 10ȬYearȱTrendȱforȱO3...... ȱ AȬ19ȱ
Tableȱ11ȱ 10ȬYearȱTrendȱforȱNO...... ȱ AȬ20ȱ
Tableȱ12ȱ 10ȬYearȱTrendȱforȱNO2...... ȱ AȬ20ȱ
Tableȱ13ȱ 10ȬYearȱTrendȱforȱNOx...... ȱ AȬ21ȱ
Tableȱ14ȱ 10ȬYearȱTrendȱforȱCO...... ȱ AȬ21ȱ
Tableȱ15ȱ 10ȬYearȱTrendȱforȱSO2...... ȱ AȬ22ȱ
A-3 AppendixȱȬȱTableȱofȱContentsȱcontinued…ȱ ȱ
Mapȱ1ȱ LocationsȱofȱAmbientȱAirȱMonitoringȱStationsȱinȱOntarioȱ(2005)...... ȱ AȬ23ȱ
ȱ
A-4 INTRODUCTIONȱ ȱ Thisȱappendixȱisȱintendedȱforȱuseȱinȱconjunctionȱwithȱtheȱ2005ȱAnnualȱAirȱQualityȱinȱOntarioȱ report.ȱȱTheȱfirstȱsectionȱofȱtheȱAppendixȱbrieflyȱdescribesȱtheȱprovincialȱairȱmonitoringȱnetwork,ȱqualityȱ assuranceȱ andȱ qualityȱ controlȱ proceduresȱ andȱ theȱ Ministryȱ ofȱ theȱ Environment’sȱ airȱ qualityȱ database.ȱȱ TheȱsecondȱpartȱofȱtheȱAppendixȱincludesȱaȱseriesȱofȱtablesȱdisplayingȱstationȱlocationsȱandȱaȱlistingȱofȱ theȱsummaryȱstatisticsȱincludingȱmeans,ȱmaximums,ȱpercentileȱvaluesȱandȱtheȱnumberȱofȱexceedancesȱofȱ theȱOntarioȱambientȱairȱqualityȱcriteriaȱ(AAQC)ȱforȱeachȱpollutant.ȱȱ ȱ MONITORINGȱNETWORKȱOPERATIONSȱ ȱ NetworkȱDescriptionȱ ȱ ȱ Inȱ2005,ȱtheȱambientȱnetworkȱcomprisedȱ ofȱ143ȱcontinuousȱmonitoringȱinstrumentsȱatȱ44ȱsites,ȱ includingȱ researchȱ sites,ȱ whereȱ 41ȱ realȬtimeȱ PM2.5ȱ monitorsȱ wereȱ operated.ȱȱDuringȱ 2005,ȱ theȱ EnvironmentalȱMonitoringȱandȱReportingȱBranchȱ(EMRB)ȱoperatedȱallȱofȱtheȱambientȱsites.ȱȱMonitoringȱ siteȱlocationsȱforȱtheȱcontinuousȱnetworkȱareȱillustratedȱinȱMapȱ1.ȱ ȱ QualityȱAssuranceȱandȱQualityȱControlȱ ȱ DayȬtoȬdayȱ airȱ monitoringȱ andȱ maintenanceȱ ofȱ theȱ instrumentsȱ isȱ administeredȱ byȱ staffȱ ofȱ theȱ EMRB.ȱȱInstrumentationȱ precisionȱ isȱ verifiedȱ byȱ dailyȱ automaticȱ internalȱ zeroȱ andȱ spanȱ checks.ȱȱDataȱ analystsȱ andȱ stationȱ operatorsȱ reviewȱ spanȱ controlȱ chartsȱ toȱ confirmȱ instrumentȱ precisionȱ usingȱ aȱ telemetryȱsystem.ȱȱAȱquarterlyȱQA/QCȱreviewȱisȱperformedȱonȱtheȱambientȱdataȱsetȱinȱorderȱtoȱhighlightȱ anomaliesȱandȱadministerȱcorrectiveȱactionȱinȱaȱtimelyȱmanner.ȱ ȱ Theȱairȱmonitoringȱstationȱoperatorsȱroutinelyȱinspectȱandȱmaintainȱmonitoringȱequipmentȱandȱ stationsȱwithȱmandatoryȱmonthlyȱonȬsiteȱvisitsȱwhereȱsecondaryȱtransferȱstandardsȱareȱusedȱtoȱcalibrateȱ instrumentation.ȱȱStationȱactivityȱisȱrecordedȱusingȱFieldWorkerȱInc.ȱanȱelectronicȱdocumentationȱsolution;ȱ thisȱinformationȱisȱtransferredȱdirectlyȱtoȱtheȱMinistry’sȱdatabase.ȱTheȱinstrumentationȱusedȱthroughoutȱ theȱprovincialȱairȱmonitoringȱnetworkȱhasȱbeenȱstandardizedȱtoȱThermoȱElectronȱCorporationȱanalyzersȱ inȱanȱeffortȱtoȱstreamlineȱpartsȱinventoryȱandȱleverageȱcommonȱhardwareȱusedȱwithinȱeachȱanalyzer.ȱTheȱ followingȱisȱaȱsummaryȱofȱtheȱinstrumentationȱdeployedȱwithinȱtheȱnetwork:ȱ ȱ o Ozoneȱ–ȱTE49Cȱȱ o CarbonȱMonoxideȱ–ȱTE48Cȱ o FineȱParticulateȱMatterȱ–ȱTEOMȱ1400AB/SESȱ o SulphurȱDioxideȱ–ȱTE43Cȱ o NitrogenȱOxidesȱ–ȱTE42Cȱ o TotalȱReducedȱSulphurȱ–ȱTE43C/CDN101ȱ ȱ TheȱEnvironmentalȱMonitoringȱandȱReportingȱBranchȱoperatesȱaȱlaboratoryȱwithȱgasȱreferenceȱ standardsȱthatȱadhereȱtoȱthoseȱofȱtheȱU.S.ȱNationalȱInstituteȱofȱStandardsȱandȱTechnologyȱ(NIST)ȱandȱtheȱ
A-5 Pollutionȱ Measurementȱ Divisionȱ ofȱ Environmentȱ Canada.ȱȱTheȱ secondaryȱ transferȱ standardsȱ usedȱ byȱ stationȱoperatorsȱareȱreferencedȱandȱcertifiedȱtoȱEMRB’sȱNISTȱprimaryȱstandardsȱonȱaȱquarterlyȱbasis.ȱȱ Primaryȱ weighedȱ filterȱ standardsȱ fromȱ Thermoȱ Electronȱ Corporationȱ areȱ usedȱ toȱ calibrateȱ theȱ TEOMȱ twiceȱaȱyear.ȱ ȱ ȱ TheȱOntarioȱambientȱairȱqualityȱmonitoringȱnetworkȱundergoesȱconstantȱmaintenanceȱtoȱensureȱ aȱhighȱstandardȱofȱqualityȱcontrol.ȱȱContinuousȱrealȬtimeȱdataȱareȱconsistentlyȱreviewed,ȱassessed,ȱandȱ validatedȱbyȱstaffȱofȱtheȱEnvironmentalȱMonitoringȱandȱReportingȱBranch.ȱȱImmediateȱactionsȱareȱtakenȱ toȱcorrectȱanyȱinconsistenciesȱthatȱmayȱaffectȱtheȱvalidityȱofȱtheȱdata.ȱȱTheseȱmeasuresȱensureȱambientȱairȱ monitoringȱ dataȱ areȱ valid,ȱ complete,ȱ comparable,ȱ representativeȱ andȱ accurate.ȱȱAsȱ aȱ result,ȱ theȱ 2005ȱ ambientȱairȱqualityȱmonitoringȱnetworkȱhadȱgreaterȱthanȱ95ȱperȱcentȱvalidȱdataȱfromȱoverȱ3ȱmillionȱdataȱ points.ȱ ȱȱ DataȱBaseȱ ȱ ȱ Theȱ ambientȱ airȱ qualityȱ dataȱ usedȱ inȱ thisȱ reportȱ areȱ storedȱ inȱ theȱ ministry’sȱ airȱ qualityȱ informationȱsystemȱ(AQUIS).ȱȱAȱstatisticalȱpatternȱtestȱisȱusedȱtoȱidentifyȱdataȱanomalies,ȱsuchȱasȱunusualȱ pollutantȱ concentrations.ȱȱEachȱ pollutantȱ hasȱ aȱ predeterminedȱ concentrationȱ rangeȱ basedȱ onȱ historicalȱ data.ȱȱValuesȱoutsideȱthisȱrangeȱareȱflaggedȱforȱfurtherȱinvestigation.