the CongoBasin of intactforest landscapesin Industrial loggingandtheloss Cut from Congo
www.greenpeace.org www.greenpeace.org in theCongoBasin Appendix II:FSC-certifiedloggingconcessions Appendix I:methodologyofthemappinganalysis References Recommendations Conclusions Conclusion andrecommendations further IFLloss Why adaptedmanagementwon’t prevent Ongoing IFLlossaftercertification based onindustryproposal IFL loss2000-2013andpotentialfuture IFLloss certified operations? IFLsbesafeinthefuture inCongoBasinFSC Will Motion 65 Congo BasinRegionalprocess toimplement Global response: adoptionofMotion65 Response oftheFSCtoitsrole inIFLloss IFL lossintheCongoBasin Importance ofIFLsintheCongoBasin IFLs intheCongoBasin recognitionInternational thatIFLsneedprotection Why doIFLsneedtobeprotected? What are IFLs? they important? What are intactforest landscapesandwhyare Summary Abbreviations &symbols Contents 32 26 24 23 22 22 17 14 12 12 10 10 10 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 2 1 Cover photo:timber from Olam’s RepublicofCongo CIB concession inaport inEurope ©Greenpeace
www.greenpeace.org WWF UNFCCC SFM ROC REDD+ PPECF PIPC IUCN IFO IFL HCV-RWG HCV GIS GAB FSC FMU FM DRC COMIFAC COC CMR ATIBT AFD symbols Abbreviations & World Wide FundforNatureWorld Wide Climate Change United NationsFrameworkConventionon Sustainable Forest Management Republic ofCongo stocks indevelopingcountries management offorests andenhancementof carbon Degradation andtherole ofconservation,sustainable Reduced Emissionsfrom Deforestation and Programme forthePromotion ofCertifiedLogging Permanent IndigenousPeopleCommittee UnionforConservationofNatureInternational Industrie Forestière d’Oeusso Intact Forest Landscape High ConservationValues RegionalWorking Group High ConservationValue Geographic InformationSystem Gabon Forest Stewardship Council Forest ManagementUnit Forest Management Democratic RepublicofCongo Central AfricanForests Commission Chain ofCustody Cameroon des BoisTropicaux Association Technique Internationale Agence FrançaisedeDéveloppement
Tree in Essam, Molongo, Cameroon. © Greenpeace / John Novis
1 www.greenpeace.org techniques, the IFLs’“integrity”willbepreserved. the introduction ofadditionalforest management the IFLconceptinregion andclaimsthatwith industry. Theindustryquestionstherelevance of Congo Basinhasbeenundermined bythelogging Since itsstart,implementation ofMotion65inthe regional level. standards havebeendevelopedonanationalor hectares threshold inthelandscape,untilfinal (FMU) andnotreduce anyIFLsbelowthe50,000 20% ofIFLswithintheForest ManagementUnit management operationstonotimpactmore than advice noteinDecember2016thatrequires forest IFLs insideFSC-certifiedforests. TheFSCissuedan adopted Motion65toprotect thevastmajorityof In 2014theForest Stewardship Council(FSC), dominant causeofIFLloss. degradation globally. InAfrica,selectiveloggingisthe as theleaddriverbehindthisfragmentationand 90 millionhectares, withindustrialtimberextraction landscapes (IFLs)decreased by7.2%,areduction of From 2000to2013,theglobal area ofintactforest Summary methodology for identifyingIFLs 32 callsforthe widelyacceptedandrecognized consistent withconsumer’s expectations.Motion dangerous pathtowards thelegalminimum, not with theapproach, andcouldsetFSCdowna don’t ifgovernments agreecriteria tobeoverturned This setstheprecedent forsocialandenvironmental endorsed through nationalregulatory frameworks. landscape conservationstrategiesthathavebeen 24 requires certificate holders to only use intact forest motions forthe2017FSCgeneralassembly. Motion certified concessions.Theindustryhasproposed 2 requirement toprotect the“vastmajority”of IFLsin was aslow20%,makingajokeofMotion65’s level threshold theworkinggroup wasdiscussing, not reach aconsensus.However, theIFLprotection Up untiltoday, theFSC’s regional workinggroup did
New logging road in east Cameroon. © Greenpeace / Filip Verbelen
2 www.greenpeace.org • • • • slowing IFLfragmentationintheCongoBasin: of loggingconcessionshadanegligibleimpacton certified loggingconcessionsshowsthatcertification Greenpeace’ analysisofIFLlossincurrent FSC requirements. to complywithotherHighConservationValue to bethrown out,sothecompaniesonlyhave greenwash. an unacceptableoutcomeand wouldamountto under FSC’s label ofresponsible forestry. Thisis from thisdestructionwouldbesoldtoconsumers around produced onemillionhectares ofIFLs.Timber the CongoBasinalonewouldbepermittedtodestroy protection isapproved, FSCcertifiedoperationsin If thecurrently discussed20%threshold forIFL of IFLlossoutsideloggingconcessions. concessions andmore thantentimesthepercentage was twicethepercentage ofIFLlossinuncertified The percentage ofIFLlossinFSCcertifiedconcessions 1.3 millionhectares. More thanhalfoftheIFLarea waslost,amountingto a mere 23%. as IFLin2000,butby2013,thatshare haddropped to Almost halfofthearea currently FSC-certifiedqualified for loggingcompanies. Consideringthese additional over alongperiod oftimeandentailadditional costs anti-poaching programs, require active management become inaccessibleafterexploitation, aswell the industrythatshouldensure that loggingareas The additionalmanagement measures proposed by continued evenlonger. years afterclosure andaccessibilityoffootpaths roads remained accessibleformotorbikesuptoten remained permanentlyopen,abandonedlogging While lessthan80%ofloggingroads intheregion logging roads disappearwithinacoupleofyears. Basin refutes theclaimofloggingindustrythat Long-term research ofloggingroads inthe Congo • • currently FSCcertified,showsthat: accounting for75%oftheIFLlossinconcessions concessions managedbyfourcompanies,together A detailedanalysisbyGreenpeace researchers of13 between 2000andthecertificationdate. month sincecertification-doublethemonthlyaverage an average2,900haofIFLhavebeendestroyed per in Danzer’s IFOconcessionintheRepublicofCongo, concessions; destroyed closetohalfamillion hectares ofIFLsintheir since FSCcertification,thesecompanieshave
Logs from Wijma and Pallisco in a port in Europe © Greenpeace
3 www.greenpeace.org be rejected. The discussedthreshold of20%IFLprotection must restrictive approach towards furtherlogging inIFLs. group therefore needstoadoptaprecautionary and note thatcurrently applies.Theregional working the 80%protection indicatorrequired bytheadvice fact couldjustifyevenstricterimplementationthan certified loggingconcessionshavebeenlost.This Since 2000already halfofallIFLsincurrently for IFLprotection responsible fordevelopingindicators Basin HCVregional workinggroup, Recommendation totheCongo robust implementationofMotion65. responsible forest management,itmustinsiston If FSCwantstoremain thegoldstandard for to climatechange. the storageofcarbonandresilience ofrainforests disastrous spiralofforest degradationthatwillreduce thatthelossofwildlifewillresultScientists warn ina bonobos are impactedby fragmentation too. they are predicted tocollapse.Chimpanzeesand if road expansioncontinues intheCongoBasin, populations offorest elephantare endangered and practices remain unknown.Already theCongoBasin ecological impactsofthecurrent selectivelogging guaranteed ifitislogged.Manyofthelong-term The intactnessoftheIFLsimplycannotbe intact astheystillare. these measures wouldevensufficetokeepIFLsas these extrameasures, whilethere isnocertaintythat companies are abletosuccessfullyintroduce all to control, there islittleguaranteethatlogging and theexperiencethatpoachingisverydifficult economic costs,thefrequent changesofownership implications ofincreased IFLprotection. such asREDD+,couldmitigatetheprimaryfinancial strategies toprotect forests intheCongoBasin, Newlyevolving be adoptedbygovernments. land-use planningprocesses thatshouldultimately requires policychangesinregional andnational further industrialdevelopmentwithinthem.This the landscapelevelandneedtofocusonavoiding Strategies toprotect IFLsneedtobedevelopedat and donors Recommendation togovernments be rejected. system consumerscantrust,thesemotionsmust the entire FSCsystem.To protect FSCasacredible commitment onIFLs,butalsothreaten toundermine Motion 24and32notonlyundermineFSC’s attending theFSCGA Recommendation toFSCmembers
4 www.greenpeace.org species.” diversity, includingviablepopulationsofwide-ranging are largeenoughtomaintainallnativebiological of humanactivityorhabitatfragmentationand ecosystems thatexhibitnoremotely detectedsigns mosaic offorests andassociatednaturaltreeless Scientists havedefinedIFLsas“[…]aseamless large undevelopedareas intheglobalforest zone. Intact forest landscapes(IFLs)are theremaining What are IFLs? important? and whyare they forest landscapes What are intact to it. and atleast2kmwideincorridors orappendages 50,000 ha,atleast10kmwidethebroadest place To qualifyasanIFL,area shouldbeat least swamps, lakes,grasslands,iceandothers. some mayincludenaturallytreeless areas suchas transmission lines. railways, navigable rivers,pipelinesandpower disturbances suchaslarger settlements,roads, detectable (i.e.visibleonsatellite images) 2 Moreover, itshouldbefree from remotely 1 WhileallIFLsare withintheforest zone, 3 Naturally, areas significantly certification. at globaland regional levelslike REDD+orforest landscape-scalechanges policies thatconcern unfragmented tractsofprimary forests andsupport The IFLconceptwasdefined tomapthelarge global IFLmapwasupdatedin2013. criteria totheforest zoneinorder to identifyIFLs.The satellite images,itappliedtheabovementioned datasets andvisualinterpretation offreely available combination ofGeographicInformationSystem(GIS) ecosystems, i.e.theforest zone.Then,usinga Greenpeace, firstdefinedtheglobalextentofforest Watch, Transparent World, WWFRussiaand between theUniversityofMaryland,GlobalForest year 2000.TheIFLmappingteam,acollaboration A baselineglobalIFLmapwasdevelopedforthe centuries. Peoples havelivedin,shapedandconservedIFLsfor compromise theirstatusasIFLs.Infact,Indigenous industrial selectiveloggingandgrazing.Thesedonot activities, suchassmall-scaleshiftingcultivation,pre- areas affectedbylow-intensityandhistorichuman rely onthemfortheirlivelihoods.IFLsinclude are livingintheselandscapesandmanycases, IFLs are not‘untouched’byhumankind.People anthropogenic fires) are excludedtoo. agriculture, logging,miningandtheconsequences of influenced byindustrialdevelopment(e.g.
