(2008-2014) of Biodiversity Monitoring at a Sustainable Palm Oil Pilot Study in Lamie, Nagan Raya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia

Results from Seven Years (2008-2014) of Biodiversity Monitoring at a Sustainable Palm Oil Pilot Study in Lamie, Nagan Raya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia.

Report prepared by: Matthew G. Nowak On Behalf of Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari & PanEco

February 2016

Contents 1 – INTRODUCTION ...... 3 1.1 FIGURES & TABLES ...... 4 2 – RESULTS ...... 5 2.1 VEGETATION ...... 5 2.2 REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS ...... 5 2.3 INSECTS ...... 6 2.4 BIRDS...... 7 2.5 SMALL MAMMALS ...... 11 2.6 MEDIUM TO LARGE MAMMALS ...... 12 2.7 PLANKTON & BENTHOS ...... 12 2.8 WATER QUALITY...... 12 2.9 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS ...... 13 2.10 FIGURES & TABLES ...... 15 3 – DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS ...... 32 4 – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 32 5 – REFERENCES ...... 33 6 – APPENDIX 1 ...... 34 7 – APPENDIX 2 ...... 49 8 – APPENDIX 3 ...... 53

1 – INTRODUCTION

In 2006, PanEco began the development of a Sustainable Palm Oil Pilot Study, the site of which is located in the village of Lamie, Nagan Raya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia (Figure 1.1). The primary aim of the aforementioned pilot study was to demonstrate that it was possible for smallholders/farmers to create Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) standard oil palm plantations on mineral soils with degraded vegetation. In doing so, the hope was to illustrate a viable and eco-friendly alternative to establishing oil palm plantations, an option that refreshingly contrasts with the all too common establishment of oil palm plantations via the conversion and destruction of pristine forested areas.

As a part of this overall pilot study, PanEco established a biodiversity monitoring program in 2008, which is a crucial component to monitoring the environmental impacts and influences throughout the development of the RSPO standard oil palm plantations. The parameters evaluated within this biodiversity monitoring program include local vegetation, reptiles and amphibians, insects, birds, small mammals, larger mammals, plankton and benthos, water quality, and soil characteristics. Land-based comparisons are made across three land cover types within the pilot study area, including regenerating forest land cover, oil palm land cover, and cleared land cover, whereas aquatic comparisons focus on monitoring canals within the pilot study area and also the nearby Tripa River (Figure 1.1). This report presents preliminary results from seven years (2008-2014) of biodiversity monitoring activities at PanEco’s Sustainable Palm Oil Pilot Study area.

1.1 FIGURES & TABLES

Figure 1.1 – Sampling site locations in relation to the three land cover types: 1) shrub area = cleared; 2) conservation area = forest; and 3) oil palm area = oil palm. Also illustrated are the locations for aquatic surveys.

2 – RESULTS

2.1 VEGETATION

Within the regenerating forest plots, the analysis of trees > 10 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) showed a moderate fluctuation in species numbers, high levels of stability in family numbers, and a progressive increase in stems per hectare across the survey period 2010-2014, with relative stabilization after 2012 (Figure 2.1). For saplings (i.e. <10 cm DBH and ≥2.5 m) during the same sampling period, there was moderate fluctuation in species numbers, family numbers, and stems per hectare (Figure 2.2), with a steady decrease in all three after 2011. Among seedlings (i.e. <10 cm DBH and ≤2.5 m), despite fluctuation between the years 2010-2014, there is a steady increase in both families and species. Stems per hectare for seedlings displays a peak in 2011 and 2014, with decreases in 2012 and 2013 (Figure 2.3). The variation observed within these regenerating forest plots can largely be explained by the regenerating process of these forests. The positive trend in stems per hectare of trees >10cm DBH does suggest that the forested area is growing at a rather rapid pace, with a reduction in sapling and seedling stems per hectare potentially reflecting a lack of light due to the increase in larger tree species.

Within the oil palm land cover sampling plots, there appears to be a decreasing trend in species numbers, a mild level of fluctuation in family numbers, and a dramatic increase in stems per hectare between the survey periods 2010-2012, with a decrease in stems per hectare in 2013 and 2014 (Figure 2.4). The large increase in stems per hectare from the 2011 to 2012 survey periods is likely the result of an overgrowth of a fern species Gleichenia linearis, which started to grow after a period of land clearing in 2009. A decrease in stems per hectare in 2013 and 2014 is likely related to maintenance of the oil palm plantation.

Lastly, the cleared land cover plots show a decreasing trend in species numbers and stems per hectare, with a fluctuation in family numbers between 2010-2012. The major reduction of stems per hectare is largely the result of land clearing that occurred after the 2011 survey period. Note that there is little change from 2012 to 2014, indicating continued maintenance at the site (Figure 2.5).

2.2 REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS

Across all study periods (2008 and then also during 2010-2014), a total of 20 amphibian species and 16 reptile species have been observed in the pilot study area (Table 2.1). Overall, there was a high prevalence of amphibian species in 2008, followed by a decrease in 2010 and a gradual

5 increase to 2013 and 2014. Reptile species numbers fluctuated during 2008-2014, with peaks in 2010 and 2013 and lows in all other years (Figure 2.6). The analysis of relative species contacts suggests that only ~40-60% of known amphibian and reptilian species have been contacted in a given survey period (Figure 2.7). In all years, amphibians were detected at lower relative frequencies compared to reptiles, except for 2010. The 2013 survey period was by far the most successful survey period, with relative contact frequencies reaching >50% for both amphibians and reptiles.

Within the forest plots, amphibian species contacts increase from 2010-2014 with a slight decrease in 2012, whereas reptile species contacts also increase during the same period following a recovery from a low that occurred in 2011 (Figures 2.8 & 2.9). The downward trend in amphibian species may be the result of a lack of water in the area 2010-2011, whereas the rebounding trend of both amphibians and reptiles may be the result of species moving into the area following land clearing from other areas starting in 2011.

In oil palm plots, amphibians show a stable increase in species contacts from 2010 to 2014 despite a slight drop in 2013, whereas reptile species contacts appear to be highly variable during the same period years (Figures 2.8 & 2.9). Despite a mild amount of fluctuation in contacts of both amphibians and reptiles, the trend appears to be relatively stable across years (i.e., a difference of only 1-3 species). This can largely be attributed to a moderate amount of environmental stabilization in the oil palm plantation, following land clearing in 2009.

Lastly, in the cleared land plots, amphibians show relatively high species numbers in 2010 and 2011, with a marked decrease in 2012 and a slight rebound in 2013 and 2014. Conversely, reptiles species numbers were high in 2010, completely absent in 2011, and then rebounded starting in 2012 (Figures 2.8 & 2.9). These dramatic changes are likely the result of species specific responses to the land clearing episode in 2011, with reptiles showing more immediate population decimation and rebound than that of amphibians, which showed a lagged response.

2.3 INSECTS

Among forested plots, there is a considerable amount of variation in insect species contacts across all orders during the survey periods of 2009-2014 (Figure 2.10). Nevertheless, there appears to be a steady increase in Coleoptera (e.g. beetles) species. Other interesting occurrences are the relatively large numbers of Homoptera (e.g. true bugs), Hymenoptera (e.g. wasps, bees, and ants), and Lepidoptera (e.g. moths and butterflies) starting in 2012 and 2013 (Figure 2.10). Similarly, note the “U” shaped trend for many of the insect orders from 2009-2014. This may be indicative of a loss of diversity in 2010 and 2011, with a rebound in species numbers

6 in subsequent years. Or, it may also be indicative of disturbances in surrounding areas, which have led to an increase in species in the forested areas.

Similar to forested plots, there is a considerable amount of variation in species numbers in the oil palm plots between 2010-2014 (Figure 2.11). The primary trends appear to be an increase in Hemiptera (e.g. true bugs) and Homoptera (e.g. true bugs) species numbers between 2010-2014. Other important figures are the large number of Coleoptera (e.g. beetles), Diptera (e.g. flies), Hymenoptera (e.g. wasps, bees, and ants), and Lepidoptera (e.g. moths and butterflies), after the 2011 survey period. Again, note the “U” shaped trend for many of the insect orders from 2010- 2014.

Similar to both forested and oil palm plots, there is a considerable amount of variation in species numbers in the cleared land cover plots between 2009-2014 (Figure 2.12). The primary trends appear to be an increase in Coleoptera (e.g., beetles), Hemiptera (e.g. true bugs), Homoptera (e.g., cicadas, hoppers, and aphids), and Isoptera (e.g., termites and white ants). As above, some of the insect orders display a “U” shaped trend between 2009-2014.

There appears to be a dramatic decrease in both insect species numbers and species diversity in 2011 for both forest and oil palm land cover areas; however, this trend is not apparent in the cleared land cover area (Figures 2.13 & 2.14). Interestingly, despite the fact that the number of insect species contacted for each land cover type appears to be increasing, the diversity of species appears to be decreasing in all plot types. A large amount of the variation in species numbers/trends and diversity can be attributed to land clearing events within and/or around survey areas. This implies that in some cases, land clearing events can affect adjacent areas, in addition to the immediate area being cleared.

2.4 BIRDS

The summary results from the most recent survey (2014), as compared to the results from the surveys conducted in 2008 and then again between 2010-2013, are shown in Tables 2.2 and 2.3. An annotated list of all bird species contacted (n=150 species) during 2008-2014 is provided in Appendix 1 and 2.

A total of 77 bird species have been recorded during the 2014 survey (Table 2.2; Appendix 1 & 2).

