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Species Composition and Abundance of Rotifers in Different Environments of the Floodplain of the Upper Parana River, Brazil

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Species Composition and Abundance of Rotifers in Different Environments of the Floodplain of the Upper Parana River, Brazil SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE OF ROTIFERS IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS OF THE FLOODPLAIN OF THE UPPER PARANA RIVER, BRAZIL Aparecida Paula Perez Garcia 1 Fabio Amodeo Lansac-T6ha 1 Claudia Costa Bonecker 1 A BSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to describe the composition and abundan­ ce of rotifers in different env ironments: one lotic (the Ivinheima River) and another lenti c (the Patos Lake) located in the floo dpl ain of the Upper Parana River. The influence of lim no logical variables on the structure and dynamics ofrotifers was also examined. Samples were taken monthl y li·om March 1992 through FebrualY 1993, in the open water region of the lake and river and in the channel between them and, in the littoral region of the lake and river. Of the 96 species identified, the best represented fami lies were: Brachionidae (20 species), Lecanidae ( 18 species), and Trichocercidae (15 species). 55 species were widely di stributed, 13 were pantropical, 16 neotrop ical (8 endemic to South America). Trichocerca gracilis was a new record for this fl oodpl ain. Dipleuchlanis propalula propalllla, Lecane cllrvicornis, L. leonlina, L. bulla, Plalionlls patuilis patuills, Platyias quadricornis quadricorllis, Testudinella pOlino, and T 1I111cronata hauriellsis wcre consistently present. More species were recorded during the hi gh water period, probably because of the interconnecti on among the di fferent environments of the fl oodplain that allows fauna exchange and an increase in ava il ab le hab itats. Rotifer densities wcre hi gher mainly in the lake, during the high water. Us ing principal components analys is, was identitied four variables that influ­ ence the seasonal vari ation in the rotifcr densities: water level, dissolved oxygen, chl orophyll-a concentration, and water temperature. KEY WORDS. Rotifera, Parana River, floodplain , neotropics On a floodplain, the seasonal varIatIon in the hydrolog ical conditions, characterized by the occurrence of hi g h water a nd low water periods, is a funda­ m e ntal ecolog ica l factor. W a ter leve l variations cause changes in the abiotic and biotic features of the whole system and regu la te the exchange of m a tter a nd energy be tvveen the main river and the adjacent cnvironments (JUNK et af. 1989). The P a ra na River has areas of tloodplain in some of its stretches; in this e nvironment and others, the zooplankton community varies in its composition and abundance in relation to changes in phys ical, chemical, and biological charac­ teristics (V ASQUEZ I 984a,b; ROBERTSON & HARDY 1984; PAGGl & JOSE DE P AGGI 1990; LA NSAC-T o HA et af. 1997). Among the zooplankton, the rotifers are notably most the abundant and diverse. This community richness, a llied to their high turnover, indicates the ecological importance of rotifers in energy flow and nutrient cycling (ALLAN 1976). 1) Curso de P6s-gradua9ao em Ambientes Aquaticos Continentais, Departamento de Biologia, Nupelia, Universidade Estadual de Maringa. Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringa, Parana, Brasil. Revta bras. Zool. 15 (2): 327 - 343,1 998 328 GARCIA et al. The aim ofthis paper is to describe the composition and abundance ofrotifers in a lotic environment (lvinheima River) and a lentic environment (Patos Lake), located in the floodplain of the Upper Parana River, Mato Grosso do Sui State, as well as to identity the influence of physical, chemical, and biological variables on the rotifer community structure and dynamics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Study area The Ivinheima River (22°49'33"S and 53°33'46"W) has a meandering pattern and turbulent waters. Its margins are covered by grasses (Polygonon sp.) and, in part, occupied by aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia azurea Kunth). The Ivinheima communicates with the Parana River by a channel (Fig. I). The Patos lake (22°43' 12"S and 53°)7'3 7"W) is located on the right bank of the Parana River and on the left bank of the Ivinheima River, communicating with the latter throughout the year by a channel. This channel contains large beds of aquatic macrophytes along its length and its bank is dominated by grasses. The flow direction and water speed in the channel vary according to the flood stage of the river. The irregular shore at the lake is covered by grasses and small beds of aquatic macrophytes, predominantly E. azurea (Fig. 1). Sampling stations For this study, was established five sampling stations (F ig. I): two in the lake (Stations 1 - open water region and 2 -littoral region), one in the channel between the river and the lake (Station 3 - open water), and two in the river (Stations 4 - littoral region and 5 - open water