A local girl carries forest produce, Konye, Cameroon © John Novis
5 www.greenpeace.org Congress passed amotioncallingforthe protection In November2016, theIUCNWorld Conservation inside FSC-certifiedforest management units. Motion 65,aimingtoprotect thevastmajorityofIFLs approved withanoverwhelmingmajorityPolicy Stewardship Council’s (FSC)*generalassembly recognition.international In2014theForest The needtoprotect IFLshasgainedincreasing need protection recognitionInternational thatIFLs logging sites(21.2%). (27.7%), andwildfire spread from infrastructure and and 2013),followedbyagriculturalexpansion (37.0% ofglobalIFLarea reduction between2000 behind IFLfragmentationandconversionglobally Industrial timberextractionistheleadingdriver for about10%. the totalreduction ofIFLarea andtheCongoBasin Nigeria. Tropical regions were responsible for60%of of 90millionhectares, anarea aboutthesizeof the globalIFLarea decreased by7.2%,areduction with 5%oftheglobalIFLarea. Democratic RepublicofCongo(DRC)comesnext, accounting foralmosttwothirds ofallIFLs.The Russia, BrazilandCanadaare IFLchampions, half waslocatedinthetropics. Inabsolutenumbers 1.28 billionhectares intheyear2000,ofwhichnearly tropical andboreal forests. Globally, IFLscomprised Most oftheworld’s IFLsare foundintwobiomes: extremely difficultto reverse. ecosystem. Theseare changesthatare harmfuland and changethefunctioningofentire forest activities) altertheforest structure anddiversity by creating roads) –anddegradation(e.g.bylogging chopping upforest areas intosmallerpatches(e.g. forest areas isofgreat importance.Fragmentation– To maintaintheseecosystemfunctions,thesizeof regimes andproviding otherecosystemfunctions. terrestrial carbonstorage, regulating hydrological IFLs are criticalforharbouringbiodiversity, stabilizing Why doIFLsneedtobeprotected? America andEurasia. borealtemperate zoneandsouthern regions ofNorth while clear-cutting wasthemainIFLlosscausein selective loggingisthedominantIFLlosscause, 6 8 7 InAfricaandSoutheastAsia 4 5 From 2000to2013, 9 over thelong-term.” terrestrial carbonstorage be criticalforstabilizing conservation ofIFLswill and reservoirs ofcarbon, “As highlysignificantsinks Greenpeace is a foundingmemberof the FSC. criteriaforresponsiblyorganisations, toestablishinternational managedforestry. timber producers andtraders,workingalongside environmental andhumanrights * TheForest Stewardship Council(FSC)wascreated in1993byagroup of fossil fuelemissionsby2050. agreed 1.5°C,complementingeffortstophaseout global temperature changebelowtheinternationally restoration offorests worldwideiscrucialtokeep degradation offorests (prioritizingIFLs)andthe deforestation globally, amassivelyreduced Greenpeace strongly believesthatahaltto the long-term.” critical forstabilizingterrestrial carbonstorageover reservoirs ofcarbon,conservationIFLswillbe goals stating:“Ashighlysignificantsinksand component tomeetingtheParisAgreement climate They reiterated thatIFLconservationisacritical effective policyframeworkstoprotect IFLs. processes andforadditionalfundingtodevelop for theinclusionofIFLconceptinUNFCCC Likewise, inMay2017agroup ofNGOspleaded Development Goals(SDGs).” for SustainableDevelopmentandits (CBD), theParisAgreement andthe2030Agenda goals oftheConventiononBiologicalDiversity to nationaldevelopmentandadvancementofthe on whichhumansocietydepends,andcontributing biodiversity, providing ecosystemgoodsandservices including intactforest landscapes,playinmaintaining recognizes “thecriticalrole thatprimaryforests, of primaryforests, includingIFLs.Themotion 11 10
6 www.greenpeace.org of theAfrican forest elephant(Loxodonta cyclotis) IFLs tomaintain viablepopulations.Thedistribution Many wildlifespeciesinthe CongoBasindependon their livelihoods. of theCongoBasinforest anddependupon itfor Tens ofmillionspeopleliveinorthevicinity the Africancontinent. 2013. Thisrepresents more than95%ofallIFLson the UnitedKingdom,or7.3%ofglobalIFLarea hectares, anarea more thanthree timesthesizeof Congo Basin.Theregion accountedfor86.2million The tablebelowpresents keynumbersforIFLsinthe Importance ofIFLsintheCongoBasin Congo Basin IFLs inthe opened upforindustriallogging. to roadside areas orworsewhenintactforests are are oftenfurthermarginalized,pushedoutofforests disturbance, especiallyroads. related totropical forest habitatsandlack of human overlap withIFLs. aboveground forest carbonandmanyofthem the DRC,forexample,hold31%oftotalnational units where indigenouspeoplesare present in social andeconomictiestotheforest. Administrative guardians forcenturiesandhavestrong cultural, traditional forest dwellershaveactedasforest Country name Cameroon Republic Central African Congo Republic ofthe Democratic Guinea Equatorial Gabon Congo Republic of Basin Total Congo (ha) IFL 2000area 5,280,000 870,000 64,390,000 420,000 10,880,000 13,870,000 95,710,000 12 IndigenousPeoplesandother 13 “Pygmy”territoriesare strongly in 2000(%) the forest zone IFL proportion of 13.4 1.5 27.7 15.8 41.2 40.7 14 IndigenousPeoples 15 2000 (%) global IFLarea in IFL proportion of 0.4 0.1 5.0 0.03 0.8 1.1 7.43 (ha) IFL 2013area 3,950,000 570,000 61,690,000 230,000 8,390,000 11,420,000 86,240,000 carbon richecosystemsinthe world. estimated 30Gtofcarbon, this isoneofthemost peatland complexinthetropics. Storingan Congo-DRC border, harbourthemostextensive Cuvette Centrale,extendingonbothsidesofthe that therelatively undisturbedswampforests ofthe Looking belowground, recent research suggests need. while largeremote forest cores are acrucialhabitat is determinedoverwhelminglybyroad infrastructure industrial logging. a changingclimate, agriculturaldevelopment and the CuvetteCentralepeatland isunderthreat from lower edgedensity. found fartherfrom agriculture areas andinareas with ape species,whichisendemictotheDRC, bonobos (Panpaniscus),anotherendangered great clear preference forunloggedforests. 16 Alsochimpanzees(Pantroglodytes) showa 2013 (%) global IFLarea in IFL proportion of 0.3 0.0 5.2 0.0 0.7 1.0 7.3 21 Themaintenance andprotection 19 Table 1:IFLarea intheCongoBasin2000-2013 (ha) tion 2000-2013 IFL area reduc- 1,330,000 300,000 2,700,000 190,000 2,490,000 2,450,000 9,470,000 (based onPotapovetal.,2017) 20 17 However, Thenestsof (%) tion 2000-2013 IFL area reduc- 25.2 34.4 4.2 45.2 22.9 17.7 9.9 18 are
7 www.greenpeace.org “footprint” ofindustriallogging ishuge. one third oftheregion’s lowlanddenseforest -the hectares offorest underloggingconcession -almost anapproximate 50million Congo Basin.With Logging isthedominantcauseofIFLlossin year period. Gabon andCameroon willloseallIFLswithina60- during thenext20years.TheRepublicofCongo, period, EquatorialGuineawillloseitsentire IFLarea IFLs continuesattheaveragerateofthis13year- the CongoBasin.Assumingthatdestructionof of IFLs,anarea thesizeofHungary, were lost in level. Between2000and2013,9.5millionhectares IFL lossintheCongoBasinhasreached acrisis IFL lossintheCongoBasin be takentoensure itremains thatway. strongholds inthetropics, anddecisiveactionmust In brief,theCongoBasinremains oneofthelastIFL important contributiontoclimatechangemitigation. of thispotential‘carbonbomb’isconsidered an logging. between 2000 and2013wascausedby selective et al.estimatedthat77%of allIFLlossinAfrica 25 Anewanalysis performedbyGreenpeace 23 24 Potapov 22 protect IFLsintheCongoBasin. properly, itmaywellbecomeacrucialmeasure to of IFLscannotbeunderestimated. If implemented the FSC’s commitment toprotect thevastmajority “sustainable forest management”,theimportanceof to expandindustrialloggingunderthebannerof Given theambitionofCongoBasingovernments was astaggering84.5%. IFL reduction inFSCconcessionsovertheperiod certified concessions[…]”,theywrite.InCameroon, higher proportion ofIFLarea reduction thannon- In fact,certifiedconcessions“[…]hadthesameor on slowingIFLfragmentationintheCongoBasin. responsible managementhadanegligibleimpact the certificationofloggingconcessionsunder loss intheregion, Potapovetal.concludethat Regarding theeffectofFSC-certificationonIFL analysis). (see AppendixI:methodologyofthemapping loss tookplaceinsideindustrialloggingconcessions Congo Basin,showsthatinthisperiod67%ofIFL as partofthisbriefer, lookingspecificallyatthe 26
Forest in Cameroon © John Novis
