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Handwriting Today Handwriting Today ISSN 1744-036X ISSN 1744-036X HANDWRITING TODAY HANDWRITING TODAY HANDWRITING TODAY HANDWRITING TODAY HandwritingHandwritingHandwriting TodayTodayToday Number 9 2010 Number 9 2010 Handwriting Today - Number 9 2010 Handwriting Today - Number 9 2010 Published by the National Handwriting Association Published by the CharityNational Number Handwriting 1051157 Association Charity Number 1051157 Numbernumber 15 Autumn 9 autumn 2016 2010 number 9 autumn 2010 Handwriting Today Journal of the National Handwriting Association Registered Charity No. 1051157 Website: www.nha-handwriting.org.uk Chair: Angela Webb Vice chairs Catherine Elsey Mary Howard Handwriting Today is published annually and is mailed free to NHA members Contents Editorial 2 Research Articles 3 • Pen- or keyboard? The influence of the writing tool on reading and writing performance in preschool children • New handwriting technologies: how the tablet screen surface affects students grapho-motor execution • Handwriting Quality Analysis of Block Letters and Cursive Words Research Digest 23 • A comprehensive meta-analysis of handwriting instruction • Developing interactions between language and motor skills in the first three years of formal handwriting education • Eye movements during the handwriting of words: individually and within sentences • Developmental test of visual-motor integration (VMI): An effective outcome measure for handwriting interventions for kindergarten, first-grade, and second-grade students? • A comparison between students who receive and who do not receive a writing readiness interventions on handwriting quality, speed and positive reactions. • The effect of touch-typing program on keyboarding skills of higher education students with and without learning disabilities . • Grapho-motor skills in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD): Handwriting and learning a new letter • Unique handwriting performance characteristics of children with high functioning autism spectrum disorder • Dyslexic children fail to comply with the rhythmic constraints of handwriting • Spelling impairments in Spanish dyslexic adults Current Issues 35 • We need to talk about ‘dysgraphia’ • Updates on the Joining Debate Tips for Teaching 41 • ‘P Checks’ explained Handwriting in the Media 49 Review of Resources 56 NHA News 62 Conference Reviews 69 Handwriting Today 1 Editorial Editorial I am pleased to present the NHA’s annual journal once again by Ewan Clayton, is entitled ‘Who for 2016. There have been great developments in Needs Handwriting’. In it we see how the the field of handwriting during the past year and press cover all aspects of handwriting from the the content of the journal reflects this activity. functional importance of children of being able to write fluently and fast, through the emotional/ It begins with the Research section, edited by Dr personal aspects of handwriting as expressed by Emma Sumner, which contains three interesting some journalists, to the beauty of handwriting, research articles addressing critical questions featuring artists from the Smithsonian collection. around the relationship between handwriting and technology. In the ever-growing research Laraine Erlanderr-Lawrence has produced digest, ten articles are summarized which look the Resources Review which includes writing at handwriting interventions and the effect of materials and suggests some useful apps to support handwriting on other aspects of development, the teaching of handwriting. It is encouraging to particularly with regard to handwriting difficulties see that despite the increasing use of technology, linked with various developmental disorders. pen and pencil and paper manufacturers are producing an ever-growing range of exciting The Current Issues section examines the use of products to tempt novice writers and to enhance the term ‘dysgraphia’, something which causes the writing experience for skilled writers. consternation among parents and professionals alike. A look at how the term is used in different . The NHA News section showcases the work of countries is followed by an examination of how the charity throughout the year and includes a descriptors for developmental disorders are report on another successful Members’ Day. established. The possible issues around defining and labelling handwriting difficulties in particular We again include reports on conferences which are also discussed. In the concluding part of this NHA members have attended through the year, section there are two short updates on last year’s particularly those which have relevance to topic – The Teaching of Continuous Cursive handwriting. Lesley Harding, who has collated handwriting - by the authors who contributed to this section for two years, has now to step down that topic in 2015. from the post but we are very grateful to her for managing this section to date. The Tips for Teaching section this year focuses on the physical competences required for I would like to end by thanking all those who producing good handwriting – the ‘P Checks’. have contributed to the journal, both committee It follows on from an article in a former NHA members and others. They all take their roles very journal by Gwen Dornan on the ‘S Rules’ for seriously and we are proud of the high standard of teaching handwriting. Written by Catherine Elsey content which they provide. We are also grateful and her OT colleagues, it sets out the process to Karen Nicholas for organizing the printing of factors which need to be in place for handwriting the journal and to Laraine Bateman for collecting movements to develop. Optimal performance is all the material and for checking it. I hope you described as well as some ideas for correcting will find it an interesting and stimulating read. poor execution. Our Handwriting in the Media section, written Angela Webb. Editor. 2 Handwriting Today Research Research Articles Articles Compiled by Emma Sumner The use of technology to replace or support Abstract handwriting is increasingly debated, as technology In order to compare the effects of handwriting continues to advance. In this section we include vs. typewriting training on reading and writing three research articles that consider the role of performance, we developed an intense training handwriting and new technology in some way. program for preschool children attending Providing support for the teaching of handwriting, German kindergarten with 16 training sessions. the first article directly compares training Eight letters of the German alphabet were handwriting or typing in pre-school children. trained either by handwriting or by typing on a This study by Kiefer and colleagues provides a computer keyboard using closely matched letter comprehensive account of the effect of the writing learning games. Letter recognition, naming and tool on other aspects of literacy development, writing performance as well as word reading such as letter recognition, reading and writing. and writing performance were assessed. Results The second article questions what we really know did not indicate a superiority of typing training about the writing process when handwriting over handwriting training in any of these tasks. on a tablet surface. Denis Alamargot and Marie In contrast, a superiority of handwriting over France-Morin raise an important point for typing training was found in word writing, and, consideration – that using a pen on a glass (tablet) as a tendency, in word reading. The results of surface will inevitably require a different form of our study, therefore, support theories of action- motor control than when writing on paper. This perception coupling assuming a facilitatory study took a developmental approach, pinpointing . influence of sensory-motor representations age-related differences (primary-aged children established during handwriting on reading and vs. adolescents) in handwriting performance on a writing. tablet screen. Finally, the third article outlines the development of a new handwriting programme that Introduction is administered on tablet devices in the classroom. Mastering literacy is a key skill to acquire for Using advanced methodology, Simonnet and success at school and in professional life in Anquetil have devised an interactive programme societies (Gut, Reimann & Grob, 2012). In recent that provides feedback on the execution of years, the mode of writing in adults, but also in handwriting for children and teachers. children, has been subject of a dramatic change: Pen- or keyboard? The influence of the Digital writing devices associated with the use of writing tool on reading and writing computers, tablet computers or mobile phones are performance in preschool children increasingly replacing writing by hand (Radesky, Markus Kiefera, Stefanie Schulerb, Carmen Schumacher & Zuckerman, 2015). These Mayerb, Natalie M. Trumppa, b, Katrin changes of writing habits have been shown to be Hilleb & Steffi Sachseb, c, aUlm University, associated with less proficient basic hand-motor Department of Psychiatry, Ulm, Germany, skills. In adults, a high frequency of keyboard use bUlm University, ZNL Transfer Center for for producing written text in everyday life has Neuroscience and Learning, Ulm, Germany been shown to relate to less precisely controlled cUniversity of Education Heidelberg, arm–hand movements (Sulzenbrück et al., 2011). Department of Developmental Psychology, Given that children in our present days may get Heidelberg, Germany their first everyday writing experiences by typing Email: [email protected]
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