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Ilililbblilliibiiiilllllillflflllfllsisbbiilill Ibililliiilllbbllbllllllblllllllllllifllillll HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES ♦ PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ETHIOPIAN EQUINES: THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITIES AND GEOGRAPPHICAL DISTRICUTIONS BB»&m3BBS5£SBBBBBBBBSBB£SBBB®BBBBflBBBBBBBBBB5*flB gllBllHHllHlililllillllllllflBIIHBIBBBBHSlIll IlililBBlilliiBIIIIlllllillflflllfllSISBBiilill IBililliiilllBBllBllllllBlllllllllllifllillll llllillllllllillBliBBIIIIRIlllllBlBllliillBI IlflHlHflliillllBBBBlBBillBllBBBIfllllllfllllilB IBIlllBlBBBBiiBBlllBBIBIliBIBBBBBlHlHBlilill IBIlllBBllfllBBBBBBlBBBBBBBIBBIBflflBBBBBBiBifll IBIlilBBlBBBBBBIIIIIIIBIIBIBBIBfllflBBlBllBiflB llliaiBBBBBBBBBIIBBIBBBIIBIBBIIfliBIIBllBBflBB PhD DISSERTATION KEFENA EFFA DELESA MARCH, 2012 HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY HARARMAYA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ETHIOPIAN EQUINES: THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITIES AND GEOGRAPPHICAL DISTRICUTIONS A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Haramaya University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Genetics and Breeding by Kefena Effa Delesa Advisors: Tadelle Dessie (PhD) (Chairman) Han Jianlin (PhD) Mohammed Yusuf Kurtu (PhD) March, 2012 Haramaya University iii SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES HARAMAYA UNIVERSITY As Dissertation Research advisor, we here by certify that we have read and evaluated this PhD Dissertation prepared, under our guidance, by Kefena Effa Delesa entitled "PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ETHIOPIAN EQUINES: THEIR GENETIC DIVERSITIES AND GEOGRAPPHICAL DISTRICUTIONS'. We recommend that it can be submitted as fulfilling for PhD requirement. 1. Tadelle Dessie (PhD) ________________ _________ Chairman of the Advisory Committee Signature Date 2. Han Jianlin (PhD) _________________ _________ Member of the Advisory Committee Signature Date 3. Mohammed Yusuf Kurtu (PhD) _________________ _________ Member of the Advisory Committee Signature Date As member of the Board of Examiners of the PhD Dissertation Open Defense Examination, we certify that we have read, evaluated the Dissertation prepared by Kefena Effa, and examined the candidate. We recommend that the Dissertation be accepted as fulfilling the Dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1. Azage Tegegne (PhD) ____________ 19-05-2012 Chairperson Signature Date 2. Kefelegn Kebede (PhD) 19-05-2012 Internal Examiner Signature Date 3. Solomon Gizaw (PhD) 19-05-2012 External Examiner Signature Date Final approval and acceptance of the Dissertation is contingent upon the submission of the final copy to the Council of Graduate Studies (CGS) through the School of Graduate Committee (SGC) of the candidate’s major department. DEDICATION This piece of work is dedicated to my most beloved children Naol, Bilisumma and Fennet Kefena and to my father Ato Effa Delesa who facilitated all the means to go to school, but failed to see my destination. STATEMENT OF THE AUTHOR I hereby declare that this Dissertation is my bonafide work and that all sources of materials used for this Dissertation have been duly acknowledged. I have followed all ethical principles of scholarship in the preparation, data collection, data analysis and completion of this Dissertation. All scholarly matter that is included in the Dissertation has been given recognition through citation. Every serious effort has been made to avoid any plagiarism in the preparation of this Dissertation. This Dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for PhD degree in Animal Genetics and Breeding at Haramaya University and is deposited at that University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the library. I solemnly declare that this Dissertation has not been submitted to any other institution anywhere for the award of any academic degree, diploma or certificate. Brief quotations from this Dissertation may be used without special permission provided that accurate and complete acknowledgement of the source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotations from, or reproduction of this Dissertation in whole or in part may be granted by the Head of the School or Department or the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interest of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author of the Dissertation. Name: Kefena Effa Delesa Signature:______________________ Place: Haramaya University, Ethiopia Date of submission: March 07. 