8 www.greenpeace.org forest area lossfigure aspart ofthe reported bythe DRC government FAO’s Forest much ofthe forest lossexactly corresponds to deforestation. The officialannualnet dominates theforest lossdynamicinthe DRC,there issomeuncertaintyabouthow various factorsanddoes notalwaysequatetodeforestation. While deforestation significant reduction oftree coveratthescaleofaLandsat pixel.Itcan result from * Forest lossisdefinedasastand-replacement disturbance, meaningthe removal or allocation ofnewindustrialloggingconcessions. In 2002,theDRCimposedamoratoriumon preserved. important carbonstockthatneedstobe of biologicaldiversityandharbouraglobally are ofglobalsignificancefor theconservation all remaining forests oftheCongoBasin.They The forests intheDRCrepresent overhalfof IFLs atthefrontier Forest lossintheDRC: support, thecountrywastoembarkonapath Worldforests. Bankguidanceand financial With exploitation anddestructionofthecountry’s huge threatened tobecomeapost-warfree-for-all inthe Its purposewastogiveapauseinwhat meant toprotect thecountry’s megafauna. forest landscapesandnationalparksthatare alarmingly, manyhotspotsintersectwithintact unrest andstrong populationgrowth. Butequally the countriesroad networkandinareas ofcivil Unsurprisingly, thesehotspotsare foundalong were emergingasnewhotspotsofforest loss. between 2011and2014.**Vast areas inDRC rate offorest lossincreased byafactorof2.5 per yearwaslostfrom 2000to2014,andthe loss* intheworld.Anaverageof570,000hectares top tencountrieswiththelargestabsoluteforest thetide.Thecountryranksamongst to turn the failure andtheprivatesector ofgovernments DRC alonereflects thecurrent forest crisisand 27 Thescaleofdeforestation inthe 28 29
reprocessed using thisnewmodel. detection oflossforthe period2011-2014.Theyearspreceding 2011 havenotbeen higher sensitivityandthe useofadditionalremote sensingdata,resulting inimproved ** Partofthisincrease isexplainedbythe useofanewchangedetectionmodelwith a Resource Assessmentis311,400hectares. in afloodofillegalandcorruptallocations. scores ofloggingconcessions were issued moratorium wasimmediatelyviolated,as whilst supposedlyconservingtheforest. of revenues andtensofthousands ofjobs, sustainable industry, generatingbillionsofdollars whereby forest managementwouldbecomea out. review” ofallexistingindustrial titleswascarried the 2002moratoriumdecisionanda“legal However, a2005presidential decree reinforced a rapidliftingofthemoratorium. Agency (AFD)havebeenadvocatingtheneedfor andtheFrenchDRC government Development concessions andhalfoftheseareas are IFLs.The are currently allocatedinindustriallogging Some 10millionhectares ofDRC’s forests status quo. cancellation ofonlydormanttitles,entrenching the In theend,“legalreview” resulted inthe the DRC. also beanimportantfuture safeguard forIFLsin these IFLsinaccordance withMotion65will likely recognition ofIFLsbytheFSCandprotection of which issofarabsentfrom theDRC.The already expressed interest inFSC-certification, largest loggingconcessionaires intheDRChave are likelytobeoverlappingwithIFLs.Someofthe and more loggingconcessions,manyofwhich this willresult inthegradualallocationofmore 2009 were reinstated bytheMinistryin2011. 32 Unfortunately, 15illegaltitlescancelledin 34 Ifthishappens 30 The 31
33
A scene on the River Lukenie in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Expansion of logging into remaining areas of intact forests in the Democratic Republic of Congo will destroy globally critical carbon reserves and impact biodiversity. © Kate Davison
9 www.greenpeace.org vast majorityofIFLs. within itsstandards, indicatorsthataimtoprotect the majority. ThemotioncallsupontheFSCtodevelop, Motion 65waspassedwithanoverwhelming acknowledged theneedforIFLprotection, when During its2014generalassembly, theFSC viable managementoftheworld’s forests”. appropriate, sociallybeneficial andeconomically up toitsmission“[…]promote environmentally argue thatthisisneededinorder forFSCtolive of IFLsinFSC-certifiedloggingconcession.They Greenpeace, havebeenasking forbetterprotection For manyyearsFSCmembers,including Global response: adoptionofMotion65 IFL loss FSC toitsrole in Response ofthe Forest Management Evaluation. 2017 updated versionoftheFSCdirective onFSC level. Thisadvicenotewas included ina2January have beendevelopedona national orregional threshold inthelandscape,untilfinalstandards not reduce anyIFLsbelowthe50,000hectares impact more than20%ofIFLswithintheFMUand including harvestingandroadbuilding, tonot 2016 thatrequires forest managementoperations, The FSCissuedanadvicenoteinDecember least 80%oftheIFLfallingwithinFMU. an IFLwasdefinedasarea offorest comprisingat for thepurposeofdefaultclause,core area of identified, wasnotdefinedinthemotion.However, exactly are “IFLcores” andbywhichcriteriatheyare core IFLareas incertifiedloggingconcessions.What enter intoforce thatmandatesthefullprotection of standard bytheendof2016,adefaultclause would 2000. ShouldtheFSCfailtoimplementarelevant consideration IFL-degradationinFSCFMUssince that theimplementationprocess shouldtakeinto communities beupheld.Themotionalsostated peoples, traditionalpeoplesandforest dependent Free, PriorandInformedConsentofindigenous their control. Themotionrequires thattherightto need tomanageIFLsforintactness,inareas within and protected. Outsideof“cores”, certificateholders 36 IFL“cores” mustbeidentified 37 Thebaseline 35 areas. and whatactivitiescouldstill beallowedinthose chamber disagreed aboutthedefinitionof“IFLcores” meeting. Theeconomicandtheenvironmental was impossibletoreach aconsensusduringthe regional workinggroup unanimouslyagreed thatit towards itsimplementation.InApril2017,the Motion 65intheCongoBasinratherthanworked the economicchamberhasrejected thegoalof From theonsetofIFLstandard settingprocess, for shorttermbusinessinterests. outcome sacrificingenvironmental andsocial values in theprocesses, there isareal riskofaweak resistance bytheloggingindustryanditsdominance their current loggingpractices.Giventheorganized implementation, inorder tominimizethechanges are noworganizingaconcerted lobbytoweakenits 65, theCongoBasinloggingindustryanditsallies of theFSC’s economicchamberapproved Motion but havebeencomplicated.Althoughalargemajority (HCV-RWG) kickedoffafterthemotion’s adoption Regional Working Group forCongoBasinForests In theCongoBasin,discussionswithinHCV- implement Motion65 Congo BasinRegionalprocess to (HCV RWG) failedagaintofind consensus about (HCV RWG) In August2017, themembersofworking group map. is thewidelyrecognized GlobalForest Watch IFL certificates incaseofviolation. holders againstthisrequirement, andcansuspend 38 39 Certificationbodieswillassesscertificate
The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) label 10 www.greenpeace.org impact logging(RIL)practices. impacts, inparticularwiththeadoptionofreduced basins andcertificationinducesa reduction in the operationislowerthaninothertropical forest low-impact selectiveoperation,theintensityof forest management”,because itisarelatively meet thedefinitionofMotion65’s “lowimpact as conductedintheCongoBasinmayalready The chamberalsoclaimsthatselectivelogging this issufficientasanIFL protection measure. accordance withexistingHCV criteria,andclaim accounting toup10%oftheconcession,in already protecting highconservationvalueforests economic chamber’s positionisthatcompaniesare direction ofthediscussion howeverisalarming:the regional indicatorsfortheprotection ofIFLs.The © Greenpeace /PhilipReynaers Logs from CongobasinatCoplacsawmillinErembodegem, Belgium. comply withnationalregulatory frameworks. Intact Forest Landscapeconservationstrategies that Motion 24requires certificateholderstoonlyuse and 32foradoptionattheFSCgeneralassembly. ATIBT, alsosubmittedtwomotions,Motions24 companies, represented bytheindustryorganization of Motion65intheregion, theCongoBasin logging Besides resisting andblockingdueimplementation change thedefinition. IFLs intheirconcessions,andare thereby tryingto chamber membersdonotwanttohaveprotect identifying IFLstobethrown out,becauseeconomic widely acceptedandrecognized methodology for agree withtheapproach. Motion32callsforthe didnot ifgovernments criteria wouldbeoverturned precedent forFSCwhereby socialandenvironmental parts oftheworld,butwouldalsosetadangerous would notonlymeanzero protection forIFLsinmany the “vastmajority”ofIFLs. consistent withtheMotion65requirement toprotect a levelofprotection aslow20%,whichisnot under immensepressure tocompromise andaccept environmental chambersdid notacceptthis,butare 43 41 40 Thesocialand 42 This