ȱ ȱ ȱ Data,ȱobtainedȱfromȱautomatedȱambientȱairȱmonitoringȱinstrumentsȱthatȱoperateȱcontinuously,ȱȱȱ produceȱanȱaverageȱmeasurementȱforȱeveryȱhourȱforȱaȱpossibleȱtotalȱofȱ8760ȱmeasurementsȱinȱaȱgivenȱ year.ȱȱHourlyȱparametersȱmeasuredȱincludeȱO3,ȱ PM2.5,ȱNO/NO2/NOx,ȱCO,ȱSO2ȱandȱTRSȱcompounds.ȱȱAȱ validȱannualȱmeanȱrequiresȱatȱleastȱ6570ȱhourlyȱreadings.ȱȱInȱaddition,ȱtheȱ2ndȱandȱ3rdȱquartersȱofȱtheȱyearȱ shouldȱhaveȱ75ȱperȱcentȱvalidȱdataȱforȱozone,ȱwhereasȱforȱPM2.5,ȱeachȱquarterȱofȱtheȱyearȱshouldȱhaveȱ75ȱ perȱcentȱvalidȱdata.ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Toȱbeȱincludedȱinȱtheȱ10Ȭyearȱtrendȱanalysis,ȱaȱsiteȱmustȱhaveȱvalidȱannualȱmeansȱforȱaȱminimumȱ ofȱ8ȱyearsȱoverȱtheȱ10Ȭyearȱperiodȱfromȱ1996Ȭ2005.ȱȱȱ ȱȱ NETWORKȱDESCRIPTIVEȱTABLESȱANDȱANNUALȱSTATISTICSȱ ȱ ȱ Theȱambientȱcontinuousȱ(hourly)ȱnetworkȱforȱ2005ȱisȱsummarizedȱinȱTableȱ1ȱandȱMapȱ1.ȱȱTheȱ tableȱdisplaysȱtheȱstationȱname,ȱnumericalȱidentifier,ȱandȱpollutantsȱmeasured.ȱȱTheȱnumericalȱidentifierȱ isȱtheȱstationȱ(ID)ȱnumber,ȱtheȱfirstȱdigitȱofȱwhichȱidentifiesȱtheȱgeographicȱregionȱinȱwhichȱtheȱstationȱisȱ located.ȱ ȱ Theȱ 2005ȱ statisticalȱ dataȱ andȱ 10Ȭyearȱ trendsȱ forȱ variousȱ continuousȱ pollutantsȱ areȱ providedȱ inȱ Tablesȱ2Ȭ15.ȱȱȱȱȱ
A-6 Table 1: 2005 Ontario Continuous Ambient Air Monitoring Network
AIR ID CITY/TOWN STATION LOCATION YEAR LATITUDE LONGITUDE TYPE AQI O PM NO CO SO TRS INTAKE 3 2.5 2 2
12008 WINDSOR DOWNTOWN 467 UNIVERSITY AVE. 1969 42°18`59`` 83°02`40`` 8 A Y T T T T T . 12016 WINDSOR WEST COLLEGE/SOUTH ST. 1975 42°17`34`` 83°04`24`` 4 A Y T T T . T T 12059 ESSEX 360 FAIRVIEW DR. W. 2004 42°09`36`` 82°50`00`` 5 R . T T T . T . 13001 CHATHAM 435 GRAND AVE. W. 2005 42°24`12`` 82°12`31`` 15 A Y T T T T T . 14064 SARNIA FRONT ST./CN TRACKS/CENTENNIAL PARK 1976 42°59`01`` 82°24`16`` 3 A Y T T T . T T 15020 GRAND BEND WATER TREATMENT PLANT 1991 43°20`02`` 81°44`20`` 10 A S T T . . . . 15025 LONDON 900 HIGHBURY AVE. 1995 43°00`32`` 81°12`34`` 4 A Y T T T T T . 16015 PORT STANLEY 43665 DEXTER LINE/ ELGIN WATER T. PLANT 2002 42°39`36`` 81°13`08`` 5 A S T T . . . . 18007 TIVERTON CONCESSION RD. 2/ LOT A 1979 44°18`50`` 81°33`08`` 4 A S T T . . . . 21005 BRANTFORD 324 GRAND RIVER AVE. 2004 43°08`25`` 80°17`46`` 5 A Y T T T . T . 22071 SIMCOE HWY 3/BLUE LINE RD./ EXPERIMENTAL FARM 1975 42°51`08`` 80°15`50`` 4 R . T T . . . . A-7 26060 KITCHENER WEST AVE./HOMEWOOD 1990 43°26`34`` 80°30`14`` 5 A Y T T T . . . 27067 ST. CATHARINES ARGYLE CRES./ PUMP STN. 1987 43°09`38`` 79°14`02`` 4 A Y T T T . . . 28028 GUELPH EXHIBITION ST./CLARK ST. 2000 43°33`09`` 80°15`59`` 4 A Y T T . . . . 29000 HAMILTON DOWNTOWN ELGIN/KELLY 1987 43°15`30`` 79°51`41`` 4 A Y T T T T T T 29114 HAMILTON MOUNTAIN VICKERS RD./E. 18TH ST. 1985 43°13`47`` 79°51`43`` 3 A Y T T . . . . 29118 HAMILTON WEST MAIN ST. W./ HWY 403 1985 43°15`31`` 79°54`09`` 3 A Y T T . . . . 31103 TORONTO DOWNTOWN BAY/WELLESLEY ST. 2000 43°39`51`` 79°23`14`` 10 A Y T T T T T . 31190 TORONTO CN TOWER/ 301 FRONT ST. W. 1989 43°38`26`` 79°23`13`` 444 R . T . T . . . 33003 TORONTO EAST KENNEDY/LAWRENCE 1970 43°44`57`` 79°16`30`` 4 A Y T T T . . . 34020 TORONTO NORTH HENDON/YONGE ST. 1988 43°46`47`` 79°24`56`` 5 A Y T T T . . . 35003 ETOBICOKE WEST ELMCREST RD./CENTENNIAL PARK 1969 43°38`58`` 79°35`18`` 5 R . T T T . . . 35033 ETOBICOKE SOUTH 185 JUDSON ST. 1967 43°36`49`` 79°30`28`` 5 R . T T T . . . 35125 TORONTO WEST 125 RESOURCES RD. 2003 43°42`40`` 79°32`33`` 8 A Y T T T T T . 44008 BURLINGTON HWY 2/NORTH SHORE BLVD. E. 1979 43°19`08`` 79°48`06`` 5 A Y T T T . T . 44017 OAKVILLE 8TH LINE/GLENASHTON DR./ HALTON RESERVOIR 2003 43°29`09`` 79°42`08`` 12 A Y T T T . T . 45026 OSHAWA 2200 SIMCOE ST. N./ DURHAM COLLEGE 2005 43°57`06`` 78°53`52`` 7 A Y T T T . . . 46089 BRAMPTON 525 MAIN ST. N./ PEEL MANOR 2000 43°41`59`` 79°46`41`` 5 A Y T T T . T . 46109 MISSISSAUGA FRANK McKECHNIE COMM. CTR 2004 43°36`57`` 79°39`09`` 10 A Y T T . . T . Table 1: 2005 Ontario Continuous Ambient Air Monitoring Network