The following five species were new to the Lamie plots and environs:

Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus Red-legged Crake Rallina fasiata Chestnut-winged Cuckoo Clamator coromandus Tree Sparrow Passer montanus Mangrove Whistler Pachycephala grisola

Most of these are species of open woodlands, widespread and capable of efficient dispersal. For instance the Mangrove Whistler Pachycephala grisola, a typical bird of mangroves, riverine forest, but also rubber plantations (van Marle & Voous 1988), was found in the southwest corner of the area, where an old rubber garden fringes to a young oil palm plantation.

The numbers obtained from ‘road counts’ fluctuate sharply, as do those of the oil palm and cleared plots. The numbers on the forest plot decrease initially in a more steady line, but the most recent survey shows a clear ‘revival’. Table 2.3 shows species diversity values over the years for the three plots. Whereas diversity of the forest plot decreases at a steady pace, that of the oil palm plot fluctuates sharply. The cleared plot takes a somewhat intermediate position with an initial sharp dip of the 2011 census which is largely explained by the clearing of the area for oil palms, leaving shrubbery and low trees only in its peripheries. A slight recovery of shrubs in the south corner, and the growth of oil palms is undoubtedly the reason for a slight recovery of its avifauna, in particular because of the return of a number of forest edge bird species.

Interestingly, twelve of the 13 species that were found in 2012 after an apparently temporary absence in 2011 survey, possibly because of a drastic change in the habitat, were found again in 2013 in the area. Only the New Zealand Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae was not observed, but may have been overlooked because of its low density. They are:

Blue-crowned Hanging Parrot Loriculus galgulus (F) Brown Hawk-owl Ninox scutulata (F) Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus (O) Blue-throated Bee-eater Merops viridis (O) Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros (F) Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus (F/O, m) Lesser Green Leafbird Chloropsis cyanopogon (F) Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeum trigonostigma (F, O) Red-throated Sunbird Anthreptes rhodolaema (F) White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata (O) Purple-backed Starling Sturnus sturninus (O, m) Asian Glossy Starling Aplonis panayensis (O, m)

The present survey shows the absence of all but Red-throated Sunbird, and the return of the New Zealand Pipit.

Worrying was the decrease in bird species number of the forest plot since the 2011 survey (Table 2.2). Three species that were found to be present here during at least two previous surveys, were not found again. They are the following species:

Raffles’ Malkoha Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus Black-winged Hemipus Hemipus hirundinaceus Puff-backed Bulbul Pycnonotus eutilotus

The Puff-backed Bulbul is a forest species with a near-threatened status. Two species that were absent in 2012 and thought extinct, Black-bellied Malkoha and Black Magpie were found again in 2013, but not thereafter, and may appear to be of less permanent occurrence. Apparently at least some of these species may be able to re-colonise the forest plot. However, the seriously deteriorating state of the forests around the Lamie plots does not offer the right conditions for most of these species to survive, as isolation from distant good forest is increased.

The following near-threatened species have still been found in and around the plots:

Blue-rumped Parrot Psittinus cyanurus Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx erithacus Green Iora Aegithina viridissima Sumatra Babbler Pellorneum buettikoferi Red-throated Sunbird Anthreptes rhodolaema

Of these species, the parrot is just a casual visitor, with little or no affiliation to the plot, whereas the babbler are also found in shrubbery and regenerating forest patches remaining in the surroundings of the plots. The kingfisher and iora, absent in 2013 but re-appearing in 2015, may be other casual visitors.

In 2012 a recovery had occurred with as result a composition closely resembling that of the oil palm plot. In all plots the true forest birds show a sharp decline, down to 1 or 2 species in the oil palm and cleared plots, especially in the largely cleared plot which expectedly shows an almost total initial loss of forest and forest edge dependent species. The forest edge species show a tendency to decrease with in temporary increase in the third year in both oil palm and cleared plots, with a simultaneous decrease of the proportion of open woodland species, resulting in

9 perfect mirroring. In the first year open woodland species are predominant only in the oil palm plot, where indeed little shrubbery was left from the beginning. The trend lines for populations of open woodland and forest edge species show much fluctuation, as was already shown above for the total numbers at the oil palm and cleared plots where these species dominate. These fluctuations, indicative of instable conditions, and expressed in low evenness values (see above), differ from the gradual and steady decreases of the forest birds in all three plots.

In Appendix 2 the last column list changes in abundance of all species, as far as the dataset over the past years permitted any conclusion. The number of species that have increased in the past in the area (van Balen 2013), but are stable now are all forest edge (Red Junglefowl), or open area species, i.e., Black-winged Kite, White-breasted Waterhen, Lesser Coucal, White-vented Myna, the latter being more abundant as a roosting species, rather than resident. More recently also Spotted Dove and Magpie Robin have increased, rather surprisingly as both are heavily for their meat and/or attractiveness as a cagebird. A total of 51 forest birds has been recorded from the Lamie area since 2014, mostly the forest conservation plot. Almost half of it (24 spp) decreased in numbers or disappeared, leaving 15 species that can be considered stable. Relatively few forest edge and in particular open area species decreased in numbers, including Ruddy Crake who possibly disappeared because of changing water regimes.

Birds that increased in numbers are all open woodland species:

White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Spotted Dove Spilopelia chinensis Magpie Robin Copsychus sp.

Little hunting has been observed in the general area, the only evidence being a man was hunting Red Junglefowl with a heavy air rifle during the 2014 survey. The continued presence of gamebirds as Red Junglefowl, Blue-breasted Quail, Magpie Robin, and Spotted Dove gives hope. However, the Lesser Green Leafbird has become extremely popular in the pet trade in recent times, has not been observed again. Further deterioration of the existing woodland will decrease the area of suitable forest habitat and increase isolation from neighboring forest areas that may function as source areas for forest-dependent species. Moreover, Aratrakorn et al. (2006) showed that “conversion of forest to commercial plantations of oil palm or rubber results in two major changes to bird communities: the replacement of species-rich communities with species- poor communities, and the replacement of threatened and range-restricted species by species of lower conservation concern and with extensive ranges. This is clearly shown in our different plots, where not only the total number of species decreased, but also the habitat preferences of the dominant species change from forest and forest edge to open woodlands.

The audiorecording of a Western Barn Owl Tyto alba confirms the presence of this extremely efficient rodent controller. This nocturnal bird of prey, and the pair of Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus are of utmost importance for a more natural control of the rats and mice that more than likely abound in the sawit plantation. Many insectivores are found amongst the open woodland species found commonly in the area (warblers, prinias, etc), but bushes of any kind are important as nesting habitat. Omnivorous species as Yellow-vented Bulbuls are partial insectivores, especially during their breeding season; their continued survival depends largely on secure roosting sites, which are found in the swampy southern corner of the general Lamie area.

Despite an intermittent increase in species found in the 2010 survey, most likely caused by a temporary influx of various birds from destructed surrounding habitat, the Lamie plots have continued to decrease in species through 2011 to 2015. Although again a number of new species were found in 2013 and 2015, the majority of these are open woodland species, and less than compensate for a loss in biodiversity in the forest patch. Hunting and capturing activities were hardly observed in the area, and some reforestation activities have been carried out in the cleared area between the two forest patches left. However, this is unlikely to prevent a loss of more forest bird species from the area, especially if forest in the immediate vicinity of the plots, i.e., in the west is not spared. Results of previous and this survey show that the surrounding area did not support as many species as the Lamie plots themselves.

2.5 SMALL MAMMALS

A total of 16 species of small mammals have been either trapped and/or observed within the pilot study area between 2008-2014 (Table 2.4). Despite some variability in the species that were trapped and/or observed between 2008-2011, the species numbers remained relatively consistent in the pilot study area. In 2012, there was a drastic drop in species numbers, and this is appears to be related to a lack of some of the relatively larger-bodied forms, such as, the gymnure, Malayan porcupine, and Asian palm civet (Figure 2.15; Table 2.4). Only the black rat was consistently contacted across all of the study periods.

Comparing across different land cover types, the forest land cover area consistently maintained the greatest number of individuals captured, despite a recent decrease in contacts (Figure 2.16). The oil palm and cleared plots display a tremendous amount of variation in small animal contacts, with recent surveys displaying few contacts. The shifts in animal contacts across all survey plots can likely be attributed to major clearing events that occurred in 2009 and 2011, with additional small-scale land modifications being undertaken throughout the 2008-2014 field seasons (Figure 2.16).

2.6 MEDIUM TO LARGE MAMMALS

Despite the fact that no detailed survey of larger mammals has been undertaken, some species have been observed since the start of the project by farmers, staff, and some of the experts surveying the other animal taxa. It is therefore possible to summarise this information here.

The wild pig (Sus scrofa) has been frequently seen in and around pilot study ever since the start of the programme in 2008. However, it seems that the population may at present be declining slightly as some of the local people (this is generally non-indigenous immigrants, since Aceh is a predominantly a Muslim area) are hunting them for food and sale. Pigs were an especially serious problem during the nursery stage of the plantation’s development as they ate the leaves and hearts of the young oil palm seedlings.

The pilot study also seems to constitute part of the home range of at least one Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), a species listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN. Tiger footprints have been found each year, and photographs were obtained in February 2011, during a PanEco field visit. Tigers are known to feed on wild pigs and also often prey on large/small deer species.

Other larger mammals that have been recorded in the pilot study area are the white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar), the sun bear (Ursus malayanus), and Thomas’ leaf monkey (Presbytis thomasi), all of which are listed as at least Vulnerable by the IUCN.

2.7 PLANKTON & BENTHOS

Among the canals surveyed within the pilot study area, the average number of plankton species contacted gradually increased from 2009 to 2014 (Figure 2.17). Despite being less speciose, between 1-2 benthos species were consistently contacted between the 2011 and 2014 field surveys, which followed a lack of contacts in 2009 and 2010 (Figure 2.17).