11 www.greenpeace.org (FM) -Chainof Custody(CoC)certificates inthe There are currently 11validFSC Forest Management regional workinggroup IFL lossbasedonpossible outcome IFL loss2000-2013and potentialfuture Appendix I:methodologyofthemappinganalysis. results* ofthedataanalysiscanbefoundin The methodologyusedaswellthedetailed certification hashadanymitigatingeffectonIFLloss. detailed analysiswasdonetocheckwhether For aselectionofFSC-certifiedconcessions, proposal toprotect only20%wouldbeaccepted. IFL area islikelytodisappearifthecurrently debated each FSCFMU.We alsocalculatedhowmuch more here wepublishhowmuchIFLwasdestroyed in developing indicatorsforIFLprotection. Therefore, in certifiedFMUssincetheyear2000when 65 requires FSCtotakeintoaccountIFLdegradation in theCongoBasinforperiod2000-2013.Motion Greenpeace analyzed IFL loss in logging concessions operations? FSC certified Congo Basin in thefuture in Will IFLsbesafe 5.7 millionhectares. (France). InSeptember2017,thecertifiedarea was (theNetherlands)andJoubert (Switzerland), Wijma (France), RougierPrecious Woods Danzer (Switzerland),Olam(Singapore), Pasquet by sevendifferent foreign groups. Thesegroups are Congo Basin,covering26concessionscontrolled Greenpeace would welcomeseeingtheir results. Woods, saythe Greenpeace findings differ from theirs,withoutfurther sharingofdata. right toreply. Fourcompanieshaveresponded, 3ofthem, OLAM,DanzerandPrecious * Theresults ofGreenpeace analysishavebeensenttocompanies toofferthema between 2000and2013tookplaceinsidethem. Basin’s 2000IFL,14%oftheregion’s IFLreduction concessions accountedforonly3%oftheCongo While areas currently covered byFSCcertified percentage ofIFLlossoutsideloggingconcessions. IFL lossinuncertifiedconcessionsandtentimesthe in certifiedconcessionswastwicethepercentage of the sizeofLuxembourg.Thepercentage ofIFLloss amounting to1.3millionhectares, aboutfive times meaning more thanhalfoftheIFLarea waslost, By 2013,thatshare haddropped toamere 23%, area thatiscurrently FSC-certifiedqualifiedasIFL. results are alarming:in2000,almosthalfofthe and listedindescendingorder ofIFLarea loss.The concessions 2000-2013,grouped bycompany Table 2presents theIFLlossinFSC-certified the CongoBasin. Appendix II:FSC-certifiedloggingconcessionsin holders andconcessions,isavailablein An overviewoftheFSC-certificates,certificate the CentralAfricanRepublicandEquatorialGuinea. the RepublicofCongo.There are noneintheDRC, in theregion are locatedinCameroon, Gabonand 44 AllFSC-certifiedconcessions
Road construction in the rainforest of Gabon. © Markus Mauthe / Greenpeace 12 www.greenpeace.org (own calculations–methodinAppendixI) Table 2:IFL&change2000-2013inFSCcertifiedconcessions Country CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR GAB GAB GAB GAB ROC ROC GAB ROC GAB GAB ROC Joubert TOTAL Woods TOTAL Danzer TOTAL Wijma TOTALWijma Olam TOTAL TOTAL FSC Precious Precious Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Joubert Joubert Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Woods TOTAL Danzer TOTAL Wijma Wijma Wijma Wijma Wijma Wijma Group Olam Olam Olam Ogooué Ivindo Haut Abanga CBG Gamba gou-Toukou- CBG Mandji Woods Ga- Concession Loundoun- bon/CEB Precious Ngombé 00-003 09-025 09-022 09-021 11-005 09-024 10-056 10-054 10-038 10-042 10-044 10-039 Moyabi 10-031 10-041 10-030 Pokola name Kabo Léké laka
IFL 2000(ha) 2,647,140 163,039 112,315 135,270 207,190 207,190 311,297 147,332 224,908 650,373 170,458 404,335 955,065 955,065 50,724 17,483 59,432 56,821 22,551 65,396 76,017 13,739 33,108 38,275 38,421 41,396 59,969 75,580 1,533 0 0 0 0 0 of concession IFL 2000(% area) 47 29 14 52 39 48 85 75 34 34 27 23 75 51 66 31 50 80 95 63 77 47 26 32 72 79 79 0 2 0 0 0 0 8 IFL 2013(ha) 1,296,459 125,250 113,984 344,568 226,216 587,281 587,281 33,474 91,776 56,594 46,109 68,782 68,782 15,765 10,669 87,551 52,577 65,776 1,533 8,951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 of concession IFL 2013(% 22,07 area) 23 10 42 16 24 66 11 11 10 45 25 18 12 40 49 49 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000-2013 IFL change 1,350,680 138,407 138,407 197,313 224,908 305,804 104,682 178,119 367,784 367,784 37,789 17,251 20,539 78,676 13,323 56,821 54,728 59,782 76,017 13,739 33,108 38,275 38,421 41,396 59,969 23,003 8,531 6,786 (ha) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 IFLarea) (% oftheyear 2000-2013 IFL change 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 51 23 34 18 58 49 22 67 67 63 30 84 41 47 30 61 44 39 39 0 0 0 0 0 0 Area atriskin 2013 IFL(ha) protection of case of20% 1,037,167 100,200 275,655 180,973 469,825 469,825 26,779 73,421 45,275 36,887 55,026 55,026 91,187 12,612 70,041 42,061 52,621 1,227 7,161 8,535 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 www.greenpeace.org EQUA GABON GUINEA and theFSCin2016, al. andwithananalysiscommissionedbyWWFUS concessions isinlinewiththefindingsofPotapovet concessions wasequalorhigherthaninnon-certified Our observationthatIFLlossinFSCcertified Ongoing IFLlossaftercertification outcome andwouldamounttogreenwash. label ofresponsible forestry. Thisisanunacceptable destruction wouldbesoldtoconsumersunderFSC’s and therefore resulting from lost.Timber this million hectares ofIFLwouldbeallocatedtologging available.* Theresults showthatmore thanone most recent yearforwhich anIFLlayerispublicly calculations are basedontheIFLarea in2013,the debated 20%setasidewouldbeaccepted.The to belostasaresult ofloggingincasethecurrently The lastcolumnofTable 2showstheIFLarea likely from 2005onwards, farintothestudyperiod. Congo BasinonlystartedtoobtainFSCcertificates account theinitialdateofcertification.Loggersin TORIAL CAMEROON 45 butdoesnotyettakeinto OF REPUBLIC THE CONGO CENTRAL existing set-asideswouldaffectthisfigure concessions includedintheanalysis,wewere unabletocalculatewhatextentthese * Intheabsenceofpubliclyavailablegeographicaldataonexistingset-asidesin IFL lossinconcessionscurrently FSCcertified. Together theseconcessionsaccountfor75%ofthe These groups correspond tothetopfourinTable 2. Congo, PasquetinCameroon andRougierinGabon. managed byDanzerandOlamintheRepublicof the certificationdateinconcessionscurrently We tookacloserlookatIFL lossbefore andafter impacts”. the adoptionofRILpractices,inducesareduction in selective operationandcertification,inparticularwith management” becauseitisarelatively low-impact meet thedefinitionofMotion65’s “lowimpactforest companies intheCongoBasin“[…]mayalready industry claimsthatloggingaspracticedbycertified until nowhasnotbeenpartofFSCstandards, the prevented IFLlossornot. While protecting IFLsup after certificationcanshowifFSC A more detailedanalysisof lossesbefore and AFRICAN REPUBLIC 46 REPUBLIC OF DEMOCRA THE CONGO TIC 200 km MAP PRODUCTION: COUNTRIES CONCESSIONS LIMITSandBORDERSOF IFL 2000and2013: THE CONGOBASIN CONCESSIONS OF IN LOGGING IFL DEGRADA downloaded in2017. concessions selectionmethodinannex1), :W concessions FSC certified Logging concessions logging concessions IFL coverin2013 concessions 2013 inlogging between 2000and IFL degradation RI F orest 22/08/2017,Greenpeace. IFL Mapping Atlas (see TION T eam, 2015 14 . www.greenpeace.org destroyed inDanzer’s IFOconcessionsinceFSC and 2017.Almost280,000hectares ofIFLwere concessions betweentheirdateofcertification hectares ofIFLshavebeen lostintheseFSCcertified concessions. To thecontrary, closetohalfamillion certification didnothaltIFLlossinlogging The results ofthisanalysis showthatFSC area locatedinsidethesame concessions. included intheanalysisandcannotaffectIFL located outoftheselectedFSCconcessionsare not the concession.Allelementsofdegradation the impactofloggingoperationonIFLarea inside the secondstudy, theobjectiveistoidentifysolely consider allIFLlossesinthewholeCongoBasin.In calculation isslightlydifferent. Inthefirststudy, we concessions) comesfrom thefactthatmethodof study 2(IFLdegradationcausedbyFSCcertified in theresults ofstudy1(the globalanalysis)and The results are presented inTable 3.Somevariation Pasquet total Rougier total Danzer total Olam total Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Rougier Rougier Rougier Danzer Group Olam Olam Olam Loundoungou-Touk- Concession name Ogooué Ivindo Haut Abanga Ngombé 10-042 10-044 10-039 10-031 10-041 10-030 Moyabi Pokola oulaka Kabo concessions. believe IFLswillreceive dueprotection inFSC as required byMotion65,there isnoreason to robustprotection regional forIFLs.Without indicators forests incertifiedconcessions, doesnotprovide standard, includingtheobligationtosetasideHCV per month.Theseresults showthatthecurrent FSC IFLs are beingdestroyed atarateof2,900hectares month doubledaftercertification:theconcession’s the RepublicofCongo,averageIFLlossper Gabon. InthecaseofDanzer’s IFOconcessionin and 8,553hectares intheconcessionsofRougier managed byPasquet’s Palliscoanditspartners concessions, 83,901hectares intheconcessions certification, over110,000hectares inOlam’s CIB Certification date 09/10/08 09/10/08 04/10/13 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 22/05/06 19/05/08 10/02/11 26/02/09 certification date(ha) IFL degradedsince 110,517 279,651 279,651 83,901 16,836 22,858 33,465 24,051 15,678 70,788 8,553 8,553 9,432 1,310 (own calculations-methodinAnnex) concessions, before andafter certification Table 3:IFLlossinselectedFSC-certified 0 0 0 IFL 2017(ha) 194,708 515,500 15,771 89,938 13,372 36,179 65,388 7,910 5,665 8,500 0 0 0 15 www.greenpeace.org LIMITS IFL PRODUCTION : IFL LOSSBEFORE 2017, 3000 km 20 km 40 km AND IFL BORDERS lOSS 22/08/2017 : IFL lossbetween2000anddate ofcertification IFL lossbetweendateofcertification and2017 Greenpeace, OF , Greenpeace. COUNTRIES 2017,
