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The Saints – Sainthood in the Eastern Orthodox Churches the Third of Five Sessions the Seventeenth Sunday After Pentecost -- September 27, 2020 (Series A)

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The Saints – Sainthood in the Eastern Orthodox Churches the Third of Five Sessions the Seventeenth Sunday After Pentecost -- September 27, 2020 (Series A) GOOD SHEPHERD LUTHERAN CHURCH Gaithersburg, Maryland The Saints – Who Are They? The Saints – Sainthood in the Eastern Orthodox Churches The Third of Five Sessions The Seventeenth Sunday after Pentecost -- September 27, 2020 (Series A) I. There Are Orthodox Churches, and Then There are . .! The Orthodox Churches form a huge body of Christians, now world-wide. But while we speak of “the” Roman Catholic Church without an “es” at the end of the word “Church”, we do not do so with the Eastern Orthodox Churches. These are “churches” are formed into a communion of “autocephalous”1 churches, which includes the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople being the only autocephalous head who holds the title of “primus inter pares.”2 The Eastern Orthodox tradition and its several autocephalous or autonomous3 churches are be unified in theology and worship. There are seventeen autocephalous churches, which include Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, Georgia, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Serbia, Russia, Greece, Poland, Romania, and Albania. The Czech Republic and Slovakia were officially invited to the Pan-Orthodox Council in 2016. The Orthodox Church in America, formed in 1970, and the autocephalous Orthodox Church of Ukraine, created in 2019, Christ Pantocrator along with al number of autonomous churches, have been invited 1. Autocephalous – Greek root for self-headed or independent churches. Each of these churches has a ruling bishop, and a Holy Synod to administer the jurisdiction and to lead the Orthodox Church in the preservation and teaching of the apostolic and patristic traditions and church practices. 2. “Primus inter pares” – A Latin phrase meaning “first among equals” This title is to signify the unity of the Church in doctrine and practice. The same term in used in the Roman Catholic Church for the Holy Father, the Pope. Among the bishops of the Church, he is “the first among equals.” In effect, however, these two roles in the two Churches function quite differently. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, each of the Churches are truly independent except in matters of doctrine. 3. Autonomous – Another Greek-based term meaning “self- governing.” It is, in fact, a lesser designation regarding a particular body’s independence. The Saints: Sainthood in the Eastern Orthodox Churches Rev. 4 PDF Page 1 to join the Council since 2016. We might say that the Eastern Orthodox Communion gathers 14 independent churches sharing the same theology and worship.4 Suffice it to say that with approximately 220 million baptized members, the Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest Christian Church, second only to the Roman Catholic Church. In fact, it is in full Communion with the Roman Catholic Church, and prefers to be known by is fuller name, “The Eastern Orthodox Catholic Church,” rightly claiming its ancient and apostolic roots as its right for authenticity in the Gospel. The Cathedral of Roughly one half, more than 110 million of the Eastern . Christ the Savior Orthodox Christians live in Russia and it yet has a strong presence in Moscow the nations from what was formerly called “the Soviet Block.” It has Destroyed in 1931 played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, and the Near East. II. And What About the Copts? That’s a good question! They are very ancient, too, even claiming to have a church in Cairo over the place where Mary and Joseph hid to avoid erod’sthe slaughter of the innocent children in Bethlehem, seeking to kill the Christ Child. The Coptic Church, strong in Cairo and most of Egypt, is also a part of the “Orthodox Communion” but not a part of the “Oriental Catholic Churches.” Those who were with us during our study of “The Seven Ecumenical Councils,” may recall that the doctrine of the Trinity and especially the incarnation mystery of the person of Jesus Christ were a primary issue at most of those seven Councils. Jealous always to preserve the fullness of the incarnation, and wrestling with the two natures of Jesus as against the heresies that sought to explain them, it seemed that every suggested heresy either leaned toward making the claim for Jesus’ divinity on the one side, or His humanity on the other. One might think that Nicaea had nailed that down in the first of the seven councils. “We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, the only Son of God,. Eternally begotten of the Father, God from God, Light from Light, True God from True God, Begotten, not made. Of one Being with the Father. 