The increase in plankton and the stability of benthos species contacts from at least 2011 to 2014 might be partially related to differences in the quality of canal waters in the 2011-2014 survey periods, relative to that of the 2009 and 2010 surveys. These changes are likely to be highly beneficial for the local fish populations, which depend on some species of plankton and benthos for food resources. Aspects of water quality are discussed further in section 2.8.

2.8 WATER QUALITY

Table 2.5 displays a comparison of water quality for both canals and the Tripa River from surveys conducted between 2010-2014 and also shows the current Indonesian standards for water quality. From this table, it is clear that there is a substantial amount of variation in water quality both between survey sites and also between survey years.

In general, turbidity (i.e., water clearness) is well above Indonesian standards (<5.0) for all survey areas and survey years. Turbidity is usually high when waste and/or soil enters the water system, and the high levels observed in the Tripa area might be related to the season in which data were collected (e.g., rainy season, as related to flooding) and/or agricultural activities. The only other consistent trend across all years is the high levels of iron (Fe) in both canals and the Tripa River between 2010-2014, relative to the Indonesian standard of <0.3 mg/L. Other dissolved metals (e.g., copper, cadmium, and chromium), nutrients (e.g., ammonia), and miscellaneous parameters (e.g., biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and dissolved oxygen) show periodic spikes in their levels, but none of these show the consistent levels of difference (relative to Indonesian standards) that are seen for turbidity and iron values (Table 2.5). As with turbidity, the increased level of all of these parameters is likely related to agricultural activities (e.g., the use of fertilizers) and sampling season (e.g., rainy season, as related to flooding). In more recent surveys, this is particularly apparent for the oxygen related parameters (e.g., biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand), which were contacted at relatively high levels in the 2012-2014 field surveys (Table 2.5).

One of the most worrisome trends is the increase in coliform and E. coli in canals and the consistent trend of these microbiological organisms in the Tripa River, suggesting that there is consistently a relatively high presence of human (and animal) created bacteria in the local water systems. This, in addition to the presence of high levels of other reported parameters (Table 2.5) could make the use and consumption of water from Tripa’s water resources relatively harmful for the local human (and animal) populations.

2.9 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS

Trends in soil characteristics were apparent for soil drainage, porosity, pH KCI, C, P-availability, KTK, base saturation, and soil permeability. Of these, all displayed increases from 2008-2014, except that of soil permeability with displayed a decrease. Soil consistency, specific gravity, N- total, and K remained the same across survey periods, whereas aggregate stability index, pH H2O, Ca, Mg, Al, H, and DHL fluctuated widely across the three survey periods (Table 2.6).

The main findings suggest that despite consistently working with the degraded soil since 2008 in the pilot study areas, there have been limited changes to the soil. Most importantly, nutrient

13 values are still considerably lacking, and as such, productivity of the oil palm crops is also expected to be low.

2.10 FIGURES & TABLES

Figure 2.1 – Number of tree (i.e. >10 cm DBH) families (left scale), species (left scale), and stems/ha (right scale) in the forest land cover type plots.

Figure 2.2 – Number of sapling (i.e. <10 cm DBH & ≥2.5 m) families (left scale), species (left scale), and stems/ha (right scale) in the forest land cover type plots.

Figure 2.3 – Number of seedling (i.e. <10 cm DBH & ≤2.5 m) families (left scale), species (left scale), and stems/ha (right scale) in the forest land cover type plots.

Figure 2.4 – Number of sapling (i.e. <10 cm DBH & ≥2.5 m) families (left scale), species (left scale), and stems/ha (right scale) in the oil palm land cover type plots.

Figure 2.5 – Number of seedling (i.e. <10 cm DBH & ≤2.5 m) families (left scale), species (left scale), and stems/ha (right scale) in the cleared cover type plots.

Figure 2.6 – Number of amphibian and reptile species contacted per year across all survey locations.

Figure 2.7 – Relative number (i.e., relative to the total number of species contacted across all survey periods) of reptile and amphibian species contacted per year across all survey locations.

Figure 2.8 – Number of amphibian species contacted per year by plot type.

Figure 2.9 – Number of reptile species contacted per year by plot type.

Figure 2.10 – Number of insect species per order found in the forest land cover plots across all survey periods.

Figure 2.11 – Number of insect species per order found in the oil palm land cover plots across all survey periods.

Figure 2.12 – Number of insect species per order found in the cleared land cover plots across all survey periods.

Figure 2.13 – Total number of insect species contacted in each land cover type across all survey periods.

Figure 2.14 – Insect species diversity index in each land cover type across all survey periods.

Figure 2.15 – Number of small mammal species trapped and/or observed in the pilot study area across all survey periods.

Figure 2.16 – Number of small mammal species trapped and/or observed in the pilot study area across all survey periods in each of the land cover types.

Figure 2.17 – Average number of plankton and benthos species found in the five locations surveyed within the pilot study area across all survey periods.

Table 2.2 - Numbers of bird species found along the 2008 transect and 2010-14 study plots in the Lamie area. Year 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2008 Month March November November April November October Forest: # species 36 34 25 35 45 - Oil Palm: # species 16 22 30 20 26 - Cleared: # species 25 24 27 17 33 -

TOTAL Plots 48 62 50 50 74 63

Road Counts - # species 56 53 38 57 50 91 Road Counts - # individuals 450 500 512 500 460 747

TOTAL Plots + Road Counts 77 82 67 73 97 104

Table 2.3 - Bird diversity values and components for the three different plot types in 2010 - 2014. Year Diversity Value Forest Oil Palm Cleared 2010 BSD 3.5 2.7 3.1 Evenness 0.9 0.8 0.9 Species richness 45 26 37 Sample size 157 205 121

2011 BSD 3.2 2.5 2.3 Evenness 0.9 0.8 0.8 Species Richness 35 20 17 Sample size 102 105 124

2012 BSD 3.1 2.6 2.6 Evenness 0.9 0.8 0.7 Species Richness 25 30 27 Sample size 82 214 221

2013 BSD 2.8 2.5 2.7 Evenness 0.8 0.8 0.9 Species Richness 31 19 21 Sample size 172 129 154

2014 BSD 3.1 2.4 2.6 Evenness 0.9 0.8 0.8 Species Richness 36 17 26 Sample size 112 75 96

Table 2.4 - Presence/absence list of small mammals trapped and/or observed during all survey periods. Survey Period No. Family Species Name English Name 2008 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1 Erinaceidae Hylomis sp. Gymnure 1 1 1 - - - 2 Felidae Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard Cat - - - - 1 1 3 Hystricidae Hystrix brachyura Malayan Porcupine 1 1 1 - - - 4 Muridae Maxomys hylomyoides Sumatran spiny rat - 1 - - - - 5 Muridae Maxomys whiteheadi Whithead's spiny rat 1 - 1 - - - 6 Muridae Mus caroli Ryuku mouse - 1 - - - - 7 Muridae Mus musculus House mouse - - - - - 1 8 Muridae Niviventer sp. Niviventer - - - - - 1 9 Muridae Rattus rattus Black rat 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 Muridae Sundamys muelleri Muller's giant Sunda rat - 1 1 1 1 - 11 Muridae Rattus tiomanicus Malayan field rat - - - 1 1 1 12 Muridae Rattus exulans Polynesian rat - - - 1 1 - 13 Sciuridae Callosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel 1 - 1 - - 1 14 Sciuridae Lariscus insignis Three-stripped ground squirrel 1 1 - - - - 15 Sciuridae Tupaia tana Large treeshrew - - 1 - - - 16 Viverridae Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Asian palm civet 1 1 1 - - 1

Table 2.5 - INTEREK water quality results from the 2010-2014 surveys compared to Indonesian standards. Canals Within Study Area - Average Tripa River - Average Test Parameter Unit Indonesian Standard 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Physical Tests Temperature Celsius 29.7 29.7 28.0 28.0 27.7 25.8 25.6 30.6 29.6 29.3 - Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 237.7 10.0 8.0 1.7 11.3 181.4 75.0 77.5 72.5 255.0 1000 Total Suspended Solids mg/L 25.0 12.0 7.3 13.0 12.7 87.5 6.5 79.0 428.0 74.7 1500 Salinity g/l 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Turbidity NTU 42.8 26.7 12.7 8.0 13.3 32.0 13.7 21.8 15.5 7.3 <5.0 Odor - odorless odorless odorless odorless odorless odorless odorless odorless odorless odorless odorless pH - 5.4 5.2 6.6 6.6 5.4 7.5 7.6 7.5 7.4 6.9 6.0-9.0 Dissolved Metals Copper (Cu) mg/L 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.00 1.01 <0.02 Manganese (Mn) mg/L 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 <0.1 Iron (Fe) mg/L 3.5 2.8 3.7 2.9 8.1 1.2 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.6 <0.3 Cadmium (Cd) mg/L 0.002 0.023 0.002 0.011 0.000 0.002 0.020 0.005 0.013 0.003 <0.003 Zinc (Zn) mg/L 0.14 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.01 1.51 <8.0 Chromium (Cr) mg/L 0.04 0.00 0.03 0.07 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.04 0.05 <0.05 Nutrients