2012 School/Department: School of Animal and Range Sciences BIO GRAPH YC AL SKETCH The author, Mr. Kefena Effa DELESA was bom on October 4, 1974 in west central Oromia, West Shoa zone and Dandi district. He attended his elementary education at Gura Awash Elementary School and his secondary school at Ginchi High School. He took the then Ethiopian Schools Leaving Certificate Examination (ESLCE) in the 1993/94 academic year and up on successful passing of the national exam, he joined the then Awassa College of Agriculture (now Hawassa University) in 1994/95 academic year. He graduated with Bachelor of Science in Agriculture (Animal Production and Rangeland Management) in 1997/98 academic year. Soon after graduation, the author was recruited by Oromia Regional State Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission and served as zonal NGO project co-coordinator for nine months. After nine months of services, he joined the then Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), Holetta Agricultural Research Center in June 1999 as a junior livestock researcher. He served in various sections of the Dairy Cattle Research for four years before he left for his Postgraduate Studies at Haramaya University in the field of Animal Genetics and Breeding in 2002/2003 academic year. He awarded MSc degree in Animal Genetics and Breeding in July 2004 and rejoined Holetta Agricultural Research Center in the same year where he worked as a team leader of dairy cattle breeding from 2004 to 2008. In 2007, the author competed for a joint DAAD-ILRI regional scholarship programme for Young African Scientists in Regional Universities and become among the top five young Africans who won the competition for a Scholarship funded by German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD). Then he rejoined the School of Graduate Studies of Haramaya University in October 2008 and continued his PhD study in the field of Animal Genetic and Breeding to study phenotypic and molecular diversities and matrilineal genetic origin of Ethiopian domestic equines. The author has also contributed to the development of Ethiopian animal agriculture where he published four conference proceedings and seven peer-reviewed international journals. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Bible says “ Wisdom is supreme; therefore get wisdom. Though it costs you all you have, get understanding. Esteem her, and she will exalt you; embrace her, and she will honor you” Prov. 4:7-8. My heavenly father, without your supernatural help and guidance, I know that this work wouldn’t have come to an end. Take all gratitude for you! I am greatly indebted to my major supervisor, Dr. Tadelle Dessie for his kind supports, guidance and advice during the course of this study. Perhaps, terminologies and jargons of words may not sufficiently enough to explain the supports Dr. Tadelle rendered to me, but simply he is a man bom to help others. Whenever I was on a crossroad, Dr. Tadelle suddenly appears to lead me back to the right track. My sincere appreciation and honor extend to my co-advisor Dr. Han Jianlin from Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAAS) who provided me modem blood sample collection facilities. He greatly oversimplified my field data collections. Not only his logistic support but also his guidance in manuscript preparation and edition was enormous. He guided and shaped me into my present form. I am also thankful to my co-advisor Dr. Mohammed Yusuf Kurtu who provided me with some data collection facilities and encouragement. He encouraged me to go with determination and courage into a dark area of Ethiopian equine genetics where no prior information is literally absent. The support from Professor Albano Beja-Pereira from the University of Porto, Portugal was substantial. The molecular component of this Dissertation was accomplished with the support from Professor Albano Beja-Pereira and his crew at Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources (CIBIO), University of Porto, Portugal. He and his staff trained me on molecular techniques and covered all the costs from DNA extraction, genotyping and sequencing. I also greatly thank the German Academic Exchange Services (DAAD) for providing me a scholarship fund for this study and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) for properly managing the fund. I am also grateful to my institute, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (ELAR) for giving me a study leave during this study. Within the space provided here, it is difficult to acknowledge adequately every individual who directly or indirectly supported me during the course of this study. However, it is difficult to bypass without acknowledging my cousin Prof. Gebisa Ejeta who provided me with some office facilities and shared his experiences that helped him to clinch to the 21st century scientific acclaim. He didn’t provide me with financial or extra material support, but with his accumulated lifetime experiences, key strategies and secrets behind success. I am also grateful to Mr. Eshetu Zerihum who assisted me during field data
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