Agence Nationale de la Météorologie

Overview of Agrometeorological Assistance to the Rural World as Mean of adaption to Climate Change, Case of

Mr. Daouda Zan Diarra, Chef de la Division Agrométéorologie, Agence Nationale de la Météorologie, , Mali

Dakar , Décembre 2012 PLAN v Introduction v Priorities of rural producers v Hitory v Weather assistance to rural world v Other carried out action v Some results v Some Constraints v Perspectives v Conclusion INTRODUCTION Mali: Sahelian country – 14,5 Millions people (census of 1st at April 14, 2009) Economy: Largely dominated by Agriculture: 40% of the P.I.B Nearly 70% of the population live in rural environment including 80% directly or indirectly of rain fed agriculture Agricultural production subjected to the annual and interannual variability of rainfall like to its space-time distribution. Rainfall mode: Great dryness of 1972 and successive drynesses Reduction of the average annual rainfall of more than 20% over the successive periods 1951 - 1970 (20 years?) and 1971 - 2000, (30 years?). Actions of fight against the plague and adaptation for its harmful purposes: led to Mali, following the example other countries of the Sahel:

IDENTIFICATION OF RURAL POPUALTION NEEDS AND KNOWLEDGE ON WEATHER, CLIMATE Ø Drought of the early seventies in Sahel region affected seriously countries; Ø A lot of damages were caused to agriculture, livestock and even human beings. To assist the rural world to face the challenge, the met service undertook meteorological assistance The exchange with the population is a meteorological information and occasion to note some mean to collect their needs in term of indigenous knowledge in the visited regions. That permit to best estimate the main concern from them expressed in questions among that we can note some as: • when the rainy season will start? • What can be its duration and termination? • will appear dry spells within the season? • can the met service forecast the season three months ahead or more? • can met service forecast for each location? • can be agromet information broadcast in our local language and frequently?

HISTORY

To face the challenge of drynesses the authorities of the touched countries shared their efforts within the framework of the strategies of parade by the creation of the CILSS with its Specialized agencies (CRA, INSAH). On the level of the countries there was a reinforcement of capacities of the weather and hydrological services (equipment, formation). The concretization of this political good-will resulted in the setting into?uvre pilot project of agrometeorologic assistance in Mali in 1982 to attenuate the impacts of the drynesses. This project was carried out in 4 phases of which: experimental phase; phase of evaluation; phase of popularization; and phase of extension HISTORY (continued)

The phases of evaluation and popularization were almost simultaneous because of the very keen demand of recipients to extend the project. This extension occurred since 1987 and nowadays five areas out of eight profit from the direct agrometeorologic assistance in the rural world. ACTORS ROLE IN THE PRODUCTION AND THE BROADCAST OF

AGROMÉTÉOROLOGCAL INFORMATIONE

Collecte de données (Producteur rural)

Collecte et rassemblement ORTM Radio de SDR proximité Courrier

Concentration des Diffusion des données informations De structure ODR

Réunion du GTPA Concentration Nationale / Elaboration du bulletin Traitement et analyse Agro-Hydro-Météorologique Elaboration du Bulletin décadaire Provisoire DNM

Atelier de sensibilsation sur les changements climatiques PARTENERSHIP MEMBERS OF GTPA

DNM make the products in a partnership with services within : ü the rural Development structures; ü the research institutes and Centres ; ü the farmers’ Permanente Council; ü the media (écrite et parlée); ü the NGOs; ü the Development Partners. ISSUANCE OF A TEN – DAY AGROHYDROMET BULLETINS

EARLY WARNING COMPONENT AGROMET ADVICE COMPONENT

- RAINFALL SPATIAL AND TIME DISTRIBUTION OVER THE COUNTRY - APPROPRIATE TIME FOR AGRI- - HYDROLOGICAL INFO FOR MAIN CULTURAL PRACTICES (PLANTING, WATERWAYS IN THE COUNTRY WEEDING, APPLICATION OF FERTILIZERS - CROPS PESTS AND DISEASES INSECTICIDES, PESTICIDES….) - PASTURES (COMPLETED BY DAILY WEATHER - LIVESTOCK FORECASTS,12 HRS-3 DAYS) - MET, AGROMET AND HYDRO OUTLOOKS