: based AND WRI F orest on IFL2000 AFTER CER Atlas (see (IFL Mapping concessions team, TIFICA selection 2015) and method image TION INSELECTEDFSC CONCESSIONS in satellite annex 1), interpretation
REPUBLIC OFCONGO:IFO&CIB Downloaded CAMEROON: . CONCESSIONS in 2017. Pre-2000 non-IFLarea IFL remainingin2017 GABON: MAP P allisco &partners RougierGabon 16 www.greenpeace.org the argumentsusedtoundermineIFLprotection and these argumentsare misleading.Here are someof the IFLswillremain intact.Greenpeace believesthat few additionalandadaptedmanagementtechniques, concept andmethodologyclaimingthatwitha to underminethemotionbyquestioningIFL Motion 65intheregion. Instead,thesectortries forestry ministrieshaverejected thegoalof as representatives oftheCongoBasincountries’ industry playersandrelated institutionsaswell From theonsetofIFLstandard settingprocess, prevent furtherIFLloss Why adaptedmanagementwon’t annex 1),downloadedin2017. CONCESSION IFL IFL LOSSBEFORE IFO’S NGOMBÉCONCESSION(REP. 2017 : Greenpeace, LIMITS IFL remainingin2017 date ofcertification IFL lossbetween2000and certification and2017 IFL lossbetweendateof and
2017, BORDERS
MAPPRODUCTION based OF on COUNTRIES IFL2000 AND : 22/08/2017,Greenpeace. (IFL
: Mapping WRI AFTER FSCCER F orest team, Atlas 2015) (see and concessions OFCONGO) image date ofcertificationand2017 New loggingroadsbetweenthe 2000 andthedateofcertification New loggingroadsbetween Pre-2000 non-IFLarea satellite selection TIFICA interpretation method TION IN relevant tothecontextofCongo basinforests. that thecriteriainIFLdefinitionare notalways IFLs throughout theCongoBasinare disturbedand They claimthatduetoancienthumanimpact,the and request thepossibility toredefine intactness. Watch mapsquestioningtheaccuracyof concept ofIFLsandtheuseGlobalForest The loggingsectortriestoseriouslydownplaythe and themethodologytodetectIFLsisnotcorrect The IFLconceptisirrelevantintheCongoBasin block implementationofMotion65: Widespread historicalhuntingandlossofwildlifein Widespread in . 254 970ha 515 500ha 159 900ha 279 650ha 20 km 48
47
17 www.greenpeace.org setting asideIFLs. forward bythesectorisfinancialimplicationsof the concession.Anotherargument beingbrought forest surfacedestinedfortimberproduction within of Congowouldopposemeasures toreduce the ofCameroonthat thegovernments andtheRepublic have legalstatusintheirrespective countriesand management plans.Theystress thattheseplans possible inconcessionsthathavealready approved The loggingsectorarguesthatnochangesare governments and constitutesexcessiverequirementsfor Motion 65overrulesgovernmentalregulation undermine themotion’s intention. them toquestionthemethodologyinanattempt chamber purposelyignores thiswhichenables and sizeneedtobepreserved. Theeconomic and inorder tomaintainthatfunction,theirintactness role ascarbonsinks.IFLsare ahugecarbonsink important functionsofIFLs,inparticulartheircrucial Also, afocusonbiodiversityaloneignores equally of theIFLdefinition. However, historic,smallscaledisturbancesare part assembly. Motion 32submittedbyATIBT fortheFSCgeneral their concessions.Thispositionisalsoreflected in protect HCVforest buttonotsetasideanyIFLsin the current FSCstandard andthecurrent criteriato The result ofthisapproach wouldbetoadhere to on ecosystemintegrityinsteadofforest intactness. The loggingsectorsuggeststhatFSCshouldfocus an example. many IFLsintheDRCare theactivitiestheygiveas fiber procurement policies. Congress andhasbeenincorporatedintocompany organizations suchastheIUCNWorld Conservation is increasingly accepted,hasbeenusedbyglobal reject thecurrent IFLmethodology. TheIFL concept areas tosetaside,webelieveitisirresponsible to be usedwhenmakingdecisionsaboutIFLcore While Greenpeace agrees thatHCVmappingshould to reject theIFLconcept. distinct from otherregions, andsothisisnoreason disturbances. ThisdoesnotmaketheCongoBasin Commission (COMIFAC) asksforadaptionbecause 49 52 AlsotheCentral AfricanForest 50 NearlyallIFLsshowthese 51 with nationalregulatory frameworks. use IFLconservationstrategiesthatare inline by ATIBT whichrequires certificateholderstoonly These positionsare reflected inMotion24submitted (e.g. illegallogging). Whilecanopycoverreached longer, facilitatingpoaching andotherillegalactivities closure andaccessibilityoffootpathscontinuedeven accessible formotorbikesup totenyearsafter open. However, abandonedloggingroads remained of loggingroads intheregion remained permanently a periodof30years,concludedthatlessthan20% A studyofloggingroads intheCongoBasincovering operations. temporary situationoffivetosixyearsafterlogging as fragmentation,becausethisfragmentationisa current IFLconceptiswrong toidentifyforestry roads implementation ofMotion65istheclaimthat A keyargumentbeingusedtonotadhere to logging roads persistence offragmentationasaresult Management techniquecanreducethe become astandard forresponsible forestry. to thiskindoflimitation,itcouldquicklycease interests overruleallothers.IfFSCopensthedoor economic needs.Itismadeuselessifthe a balancebetweenenvironmental, socialand sustainability. Also,theideaofFSCistofacilitate under nationallawandprovide extrasafeguards of mechanism likeFSCistoexceedlegalrequirements The wholeconceptofavoluntarymarket-based didnotagreeif governments withthe approach. and environmental criteriawouldbeoverturned set adangerous precedent forFSCwhereby social undermine FSC’s credibility. Evenworse,thiswould in manypartsoftheworld,whichwouldseriously this motionwouldmeanzero protection forIFLs and environmental circumstances ineachcountry.” without takingintoaccountthesocio-political,legal it is“[…]difficult/impossibletoapplytheconcept poachers) canbemitigated. impacting speciesandaccessoftheforest area for impact ofroads (fragmentationoftheIFLsnegatively introduction oftheseadditionalmeasures thatthe roads etc.).Theeconomicchamberclaimswiththe (like destructionoflogponds,closure oflogging logging areas becomeinaccessibleafterexploitation introduce asetofadditionalmeasures toensure 55 Theeconomicchamberproposes to 56 54 Applying 53 18 www.greenpeace.org “the lossofwildlife [inCentralAfricanrainforests] will that concessions certified byFSC.Scientists warn concessions isveryhard tocontrol, eveninlogging for commercial bushmeat.Poachinginlogging an influxofpeoplethat represent newmarkets hunting through road access,italsogenerates On topofcommercial loggingfacilitatingincreased logging roads. access totheforests theyhaveopenedopwiththeir companies canensure andmanagetherestricted altogether, there islittleguaranteethatlogging and chancesthatcompaniesgooutofbusiness economic costs,thefrequent changesofownership logging companies.Consideringtheseadditional long periodoftimeandentailsadditionalcostsfor exploitation requires activemanagementovera that loggingareas becomeinaccessibleafter Additional managementmeasures ensuring space wasmeasured since2007. management categorywhere anetlossofroadless the hypothesisofresearchers –were theonly roadless. FSCcertifiedconcessions–contraryto Only nationalparkswere abletostayrelatively dramatic decreases inroadless spacesince2000. the frontier ofroadbuilding andsuffered from in theRepublicofCongofoundthatIFLsare on A studyontheeffectoflogging roadless space outtobeaveryslowprocess.tracks turned approximately 25years,biomassrecovery inroad a levelcomparabletosurrounding forests after 58 57 biodiversity are welldocumented. Theyleadto The effectsof fragmentationanddegradation on forest elephantare endangered forests. Already theCongoBasinpopulationsof reduces inthesmallerfragmentsofonceintact range size,getisolatedandgoodhabitatavailability impeded becausepopulationsreduce theirhome Also, longertermconservationofthosespeciesis signs ofthe“emptyforest syndrome”. rapidly losingtheirlarge(edible)animalsandshow over thelongterm.Asaresult, manyforest areas are are expensiveandseldomproperly implemented workers andsurrounding villages-yetsuch program proteinalternative supplies totheconcession enforcement effortsaswellprograms toprovide Controlling itrequires sustainedmonitoringandlaw of rainforests toclimatechange”. will reduce thestorageofcarbonandresilience result inadisastrous spiralofforest degradationthat Democratic RepublicofCongo, Great Apespecieswhichisendemictothe of bonobos(Panpaniscus),anotherendangered to declineby62%between2002and2011. clear preference for unloggedforests. Congo. Chimpanzees(Pantroglodytes) showeda on forest elephants’distributionintheRepublicof anti-poaching measures haveanegativeimpact Logging roads, evenwhentheyare controlled by density. from agriculture areas andinareas withloweredge 65 61 64 andwere found 59 are foundfarther 63 60 Thenests 62