Nitrate (NO3) mg/L 22.8 38.3 2.3 35.7 30.8 0.0 12.8 4.5 22.0 46.5 <50.0

Nitrate (NO2) mg/L <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 <3.0

Ammonia (NH3-N) mg/L <0.1 0.7 <0.1 0.7 1.1 0.0 2.0 0.0 <0.1 0.8 <0.5 Microbiology Coliform mg/L 0.0 1.0 17.9 12.2 42.0 21.5 6.7 15.5 17.0 20.0 <100MPN/100 ml E. Coli mg/L 0.0 0.0 8.1 6.8 42.0 11.2 6.7 9.3 9.8 20.0 <100MPN/100 ml Miscellaneous Biochemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 1.8 1.9 3.0 2.7 22.7 1.7 0.8 2.3 4.1 0.8 <2.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand mg/L 24.4 7.1 35.3 14.7 7.3 25.0 4.1 41.0 20.4 1.2 <10 Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 4.4 9.8 8.9 8.1 9.6 5.1 11.4 10.4 8.6 10.2 >6 Oil Grease % mg/L 0.04 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.00 <1000

Table 2.6 - Soil characteristics across three survey periods. Survey Period Soil Characteristic 2008 2011 2014 I. Physical Attributes Soil Drainage slow slow-fine fine Consistency sticky sticky sticky Specific gravity (g/cm3) 1.3 1.3 1.4 Porosity (%) 46.7 52.0 56.7 Aggregate Stability Index 73.0 72.0 70.5 Soil Permeability (cm/hour) 7.5 7.6 4.0 II. Chemical Attributes pH H2O 1 : 1.50 4.8 5.6 5.1 pH KCl 1 : 1.50 3.7 4.4 4.8 C-organic (%) 1.4 1.7 3.6 N-total (%) 0.2 0.2 0.3 P-availability (ppm) 1.3 3.9 3.6 K-dd (me/100 g) 0.3 0.3 0.2 Ca-dd (me/100 g) 2.8 4.6 3.9 Mg-dd (me/100 g) 0.8 0.6 0.8 Na-dd (me/100 g) 0.5 0.5 - Al-dd (me/100 g) 5.8 0.9 4.8 H-dd (me.100 g) 1.8 1.1 2.1 KTK (me/100 g) 14.9 16.3 17.9 Base Saturation (%) 31.3 40.5 - DHL (mmhos/cm) 0.2 0.6 0.1

3 – DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS

From a cursory perusal of these results, what is most apparent is that there is a substantial amount of variation in biodiversity within the Lamie pilot study area. This variation occurs between survey periods and also across land cover types (i.e., forest, oil palm, and cleared land), and seems to be primarily associated with the environmental changes within and around the pilot study area. For example, the land clearing that occurred in both 2009 and 2011 has clearly had a dramatic impact on many of the biodiversity parameters sampled within the Lamie survey plots. In addition, while not at the same scale as complete land clearance, it is also apparent that smaller-scale disturbances continue to affect the areas within the study area, as biodiversity fluctuations are the consistent norm throughout the 2008-2014 survey period. Most importantly, land clearing/disturbance does not just impact the sites that are cleared, but it also has an impact on the surrounding sites, and this is most evident in the fluctuations in species numbers in the regenerating forest area plots.

We note that some of the fluctuations in biodiversity parameters may be related to sampling biases (e.g., survey season, climate/temperature, etc.); however, the seemingly correlated consistency with which most parameters vary, suggests that the related factor of land disturbance has had a major impact on the results presented within this report.

Lastly, given that we were able to detect minor changes in biodiversity within the sampled plots, suggests that continued and expansive ecological monitoring is a crucial factor for understanding biological trends. For instance, given that all major land clearing events have already taken place (e.g. 2009 and 2011) within the pilot study area, it will be important to see how biological entities respond within the plot study area. A minor glimpse of this can already be seen in the relatively stabilizing trends for some biological parameters within the oil palm and cleared plots, which were only cleared in 2009 and 2011. However, it is vital to note that the observed trends are radically different from that of the forested plots. Thus, while natural species may again come to inhabit these altered land cover types, these re-colonizing populations are by no means the same as their original compositions.

4 – ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report would not have been possible without field and manuscript contributions from the following individuals and their respective institutions: Abdul Hadi Mahmud (UNSYIAH), Adji Darsoyo (YEL), Bas van Balen (Basilornis Consults), Graham Usher (PanEco), Gunung Gea (YEL), Hermansyah (YEL), Ian Singleton (PanEco), Mahya Ihsan (USU), Mistar Kamsi (YEL), Muhammad Nasir (UNSYIAH), Munawir Annasri (UNSYIAH), Muslim (UNSYIAH), Nuzuar (YEL), Riswan Zein

(YEL), Saiful (UNSYIAH), Sapdi (UNSYIAH), and T. Gilang Pradana (USU). We greatly appreciate the continued interest and generous financial contributions from Yves Rocher.

5 – REFERENCES

Aratrakorn, S., S. Thunhikorn & P.F. Donald (2006). Changes in bird communities following conversion of lowland forest to oil palm and rubber plantations in southern Thailand. Bird Conservation International 16: 71-82.

Calow, P. 1998. The Encyclopedia of Ecology & Environmenal Management. Blackwell Sciemce, Oxford.

Birdlife International. 2001. Threatened Birds of Asia: the Birdlife International Red Data Book. Birdlife International, Cambridge, UK.

Holmes, D.A. 1996. Sumatra bird Report. Kukila 8: 9-56.

Magurran, A.E. 1988. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. Croom Helm, London.

Nurza, A., D Mulyawati, Husnurrizal, Ricko L Jaya, T.M Sanir, Richard Noske. 2008. First breeding records of Shikra Accipiter badius in Indonesia. Kukila. 14: 54-58.

Thiollay, J.-M. (1995) The role of traditional agroforests in the conservation of rain forest bird diversity in Sumatra. Conservation Biology 9: 335-353. van Balen, S. 2008. The Birds of Ulu Masen, Aceh. Results of four surveys in February, March-April, June- July 2007, and November 2007. Report prepared for Fauna & Flora International – Aceh Programme. van Balen, S. 2008. Bird diversity in the Lamie RSPO study plots in Nagan Raya, Aceh. Report prepared for Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari, PanEco & PT Socfindo. van Balen, B. & T. Sanir. 2010. Bird Diversity in the Lamie RSPO Study Plots in Nagan Raya, Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. 2nd Visit, November 2010. Report prepared for Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari. van Balen, B. & T. Sanir. 2011. Bird Diversity in the Lamie RSPO Study Plots in Nagan Raya, Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. 3rd Visit, 12-23 April 2011. Report prepared for Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari. van Balen, B. 2012. Bird Diversity in the Lamie RSPO Study Plots in Nagan Raya, Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. 4th Visit, 4th Visit, 27-30 November 2012. Report prepared for Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari. van Balen, B. 2013. Bird Diversity in the Lamie RSPO Study Plots in Nagan Raya, Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. 5th Visit, 25-30 November 2013. Report prepared for Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari. van Marle, J.G. & K.H. Voous (1988). The Birds of Sumatra. British Ornithologists’ Union, Tring UK. [BOU Check-list 10]

6 – APPENDIX 1

Annotated list of Birds found in Lamie, 2008-2015. Scientific, Indonesian (I) and English names follow MacKinnon et al. (2000); Acehnese names (A) have been taken from van Balen (2008), or communicated by Bp Mukadis (°), Bp Zamzani (*) and Bp Suratman (§)

Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Cangak merah (I); Tangiriek, Tairi, Tèri (A) Materials. – Audiorecording. Field notes. – Single birds were seen flying over the Lamie plot area and Alue Bilie village on a number of occasions during all surveys.

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Kuntul kerbau (I); §Kueq (A) Materials. – Audiorecording. Field notes. – In large groups following cattle in the oil palm states, and seen flying to and from their roosts in 2011.

Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus Bangau tongtong (I) Field notes. –A single bird seen flying above the oil palm fields west of the Lamie area in March 2015.

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus caeruleus Elang tikus (I); §Tiwah (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – A single pair seen in open field near forest plot in April 2011: a single bird hovering near one of the plots in November 2012; a pair with two nestlings on their nest was observed near the forest plot in 2013 (Plates 3), on the following evening one of the nestlings was found on the ground (Plate 4), most likely scared off by the presence of a large monitor lizard who climbed the tree and caused much consternation to the parent birds; present at the same locality in 2015.

Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Elang bondol (I); §Kleueng (A) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen during the surveys thereafter.

Crested Serpent-eagle Spilornis cheela Elang-ular bido (I); Kleueng (A) Field notes. – Only few times heard above the Lamie plots, and above Alue Bilie; not observed in 2012, heard sporadically in 2013 and 2015.

Shikra Accipiter badius Elangalap Shikra (I) Field notes. – A single bird in the open area near the Lamie plot in November 2012. This sparrowhawk, formerly known only as migrant to Sumatra, was found breeding around Banda Aceh (Nurza et al. 2009), and may be spreading rapidly southward.

Besra Accipiter gularis Elangalap Nipon (I) Field notes. – Northern migrant, on 27 November 2013 a single bird perched briefly in a tree on the sawit plot.

Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus Elangalap jambul (I) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen thereafter.

Changeable Hawk-eagle Spizaetus cirrhatus Elang brontok (I); Kleueng (A) Field notes. – Observed in 2010, and 2012.

Black-thighed Falconet Microhierax fringillarius Alap-alap capung (I) Field notes. – Single birds in 2008 and 2011. Blue-breasted Quail Coturnix chinensis Puyuh batu (I); Puyoh (A) Material. – Audiorecordings of a variety of calls (male courtshipping, flight calls). Field notes. – Commonly heard calling on and around the plots; much less common on the plots in 2015.

Red Junglefowl Gallus gallus Ayam-hutan merah (I); Manok uteuen (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings of crowing cock and alarmed birds. Field notes. – Males were regularly heard crowing on and near the sawit and belukar plots, but less common in 2011, common again in 2012, 2013 and 2015, but possibly seasonally more vocal.

Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator Gemak loreng (I); Acehnese. - §Gêmêq (A) Field notes. –Single birds in 2010 and 2011 only. Red-legged Crake Rallina fasciata Tikusan kaki-merah (I) Materials. – Audiorecording Field notes. – A single bird was photographed by M. Kamsi on 5 December 2014 during a nocturnal survey of oil palm stands near the forest plot (Plate 4); several were heard calling and recorded on 12 March 2015 in shrubbery at the same site.

Slaty-legged Crake Rallina eurizonoides Tikusan Kaki-kelabu (I) Field notes. – Recorded in 2012.

Slaty-breasted Rail Gallirallus striatus Mandar-padi Sintar (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Recorded on 26 November 2013 on the sawit plot, and heard at several other places; may have been overlooked in previous years, heard only once or twice in March 2015.

Ruddy-breasted Crake Porzana fusca Tikusan merah (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, 2011 and 2012 heard in swampy area in the peripheries of the study plot.

White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Kareo padi (I); Bêruak (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Regularly heard in the southern parts of the Lamie plot and the southern part of the general area in 2008-2013; common throughout the Lamie plots in 2015.

Pin-tailed Snipe Gallinago stenura Field notes. – Northern migrant, not seen in 2008-2012, seen daily in 2013, when single birds or duos were flushed from the undergrowth on the plots; up to eight birds seen in the open area in the west in March 2015.

Large Green Pigeon Treron capellei Punai besar (I) Global Conservation Status. – Vulnerable Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen thereafter.

Pink-necked Green Pigeon Treron vernans Punai gading (I); Rampuneu, Rampunoi (A) Field notes. – Common in and around the Lamie plots, in flocks of up to a dozen birds.

Thick-billed Green Pigeon Treron curvirostra Punai lengguak (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Heard and recorded in the edge of the forest plot in 2010 and 2012, and heard in the southern part of the Lamie area, not seen in 2013.

Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis Tekukur biasa (I); §Leuek (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Several heard calling on Lamie plot each visit; very common throughout in March 2015.

Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica Delimukan zamrud (I); Leuek hijô, Rampuneu tanoh, *Rampunoi tanoh (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Formerly always a few birds were heard in the forest plot; only singles there in November 2012, 2013 and 2015.

Zebra Dove Geopelia striata Perkutut Jawa (I); Meureubo (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Common in and around the Lamie plot.

Blue-crowned Hanging-parrot Loriculus galgulus Serindit Melayu (I); Sêgêndit, Seurindét, Sigêndit, Srindét (A) Materials. – Tape recordings. Field notes. – Seen in 2008; several recorded in the durian trees next to the forest plot in November 2012, and flying over in 2013.

Blue-rumped Parrot Psittinus cyanurus Nuri tanau (I) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Field notes. – Single birds or small groups regularly seen flying over Lamie plots.

Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus Kangkok India (I) Field notes. – Single bird was seen in the durian trees near the forest plot on 28 November 2013.

Oriental cuckoo Cuculus saturatus Kangkok ranting (I) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen thereafter.

Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus Wiwik kelabu (I); Lamsahit, (Ti)lansahit, Tilanjahit, Ti(ti)lantahit (A) Field notes. – Few birds heard in the open parts of Lamie.

Banded Bay Cuckoo Cacomantis sonnerati Wiwik lurik (I); Lamsahit, (Ti)lansahit, Tilanjahit, Ti(ti)lantahit (A) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008; heard on two occasions on 27 November 2013, possibly the same bird.

Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Bubut besar (I); Gotgot, gutgut (A) Field notes. – Not uncommonly heard in the Lamie area.

Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis Bubut alang-alang (I); Gutgut (A) Field notes. – A few heard throughout the Lamie area.

Chestnut-breasted Malkoha Rhamphococcyx (Phaenicophaeus) curvirostris Kadalan birah (I) Field notes. – Single birds in 2010 and 2011, but not thereafter.

Black-bellied Malkoha Rhopodytes (Phaenicophaeus) diardi Kadalan beruang (I); §Gutgut uteuen (A) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Material. – Audiorecordings, photo. Field notes. – Single birds seen on 7 and 9 November 2010 in the forest plot, surprisingly tame, seen in the forest edge, seen again in April 2011, and two birds on November 2013.

Raffles’s Malkoha Rhinortha (Phaenicophaeus) chlorophaea

Kadalan (I) Field notes. – Observed in 2010 and 2012 in the forest.

Oriental Bay Owl Phodilus badius Serak bukit (I) Field notes. – Possible distant bird in 2010, not observed thereafter,

Collared Scopowl Otus lempiji Celepuk reban (I) Field notes. – Heard in 2010 in the Lamie area; single bird in the forest plot at dusk, 13 March 2015.

Reddish Scops-owl Otus rufescens Materials. – Photos (Plate 5). Field notes. – Photographed by M. Kamsi on the hutan plot; a single ‘hoot’ was recorded in the early evening of 13 March 2015. NB. These are the first records of the species for the province of Aceh (van Martle & Voous 1988).

Barred Eagle Owl Bubo sumatranus Beluk jampuk (I); Burông tutu, Tok(tok) keutampi, Tutul keutampi (A) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen or heard thereafter.

Brown Hawk-owl Ninox scutulata Punggok coklat (I); Pungguq (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Heard in 2010, and 2012, and at least two present in the area in 2013.

Malaysian Eared Nightjar Eurostopodus temminckii Cabak Melayu (I) Field notes. – Observed in 2010.

Savanna Nightjar Caprimulgus affinis Cabak kota (I); §Cicém cabaq (A) Field notes. – Up to fifteen birds during a single night flying from and above the main roads through the Lamie area in 2008-2013; present in 2015.

Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus Cabak kelabu (I) Field notes. – Single bird in November 2010.

Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus Cabak maling (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Heard in November 2010 and one recorded near the sawit plot in November 2013.

Edible-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus fuciphagus

Walet sarang-putih (I); Cicém sarang, Cicém ujeuen (A) Field notes. – In Lamie village and surroundings swiftlet houses have been, and are being built, boosting the local population of these commercially important birds. Above the forest most of the swiftlets seen belong to this species.

[Himalayan Swiftlet Aerodramus brevirostris Walet Himalaya (I); Cicém ujeuen (A) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen with any certainty during the present survey.

[Black-nest Swiftlet Aerodramus maximus Walet sarang-hitam (I); Cicém ujeuen (A) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen with any certainty during the present survey.

Grey-rumped Tree-swift Hemiprocne longipennis Tepekong jambul (I) Field notes. – Apparently uncommon in the Lamie area, also seen in Naga Raya behind the police office. Not seen in 2012, but single birds on 3 occasions in 2013, and in 2015.

Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting Raja-udang meninting (I) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen during subsequent surveys.

Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx erithacus Udang api (I) Field notes. –Heard in the forest plot on 7 and 8 November 2010, once in 2011 and several times in 2015.

Stork-billed Kingfisher Pelargopsis capensis Pekaka emas (I); Cakue, Raja udeueng, *Cicém udeueng (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, and on 2 occasions in 2013.

White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Cekakak belukar (I); Kèkè (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Noisily present throughout the area in small numbers.

Collared Kingfisher Halcyon chloris Cekakak sungai (I); Cakeuek, Kèkè, °Sikikir (A) Field notes. – Not seen in the Lamie plots, but not uncommon elsewhere, for instance in Gagak village adjacent to our general study area.

Blue-throated Bee-eater Merops viridis Kirik-kirik biru (I) Field notes. – Observed in 2010, and 2012; few seen in November 2013.

Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis Tiong-lampu biasa (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings.

Field notes. – Singles and pairs seen outside the plots in the Lamie area, in the forest plot in 2012; here several quarrelling in November 2013; single birds at the belukar and sawit plots in March 2015.

Rhinoceros Hornbill Buceros rhinoceros Rangkong badak (I); Cicém kuangkhang, Eunggang, Ngangngok, Nggang, Phitiraino (A) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened. Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, and 2012; single bird heard calling south of the forest plot in November 2013.

Wrinkled Hornbill Rhyticeros corrugatus Julang jambul-hitam (I); Eunggang, Ngangngok, Nggang (A) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Field notes. – Two birds in the belukar plot in 2010.

Bushy-crested Hornbill Anorrhinus galeritus Enggang klihingan (I); Kèngkèng itam (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field note. - Heard and seen in 2011 and 2012 in the area adjacent to the Lamie plots; group of three entering the forest plot on 27 November 2013.

Blue-eared Barbet Megalaima australis Takur tenggeret (I) Field note. – Heard in 2008, but thereafter.

Gold-whiskered Barbet Megalaima chrysopogon Takur gedang (I); Cicém tagut-tagut, Cicém taju, Tugun-tugun (A) Field notes. – Single birds heard from the surroundings of the Lamie plot on several occasions in 2008, 2010 and 2013.

Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala Takur ungkut-ungkut (I) Field notes. – Heard in the south-western corner of the general area in 2011, and 2015.

Rufous Piculet Sasia abnormis Tukik tikus (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Its “teek” call was heard in the belukar plot on 10 November 2010, and was audiorecorded on 28 November 2013.

Crimson-winged Woodpecker Picus puniceus Pelatuk sayap-merah (I); Thothok barago, Toktok bragoe (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Seen and heard on various occasions in 2008-2015 in the forest plot and surrounding trees.

Rufous woodpecker Micropternus brachyurus Pelatuk kijang (I); Thothok barago, Toktok bragoe (A)

Field notes. – Heard from the wooded parts in the area in 2010-2013; observed only once in 2013 and 2015.

Common Goldenback Dinopium javanense Pelatuk besi (I); Thothok barago, Toktok bragoe (A) Field notes. – Observed in 2010 outside the Lamie plots; and single birds in 2011 and 2012.