- NATIONAL RADIO AND TV - NATIONAL RADIO AND TV BROADCAST BROADCAST - WRITTEN PRESS, LOCAL RADIOS - LOCAL RADIOS - OBSERVERS/EXTENSION PEOPLE DISSEMINATION TO DECISION MAKERS DISSEMINATION TO FARMERS CARRIED OUT ACTIONS v Development and diffusion of information and products related to weather and climate; v Transfer of competence by the training of the actors at all the levels; v Implications of these actors in the process of design and implementation of the assistance; v Equipment of the various actors; v Adaptation of the weather products to the user's needs; v Cloud seeding Program; v Devolution of the system by the creation of GLAM. MAIN ACTIVITIES v Capacity bulding for all the actors (farmers, technical agents) in the domain of collection, transmission and treatment of data; v Sensibilisation and training for peasants observators and vulgarisators on rainfall collection technics and phenological observations; v Préparation of formats for data collection and transmission and définition of their systems; v Collection and treatment of data (meteorological and agronomic in order to elaborate sowing Calendar; v Production et vulgarisation of rain gages; THE SENSIBILIZATION / TRAINIG

After identifying the population’s needs during sensibilization, training sessions are undertake on: Ø measure of rainfall data; Ø observations on crops growing steps, heath and disasters. The observer farmer and agricultural extending technicians take apart to these trainig sessions. Otherwise, special sessions are doen with communicators and elected people standing in the National Assemblee. Exposed themes during the training of

extension workers Bague réceptrice Ø la description et l’installation du pluviomètre; Ø la mesure des pluies tombées Seau dans le pluviomètre; Ø la transcription des hauteurs 1,50 m de pluies mesurées sur le fiche de collecte; Support

(Pied) Ø le choix des parcelles d’observations et poquets et 0,50 plants à observer; m Ø comment faire les observations sur les cultures dans un champ; Ø comment évaluer les phase de développement des plantes, les mauvaises herbes et les dommages dans le champ; Ø comment faire les carrés de rendement et la détermination des rendements. SANJI SQBQN JAMANA : ………….. MARA : …………. KAFO : ……………… KOMUNI : ………………. ………… DUGU : ……………… ……………………………KALO SAN 201... K%L%SILIKELA T%G% N’A JAMU : …………………………………………

Kalo Wulafq Kalo tile Sùgùma Hakqw Ko kùlùsilenw I n’a fù fiven,

tile waati 18 waati 8 kafolen sanpqrqn, kaaba yqgqru,

nan nan sanbqlqni, u daminq tuman ni u

ban tuma ; u ye tivqnni minnu kq 01 02 02 03 03 04 04 05 05 06 06 07 07 08 08 09 09 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 15 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 01 Hakqw kafolen

Kalo kùnù sanji nalen hakq: mm …………… O sanji nadon hakq: tile: …… Kalo kùnù sanji nalen cayalenba haks: mm ……….. O sanji cayalenba na don: Kalo tile: mm ….. K’a ta zanwier kalo tile fùlù la fù ni kalo tile 30 (31) sanji nalen hakq: mm …… K’a ta zanwier kalo tile fùlù la fù ni kalo tile 30 (31) sanji nalen don hakq : tile …… Tile tan sanji nalen hakq K’a ta ………………..…… kalo tile ..……. Fù a tile ………………. San 201…

Kalo Wulafq Kalo Sùgùma Hakqw Ko kùlùsilenw I n’a fù tile waati 18 tile waati 8 kafolen fiven, sanpqrqn,

nan nan sanbqlqni, u daminq

tuman ni u ban tuma

Hakqw kafolen

Kunafoni wqrqw k’a vqsin forow cogoya ma: ……………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………… Kalo tile tan : ………………. Sumanw kùlùsili sqbqn Jamana: …………….. Kubeda: …………….Dugu: ………………….. Kùlùsilikqla tùgù n’a jamu: ……………………………………………

Sumansiw Kùlùsil Dakun Sumanju Baara Sumanw Binjuguw Sumanw i kqdon 100 la kqlen ccogoya hakq kqnqya cogo hakq min n’u Banaw Tixqni bq kqdon fqnw dakunna Techniques d’intervention: PROGRAMME DE PLUIE PROVOQUEE w Voie aérienne : - Avion Laboratoire (King-Air); • Produits d’ensemencement pour vecteurs aériens (cartouches pyrotechniques et brûleurs hygroscopiques)

w Voie Terrestre (générateurs au sol);

wProduits d’ensemencement pour vecteurs terrestres (générateurs) : iodure d’argent ; iodure de sodium ; acétone ; propane ; Journée Mondiale de l'Alimentaon 2008