AIR ID CITY/TOWN STATION LOCATION YEAR LATITUDE LONGITUDE TYPE AQI O PM NO CO SO TRS INTAKE 3 2.5 2 2 47045 BARRIE 83 PERRY ST. 2001 44°22`55`` 79°42`15`` 5 A Y T T T . T . 48002 STOUFFVILLE HWY 47/ E. OF HWY 48 1980 43°57`52`` 79°15`58`` 5 R . T . . . . . 48006 NEWMARKET EAGLE ST./McCAFFREY RD. 2001 44°02`38`` 79°28`55`` 5 A Y T T T . . . 49005 PARRY SOUND 7 BAY ST. 2001 45°20`21`` 80°02`15`` 5 A S T T . . . . 49010 DORSET HWY 117 / PAINT LAKE RD. 1981 45°13`35`` 78°55`08`` 3 A S T T . . . . 51001 OTTAWA RIDEAU/WURTEMBURG ST. 1971 45°26`00`` 75°40`30`` 4 A Y T T T T T . 52020 KINGSTON 133 DALTON ST. 1988 44°15`57`` 76°30`06`` 5 A Y T . . . . . 54012 BELLEVILLE 2 SIDNEY ST./ WATER TREATMENT PLANT 2002 44°09`07`` 77°23`41`` 10 A Y T T T . T . 56010 MORRISBURG COUNTY RD. 2/ MORRISBURG WATER TOWER 2005 44°53`23`` 75°11`24`` 5 A S T T . . . . 56051 CORNWALL BEDFORD/THIRD ST. 1970 45°01`05`` 74°44`09`` 4 A Y T T . . . . 59006 PETERBOROUGH 10 HOSPITAL DR. 1998 44°18`05`` 78°20`51`` 10 A Y T T . . . . 63203 THUNDER BAY 421 JAMES ST. N. 2004 48°22`46`` 89°17`25`` 15 A Y T T . . . . A-8 71078 SAULT STE MARIE SAULT COLLEGE 2004 46°31`59`` 84°18`34`` 8 A Y T T T T T T 75010 NORTH BAY CHIPPAWA ST./ DEPT. NATIONAL DEFENCE 1979 46°18`58`` 79°27`01`` 4 A Y T T T . . . 77219 SUDBURY RAMSEY LAKE RD. 2004 46°28`32`` 80°57`47`` 3 A Y T T . . T .
ID - station identfication number Year - year station began monitoring Air intake - height of air intake above ground (m) Type - type of monitoring site: A = ambient, R = research AQI - Air Quality Index site: Y = year-round AQI site (January to December), S = seasonal AQI site (May 1 to September 30) T - telemetry
O3 - ground-level ozone PM2.5 - fine particulate matter NO2 - nitrogen dioxide CO - carbon monoxide
SO2 - sulphur dioxide TRS - total reduced sulphur Table 2: 2005 Ozone (O3) Statistics
Unit: parts per billion (ppb)
O3 1-hour AAQC is 80 ppb
No. of Times P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum Above Criterion ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 1h 12008 Windsor Downtown 467 University Ave. 8723 3 13 23 33 53 83 26.0 108 70 126 12016 Windsor West College/South St. 8633 2 13 22 32 54 86 25.6 111 68 150 12059 Essex 360 Fairview Dr. W. 8715 9 19 26 35 51 79 28.6 111 71 65 13001 Chatham 435 Grand Ave. W. 8596 10 21 29 38 54 82 31.0 116 75 99 14064 Sarnia Front St./CN Tracks, Centennial Park 8058 7 18 26 34 49 79 27.4 115 61 76 15020 Grand Bend Water Treatment Plant 8687 13 24 32 38 52 82 32.5 131 73 98 15025 London 900 Highbury Ave. 8741 6 17 24 32 48 71 26.1 93 64 14 16015 Port Stanley 43665 Dexter Line, Elgin Water T. Plant 8717 15 25 33 40 58 88 34.6 111 79 172 18007 Tiverton Concession Rd. 2, Lot A 8634 16 25 31 37 47 69 31.8 121 74 22
A-9 21005 Brantford 324 Grand River Ave. 8718 6 18 27 35 50 75 27.9 96 65 36 22071 Simcoe Hwy 3/Blue Line Rd., Experimental Farm 8697 14 25 32 40 55 78 33.6 101 75 61 26060 Kitchener West Ave./Homewood 8716 6 19 27 35 49 74 28.0 96 67 30 27067 St. Catharines Argyle Cres., Pump Stn. 8693 3 16 25 33 50 74 26.3 100 68 30 28028 Guelph Exhibition St./Clark St. 8715 7 19 28 36 50 76 28.6 97 66 48 29000 Hamilton Downtown Elgin/Kelly 8595 4 14 22 29 44 69 23.2 95 67 23 29114 Hamilton Mountain Vickers Rd./E. 18th St. 8728 7 18 26 35 51 75 28.2 95 73 48 29118 Hamilton West Main St. W./Hwy 403 8748 1 11 20 28 41 62 21.2 81 61 4 31103 Toronto Downtown Bay/Wellesley St. 8647 5 14 22 31 46 72 24.5 100 63 36 31190 Toronto CN Tower, 301 Front St. W. 8410 19 29 37 45 63 87 39.1 122 87 177 33003 Toronto East Kennedy/Lawrence 8099 3 12 20 28 43 74 22.4 105 59 38 34020 Toronto North Hendon/Yonge St. 8700 5 14 24 32 45 69 24.5 93 55 17 35003 Etobicoke West Elmcrest Rd., Centennial Park 8694 2 11 20 30 46 75 22.9 106 68 50 35033 Etobicoke South 185 Judson St. 8671 3 10 19 28 42 66 21.1 97 52 15 35125 Toronto West 125 Resources Rd. 8713 3 8 16 26 43 74 20.3 107 59 49 44008 Burlington Hwy 2/North Shore Blvd. E. 8674 3 14 22 31 45 69 23.9 91 59 18 44017 Oakville 8th Line/Glenashton Dr., Halton Reservoir 8698 6 18 27 35 49 75 27.7 98 72 47 45026 Oshawa 2200 Simcoe St. N., Durham College 8005 10 19 28 36 47 75 INS 112 62 45 46089 Brampton 525 Main St. N., Peel Manor 8743 5 16 26 35 49 75 26.8 101 64 47 46109 Mississauga Frank McKechnie Community Center 8732 2 11 21 30 47 76 23.1 102 74 54 Table 2: 2005 Ozone (O3) Statistics
Unit: parts per billion (ppb)
O3 1-hour AAQC is 80 ppb
No. of Times P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum Above Criterion ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 1h 47045 Barrie 83 Perry St. 8732 6 18 26 35 46 70 26.9 103 62 24 48002 Stouffville Hwy 47/E. Of Hwy 48 8695 10 19 26 33 42 67 26.3 89 54 10 48006 Newmarket Eagle St./McCaffrey Rd. 8734 10 22 31 38 50 76 30.8 114 67 58 49005 Parry Sound 7 Bay St. 8740 14 25 33 40 54 79 33.8 110 78 76 49010 Dorset Hwy 117/Paint Lake Rd. 8671 14 24 32 39 50 76 32.3 116 61 41 51001 Ottawa Rideau/Wurtemburg St. 8457 5 15 22 29 40 66 23.3 84 57 5 52020 Kingston 133 Dalton St. 8721 3 15 24 32 45 72 24.8 98 68 33