Commercial poaching of bushmeat is a serious problem in the Congo Basin, and seriously exacerbated by logging roads © Kate Davison 19 www.greenpeace.org of largescale forest fires. Between Januaryand drought inthe region, whichwould increase the risk change couldincreasingly causeperiodsoflonger phenomenon intheCongo Basin. Butclimate Hitherto large-scaleforest fires havebeenarare vulnerable toforest fires thanundisturbedforests. how degradedtropical forests are muchmore Evidence from theAmazonandIndonesiashows the impact. may require furtheradaptivemanagementtoreduce thatevenFSC-certifiedoperations IFLs, WWFwarns degrade theforest ecosystem.Inarecent brieferon on theforest ecosystem,theydohoweverstill management planshelpreduce thenegativeimpacts unknown. Whileloggingoperationsthatrespect their the current selectiveloggingpracticesremain Many ofthelong-termecologicalimpacts intactness oftheIFLcansimplynotbeguaranteed. the economicchambersuchasclosingofroads, the Even withadditionalmeasures asbeingproposed by Degradation andfire intactness are noguaranteeforpreserving Why theproposed additionalmeasures local extinction. around forest fragmentsare particularlyprone to very specializedandintolerantofthevegetation Species thatare sparselyorpatchilydistributed, a locallossofspeciesallkindsorganisms. wave ofglobalextinction. necessary toslowdeforestation andtoavert anew conservation effortstoprotect intactforests are Recent research emphasizesthatnewlargescale vulnerability toinvasivespeciesandoverhunting. also threatens biodiversitybyincreasing forests’ 75%. habitat fragmentationreduces biodiversityby13to experimental fieldworkaround theworldfoundthat forest fortheirhabitat.Asynthesis basedon other largespeciesrequire vastareas ofundisturbed forest elephantintheCongo Basin. palms, primatesandlargerherbivorous animalslike as isshownforunderstorybirds, tree seedlings, fragments havefewerspeciesthanlargefragments, suffer from reduced speciesrichness.Also,smaller behind thecurrent biodiversityloss. by humanactivitiesare themaindrivingforces 68 Fragmentationandlossofnaturalhabitats 72 66 Isolatedforest fragmentsgradually 71 67 69 Theseand Fragmentation 70 73
(IFO) intheRepublicofCongo. certified concessionofIndustrieForestière d’Ouesso logging roads andforest clearingsinsidetheFSC- March 2016,largeforest fires were detectedalong first tobe removed byloggingoperations. soil) isstored inlarge, oldtrees, whichusually are the carbon invegetation,forest litter, ratherthaninthe because mostoftheaboveground carbon(the logged orotherwisedegradedforests. Thishappens above andbelowground thanthecarbonstored in Primary forests containsubstantiallymore carbon tropics. approach in FSC-certified loggingoperations inthe of commercially valuablespeciesisacommon of thebiggesttrees ofarelatively smallnumber zone inAfrica. 3.7 timeshigherthanintherest ofthetropical forest emissions. TheaveragecarbondensityinIFLsis Degradation playsasignificant role inCO2 Degradation andCO2emissions protection isnecessary. sign thataprecautionary approach toward IFL area. despite comprisingonly20%ofthetropical forest around theyear2000,ofwhichIFLsstored 40%, tropical forest zonewasestimated243Gigatonne to 2012. accounts for11%ofthepan-tropical totalfrom 2000 76 Aboveground carbonlosswithinintactforests 77 75 Thetotalbiomasscarbonpoolinthe 74 This is a warning Thisisawarning 78 Targeting
Forest Elephant in Central African Republic. The Congo Basin populations of forest elephant are endangered[and were found to decline by 62% between 2002 and 2011© Filip Verbelen 20 www.greenpeace.org hence carbonstocks. have recovered theiroriginallivingbiomassand It takescenturiesbefore selectivelyloggedforests equivalent toup19%ofthosedeforestation. over aperiodof20to30years,causingemissions logs fortrade,ledtocontinuednetcarbonemissions one-off removal oflargeamounts ofcarbonstored in Amazon modelledthatselectivelogging,beyondthe have longbeenunderestimated. Onestudyinthe In general,carbonemissionsfrom forest degradation fire asthefirstcauseandloggingsecond. the highestannualforest degradationemissions, with The DRCranksamongstthetoptencountrieswith caused bylogging. degradation. More thanhalfofthedegradationwas deforestation andforest degradationcamefrom CO2) ofthetotal2005-2010emissionsfrom tropical countries showedthat25%(i.e.2.1Gigatonnesof 79 Astudyin74developing 80
Trees and dense forestry in Cameroon. The Congo forests are of global significance for biodiversity conservation and of critical importance in climate regulation. © Greenpeace / Kate Davison 21 www.greenpeace.org • • • • Basin: impact onslowingIFLfragmentationintheCongo certification ofloggingconcessionshadanegligible certified loggingconcessionsconcludesthat Greenpeace analysisofIFLlossincurrent FSC Conclusions recommendations Conclusion and greenwash. This isanunacceptableoutcome andwouldamountto consumers underFSC’s labelofresponsible forestry. produced from thisdestruction wouldbesoldto destroy around onemillionhectares ofIFLs.Timber in theCongoBasinalonewouldbepermittedto protection wouldbeapproved, FSCcertifiedoperations If thecurrently discussed20%threshold forIFL of IFLlossoutsideloggingconcessions. concessions andmore thantentimesthepercentage was twicethepercentage ofIFLlossinuncertified The percentage ofIFLlossinFSCcertifiedconcessions 1.3 millionhectares. More thanhalfoftheIFLarea waslost,amountingto a mere 23%. as IFLin2000,butby2013,thatshare haddropped to Almost halfofthearea currently FSC-certifiedqualified shows that: the IFLlossinconcessionscurrently FSCcertified, four companies,togetheraccountingfor75%of A detailedanalysisof13concessionsmanagedby as theystillare. measures would evensufficetokeepIFLs asintact top ofthis,there is nocertaintythattheseadditional logging companiesandare difficulttoimplement.On over alongperiodoftime,entail additionalcostsfor highly questionableasit,require activemanagement on topofalready existinganti-poachingprograms is logging areas becomeinaccessibleafterexploitation, additional managementmeasures ensuringthat The abilitytosuccessfullyintroduce theproposed accessibility offootpathscontinuedevenlonger. for motorbikesuptotenyearsafterclosure and abandoned loggingroads remained accessible roads intheregion remained permanentlyopen, Basin concludesthatwhilelessthan80%oflogging Long-term research ofloggingroads intheCongo disappear withinacoupleofyearsisunfounded; The claimoftheloggingindustrythatroads • • between 2000andthecertificationdate. since certification-doublethemonthlyaverage an average2,900haofIFLare destroyed permonth in Danzer’s IFOconcessionintheRepublicofCongo, concessions; destroyed closetohalfamillion hectares ofIFLsintheir since FSCcertificationthesecompanieshave
Area of natural beauty within concession area in the coastal rainforest of Cameroon. © Greenpeace / Alex Yallop 22 www.greenpeace.org intention ofMotion65,and must berejected. given concessioninnoway reflects thespiritand discussed threshold of20%IFLprotection inany operations forprimarilyeconomicreasons. The at maintainingthestatusquoinexistinglogging further logginginIFLsandresist pressure aimed a precautionary andrestrictive approach towards SDG intheCongoBasintherefore needstoadopt certified loggingconcessionshavebeenlost.The Since 2000already halfofallIFLsincurrently Forests to HCV-Regional Working GroupforCongoBasin Recommendations robust implementationofMotion65. conclusion thatitisimperativeFSCinsiston guarantee theintactnessofIFL’s, leadstotheoverall of evidencethattheseadditionalmeasures will additional managementmeasures, andthelack that companieswillbeabletosuccessfullyintroduce adopted isunacceptable.Becauseoftheuncertainty IFL lossifathreshold aslow20%protection is including inFSCcertifiedconcessions,theadditional Considering thehugeIFLlossinCongoBasin, increased IFLprotection. could mitigatetheprimaryfinancial implicationsof protect forests intheCongo Basin,suchasREDD+, required policychanges. Newly evolvingstrategiesto FSCshouldhelp advocatesuch governments. processes thatshouldultimatelybeadoptedby changes inregional andnationalland-useplanning development withinthem.Thisrequires policy level andneedtofocusonavoidingfurtherindustrial protect IFLsneedtobedevelopedatthelandscape system suchastheFSCcanachieve.Strategiesto that goesbeyondthescopeofwhatavoluntary Protection ofIFLsintheCongoBasinisachallenge to governmentsanddonors trust, thesemotionsmustberejected. protect FSCasacredible systemconsumerscan threaten tounderminetheentire FSCsystem.To undermine FSC’s commitmentonIFLs,butalso 24 and32,havebeenproposed. Notonlydo these that undermineIFLprotection, inparticularMotion assembly (October2017,Vancouver). Newmotions protecting IFLswillbedeterminedatthenextgeneral Whether ornotFSCmaintainsitscommitmentto to FSCmembersattendingtheGA