Buff-necked Woodpecker Meiglyptes tukki Caladi batu (I) Field notes. – Its call heard only once in 2012, but needs confirmation.

Brown-capped Woodpecker Dendrocopus moluccensis Caladi tilik (I); Thothok barago, Toktok bragoe (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Single birds in the sawit lot in November 2013. NB A previously reported tentative observation of the Grey-capped Woodpecker Dendrocopos canicapillus in the belukar plot on 9 November 2010, is attributed to this species.

Black-and-red Broadbill Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus Sempurhujan sungai (I) Material. – Tape recordings. Field notes. – Single birds calling and Audiorecorded in 2010 and 2011 in the forest plot.

Blue-winged Pitta Pitta moluccensis Paok hujan (I). Materials. – Photos. Field notes. – At least three heard in 2008, photographed in 2010, and again a single roosting bird photographed (Plate 6) in November 2013 in the forest plot by M. Kamsi; at least three heard calling and audiorecorded in the forest plot in March 2015.

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Layang-layang api (I); Cicém ujeuen-ujeuen (A) Field notes. – Fairly common in October and November, none seen in April 2011, but not uncommon again in November 2012 and 2013, and March 2015.

Pacific Swallow Hirundo tahitica Layang-kayang batu (I); Cicém ujeuen-ujeuen (A) Field notes. – Not uncommonly seen in small numbers and usually outnumbered by the preceding species.

Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Kicuit batu (I); Keudidi (A) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, but not seen thereafter.

Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Kicuit kerbau (I) Material. – Tape recordings. Field notes. – Single bird in Lamie on 11 November 2010.

Common Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae Apung tanah (I) Field notes. – One or two birds in open area near the plots in 2010 and 2012; not seen in 2013, single bird in 2015.

Forest Wagtail Dendronanthus indicus Kicuit hutan (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings Field notes. – Single birds were regularly seen flying over the plots but not seen on the ground in 2008 and 2010: only once or twice heard in 2012 and 2013, flying over at great height.

Pied Triller Lalage nigra Kapasan kemiri (I) Materials. – Tape recording of its song. Field notes. – Only few birds heard and seen.

Black-winged Hemipus Hemipus hirundinaceus Jingjing batu (I) Field notes. – Uncommon, only few records; not heard of seen in 2012-2015.

Black-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus atriceps Cucak kuricang (I) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, and 2011 near forest plot; only briefly heard in the forest plot in November 2013; single pair on passage in the belukar plot in March 2013.

Puff-backed Bulbul Pycnonotus eutilotus Merbah rumbai-tungging (I); B(e)ur(e)ujuek (A) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Field notes. – Recorded in 2008 and 2011 in forest plot, not thereafter.

Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus goiavier Merbah cerukcuk (I); Babakué, Briju, Brujuek breueh, Cerjok (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Common to abundant in most of the area; large numbers (100s) flying to an unknown roost in the southern part of the Lamie area in 2010 and 2011; apparently less common in 2012 and 2015 with no large flocks. A large roost in reed vegetation in the southern part of the Lamie area near Balam village.

Cream-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus simplex Merbah corok-corok (I); B(e)ur(e)ujuek (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings, photo (Plate 7). Field notes. – Formerly rather common and seen in the forest and belukar plots; only single bird seen in 2015.

Red-eyed Bulbul Pycnonotus brunneus Merbah mata-merah (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – New to Lamie, several seen in November 2013 in the forest plot. Olive-winged Bulbul Pycnonotus plumosus

Merbah belukar (I); B(e)ur(e)ujuek (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Up to four seen in the forest and belukar plots. The local race has pale eyes, unlike the dark eyes of races elsewhere; not seen in 2012, only single one in 2013.

Buff-vented Bulbul Iole (Hypsipetes) olivacea (charlottae) Brinji mata-putih (I) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened. Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Only one heard on 8 Nov 2010 in the forest plot.

Common Iora Aegithina tiphia Cipoh kacat (I); §Cicèm cinco (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Not uncommon throughout.

Green Iora Aegithina viridissima Cipoh jantung (I) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Field notes. – Up to five birds in a mixed species flock on 8 November 2010 in the edge of the forest plot, also seen once or twice single birds in the belukar plot in 2011; two seen in 2015 in the forest plot.

Lesser Green Leafbird Chloropsis cyanopogon Cica-daun kecil (I) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened. Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – A pair seen on 8 November 2010 in the forest plot: several males heard, seen and recorded in November 2012; single active male in and near the forest plot in November 2013.

Tiger Shrike Lanius tigrinus Bentet loreng (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. –Northern migrant, much less common than Brown Shrike, and found only twice in 2008 and 2015 in the more wooded parts of the area; not seen thereafter with certainty.

Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Bentet coklat (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Northern migrant, common and conspicuous in open areas surrounding the forested parts of Lamie plots in 2008 and 2010; only 2 birds in April 2011, and only once or twice a single bird in 2012 and 2013; three in 2015.

Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis Kucica kampung (I); Cémpala paki, Cémpala putih, Ciciek, Ciciyé, *Cicém biasa (A) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Field notes. – Few birds heard and seen, also near Alue Bilie, in 2008-11; apparently more widespread and common in 2015, a total of 6 sightings.

Black-capped Babbler Pellorneum capistratum Pelanduk topi-hitam (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Heard once or twice on each survey in 2010-2013 in the forest plot.

Sumatran (Buettikofer’s) Babbler Pellorneum buettikoferi Pelanduk Buttikofer (I) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Few records but rather widespread in dense undergrowth, also outside the forest plot.

Abbott’s Babbler Trichastoma abbotti Pelanduk Asia (I) Field notes. – Single bird heard on 9 and10 Oct 2010 in the forest plot, and forest fragment adjacent to the sawit plot; also in 2011, and 2015.

Short-tailed Babbler Trichastoma malaccense Pelanduk ekor-pendek (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings, photo (Plate 9). Field notes. – Up to three in the forest plot, also heard in the belukar plot and forest patch adjacent to the sawit plot; one or two in 2013 in the forest plot, single bird in 2015.

Sooty-capped Babbler Malacopteron affine Asi topi-jelaga (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Heard only on 11 November 2010 from the forest plot.

Chestnut-winged Babbler Stachyris erythroptera Tepus merbah-sampah (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Fairly common in the wooded parts; only twice observed in 2013, once a single pair in the forest plot in 2015.

Black-throated Babbler Stachyris nigricollis Tepus kaban (I) Material. – Tape recordings. Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Field notes. – Heard in 2010 in the belukar plot, and again in 2012 in the forest plot, but not observed in 2013, single record in 2015 in the forest plot.

Striped Tit-babbler Macronous gularis Ciung-air coreng (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Abundant throughout in 2008-15, though less commonly head in 2011-12.

Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler Macronous ptilosus Ciung-air pongpong (I)

Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Fairly common in the more closed woodlands and forested parts in 2010-2012; heard only in and around the forest plot in 2013 and 2015.

Lanceolated Warbler Locustella lanceolata Kecici lurik (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings, photo (Plate 8). Field notes. – Observed in 2008; audiorecorded and photographed in 2013, and 2015.

Pallas's Warbler Locustella certhiola Kecici belalang (I) Field notes. – Many times heard, especially in the wetter grassy parts in the area; almost none in April 2011, and 2015, but not uncommon in November 2012 and 2013.

Zitting Cisticola Cisticola juncidis Cica padi (I) Field notes. – Single birds seen in the October 2008 and November 2010 and 2013; in April 2011 and 2015 this warbler was more common and widespread, none in November 2012. Apparently this warbler is only common seasonally in the area.

Bar-winged Prinia Prinia familiaris Perenjak Jawa (I) Field notes. – Not uncommon in the Lamie area, but appeared to have decreased in numbers; single record I the plots in 2015,but common elsewhere.

Yellow-bellied Prinia Prinia flaviventris Perenjak rawa (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Common throughout the area, espcially the wetter parts. Hill Prinia Prinia atrogularis Perenjak gunung (I); Cicém pako (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Mostly found in the open parts of the plots and their peripheries.

Dark-necked Tailorbird Orthotomus atrogularis Cinenen belukar (I); Cicém fubam (A) Field notes. – No uncommon in the forest and belukar plots in 2010, but scarce or absent in the other years.

Ashy Tailorbird Orthotomus ruficeps Cinenen kelabu (I); Cicém fubam (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Common throughout the study area.

Rufous-tailed Tailorbird Orthotomus sericeus Cinenen merah (I) Field notes. – Heard once in the belukar plot in 2010.

Mangrove Blue Flycatcher Cyornis rufigastra Sikatan bakau (I) Field notes. – Recorded in disturbed woodlands in the southern part of the Lamie area in 2011 and 2012; not observed in 2013; in 2015 single bird audio-recorded in the oil palms west of the sawit plot.

Yellow-rumped flycatcher Ficedula zanthopygia Sikatan emas (I) Field notes. – Northern migrant, single birds in 2008 and 2010.

Black-naped Monarch Hypothymis azurea Kehicap ranting (I) Field notes. – Only once on 9 November 2010, and twice in April 2011, in the forest plot.

Pied Fantail Rhipidura javanica Kipasan belang (I); Cémpala èbam (A) Field notes. – Heard only few times in the Lamie plots or adjacent area; only single bird in 2013, but none in the plots in 2015, though not uncommon elsewhere.

Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker Prionochilus percussus Pentis pelangi (I) Field notes. – Quite common throughout the Lamie plot area in 2008 and 2010, but far less commonly seen in 2011, and none in 2012, and onl possible record in 2013.

Yellow-breasted woodpecker Prionochilus maculatus Pentis raja (I) Field notes. – Single bird on 8 November 2011 in the forest plot.

Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeum trigonostigma Cabe bunga-api (I); Cicém murung (A) Field notes. – Surprisingly rare in the area, and heard only once 2011, one in 2012, and twice heard in 2013.

Yellow-vented Flowerpecker Dicaeum chrysorrheum Cabe rimba (I); Cicém murung (A) Field notes. – Heard in 2008-10, but not seen well in November 2013.

Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker Dicaeum cruentatum Cabe merah (I); Cicém seumalu, Cicém murung (A) Field notes. – Not uncommon in the Lamie area, most common flowerpecker.

Brown-throated Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis Burung-madu kelapa (I); Cicém jantung (A) Field notes. – Only seen in village areas.

Ruby-cheeked Sunbird Anthreptes singalensis Burung-madu belukar (I); Cicém jantung (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings.

Field notes. – Not uncommon in the Lamie plot, few times seen in November 2013, not seen in the plots in 2015, but a few in the sout-western part of the general area.

Red-throated Sunbird Anthreptes rhodolaema Burung-madu leher-merah (I); Cicém jantung (A) Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Heard once or twice in the Lamie area in 2010, one in November 2012, 2013 and 2015 in the forest plot.

Purple-throated Sunbird Nectarinia sperata Burung-madu penganten (I); Cicém jantung (A) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, and 2015, but not seen during the other surveys.

Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra Pijantung kecil (I); Cicém murung (A) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, and 2011 in the forest plot, and possibly in 2013, again in 2015.

Grey-breasted Spiderhunter Arachnothera affinis Pijantung gunung (I) Field notes. – Single bird possibly heard in Lamie plot in 2010.

Spectacled Spiderhunter Arachnothera flavigaster Pijantung tasmak (I) Field notes. – Recorded in 2008, and possibly a single bird in 2011 in the general area.

White-rumped Munia Lonchura striata Bondol tunggir-putih (I); Tulo é, Tulo é asèe, Tulo, Tulo beungga, Tulu (A) Field notes. – Scarce, only seen in 2012.

Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata Bondol peking (I); Tulo breueh, Tulo beungga, Tulo, Tulu (A) Field notes. – Seen once or twice in pairs or singletons in 2013 and 2015; more commonly seen in previous years.

White-headed Munia Lonchura maja Bondol haji (I); Tulo puteh ulèe, Tulo beungga, Tulo, Tulu (A) Field notes. – Seen in small and larger groups of up to 20-25 adult and immature birds in open grassy area in 2015, but apparently not as abundant on the plots as some previous years.

Chestnut Munia Lonchura malacca (atricapilla) Bondol rawa (I) Field notes. – Seen by TS in November 2010.

Baya Weaver Ploceus philippinus Manyar tempua (I); Miriek (A) Field notes. – Always a few present and flying over, in non-breeding plumage in October-

November, abundantly nesting in April, roost in the reed swamps in the southern part in November 2013; absent from the survey area, possibly because of breeding in the neighbouring areas.

Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus Burung gereja (I) Field notes. – Not uncommon in Kampung Gagak in 2015.

Mangrove Whistler Pachycephala grisola Kancilan bakau (I) Materials. – Audiorecording Field notes – Single bird in the south-western part of the general area.

Asian Glossy Starling Aplonis panayensis Perling kumbang (I); Cicém peureuléng, Rampunêng (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Flocks were seen flying to and from their roosts outside the Lamie area, only sporadically seen perched in the area.

Purple-backed Starling Sturnus sturninus Jalak Cina (I) Field notes. – Several flocks of a dozen to more than 50 birds, in 2008, 2011- 2013, sometimes mixed with glossy starlings.

White-vented Myna Acridotheres javanicus Kerak kerbau (I); Cicém keubeue (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Seen on few occasions in 2008-2011; a roost of at least a dozen birds was present in the southern part of the Lamie area in April 2011; hundreds flying to their nocturnal roosts to the southwest of the Lamie area in November 2013; none in 2015.

Hill Myna Gracula religiosa Tiong emas (I); Tióng, Tiung (A) Field notes. – Pair on 7 November 2010 in forest patch near sawit plot; possibly heard in November 2013 near the belukar plot.

Crow-billed Drongo Dicrurus annectans Srigunting gagak (I); Cicém pampí (A) Field notes. – Single birds seen in the forest fragment near the sawit plot; not recorded with certainty in 2013; recorded again in 2015.

Bronzed drongo Dicrurus aeneus Srigunting keladi (I) Field notes. – Single birds in 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2015 in the forest plot; not recorded with certainty in 2013 and 2015.

Greater Racquet-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus Srigunting batu (I); Cicém pampí, Cicém ranting, Cicém puréh, §Ranuq gapu (A) Materials. – Audiorecordings.

Field notes. – Not uncommon, and heard or seen on most days. Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis Kepodang kuduk-hitam (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Field notes. – Single birds in the peripheries of the general area in 2013 and 2015.

Black Magpie Platysmurus leucopterus Tangkar kambing (I) Materials. – Audiorecordings. Global Conservation Status. – Near-threatened Field notes. –First recorded in 2008, and small group in 2013.

Slender-billed Crow Corvus enca Gagak hutan (I); Ak-ak (A) Field notes. – First recorded in 2008, but not seen thereafter in the Lamie plots.

7 – APPENDIX 2

Annotated list of birds found in the Lamie RSPO Pilot Study Plot, 2008-2014. IUCN Conservation status: vu, vulnerable; nt, near-threatened (BirdLife International 2001) Protected Status: Indonesian Law (IL; see Noerdjito & Maryanto 2001), CITES Appendix I or II (Ci; see Soehartono & Mardiastuti 2002). Endemic Status: Restricted Range Species (RRS), Endemic to Sumatra (E). Habitat Preferences: 1, primary and old secondary forest; 2, forest gaps and forest edge; 3, open woodlands and cultivated areas. Abundance Changes: >, increased; <, decreased; = more less stable; N, new to the area; o, vanished; m, migrant, present seasonally; ?, unknown.

Lamie-roadcounts 2014 Lamie-roadcounts 2013 Lamie-roadcounts

Lamie-roadcount 2012 Lamie-roadcount 2011 Lamie-roadcount 2010 Lamie-roadcount

Lamie-roadcount 2008 Lamie-roadcount

Lamie transect 2008 transect Lamie

Lamie plots 2014 plots Lamie 2013 plots Lamie 2012 plots Lamie 2011 plots Lamie 2010 plots Lamie

Abundance Changes Abundance

Habitat Preference Habitat

Oil Palm (Sawit) Palm Oil

protected status protected

Shrub (Belukar) Shrub

Forest (Hutan) Forest

IUCN status IUCN

P C [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] H AC Ardea purpurea Purple Heron p 1 [1] 1 [2] 1 2 [1] 3 = Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret x 3 ? Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser Adjutant vu 1 1 N Spilornis cheela Crested Serpent-eagle p 1 1 1 2 2 = Elanus caeruleus Black-shouldered Kite 1 [2] 10 1 1 1 3 = Accipiter badius Shikra [?] 1 3 ? Accipiter gularis Japanese Sparrowhawk 1 3 m Accipiter trivirgatus Crested Goshawk p 2 1 1 o Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle p [1] 2 2 ? Microhierax fringillarius Black-thighed Falconet p 3 1 2 < Coturnix chinensis Blue-breasted Quail p 1 1 7 19 17 21 10 24 22 20 15 3 12 3 < Turnix suscitator Barred Buttonquail 3 1 3 ? Gallus gallus Red Junglefowl 1 4 1 6 5 4 11 9 4 1 1 1 8 2 = Rallina fasciata Red-legged Crake 1 1 2 N Rallina eurizonoides Slaty-legged Crake [1] 3 m Gallirallus striatus Slaty-breasted Rail 1 4 2 3 = Porzana fusca Ruddy-breasted Crake 1 3 2 2 1 3 < Amaurornis phoenicurus White-breasted Waterhen 1 3 1 5 8 [1] 14 3 5 3 2 3 3 > Gallinago stenura Pin-tailed Snipe 8 2 5 3 m Treron capellei Large Green Pigeon vu 2 1 o Treron vernans Pink-necked Green Pigeon 5 3 2 10 9 32 13 18 3 7 24 21 31 6 44 2 = Treron curvirostra Thick-billed Green Pigeon 3 2 1 1 o Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Dove 5 9 14 37 7 16 11 20 12 2 6 9 10 3 > Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove 3 2 5 1 1 4 3 1 4 8 1 8 3 1 = Geopelia striata Zebra Dove 5 3 8 17 1 9 2 11 7 21 7 11 3 9 3 = Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Hanging-parrot [1] 2 2 2 3 1 < Psittinus cyanurus Blue-rumped Parrot nt [2] [1] [3] 1 6 [4] 1 1 1 6 2 2 1 = Clamator coromandus Chestnut-winged cuckoo 1 2 m Cuculus saturatus Oriental Cuckoo 1 2 m P C [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] H AC Cacomantis micropterus Indian Cuckoo 1 1 m Cacomantis sonneratii Banded Bay Cuckoo 3 2 1 1 2 = Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive Cuckoo 1 1 2 [1] 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 6 2 = Cacomantis sepulcralis Rusty-breasted Cuckoo [1] 1 1 3 3 3 1 4 2 = Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal 1 2 3 10 1 2 1 3 6 1 4 4 12 3 = Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal 2 4 1 7 11 5 6 12 14 2 11 1 2 5 3 = Phaenicophaeus curvirostris Chestnut-breasted Malkoha 2 2 3 1 1 o Phaenicophaeus diardi Black-bellied Malkoha nt 2 3 2 1 1 o Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus Raffles's Malkoha 1 2 1 1 o Tyto alba Western Barn Owl [1] 3 ? Phodilus badius Oriental Bay Owl [1] 1 ? Otus lempiji Collared Scopsowl 1 1 1 [1] 2 = Bubo sumatranus Barred Eagle Owl 1 1 o Ninox scutulata Brown Hawk-Owl 1 4 1 1 2 < Otus rufescens Rufescent Scopsowl [1] [1] [1] 1 = Eurostopodus temminckii Malaysian Eared Nightjar [1] 1 2 o Caprimulgus affinis Savanna Nightjar 1 1 3 32 6 3 3 3 [7] 2 3 = Caprimulgus indicus Grey Nightjar [1] 3 m Caprimulgus macrurus Large-tailed Nightjar 4 1 1 [2] 2 < Aerodramus fuciphagus Edible-nest Swiftlet 11 12 23 6 [51] 50 3 4 28 57 45 8 7 3 = Aerodramus brevirostris Himalayan Swiftlet 2 3 m Aerodramus maximus Black-nest Swiftlet 1 6 3 ? Aerodramus spec swiftlet [25] 26 15 1 8 3 ? Hemiprocne longipennis Grey-rumped Tree-swift 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 = Alcedo meninting Blue-eared Kingfisher p 1 2 o Ceyx erithacus Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher p 2 2 1 2 1 = Pelargopsis capensis Stork-billed Kingfisher p 1 2 1 2 < Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher p 2 1 3 12 5 11 8 8 5 4 12 11 3 = Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher p 2 [1] 3 3 ? Merops viridis Blue-throated Bee-eater p 3 2 1 2 3 < Eurystomus orientalis Common Dollarbird 1 1 2 1 3 5 4 1 [2] 3 2 = Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros Hornbill p nt [1] 3 1 1 o Rhyticeros undulatus Wreathed Hornbill p 2 1 o Rhyticeros corrugatus Wrinkled Hornbill p nt [2] 1 1 o Annorrhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Hornbill 3 5 [1] 1 < Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith Barbet 1 [1] 2 ? P C [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] H AC 50