A-10 54012 Belleville 2 Sidney St., Water Treatment Plant 8684 8 21 29 36 50 80 29.4 111 73 83 56010 Morrisburg County Rd. 2, Morrisburg Water Tower 8747 8 19 28 35 46 68 27.8 97 63 15 56051 Cornwall Bedford/Third St. 8694 8 20 27 34 47 69 27.7 89 64 18 59006 Peterborough 10 Hospital Dr. 8695 12 22 30 38 50 76 31.2 101 69 53 63203 Thunder Bay 421 James St. N. 8430 4 14 22 29 40 55 22.3 69 54 0 71078 Sault Ste Marie Sault College 8716 13 22 29 36 48 70 30.2 84 67 2 75010 North Bay Chippawa St., Dept. National Defence 8663 8 19 28 35 47 70 28.0 103 71 17 77219 Sudbury Ramsey Lake Road 8739 14 23 30 37 49 73 31.0 100 70 22
Notes: INS indicates there was insufficient data in the 2 nd and/or 3 rd quarter to calculate a valid annual mean. CN Tower Site (station 31190) measurements are taken at 444m above ground-level. Table 3: 2005 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Statistics
Unit: micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3)
No. of Times Above P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum Reference Level ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 24h 12008 Windsor Downtown 467 University Ave. 8665 1 4 8 12 24 44 10.4 72 48 12 12016 Windsor West College/South St. 8643 1 4 8 12 24 42 10.5 74 52 9 12059 Essex 360 Fairview Dr. W. 8702 1 4 6 11 22 43 9.3 72 47 9 13001 Chatham 435 Grand Ave. W. 8246 1 3 6 10 22 42 9.1 67 43 9 14064 Sarnia Front St./CN Tracks, Centennial Park 8683 3 6 9 15 27 52 12.8 114 54 24 15020 Grand Bend Water Treatment Plant 8411 024819407.46946 8 15025 London 900 Highbury Ave. 8672 4 6 9 13 24 43 11.9 71 46 13 16015 Port Stanley 43665 Dexter Line, Elgin Water T. Plant 8686 136921428.66345 12 18007 Tiverton Concession Rd. 2, Lot A 8360 013718406.66953 7 21005 Brantford 324 Grand River Ave. 8652 1 3 6 10 22 42 8.9 57 40 10
A-11 22071 Simcoe Hwy 3/Blue Line Rd., Experimental Farm 8666 1 3 6 10 22 42 9.1 68 40 13 26060 Kitchener West Ave./Homewood 8671 1 3 6 11 24 47 9.5 73 48 14 27067 St. Catharines Argyle Cres., Pump Stn. 8688 0 3 6 10 22 41 8.6 68 44 11 28028 Guelph Exhibition St./Clark St. 8630 1 3 6 10 22 44 8.8 66 46 11 29000 Hamilton Downtown Elgin/Kelly 8610 1 4 7 11 24 45 10.0 72 44 15 29114 Hamilton Mountain Vickers Rd./E. 18th St. 8639 1 4 7 11 23 46 9.8 70 47 15 29118 Hamilton West Main St. W./Hwy 403 8689 1 4 7 11 23 42 9.6 85 40 15 31103 Toronto Downtown Bay/Wellesley St. 8662 135921458.56543 14 33003 Toronto East Kennedy/Lawrence 8692 135921458.46444 13 34020 Toronto North Hendon/Yonge St. 8669 0 3 6 10 24 51 9.4 65 51 19 35003 Etobicoke West Elmcrest Rd., Centennial Park 8699 1 3 6 10 22 44 9.1 64 43 12 35033 Etobicoke South 185 Judson St. 8643 2 4 7 12 24 48 10.4 72 48 20 35125 Toronto West 125 Resources Rd. 8524 2 4 7 11 24 46 10.0 68 49 15 44008 Burlington Hwy 2/North Shore Blvd. E. 8665 1 3 6 10 22 42 9.1 58 43 11 44017 Oakville 8th Line/Glenashton Dr., Halton Reservoir 8600 1 3 6 10 21 43 8.8 55 42 10 45026 Oshawa 2200 Simcoe St. N., Durham College 8576 135920448.15744 12 46089 Brampton 525 Main St. N., Peel Manor 8708 1 3 6 10 22 44 8.8 59 48 12 46109 Mississauga Frank McKechnie Community Center 8636 1 3 6 10 22 45 9.2 78 47 12 47045 Barrie 83 Perry St. 8721 135920448.16844 9 48006 Newmarket Eagle St./McCaffrey Rd. 8736 024820427.76542 12 Table 3: 2005 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Statistics
Unit: micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3)
No. of Times Above P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum Reference Level ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 24h 49005 Parry Sound 7 Bay St. 8679 013616396.16750 8 49010 Dorset Hwy 117/Paint Lake Rd. 8426 023615365.87143 6 51001 Ottawa Rideau/Wurtemburg St. 8471 125818467.76647 10 54012 Belleville 2 Sidney St., Water Treatment Plant 8670 024718417.06539 8 56010 Morrisburg County Rd. 2, Morrisburg Water Tower 8697 024818437.05939 9 56051 Cornwall Bedford/Third St. 8723 025819447.67646 10 59006 Peterborough 10 Hospital Dr. 8680 024819457.57050 13
A-12 63203 Thunder Bay 421 James St. N. 7513 01351122INS5429 0 71078 Sault Ste Marie Sault College 8729 013614355.410746 2 75010 North Bay Chippawa St., Dept. National Defence 8690 013614385.66743 5 77219 Sudbury Ramsey Lake Road 8571 013513365.06940 5
Notes: Measurements taken by Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) sampler operated at 30 degrees Celsius with a Sample Equilibrium System (SES). 3 The PM 2.5 reference level is 30 P g/m for a 24-hour period (based on CWS).
INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean for PM 2.5 which requires 75% valid data per quarter. Table 4: 2005 Nitric Oxide (NO) Statistics
Unit: parts per billion (ppb)
P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum
ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 12008 Windsor Downtown 467 University Ave. 8541 012620827.818474 12016 Windsor West College/South St. 8561 0126201018.335673 12059 Essex 360 Fairview Dr. W. 8710 00015201.78732 13001 Chatham 435 Grand Ave. W. 8586 00126272.513234 14064 Sarnia Front St./CN Tracks, Centennial Park 8704 01138453.817451 15025 London 900 Highbury Ave. 8540 012410665.540599 21005 Brantford 324 Grand River Ave. 8610 01128483.818736 26060 Kitchener West Ave./Homewood 8715 00128794.419991 27067 St. Catharines Argyle Cres., Pump Stn. 6910 011313765.520252 29000 Hamilton Downtown Elgin/Kelly 8551 0137221199.9393168
A-13 31103 Toronto Downtown Bay/Wellesley St. 8664 113516777.2222100 31190 Toronto CN Tower, 301 Front St. W. 8352 00013191.49521 33003 Toronto East Kennedy/Lawrence 8704 2 3 6 12 31 132 14.4 479 146 34020 Toronto North Hendon/Yonge St. 8585 01392910410.8 340 108 35003 Etobicoke West Elmcrest Rd., Centennial Park 8617 01273115212.2 387 138 35033 Etobicoke South 185 Judson St. 8525 2 5 10 20 60 189 23.3 423 164 35125 Toronto West 125 Resources Rd. 8709 1 4 11 25 68 208 26.1 414 156 44008 Burlington Hwy 2/North Shore Blvd. E. 8585 12482616012.3 392 168 44017 Oakville 8th Line/Glenashton Dr., Halton Reservoir 8607 011311735.218860 45026 Oshawa 2200 Simcoe St. N., Durham College 4901 1123934INS11320 46089 Brampton 525 Main St. N., Peel Manor 8747 0135201158.9339113 47045 Barrie 83 Perry St. 8517 1123121057.140979 48006 Newmarket Eagle St./McCaffrey Rd. 8155 00116603.525466 51001 Ottawa Rideau/Wurtemburg St. 8009 00028503.214947 54012 Belleville 2 Sidney St., Water Treatment Plant 8563 11238594.519277 71078 Sault Ste Marie Sault College 6132 0012313INS1129 75010 North Bay Chippawa St., Dept. National Defence 8677 00128553.712932
Notes: INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. CN Tower Site (station 31190) measurements are taken at 444m above ground-level. Table 5: 2005 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Statistics
Unit: parts per billion (ppb)
NO2 1-hour AAQC is 200 ppb
NO2 24-hour AAQC is 100 ppb
No. of Times P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum Above Criteria ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 1h 24h 12008 Windsor Downtown 467 University Ave. 8541 5 9 14 21 33 50 16.9 66 53 0 0 12016 Windsor West College/South St. 8561 4 9 15 22 33 51 17.1 71 58 0 0 12059 Essex 360 Fairview Dr. W. 8710 235815307.151390 0 13001 Chatham 435 Grand Ave. W. 8586 3 6 9 13 22 40 11.0 69 48 0 0 14064 Sarnia Front St./CN Tracks, Centennial Park 8704 3 6 10 16 25 45 12.7 76 50 0 0 15025 London 900 Highbury Ave. 8540 4 8 11 17 28 49 14.1 69 51 0 0 21005 Brantford 324 Grand River Ave. 8610 3 5 7 11 21 39 10.0 57 37 0 0 26060 Kitchener West Ave./Homewood 8715 4 6 9 14 27 51 12.9 68 50 0 0
A-14 27067 St. Catharines Argyle Cres., Pump Stn. 6910 4 7 10 16 27 44 13.1 62 34 0 0 29000 Hamilton Downtown Elgin/Kelly 8551 7 12 16 23 36 55 19.3 77 63 0 0 31103 Toronto Downtown Bay/Wellesley St. 8664 8 13 18 25 37 55 20.6 75 60 0 0 31190 Toronto CN Tower, 301 Front St. W. 8352 135814306.660260 0 33003 Toronto East Kennedy/Lawrence 8704 6 12 17 24 37 58 20.1 104 65 0 0 34020 Toronto North Hendon/Yonge St. 8585 5 10 17 25 37 55 19.2 89 58 0 0 35003 Etobicoke West Elmcrest Rd., Centennial Park 8617 5 9 15 23 38 60 18.6 94 57 0 0 35033 Etobicoke South 185 Judson St. 8525 11 18 24 33 49 70 27.6 99 68 0 0 35125 Toronto West 125 Resources Rd. 8705 10 18 25 32 45 65 26.6 88 65 0 0 44008 Burlington Hwy 2/North Shore Blvd. E. 8585 4 10 15 21 33 55 17.2 67 56 0 0 44017 Oakville 8th Line/Glenashton Dr., Halton Reservoir 8607 4 7 11 17 29 50 14.5 67 47 0 0 45026 Oshawa 2200 Simcoe St. N., Durham College 4901 2 5 7 10 14 25 INS 46 19 0 0 46089 Brampton 525 Main St. N., Peel Manor 8747 5 8 13 21 36 58 16.9 89 54 0 0 47045 Barrie 83 Perry St. 8517 4 7 10 15 29 55 13.8 85 56 0 0 48006 Newmarket Eagle St./McCaffrey Rd. 8155 235919458.573470 0 51001 Ottawa Rideau/Wurtemburg St. 8009 1 4 7 12 22 44 9.8 60 47 0 0 54012 Belleville 2 Sidney St., Water Treatment Plant 8563 235818428.257380 0 71078 Sault Ste Marie Sault College 6132 01251021INS38140 0 75010 North Bay Chippawa St., Dept. National Defence 8677 013719416.756290 0
Notes: INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. CN Tower Site (station 31190) measurements are taken at 444m above ground-level. Table 6: 2005 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Statistics
Unit: parts per billion (ppb)
P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum
ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 12008 Windsor Downtown 467 University Ave. 8541 6 11 17 28 52 125 24.9 225 128 12016 Windsor West College/South St. 8561 6 11 18 27 52 142 25.6 422 132 12059 Essex 360 Fairview Dr. W. 8710 2 4 6 10 20 46 9.3 130 72 13001 Chatham 435 Grand Ave. W. 8586 4 7 10 15 27 63 13.5 194 82 14064 Sarnia Front St./CN Tracks, Centennial Park 8704 4 8 12 19 33 87 16.8 233 97 15025 London 900 Highbury Ave. 8540 5 9 13 20 37 107 19.4 472 134 21005 Brantford 324 Grand River Ave. 8610 4 6 9 14 28 81 13.7 236 72 26060 Kitchener West Ave./Homewood 8715 5 7 11 17 34 122 17.4 260 141 27067 St. Catharines Argyle Cres., Pump Stn. 6910 5 8 12 19 40 106 18.8 247 85 29000 Hamilton Downtown Elgin/Kelly 8551 10 15 21 30 58 165 30.0 470 233
A-15 31103 Toronto Downtown Bay/Wellesley St. 8664 10 16 22 30 52 127 28.2 293 161 31190 Toronto CN Tower, 301 Front St. W. 8352 135816477.515243 33003 Toronto East Kennedy/Lawrence 8704 9 17 25 37 67 181 34.7 574 212 34020 Toronto North Hendon/Yonge St. 8585 6 13 22 34 63 152 30.4 427 160 35003 Etobicoke West Elmcrest Rd., Centennial Park 8617 6 12 19 30 66 203 31.0 480 195 35033 Etobicoke South 185 Judson St. 8525 13 23 34 53 106 246 49.9 509 224 35125 Toronto West 125 Resources Rd. 8705 12 24 38 56 109 258 52.4 486 215 44008 Burlington Hwy 2/North Shore Blvd. E. 8585 5 12 19 30 59 212 29.3 456 217 44017 Oakville 8th Line/Glenashton Dr., Halton Reservoir 8607 5 8 12 20 40 116 19.5 246 106 45026 Oshawa 2200 Simcoe St. N., Durham College 4901 3 7 10 14 23 52 INS 139 34 46089 Brampton 525 Main St. N., Peel Manor 8747 6 10 16 26 56 164 25.9 428 164 47045 Barrie 83 Perry St. 8517 5 9 12 19 42 150 20.9 493 127 48006 Newmarket Eagle St./McCaffrey Rd. 8155 2 4 7 11 25 103 12.2 324 110 51001 Ottawa Rideau/Wurtemburg St. 8009 2 5 8 14 30 90 13.7 202 95 54012 Belleville 2 Sidney St., Water Treatment Plant 8563 3 5 7 11 26 95 12.6 243 114 71078 Sault Ste Marie Sault College 6132 12361330INS13121 75010 North Bay Chippawa St., Dept. National Defence 8677 1 3 5 10 28 94 11.2 177 58
Notes: INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. CN Tower Site (station 31190) measurements are taken at 444m above ground-level. Table 7: 2005 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Statistics
Unit: parts per million (ppm) CO 1-hour AAQC is 30 ppm CO 8-hour AAQC is 13 ppm
No. of Times P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum Above Criteria ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 8h 1h 8h 12008 Windsor Downtown 467 University Ave. 7867 0.04 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.38 0.80 0.19 1.33 1.12 0 0 13001 Chatham 435 Grand Ave. W. 8434 0.08 0.14 0.18 0.23 0.32 0.54 0.19 1.39 0.78 00 15025 London 900 Highbury Ave. 8663 0.02 0.09 0.14 0.20 0.32 0.67 0.17 2.40 1.24 00 29000 Hamilton Downtown Elgin/Kelly 7786 0.11 0.19 0.26 0.35 0.56 1.03 0.30 2.58 1.45 00 31103 Toronto Downtown Bay/Wellesley St. 8058 0.09 0.19 0.31 0.41 0.55 0.88 0.32 1.59 1.15 00 35033 Etobicoke South 185 Judson St. 4471 0.12 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.44 0.82 INS 1.83 1.04 00 35125 Toronto West 125 Resources Rd. 8684 0.16 0.25 0.32 0.42 0.63 1.41 0.38 2.65 1.66 00 51001 Ottawa Rideau/Wurtemburg St. 8627 0.17 0.33 0.44 0.53 0.69 0.97 0.44 1.99 1.48 00
A-16 71078 Sault Ste Marie Sault College 8406 0.16 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.54 0.85 0.35 2.07 1.23 00
Notes: INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. Table 8: 2005 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Statistics
Unit: parts per billion (ppb)
SO2 1-hour AAQC is 250 ppb
SO2 24-hour AAQC is 100 ppb
SO2 1-year AAQC is 20 ppb
No. of Times P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum Above Criteria ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 1h 24h 1y 12008 Windsor Downtown 467 University Ave. 8387 012513374.9127200 0 0 12016 Windsor West College/South St. 8584 012514355.19822 000 12059 Essex 360 Fairview Dr. W. 8695 00137232.97229 000 13001 Chatham 435 Grand Ave. W. 8594 11237173.04017 000 14064 Sarnia Front St./CN Tracks, Centennial Park 8709 0024201057.823173 000 15025 London 900 Highbury Ave. 8699 01135112.33110 000 21005 Brantford 324 Grand River Ave. 8717 01136142.43210 000
A-17 29000 Hamilton Downtown Elgin/Kelly 8494 012514415.39325 000 31103 Toronto Downtown Bay/Wellesley St. 8668 11236122.84811 000 35125 Toronto West 125 Resources Rd. 8721 01125132.35412 000 44008 Burlington Hwy 2/North Shore Blvd. E. 8605 01125142.35214 000 44017 Oakville 8th Line/Glenashton Dr., Halton Reservoir 8597 01126162.54614 000 46089 Brampton 525 Main St. N., Peel Manor 8746 00125121.96910 000 46109 Mississauga Frank McKechnie Community Center 8739 11225122.6669 000 47045 Barrie 83 Perry St. 8733 0112381.5318 000 51001 Ottawa Rideau/Wurtemburg St. 8665 00124121.57013 000 54012 Belleville 2 Sidney St., Water Treatment Plant 8001 0011371.1286 000 71078 Sault Ste Marie Sault College 8442 00113181.57317 000 77219 Sudbury Ramsey Lake Road 8717 00114462.825331 100 Table 9: 2005 Total Reduced Sulphur (TRS) Compounds Statistics