CLIMATE SERVICES PROVIDED TO USERS • The beginning, duration, and end of the rainy season on average. • Guides for planting calendar based on rainfall measured by farmers in field. • Simple rain gauges for collecting rainfall data in the field. • Agro-hydro-meteorological bulletins on 10-day and monthly cycles, in local languages and through varied media. • Communication with the Council of Ministers about rainfall conditions and its likely evolution in Mali. For the Agromet advasce component we prepared in local languages pratical planting date guides that can be directly used by farmers. In this regard farmers are trained to carry out rainfall measurements and phenological observations by using brochures edited in their local language. A special raingauge that farmers can afford is manufactured in Mali to facilitate the use of this guide.

EXAMPLE OF PLANTING DATE GUIDE CROP = SORGHUM LOCATION :KOLOKANI CROP CYCLE LENGTH : 120 DAYS DO NOT PLANT BEFORE 1 JUNE BETWEEN 1 AND 10 JUNE IF THERE IS A CUMULATIVE 10 - DAY RAINFALL OF 40 MM; BETWEEN 11 AND 20 JUNE IF THERE IS A PLANT CUMULATIVE 10 - DAY RAINFALL OF 20 MM; BETWEEN 21 AND 30 JUNE IF THERE IS A CUMULATIVE 10 - DAY RAINFALL OF 10 MM BETWEEN 1 AND 10 JULY EVEN IF DRY, BUT PREFERABLY AFTER RAIN; AFTER THIS PERIOD, IT IS RECOMMANDED TO PLANT A VARIETY WITH A SHORTER CYCLE

Groupe de Travail Sommaire: Pluridisciplinaire D’ASSISTANCE I. Situations METEOROLOGIQUE météorologique et hydrologique II. État des cultures et Situation phytosanitaire III. Pâturages, points d’eau et mouvement des animaux IV. État de la végétation ⇒ Décade du 1er au 10 septembre V. Situation zoo sanitaire 2009 VI. Perspectives VII. Avis et Conseils

OTHER CARRIED OUT ACTIONS v METAGRI Project; v ANADIA Project; v IWMI Project; v CCAFS Project.

METAGRI Project - Roving Seminars on Weather, Climate and Agriculture for Farmers in West Africa

GOAL: The aim of these seminar is “to bring the peasants to better using information on weather and the climate for an effective management of the risks related on weather and the climate and a rational use of the natural resources within the framework of the agricultural production”.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES: ü to gather the peasants in a given sector; ü to inform and sensitize the peasants on the effects of time, the climate and the climate changes on the breding activities; ü to form a core of the peasants chosen among the people taking part in the seminar on the data-gathering; ü to provide pluviometers to the trained peasants. ü fournir des pluviomètres aux paysans formés. Phase I: 8-10 roving seminars were organized in , Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Senegal from Sep 2008 to Jan 2009

Phase II: 10 roving seminars in Benin, Cape Verde, Gambia, Guineé, Guineé-Bissau, and from July to Sept 2009 & 3 additional seminars in Phase I countries

Phase III: Cote d’Ivoire, , Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone in 2011 – Additional seminars in Phase I and II countries

Evaluation and Communications Semminar 26 – 30 Sept 2011 at Bamako.

2424 ACQUISITION ET EXPEDITION DES PLUVIOMETRES

NOMBRE DE PAYS BENEFICIAIRES OBSERVATIONS PHASES PLUVIOMETR ES

METAGRI I Burkina Faso, Mali, 1000 Mauritania, Niger et 200 Senegal. pluviomètres par pays Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cap 200 pluviomètres pour METAGRI Vert, Gambia, Guinée chaque nouveau II 1700 Bissau, Mali, Mauritanie, pays et 60 pour les Niger, Republique de 5 pays de la 1ere Guinée, Senegal, Sierra phase Leone et Togo

Bénin, Burkina Faso, Cap Vert, Gambia, Guinée 200 pluviomètres pour METAGRI 1570 Bissau, Mali, Mauritanie, chaque nouveau III* Niger, Republique de pays et 70 pour les Guinée, Senegal, Togo, 11 pays des phases Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Cote I et II d’Ivoire, Ghana et Liberia

2009 Seminar – Farmers ask Questions

2626 PROJET ANADIA

OBJECTIVES:

Ø to characterize the evolution and the impact of the dryness by the analysis of the last episodes (frequency, intensity, duration and extension); Ø to evaluate the precision and the reliability of the systems of follow-up and forecast of the dryness.