region). Physical, chemical, and biological variables We collected monthly samples for physical, chemical, and biological varia­ bles, always during the morning, from March 1992 to FebrualY 1993, at all stations. At stations 1 and 3 were collected the samples at three depths of the water column (surface, middle, and bottom), at station 5, at two depths (surface and bottom), and at stations 2 and 4, only on the surface. Water level data for the Parana River were supplied by DNAEE (National Department of Water and Energy). Analyses of the abiotic and biotic variables: water temperature (0C), water column transparency (m), dissolved oxygen (mg/I), pH, electrical conductivity (flS/cm), and chlorophyll-a concentration (mg/I) were conducted according to the methodology described by THOMAZ et at. (1992). Rotifers We obtained the rotifer samples with a motori zed pump filtering 1000 liters of water for each sample through a 70 flm mesh plankton net. Rotifers (ind/m3) were quantified by counting sub-samples in a Sedgwick­ Rafter cell; at least 200 individuals of each sample were counted. Identification was based on KOSTE (1978), KOSTE & ROBERTSON (1983) and SEGERS (1995). Revta bras. Zool. 15 (2): 327 - 343,1998 Species composition and abdance of rotifers in different environments... 329 23°00'-t'+-----"---t------+-------23°00' .. Sampling Sf ot iorlS ~ -+- Oirect ion of Wot er Curren' Fig . 1. Sampling stations. Constancy Index and Geographical Distribution A Constancy Index ( C) for each species recorded at the five sampl ing stations, was determined by the expression c = (n x 100)1N , where "n" is the number of samples containing the species and "N" is the total number of samples co ll ected (DAJOZ 1973). According to the results of this index, the species were considered constant when they occurred in more than 50% of the samples; accessory, when recorded in 25%-50% of the samples, and accidental when present in less than 25% of the samples. From the data on geograph ic distribution for each species (KOSTE 1978; JosE DE PAGGI 1990; BONECKER et at. 1994), the species were classified as having a widespread distribution, as pantropical, neotropical, or neotropical and endemic to South America. Principal components analysis (PCA) To evaluate the influence of the temporal and spatial vanatlOn of the environmental factors on the total densities of the rotifers and the principal species, were conducted a multivariate analysis of the data. PCA examines the interdepen­ dence among the variables and , from the data, discovers models that allow us to form ul ate hypothesis as a function of the estimated variables (PLA 1986). Revta bras. Zool. 15 (2): 327 - 343, 1998 330 GARCIA et al. From this analysis was derived a data matrix with all the linmological variables (Tabs r, II). The data, except for pH, were log transformed [Log (x+ 1)], and standardized since were dealing with variables with distinct units of measure­ ment. PCA was performed using Statislica software (STATSOFT 1991). To interpret the analysis was considered the axis that explained in total 50% or more of the variability of the data. Only those variables with structure coefficients = 0.5 were considered. Table I. Water level of the Parana River. Average values (x), standard deviation (s), maximum (max) and minimum (mim) environmental variables obtained at five sampling stations in March 1992 - February 1993. For stations 2 and 5 only surface data are presented. These data were used in the PCA. Variables per Station Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Water level (m) 4.20 4.60 4.80 3.44 2.80 2.91 2.88 3.23 4.42 4.77 4.13 5.36 Station 1 Depth (m) 4.20 4.60 6.60 5.80 4.20 3.60 3.80 4.40 4.80 5.60 4.00 4.60 Water transparency (m) 1.20 0.80 0.50 1.40 1.70 0.90 0.60 0.60 1.10 1.80 1.40 1.00 Water temperature ('C) ; 26.43 25.56 23.96 23.36 18.13 18 .30 20.80 23.36 26.53 29.10 26.83 27.93 s 0.58 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.30 0.20 0.26 0.11 1.45 0.36 0.25 0.20 Max 27.10 25.60 24.00 23.50 18.40 18.50 21 .00 23.50 28 .00 29.40 27.10 28.10 Min 26.00 25.50 23.90 23.20 17.80 18.10 20.50 23.30 25.10 28.70 26.60 27.70 Dissolved oxygen (m g ~) 55.50 22.43 27.66 16.36 37.13 94.90 93.83 16.60 67.36 18.43 46.40 25.90 s 0.58 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.30 0.20 0.26 0.11 1.45 0.36 0.25 0.20 Max 67.60 24.00 29.50 17.40 41 .70 97.00 96.40 18.20 97.80 23.10 50.30 27.90 Min 32.60 20.70 25.50 14.70 30.20 92.40 90.70 13.90 32.00 14.40 43.50 22 .50 Electrical conductivity (~S/cm) 49.33 40.66 35.00 45.66 39.66 31.66 33.00 41.33 38.33 36.00 36.00 37.00 s 3.21 0.57 0.00 1.52 0.57 115 0.00 0.57 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 Max 53.00 41 .00 35.00 47.00 40.00 33.00 33.00 42.00 40.00 36.00 36.00 37.00 Min 47.00 40.00 35.00 44.00 39.00 31 .00 33.00 41 .00 37.00 36.00 36.00 37.00 pH x 6.60 6.10 6.26 6.13 6.23 6.36 7.50 6.33 6.76 6.43 6.53 6.40 s 0.14 0.00 0.11 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.17 0.05 0.11 0.05 0,05 0.00 Max 6.70 6.10 6.40 6.20 6.30 6.50 7.70 6.40 6.90 6.50 6.60
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