Baka (pygmy) people, indigenous forest tribes of Cameroon. A young boy holds a knife. © Kate Davison 23 www.greenpeace.org 25 https://africa.fsc.org/download.congo-basin-hcv-meeting.a-151.pdf. Meeting Report01–VersionRWG 3-0– ENG).Greenpeace –finalIFL report forsignoff-18September2017 47 FSC.2016.“Setting thestageforFSCHCVCongoBasinRegional Guidelines”Workshop Report. 15th–18thJune2016Brazzaville,Republic ofCongo(FSC-CBO–HCV- 46 ATIBT &TEREA.2017.Op. cit. industrielle/C059_Report_IFL%20analysis.pdf 45 s.a.,s.d.,s.t.http://www.ppecfcomifac.com/tableau_recapitulatif.html?file=files/interventions/Tableau%202_Amelioration%20de%20la%20qualite%20de%20l%27exploitation%20 44 FSC.2017.Facts&Figures. September1,2017.https://ic.fsc.org/file-download.facts-figures-september-2017.a-2678.pdf. forest-landscapes-from-a-view-below-the-canopy/. Accessed18September2017(pagesubjecttologin). 43 FSC.2017.FSCGeneralAssembly Motions Area. Definingintactforest landscapesfrom aviewbelowthecanopy. Available at:https://ga2017.fsc.org/motion/defining-intact- fsc.org/motion/compliance-with-the-lawlegislative- and-regulatory-framework-outlined-in-motions-7-and-65/. Accessed18September2017(pagesubjecttologin). 42 FSC.2017.FSCGeneralAssembly Motions Area. Compliancewiththelaw. Legislativeandregulatory frameworkoutlinedinmotions 7and65.Available at:https://ga2017. 41 PersonalobservationsofGreenpeace Africarepresentative attendingthesolutionworkshopopenday, august24,2017 Companies-in-Congo-Basin-Synthesis-....pdf. 40 ATIBT &TEREA.2017.RILpracticesofFSCcompaniesinCongoBasin.Synthesis.https://www.atibt.org/wpcontent/ uploads/2017/05/ATIBT-TEREA-RIL-Practices-of-FSC- 39 FSCCongoBasinOffice.2017. Procès-verbal del’atelier de travailN°3du Groupe de TravailRegionalHCV. 38 GlobalForest Watch. www.globalforestwatch.org. directive-on-fsc-forest-management-evaluations.a-1986.pdf. 37 FSC.2017.FSCDirective onFSCForest ManagementEvaluations.FSC-DIR-20-007EN.LastUpdated:02January2017.https://ic.fsc.org/pre-preview.fsc-dir-20-007-fsc- org/motion-updates-205.motion-65-highconservation-value-2-hcv2-intact-for 36 FSC.S.d.FSCGeneralAssembly2014.MotionOutcomes.65:HighConservation Value 2(HCV2)–Intactforest landscapes(IFL)protection. Available at:http://ga2014.fsc. Accessed 18September2017. 35 FSC.S.d.Home.DocumentCentre. FSC-POL-01-004(V2-0) PolicyfortheassociationoforganizationswithFSC.Available at:https://ic.fsc.org/en/document-center/id/30. en/press-releases/norwegian-and-frenchgovernments- threaten-worlds-second-largest-tropical-rainforest/. Accessed18September2017. 2017.Press ReleaseJuly14,2017.NorwayandFrench threaten34 GlobalWitness. government world’s secondlargesttropical rainforest. Available at:https://www.globalwitness.org/ 33 Ministère del’Environnement, Conservationdelanature, etTourisme (MECNT).2011.Pointdepresse du29janvier2011. matière d’octroi destitres d’exploitationforestière. 32 Décret n°05/116du24octobre 2005fixantlesmodalitésdeconversiondesanciens titres forestiers encontratsdeconcessionforestière etportantextensiondumoratoire en greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/planet-2/report/2008/10/DRC-logging-sector-briefing.pdf. 31 Greenpeace 2008.LoggingSectorBriefingfortheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.DRClogging International. review: ThecarvingupoftheCongocontinues.http://www. 30 TheWorld Bank.2002.RépubliquedémocratiqueduCongo.Secteurforestier. Missiondeprisecontact(17février–7mars2002).Aide-mémoire. 29 Arrêtéministérieln°CAB/MIN/AF.FE.T./194/MAS/02 du14 mai2002portantsuspensiondel’octroi des allocationsforestières. 28 Harris,L.etal.2017.Usingspatialstatisticstoidentifyemerginghotspotsofforest loss.Environmental Research Letters12(2),doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa5a2f. at: https://www.cbd.int/sp/targets/. Accessed18September2017. resilience andthecontributionofbiodiversitytocarbonstocks,through conservationandrestoration. See:ConventiononBiologicalDiversity. S.d.AichiBiodiversityTargets. Available and were feasiblebrought closetozero, anddegradationfragmentationshouldbesignificantly reduced. Target 15 requires, alsoby2020,theenhancementofecosystem 27Target 5oftheConventiononBiologicalDiversity’s AichiBiodiversityTargets statesthatby2020,therateoflossallnaturalhabitats, includingforests, shouldbeatleasthalved 26 Ibid. 25 Potapovetal.2017,op.cit. 24 Marquant etal.2015,op.cit. 23 Potapovetal.2017,op.cit. discovered_in_congo_swamps. Accessed18September2017. 22 Martinez,A.2017.World’s LargestTropical PeatlandDiscovered inCongoSwamps.Available at:http://www.leeds.ac.uk/news/article/3969/worlds_largest_tropical_peatland_ ofNorway?Acallforurgentaction.http://www.rainforestfoundationuk.org/media.ashx/drc-carbonbomb-briefing-2017.pdf.24 government 21 Rainforest FoundationUK.2017.LogginginCongo’s rainforests: a“carbonbomb”abouttobeprimedbytheGreenpeace –finalIFL report forsignoff-18September2017 Nature 542,doi:10.1038/nature21048. 20 Dargie,G.C.,Lewis,S.L.,Lawson,I.T., Mitchard E.T.A., Page,S.E.,Bocko,Y.E., Ifo,S.A.2017.Age,extentandcarbonstorageofthecentralCongo Basinpeatlandcomplex. 10.1007/s10531-013-0 est-landscapes-ifl-protection. Accessed18September2017. est-landscapes-ifl-protection. Accessed18September2017. 24 www.greenpeace.org Management 12(3),doi:10.1186/s13021-017-0072-2. 80 Pearson,T.R.H., Brown, S.,Murray, L.&Sidman,G.2017.Greenhouse gasemissionsfrom tropical forest degradation:anunderestimated source. CarbonBalanceand 10.1029/2009GB003727. 79 Huang,M.&Asner, G.P. 2010.Long-termcarbonlossandrecovery followingselectivelogginginAmazonforests. GlobalBiogeochemicalcycles24(3),doi: 78 Kormos,C.F., Mittermeier, J.,Mackey, R.A.,Tilman, B.2016.Ageographyofhope.Savingthelastprimaryforests. CEMEXNature series,QualicumBeach. managed tropical forests from 2000to2012.Environ. Res.Lett.10(7),doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074002. 77 Tyukavina, A.,Baccini,Hansen,M.C.,Potapov, P.V., Stehman,S.V., Houghton,R.A.,Krylov, A.M.,Turubanova, S.,Goetz,S.J.2015.Aboveground carbonlossinnaturaland 26 Greenpeace –finalIFL report forsignoff-18September2017 76 Ibid. 75 Potapovetal.2017,op.cit. https://www.facebook.com/UMDGLAD/posts/1273665229315554. 74 UMDGlobalLandAnalysisandDiscoveryteam.7March 2016.CongoBasinforest fires ofunprecedented extentdetectedbyUMD-GLADalerts[Facebookstatusupdate]. doi:10.1038/35106547. 73 Siegert,F., Ruecker, G.,Hinrichs,A.,Hoffmann,A.A.,Increased damagefrom fires inloggedforests during droughts causedbyElNiño.Nature 414:437-440, pdf. 72 WWF. 2017.Therole ofresponsible forest managementinintactforest landscapes.https://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net/downloads/wwf_brief_role_of_rfm_in_ifls_june_2017. Nature 547:441-444.Doi:10.1038/nature23285. 71 Betts,M.G.,Wolf, C.,Ripple,W.J., Phalan,B.,Millers,K.A.,Duarte,A.,Butchart, S.H.M.,Levi,T. 2017.Globalforest lossdisproportionally erodes biodiversityinintactlandscapes. tree.2009.06.009. 70 Laurance,W.F., Goosem,M.,Laurance,S.G.W. 2009.Impactsofroads andlinearclearingsontropical forests. Trends inEcology&Evolution24(12):659-669,doi:10.1016/j. 968-980, doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00927.x. 69 Aguilar, R.,Ashworth,L.,Galetto,L.&Aizen,M.A.2006.Plantreproductive susceptibilitytohabitatfragmentation:review andsynthesisthrough ameta-analysis.Ecologyletters9: 68 Haddad,N.M.,etal.2015.HabitatfragmentationanditslastingimpactonEarth’s ecosystems.ScienceAdvances1:e1500052,doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500052 67 Laurance,W.F., etal.2011.ThefateofAmazonianforest fragments:a32-yearinvestigation.BiologicalConservation144(1):56–67,doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.09.021. 66 Turner, I.M.1996.Specieslossinfragmentsoftropical rainforest: areview ofAppliedEcology33(2):200–209,doi:10.2307/2404743. oftheevidence.Journal 65 Hickeyetal.,op.cit. September 2017. 64 IUCN.TheIUCNRedListofThreatened Species.Home.PanPaniscus.Available at:http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15932A17964305.en. Accessed17 63 Stokesetal.2010,op.cit. 62 Maisels,F. Strindberg,S.,Blake,Wittemyer, G.etal(2013)Devastatingdeclineofforest elephantsinCentralAfrica.PloSONE8(3),doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059469 61 http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/12392/0 regional assessments,accessed8March 2017 60 Redford, KentH.,‘The Empty Forest’, BioScience,42(1992),412–22