Pluviométrie cumulée du 1er mai Pluviométrie cumulée du 1er Pluviométrie cumulée du 1er au 31mai 2012 mai au 30 juin 2012 mai au 31 juillet 2012

Téssalit Téssalit Téssalit Kidal Kidal Kidal Tombouctou Gao Tombouctou Ménaka Gao Tombouctou Ménaka Gao Nioro Nara Hombori Ménaka Nioro Nara Hombori Mopti Nioro Nara Hombori Kayes Niono Mopti Kayes Niono Mahina Kayes Mopti Mahina Niono Ségou San Kita Ségou San Mahina Kita Ségou Kéniéba Bamako San Kéniéba Bamako Kita Koutiala Kéniéba Bamako Koutiala Bougouni Sikasso Bougouni Sikasso

er er Pluviométrie cumulée du 1 mai Pluviométrie cumulée du 1er mai Pluviométrie cumulée du 1 mai au 31 août 2012 au 30 sept 2012 au 31 octobre 2012

Téssalit

Tessalit Téssalit Kidal

Kidal Kidal Tombouctou Gao Ménaka Tombouctou Tombouctou Nioro Hombori Nara Diré Gao Gao Mopti Ménaka Ménaka Kayes Niono Hombori Nioro Hombori Mahina Nioro Nara Nara Ségou San Mopti Kayes Mopti Kita Kayes Niono Niono Kéniéba Bamako Koro Koutiala Mahina Mahina Ségou Ségou San Kita San Kita Kéniéba Bougouni Sikasso Kéniéba Bamako Bamako Koutiala Koutiala

Bougouni Bougouni Sikasso Sikasso DETECTION OF RISK ZONES OF DROUGTH

31 Mai 30 Juin 31 Juillet

Tessalit Téssalit Tessalit

Kidal Kidal Kidal

Tombouctou Diré Gao Tombouctou Tombouctou Ménaka Gao Diré Gao Nioro Nara Hombori Ménaka Ménaka Hombori Kayes Mopti Nioro Nara Nioro Nara Hombori Niono Koro Mahina Kayes Mopti Niono Kayes Mopti Ségou San Niono Koro Kita Mahina Kéniéba Bamako Mahina Koutiala Ségou San Ségou San Kita Kita Kéniéba Bamako Kéniéba Bamako Bougouni Sikasso Koutiala Koutiala

Bougouni Sikasso Bougouni Sikasso

31 Août 30 Septembre 31 Octobre

Téssalit Téssalit Tessalit

Kidal Kidal Kidal

Tombouctou Tombouctou Gao Ménaka Tombouctou Gao Nioro Hombori Diré Gao Ménaka Nara Ménaka Nioro Hombori Kayes Mopti Nara Niono Nioro Nara Hombori Kayes Mopti Mahina Niono Ségou San Kayes Mopti Kita Niono Koro Mahina Kéniéba Bamako Mahina Ségou San Koutiala Kita Ségou San Kéniéba Kita Bamako Bougouni Kéniéba Bamako Koutiala Sikasso Koutiala

Bougouni Sikasso Bougouni Sikasso MOIS D’OCTOBRE

v Pluies de la troisième décade d’octobre déficitaires dans l’ensemble excepté les localités de Ouélessébougou, Sikasso, Bougouni, , Koutiala et San;

v Cumul des pluies recueillies du 1er mai au 31 octobre 2011 normal à excédentaire excepté le Nord Ouest de la région de Kayes, l’Est de celle de Ségou, le Sud-Est de celle de Mopti où il est déficitaire.;

v Cumul reste inférieur à celui de l’année dernière de façon générale.