4, Icon – Christ Pantocrator – A 6th century Icon located at Saint Catherine Monastery at the base of Mount Sinai. It is the oldest known icon of Christ in one of the oldest monasteries in the world. (Top of 1st. Page.) The Saints: Sainthood in the Eastern Orthodox Churches Rev. 4 PDF Page 2 Through Him all things were made. For us and for our salvation He came down from heaven By the power of the Holy Spirit He became incarnate from the Virgin Mary, and was made man. For our sake he was crucified under Pontius Pilate; He suffered death and was buried. On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures; He ascended into heaven And is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, And His kingdom will have no end.” These are words from the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE. One would have thought this would have settled it. Buy, a seminarian who was also a parishioner, once remarked about the seven ecumenical councils; “Every generation’s answer appeared to be the next generation’s problem.” So it turned out to be. Theologians struggled through the centuries, some wanted to protect fully the divinity of our Lord, and still others, the humanity of our Lord. Many sought the balance! The Oriental Orthodox Churches shared communion with the Roman Catholic Church as well as the Eastern Orthodox churches before the Council of Chalcedon 451 CE, and before that, with the Eastern Orthodox churches until 431 CE. The issue was, both times, Christology: “What we believe about Jesus.” These two orthodox communions saw themselves as strongly anti-Nestorian.5 Icon of the The Oriental Orthodox Church, though at odds with the Council of Nicaea Constantine I in Center Ecumenical Councils after The First Council at Ephesus, was and continues to be hungry to have and preserve the Catholicity, the unity, of the Church. While being conservative, they have been enthusiastic about ecumenical relationships with non- Orthodox Christian Churches. Nearly all, if not all, Oriental Orthodox Churches are members 5. Nestorianism – Nestorious was a fifth century theologian who sought to explain the person of Christ as a single human body in which there were two persons, that of Jesus and that of the Son of God. Those opposing Nestorius believed that this weakened both the doctrine of the Trinity and that of the doctrine of Incarnation. Orthodoxy teaches simply that Jesus was fully God by the Holy Spirit, and fully human through the Virgin Mary. Mary is called, therefore, the Theotokos, which is to say the bearer of God or the mother of God. The Third Ecumenical Council approved this title for Mary. (Lutherans accept the first seven ecumenical councils.) The Saints: Sainthood in the Eastern Orthodox Churches Rev. 4 PDF Page 3 of the World Council of Churches.6 The Oriental Orthodox Churches together amass about 60 million members world-wide. There are six autocephalous churches. (1) The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, (2) the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch, (3) the Armenian Apostolic Church, (4) the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church (Indian Orthodox Church), (5) the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo, and the (6) Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. They collectively consider themselves to be one, holy, catholic and apostolic, to have been founded by Jesus Christ in Iconostasis at Saint Mary’s his Great Commandment, and that their bishops are the Russian Orthodox Church successors of Christ’s apostles. McKeesport, PA Their liturgical celebrations are by three rather different rites .These are the western influenced Armenian rites, the West Syriac Rite of the Syrian Church and the Malankara Church of India and finally the Alexandrian Rite of the Copts, Ethiopians, and Eritreans.7 III. Now, About the Saints in the World of the Orthodox Icons, less known in the Western churches, are a beloved art form in the Orthodox churches. The discussion arose early in the history of the Christian Church. Some argued that statues were a violation of the Second Commandment. That commandment is about making a “graven image” of anything . and falling down to worship it. And there is a threat: “For I, the Lord thy God am a jealous god . .” Early in the life of the Church there came a hotly debated issue as to whether statues and other uses of graphic religious art were not risking offense to the second of the Ten Commandments. Churches of the East, those that became later known as churches of “Virgin and Child” the Orthodox traditions, gravitated toward icons as an appropriate “Yheotokos” means for illustrating the Gospel as well as remembering and “Virgin of Vladimir” venerating the saints. Over the centuries the art form of the two- 1131 CE 6. Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches, pp. 1-3. The majority of the information in this section on the Oriental Catholic Churches is from this source. 7. The Coptic rite takes its name from the ancient Egyptian language. It is used in the rites of the Coptic Church, and the Orthodox churches in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Saints: Sainthood in the Eastern Orthodox Churches Rev.
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