Megalaima chrysopogon Gold-whiskered Barbet [1] 1 1 3 4 1 < Sasia abnormis Rufous Piculet 1 1 [1] 1 < Micropternus brachyurus Rufous Woodpecker 1 1 1 [1] 2 4 1 1 1 = Picus puniceus Crimson-winged Woodpecker 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 2 1 10 8 1 = Blythipicus rubiginosus Maroon Woodpecker 2 1 o Dinopium javanense Common Goldenback 3 1 [1] 3 2 o Meiglyptes tukki Buff-necked Woodpecker 1 1 o Dendrocopos moluccensis Brown-capped woodpecker 2 1 2 1 2 < Cymbirhynchus macrorhynchus Black-and-red Broadbill 1 2 o Pitta moluccensis Blue-winged Pitta 6 6 [1] 1 1 3 1 m Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow 2 [2] 3 5 13 1 9 4 31 3 m Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow 1 1 1 [1] 1 2 5 2 4 1 3 = Motacilla cinerea Grey Wagtail 1 1 3 m Motacilla flava Yellow Wagtail [1] 3 m Dendronanthus indicus Forest Wagtail [2] [1] [3] [3] 1 9 2 m Anthus novaeseelandiae New Zealand Pipit 1 2 3 3 = Lalage nigra Pied Triller 1 1 3 3 2 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 2 = Hemipus hirundinaceus Black-winged Hemipus 1 1 7 1 6 1 o Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet Minivet ?1 1 ? Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed Bulbul 2 2 2 6 1 2 = Pycnonotus eutilotus Puff-backed Bulbul nt 1 2 2 1 o Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented Bulbul 35 25 17 77 124 98 80 77 38 61 106 69 57 45 98 3 = Pycnonotus simplex Cream-vented Bulbul 1 1 6 8 18 3 17 5 6 2 < Pycnonotus plumosus Olive-winged Bulbul 2 2 1 4 6 12 7 12 2 < Pycnonotus brunneus Red-eyed Bulbul 5 1 ? Iole olivacea Buff-vented Bulbul nt 1 1 1 o Aegithina tiphia Common Iora 1 4 4 9 10 2 6 6 5 6 12 7 2 6 2 3 = Aegithina viridissima Green Iora nt 2 2 7 2 8 1 4 1 < Chloropsis cyanopogon Lesser Green Leafbird nt 4 2 9 2 4 1 < Lanius tigrinus Tiger Shrike 1 1 ?1 2 2 m Lanius cristatus Brown Shrike 3 2 3 5 2 3 4 9 16 3 m Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie-robin 2 2 4 [1] 1 1 3 3 > Pellorneum capistratum Black-capped Babbler [1] 1 4 1 3 3 1 < Pellorneum buettikoferi Sumatran Babbler nt 2 2 3 7 6 6 1 3 1 4 2 6 1 4 3 1 = Trichastoma abbotti Abbott's Babbler 1 1 3 1 2 < Trichastoma malaccense Short-tailed Babbler 4 4 1 2 2 1 10 7 4 1 < P C [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] H AC Malacopteron affine Sooty-capped Babbler 1 2 1 < Stachyris erythroptera Chestnut-winged Babbler 2 2 4 3 5 9 13 8 1 < Stachyris nigricollis Black-throated Babbler nt 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 < Macronous gularis Striped Tit-babbler 9 4 6 18 14 21 8 8 7 7 10 23 2 14 23 3 = Macronous ptilosus Fluffy-backed Tit-babbler 3 3 6 2 5 9 1 9 5 14 12 2 = Locustella lanceolata Lanceolated Warbler 1 1 5 2 8 3 = Locustella certhiola Pallas's Warbler 1 10 4 9 7 3 3 20 11 3 8 3 = Cisticola juncidis Zitting Cisticola 5 7 5 11 [1] 1 3 = Prinia familiaris Bar-winged Prinia 1 1 20 14 2 3 20 10 13 16 5 9 3 < Prinia flaviventris Yellow-bellied Prinia 7 2 9 14 12 12 15 9 17 13 26 14 9 17 3 = Prinia atrogularis Hill Prinia 4 2 2 8 11 28 8 11 17 1 10 12 10 11 3 = Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Tailorbird 2 2 12 2 2 1 < Orthotomus ruficeps Ashy Tailorbird 4 6 5 15 19 22 22 21 6 9 10 9 10 12 13 3 = Orthotomus sericeus Rufous-tailed Tailorbird 1 2 o Cyornis rufigastra Mangrove Blue Flycatcher 1 [1] 2 2 ? Ficedula zanthopygia Yellow-rumped flycatcher 4 1 2 2 m Hypothymis azurea Black-naped Monarch 2 1 1 1 1 o Rhipidura javanica Pied Fantail p 6 1 1 3 2 3 3 = Prionochilus percussus Crimson-breasted Flowerpecker 1 1 6 1 6 7 1 o Prionochilus maculatus Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker 1 1 o Dicaeum trigonostigma Orange-bellied Flowerpecker 2 1 ?1 1 2 ? Dicaeum chrysorrheum Yellow-vented Flowerpecker ? ?1 1 1 1 ? Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 7 1 5 5 3 = Anthreptes malacensis Brown-throated Sunbird p 2 1 3 ? Anthreptes singalensis Ruby-cheeked Sunbird p 3 3 1 6 1 2 5 1 = Anthreptes rhodolaema Red-throated Sunbird p nt 1 1 1 2 1 3 3 1 = Nectarinia sperata Purple-throated Sunbird p 1 2 2 = Aethopyga siparaja Crimson Sunbird 2 1 2 o Arachnothera longirostra Little Spiderhunter p 1 1 [1] ?1 1 1 3 2 = Arachnothera affinis Grey-breasted Spiderhunter p ?1 1 o Arachnothera flavigaster Spectacled Spiderhunter p 1 1 1 o Lonchura striata White-rumped Munia 5 3 3 ? Lonchura punctulata Scaly-breasted Munia 1 4 6 7 8 8 1 17 3 ? Lonchura maja White-headed Munia 1 1 26 19 60 136 293 38 42 27 89 14 57 3 < Lonchura malacca Black-headed Munia [1] 3 ? Ploceus philippinus Baya Weaver 16 9 14 25 7 35 4 16 3 ? P C [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] H AC

Passer montanus Tree Sparrow 6 3 N Pachycephala grisola Mangrove Whistler 1 2 N Aplonis panayensis strigatus Asian Glossy Starling [10s] 10 5 81 3 < Aplonis panayensis albiris Asian Glossy Starling [100s] 3 m Sturnus sturninus Purple-backed Starling [100s] 12 7 3 m Acridotheres javanicus White-vented Myna 3 [100s] 11 1 8 42 2 5 4 3 < Gracula religiosa Hill Myna p ?2 [2] 1 4 1 o Dicrurus annectans Crow-billed Drongo 2 ? 2 1 ?2 1 1 2 m Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed Drongo 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 = Dicrurus paradiseus Greater Racquet-tailed Drongo 7 1 2 2 2 9 4 4 1 = Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole 1 1 3 = Platysmurus leucopterus Black Magpie nt 4 8 1 ? Corvus enca Slender-billed Crow 2 2 o N spp 26 17 36 51 56 47 51 51 39 50 57 74 50 63 91 N ind 110 75 96 280 450 373 493 508 550 329 500 537 460 302 747

8 – APPENDIX 3

Young recently productive oil palm trees.

A poisonous boiga snake (top). An Asian common toad (bottom).

A plantain squirrel (top). A palm civet (bottom).

A greater racket-tailed drongo (top). Blue-winged pitta (bottom).

Various moth species.