Pluviométrie cumulée par Pluviométrie cumulée Pluviométrie décadaire rapport à celle de 2010 par rapport à la normale par rapport à la normale

Tessalit Tessalit Tessalit

Kidal Kidal Kidal Tombouctou Diré Gao Tombouctou Ménaka Tombouctou Diré Gao Hombori Ménaka Diré Gao Nioro Nara Ménaka Hombori Kayes Mopti Nioro Nara Niono Koro Nioro Nara Hombori Mahina Kayes Mopti Ségou San Niono Koro Kayes Mopti Kita Niono Kéniéba Bamako Mahina Koro Koutiala Ségou San Mahina Kita Ségou San Kéniéba Kita Bougouni Sikasso Bamako Kéniéba Bamako Koutiala Koutiala

Bougouni Sikasso Bougouni Sikasso Activities:

ü Climatic study of the impacts of the dryness for the Area of Ségou and the ten villages test; ü Development of the component “dryness” of the Village Plans of Reduction of Risk (PVRR) of the ten villages test; ü Training of the observant peasants in the 10 villages test; ü Translation will bamanankan of them PVRR of the 10 villages test; ü Sensitizing PVRR by the Work groups Multi-field/Groups Room d' Weather assistance (GTP/GLAM); ü Participation in the organization of formation PVRR and the national conference. to evaluate the precision and the reliability of the systems of follow-up and forecast of the dryness. PROJET CCAFS v Workshops that held in Bamako and Cinzana in to june on the communication of the results of the seasonal forecasts; v missions to follow the use of the application of the seasonal forecasts by the farmers; v identification of the climate risks in the concerned locations; v colection and analysis of rainfall data from the project villages.

SOME RESULTS

-CONTRIBUTION TO FOOD SECURITY AND ADAPTATION TO C.C ● Reduction of the percentage of replanting (40% TO 5%) ; ● Increase of crop yield ≥ 20% ; ● In 1998 the use of met and agromet information prevented the agricultural season from total failure ; ● In January 2002 Forecast of « OUT OF SEASON » rain allowed the National Cotton Company (CMDT) to save MILLIONS OF US $ ; ● National MET SERVICE is a member of the National Council for Aggricultural Advice; ● Strengthning of adaptive capavity to cope with Climate Change ; ● Building of awareness on Climate issues ; ● Transfert of technologies to rural people ; ● Promotion of integration of Climate variability and Climate Change to development process.

SOME CONSTRAINTS v Limitation in estimated sowing calendar of the crops: only 5 crops are concerned; v Limited nomber of GLAM, insufficiency of equipment and training of its members; Ø Technological limitation as regards local weather and climate forecasting; Ø Lack especially logistical means for the activities of the follow- up; Ø No coverage of the areas of North; Ø No satisfaction of some needs for the rural world especially in information of proximity ; v Insufficiency of equipment and financial means which did not allow yet the cover of the other areas in operational assistance.

PERSPECTIVES

Ø Continuation of the sensibilization and training actions in order to adapt the transferred tools; Ø Continuation of roving seminars; Ø Continuation of the equipment, the reinforcement and the modernization of the means of collection, transmission, treatment and dissemination; Ø Bring a support to the GLAM in order to bring closer the rural producers more; Ø Continuation of the improvement of the especially localized seasonal forecasts; PERSPECTIVES (continued)

Ø Generalisation of the information system to the country with the capability building (financial supports from LDCF, GEF and other required Partners) ; Ø Production of meteorological and climate forecasts specialy downscaling ; Ø Integration of the indigenous knowlege into the system – Local Coping Strategies ; Ø Transfert of the local operation system of decentralized communities; Ø finalization of the analyse of the data from CCAFS selected villages of Cinzana rural commune. CONCLUSION

The weather assistance became a powerful tool for economic and social development which allowed inter alia:

ü the improvement of the weather services; ü the availability for the producers and the decision makers of tools of decision-making aid; ü the increase in the outputs and the quality of the productions; ü the limitation of the losses and risks; ü the reduction in the production costs; ü the reinforcement of capacity of the various actors; ü the undertake actions to adapt to climate change in Cinzan rural Commune; ü the safeguarding of the environment.

Journées GTPA 2007 37 In the context of Climate change, the use of météorological and climatic products for decision making decision in the rural activities contribute to the implementation of a sustainable agriculture and food security.

Thank you

Notre contact;

AGENCE NATIONALE DE LA METEOROLOGIE BP : 237 Bamako MALI Tél. : 00 (223) 20 20 62 04 Fax : 00 (223) 20 20 21 10 [email protected] .ml