Unit: parts per billion (ppb) TRS 1-hour AAQC is 27 ppb
No. of Times P E R C E N T I L E S Maximum Above Criterion ID City Location Valid h 10% 30% 50% 70% 90% 99% Mean 1h 24h 1h 12016 Windsor West College/South St. 8342 0001140.4203 0 14064 Sarnia Front St./CN Tracks, Centennial Park 8705 0000010.1101 0 29000 Hamilton Downtown Elgin/Kelly 7416 0001140.5173 0 71078 Sault Ste Marie Sault College 8407 0000010.13 1 0 A-18 Table 10: 10-Year Trend for O3 Annual Mean (ppb)
ID City 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12008 Windsor Downtown 20.3 20.7 21.4 21.7 18.6 20.5 21.9 22.9 20.2 26.0 12016 Windsor West 20.8 17.9 18.7 18.9 17.0 19.0 20.2 22.8 22.6 25.6 14064 Sarnia 25.2 24.5 26.1 26.5 24.3 25.6 26.5 24.7 23.8 27.4 15020 Grand Bend 31.9 31.2 31.2 32.5 32.6 31.6 29.8 30.7 25.8 32.5 15025 London 23.1 22.8 25.1 25.8 21.1 24.2 25.3 26.9 23.6 26.1 18007 Tiverton 32.0 32.5 32.2 INS 32.3 34.7 34.7 33.2 28.1 31.8 22071 Simcoe 29.9 28.6 31.1 31.3 n/a 31.0 33.5 33.9 30.5 33.6 26060 Kitchener 23.8 23.4 25.4 25.2 23.0 25.7 27.3 28.1 24.8 28.0 27067 St. Catharines 20.3 20.9 20.8 21.7 18.9 21.2 24.1 25.3 23.6 26.3 29000 Hamilton Downtown 17.3 18.1 19.1 19.5 17.0 18.8 20.4 21.7 20.1 23.2 29114 Hamilton Mountain 20.8 22.2 24.1 24.1 22.6 24.2 27.7 28.4 24.6 28.2 29118 Hamilton West 17.3 18.6 19.3 20.0 16.9 18.6 20.5 22.0 19.2 21.2 31103 Toronto Downtown 12.2 INS 17.8 20.2 19.7 22.0 24.0 23.6 22.8 24.5 31190 Toronto n/a 37.3 INS 40.3 34.2 37.2 37.4 36.9 36.0 39.1 33003 Toronto East 18.9 18.0 20.6 21.5 19.6 21.7 21.0 21.8 19.9 22.4 34020 Toronto North 16.4 21.6 22.0 22.8 20.6 23.4 25.1 23.6 22.5 24.5 35033 Etobicoke South 17.0 17.2 18.4 21.5 17.4 19.9 20.2 19.2 18.9 21.1 44008 Burlington 22.4 21.7 22.5 26.2 23.4 24.6 26.3 22.8 21.0 23.9 44017 Oakville 21.1 20.8 21.8 22.4 21.0 22.9 25.1 INS 24.6 27.7 45026 Oshawa 21.9 23.2 23.1 25.0 21.2 23.4 23.2 24.1 23.3 28.6 46109 Mississauga 19.3 20.0 20.8 22.2 19.9 22.4 23.1 24.8 20.7 23.1 48002 Stouffville 26.4 30.1 31.4 31.2 27.5 30.5 30.6 29.4 27.3 26.3 49010 Dorset 28.6 30.9 30.6 31.0 29.3 31.0 32.4 30.1 28.8 32.3 51001 Ottawa 18.9 20.5 19.1 21.2 19.9 25.0 24.9 24.7 21.7 23.3 52020 Kingston 21.0 20.1 21.5 21.5 19.1 20.7 23.0 24.0 22.5 24.8 56051 Cornwall 20.9 22.8 24.2 25.8 24.0 29.0 24.8 25.9 23.8 27.7 59006 Peterborough 26.0 INS INS 31.4 28.1 30.7 30.5 29.7 27.1 31.2 63203 Thunder Bay 21.0 23.9 21.5 22.5 22.6 24.4 23.4 26.1 22.0 22.3 71078 Sault Ste. Marie 22.8 24.9 22.3 24.1 24.8 25.2 24.2 26.8 27.0 30.2 75010 North Bay 25.4 26.6 27.4 29.1 22.1 26.6 26.8 27.0 25.2 28.0 77219 Sudbury 28.1 28.0 29.1 30.7 26.1 29.1 29.2 28.5 27.7 31.0
Notes: n/a indicates pollutant not monitored. INS indicates there was insufficient data in the 2 nd and/or 3 rd quarter to calculate a valid annual mean. CN Tower Site (Station 31190) measurements taken at 444 m above ground-level. Station 31103 was relocated in 1996 and represented by station 31303. Station 35033 was relocated in 2001. Station 44017 replaced station 44015 as the Oakville site in 2003. Station 45026 replaced station 45025 as the Oshawa site in 2005. Station 46109 replaced station 46110 as the Mississauga site in 2004. Station 63203 replaced station 63200 as the Thunder Bay site in 2004. Station 71078 replaced station 71068 as the Sault Ste. Marie site in 2004. Station 77219 replaced station 77203 as the Sudbury site in 2004.
A-19 Table 11: 10-Year Trend for NO Annual mean (ppb)
ID City 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12008 Windsor Downtown 15.7 15.9 16.3 13.3 13.9 11.0 10.9 INS 10.5 7.8 14064 Sarnia 6.6 7.0 6.9 7.1 8.9 6.7 7.1 5.0 3.7 3.8 26060 Kitchener 7.4 5.5 6.9 6.6 7.4 5.7 3.8 INS 4.9 4.4 29000 Hamilton Downtown 15.4 10.8 12.6 12.0 14.7 11.5 10.4 11.7 9.6 9.9 29118 Hamilton West 25.1 22.1 28.3 23.4 22.6 18.5 16.0 17.2 n/a n/a 31103 Toronto Downtown 41.9 INS 24.3 15.8 14.4 10.0 8.2 8.7 7.6 7.2 33003 Toronto East 23.2 24.9 23.2 20.7 23.0 17.9 16.1 17.0 16.0 14.4 34020 Toronto North 17.4 16.3 16.5 16.5 16.8 14.3 12.4 12.4 INS 10.8 35033 Etobicoke South 39.4 33.8 29.8 27.1 34.6 25.0 23.3 26.7 24.5 23.3 44008 Burlington 11.7 12.2 14.1 22.6 21.8 13.2 11.8 15.5 11.1 12.3 45026 Oshawa 15.2 16.4 15.6 15.1 14.2 13.7 10.0 9.3 8.2 INS
Notes: n/a indicates pollutant not monitored. INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. Station 31103 was relocated in 1996 and represented by station 31303. Station 35033 was relocated in 2001. Station 45026 replaced station 45025 as the Oshawa site in 2005.
Table 12: 10-Year Trend for NO2 Annual Mean (ppb)
ID City 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12008 Windsor Downtown 25.5 23.8 23.8 22.9 21.6 19.4 19.1 INS 18.3 16.9 14064 Sarnia 16.4 16.9 18.0 16.7 16.3 16.8 17.5 13.0 11.7 12.7 26060 Kitchener 12.9 13.7 16.5 14.0 14.7 14.1 11.9 INS 13.1 12.9 29000 Hamilton Downtown 21.6 18.6 22.4 21.6 21.8 22.5 20.9 21.3 16.8 19.3 29118 Hamilton West 19.7 19.5 23.4 21.8 21.0 19.5 19.0 18.0 n/a n/a 31103 Toronto Downtown 33.9 INS 27.7 26.9 26.8 27.1 23.3 23.1 20.1 20.6 33003 Toronto East 22.9 23.4 25.5 24.6 23.7 22.9 22.0 21.3 19.8 20.1 34020 Toronto North 21.9 20.2 23.4 24.3 22.7 22.0 21.0 20.3 17.3 19.2 35033 Etobicoke South 31.6 29.2 29.7 28.4 28.2 26.1 26.1 26.6 26.1 27.6 44008 Burlington 10.6 13.2 16.6 22.9 20.3 16.5 17.9 17.3 15.3 17.2 45026 Oshawa 19.3 18.6 20.0 21.5 19.7 19.0 17.2 16.2 14.2 INS
Notes: n/a indicates pollutant not monitored. INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. Station 31103 was relocated in 1996 and represented by station 31303. Station 35033 was relocated in 2001. Station 45026 replaced station 45025 as the Oshawa site in 2005.
A-20 Table 13: 10-Year Trend for NOx Annual Mean (ppb)
ID City 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12008 Windsor Downtown 39.1 39.3 38.5 37.0 36.0 30.5 29.2 INS 29.3 24.9 14064 Sarnia 23.5 24.9 25.1 23.5 25.0 23.6 24.6 18.1 15.7 16.8 26060 Kitchener 28.5 19.2 23.9 20.5 21.9 19.5 15.5 INS 18.2 17.4 29000 Hamilton Downtown 25.5 29.5 34.7 34.0 37.0 34.4 31.4 33.3 27.7 30.0 29118 Hamilton West 44.0 42.1 52.1 45.1 43.5 38.4 35.3 35.3 n/a n/a 31103 Toronto Downtown 45.4 INS 51.6 41.9 40.4 36.6 31.5 32.1 28.1 28.2 33003 Toronto East 38.9 47.5 48.3 44.9 46.3 40.3 37.7 37.9 36.3 34.7 34020 Toronto North 47.2 36.7 39.9 40.7 39.3 36.2 33.4 33.0 28.3 30.4 35033 Etobicoke South 47.4 62.1 59.9 56.6 63.1 51.0 49.3 53.1 49.4 49.9 44008 Burlington 33.2 25.6 30.7 45.4 42.2 29.0 28.4 32.5 26.1 29.3 45026 Oshawa 34.5 34.9 35.1 35.8 33.6 32.6 27.2 25.5 22.5 INS
Notes: n/a indicates pollutant not monitored. INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. Station 31103 was relocated in 1996 and represented by station 31303. Station 35033 was relocated in 2001. Station 45026 replaced station 45025 as the Oshawa site in 2005.
Table 14: 10-Year Trend for CO Annual Mean (ppm)
ID City 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12008 Windsor Downtown 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.5 INS 0.5 0.2 26060 Kitchener 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.6 n/a n/a 29000 Hamilton Downtown 1.0 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.7 INS INS 0.4 0.3 29118 Hamilton West 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 n/a n/a 35033 Etobicoke South 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.7 0.9 0.9 0.6 n/a INS 44008 Burlington 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.4 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 n/a 44017 Oakville 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 INS 0.5 n/a 51001 Ottawa 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 63203 Thunder Bay 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.5 INS n/a
Notes: n/a indicates pollutant not monitored. INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. Station 35033 was relocated in 2001. Station 44017 replaced station 44015 as the Oakville site in 2003. Station 63203 replaced station 63200 as the Thunder Bay site in 2004.
A-21 Table 15: 10-Year Trend for SO2 Annual Mean (ppb)
SO2 1-year AAQC is 20 ppb
ID City 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
12008 Windsor Downtown 9.8 6.7 7.4 6.7 6.2 6.1 5.7 5.9 4.8 4.9 12016 Windsor West 9.1 12.5 12.0 9.6 8.8 9.3 7.9 6.3 4.6 5.1 14064 Sarnia 7.4 8.7 10.3 11.8 10.4 12.5 10.4 7.1 8.2 7.8 15025 London 2.7 2.5 3.2 4.9 3.5 3.5 2.2 INS 2.2 2.3 29000 Hamilton Downtown 6.6 5.8 6.3 6.6 5.1 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.0 5.3 44008 Burlington 4.3 5.1 3.2 4.9 5.2 4.9 5.9 2.5 2.4 2.3 44017 Oakville 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.0 4.8 3.7 4.3 INS 2.8 2.5 51001 Ottawa 4.8 6.3 3.4 4.2 4.1 2.3 2.9 INS 1.0 1.5 71078 Sault Ste. Marie 2.2 2.1 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.7 2.0 0.9 1.5 77219 Sudbury 4.6 3.5 5.2 3.0 4.2 2.6 3.1 2.0 INS 2.8
Notes: INS indicates there was insufficient data to calculate a valid annual mean. Station 44017 replaced station 44015 as the Oakville site in 2003. Station 63203 replaced station 63200 as the Thunder Bay site in 2004. Station 71078 replaced station 71068 as the Sault Ste. Marie site in 2004. S tation 77219 replaced station 77203 as the Sudbury site in 2004.
A-22 Map 1: Locations of Ambient Air Monitoring Stations in Ontario (2005)
Sault Ste. Marie Sudbury
North Bay
Thunder Bay Ottawa Georgi an Cornwall Bay Parry Sound Lake Superior Morrisburg
Dorset
Barrie Lake Huron Peterborough Belleville Kingston A-23 Tiverton Newmarket Stouffville Brampton Oshawa rio Guelph To ron t o Lake Onta Mississauga Kitchener Oakville Hamilton Dtn. Burlington Hamilton W. Hamilton Mtn. Grand Bend St. Catharines Brantford Sarnia London Simcoe
Port Stanley To r on to
Windsor Dtn. Windsor W. e e Eri Essex Lak Toronto N. To r o nto E.
Permanent AQI Sites Etobicoke W. Toronto Dtn. CN Tower Seasonal AQI Sites Tor on to W.
Research Sites Etobicoke S.