projection, is 84 too. (Greenpeace, 2017) Figure 1:Overviewofthe first studygeoprocesses 86 http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Dither/CartProp/AreaPres/areaPres.html 85 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cg.html 84 http://www.wri.org/publication/interactive-forest-atlas-cameroon-version-30 83 https://info.fsc.org/certificate.php 82 www.wri.org/our-work/project/congo-basin-forest-atlases accessed15August2017. World. “IntactForest Landscapes2000/2013.” Available atwww.intactforests.org 81 Greenpeace, UniversityofMaryland,World Resources InstituteandTransparent logging concessions Global review: IFLlossesare mainlylocatedinside Results calculated percountrythankstoArcgis tools. is projected inWGS84UTMzone.Finallyareas are is dividedbycountry. Inathird stepeachcountryfile file (UnioninArcToolBox). Thenthegeneralshapefile shape format(ESRI©)are gathered inoneonlyshape 2013, concessionsandborders ofcountries) in In afirststep,allthemappingdata(IFL2000,IFL Overview ofthegeoprocesses tools availableintheArcGIS software (ESRI©). All thegeo-processes are operatedthankstothe Mapping tools widely disseminated. required whilepercentages/proportions canbe results (inha)havetobeused withallthecautions considered asanindependentpackage:effective To conclude,wesuggesttheresults ofthisstudybe projection forthisexercise. projections doesn’t allowtodefinethemostadapted So, thescientificliterature cartographic concerning by UTMgivestothisprojection goodresults too. of theworldinto60northandsouthzonesprovided 200-2013, concessions, Union ofshapes(IFL conties)
Split inoneshape per country
Pr UTM zone ojection in WGS84
Calculatio Ar eas n 27 www.greenpeace.org (Greenpeace, 2017) Table 5:IFLchange2000-2013inFSCcertifiedconcessions certified in2013(%) concessions withIFLleft in2000thatwere FSC Average portionofIFLarea lostinsidelogging concessions withIFLleftin2000(%) Average portionofIFLarea lostinsidelogging (%) (AC) IFL area outsideconcessions reduction 2000-2013 (ha) (AC) IFL area outsideconcessionsreduction 2000-2013 IFL area 2013outsideconcessions(ha) IFL area 2000outsideconcessions(ha) concessions reduction 2000-2013(%) reduction 2000-2013proportion ofIFLarea inside IFL area insideconcessionscurrently FSCcertified eduction 2000-2013(%) reduction 2000-2013proportion oftotalIFLarea IFL area insideconcessionscurrently FSCcertified reduction 2000-2013(%) IFL area insideconcessionscurrently FSCcertified reduction 2000-2013(ha) IFL area insideconcessionscurrently FSCcertified FSC certified(%) share ofIFLarea 2013insideconcessionscurrently FSC certified(%) share ofIFLarea 2000insideconcessionscurrently certified (ha) IFL area 2013insideconcessionscurrently FSC certified (ha) IFL area 2000insideconcessionscurrently FSC share ofconcessionarea thatwasIFLin2013(%) share ofconcessionarea thatwasIFLin2000(%) share ofIFLarea 2013insideconcessions(%) share ofIFLarea 2000insideconcessions(%) proportion oftotalIFLarea reduction 2000-2013(%) IFL area insideconcessionreduction 2000-2013 (%) IFL area insideconcessionsreduction 2000-2013 (ha) IFL area insideconcessionsreduction 2000-2013 IFL area 2013insideconcessions(ha) IFL area 2000insideconcessions(ha) share ofconcessionarea currently FSCcertified(%) concession area currently FSCcertified(ha) concession area (ha) IFL area reduction 2000-2013(%) IFL area reduction 2000-2013(ha) IFL area 2013(ha) IFL area 2000(ha) Metric 1 2837 228776 231613 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 17 60 73 99 47 298074 341443 639517 0 0 3689027 35 300911 570219 871130 CAF 8 207889 2511388 2719277 33 28 87 379600 1 8 56594 436194 21 38 37 49 85 44 1137391 1457350 2594741 14 982618 6778435 25 1345280 3968738 5314018 CMR 4 2121972 57954460 60076433 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 55 8 9 23 11 638547 5366398 6004944 0 0 10969660 4 2760519 63320858 66081377 COD 2 141130 6866617 7007747 28 27 42 673588 8 12 931849 1605437 30 45 40 50 94 34 2369821 4574531 6944352 17 2590557 15379343 18 2510951 11441148 13952099 COG 14 639897 3830640 4470537 16 12 49 297492 4 6 308016 605509 34 48 54 59 75 29 1908383 4581677 6490060 15 2067919 13425799 23 2548280 8412317 10960597 GAB 35 115843 212966 328809 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 13 9 23 40 79 76073 19921 95994 0 0 740121 45 191916 232887 424803 GNQ 63 36 4 3229569 71604848 74834417 21 14 51 1350680 1 3 1296459 2647139 32 45 19 23 67 28 6428288 16341319 22769607 11 5641093 50982383 10 9657857 87946167 97604024 CB TOTAL 28 www.greenpeace.org was twicethepercentage ofIFLlossinuncertifiedconcessions FSC concessionsanalysis:IFLlossincertified Country CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR CMR GAB GAB GAB GAB ROC ROC GAB ROC GAB GAB ROC Joubert TOTAL Woods TOTAL Danzer TOTAL Wijma TOTALWijma Olam TOTAL TOTAL FSC Precious Precious Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Joubert Joubert Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Rougier Woods TOTAL Danzer TOTAL Wijma Wijma Wijma Wijma Wijma Group Olam Olam Olam Ogooué Ivindo Haut Abanga CBG Gamba gou-Toukou- CBG Mandji Woods Ga- Concession Loundoun- bon/CEB Precious Ngombé 09-025 09-022 09-021 11-005 09-024 10-056 10-054 10-038 10-042 10-044 10-039 Moyabi 10-031 10-041 10-030 Pokola name Kabo Léké laka
IFL 2000(ha) 2,647,140 163,039 112,315 135,270 207,190 207,190 311,297 147,332 224,908 650,373 170,458 404,335 955,065 955,065 50,724 17,483 59,432 56,821 22,551 65,396 76,017 13,739 33,108 38,275 38,421 41,396 59,969 75,580 1,533 0 0 0 0 of concession IFL 2000(% area) 47 29 14 52 39 48 85 75 34 34 27 23 75 51 66 31 50 80 95 63 77 47 26 32 72 79 79 2 0 0 0 0 8 IFL 2013(ha) 1,296,459 125,250 113,984 344,568 226,216 587,281 587,281 33,474 91,776 56,594 46,109 68,782 68,782 15,765 10,669 87,551 52,577 65,776 1,533 8,951 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 of concession IFL 2013(% 22,07 area) 23 10 42 16 24 66 11 11 10 45 25 18 12 40 49 49 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000-2013 IFL change 1,350,680 138,407 138,407 197,313 224,908 305,804 104,682 178,119 367,784 367,784 37,789 17,251 20,539 78,676 13,323 56,821 54,728 59,782 76,017 13,739 33,108 38,275 38,421 41,396 59,969 23,003 8,531 6,786 (ha) 0 0 0 0 0 2000 IFLarea) (% oftheyear 2000-2013 IFL change 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 51 23 34 18 58 49 22 67 67 63 30 84 41 47 30 61 44 39 39 0 0 0 0 0 Area atriskin 2013 IFL(ha) protection of case of20% 1,037,167 100,200 275,655 180,973 469,825 469,825 26,779 73,421 45,275 36,887 55,026 55,026 91,187 12,612 70,041 42,061 52,621 1,227 7,161 8,535 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 www.greenpeace.org IFL lossinareas currently FSC certified. Together these concessionsaccount for 75%ofthe and betweentheinitialcertification dateand2017. loss between2000andthe initialcertificationdate were chosentooperatethisadditionalanalysisofIFL this ranking(Danzer, Olam,PasquetandRougier) on IFLloss,theFSC-concessionsoftopfourin explore whethercertificationhadanymitigatingeffect in descendingorder oftotalIFLarea reduction. To (of thefirstgeneralstudy)andrankedgroups of FSC-certifiedconcessionspergroup in Table 5. concessions, weaddeduptheIFLarea reduction To obtainarepresentative sampleofFSC concessions inCongoBasin Selection arepresentativesampleofFSC been used. Same sources asthefirstgeneralanalysishave IFL 2000,concessionsandbordersofcountries Data • • analysis isorganizedin2successiveparts: account thedateofcertification.Inthatway, the focused ontheevolutionoftheirIFLarea takinginto a representative sampleofFSCconcessionsand To testthishypothesis,wetookacloserlookat “responsible” loggingpractices were introduced? at leastsignificantlysloweddownassoonnew, took placebefore thecertification,andstalledor in manyFSCcertifiedconcessionsoverwhelmingly that thealarmingamountsofIFLlossesobserved 2005 onwards, farintothe studyperiod.Coulditbe Basin onlystartedtoobtainFSCcertificatesfrom concessions. LoggingconcessionsintheCongo initial dateofcertificationthecurrent FSClogging al., 2016),buttheydonottakeintoaccountthe Study” are inlinewiththefindingsof(Potapovet The first results presented inpart1“General certification dates FSC concessionsbefore andafterthe Focus onFSCconcessions:IFLlossin to 2017 Evolution ofIFLarea from thedateofcertification FSC certification Evolution ofIFLarea from 2000untilthedateof IFL mappingmethodology and afterFSCcertificationthankstotheOfficial The processes aimtodetecttheIFLarea lossbefore Overview ofgeoprocesses tools availableintheArcGIS software (ESRI©). All thegeo-processes are operatedthankstothe Mapping tools analysis too. WGS84 UTMzonesprojections are usedinthisFSC Map projectionandspatialaccuracy Tools andmethod tool ofGoogleEarth©. interpretation are theimagesprovided by“Archive” The otherdatausedasasupportforsatelliteimage Exogenous data • • • The imagesusedcomefrom 3different satellites: Satellite images Figure 2:Geo-processes ofFSCIFLanalysis (Greenpeace, 2017) method repeated foreachofthe2parts. the figure andthetextbelowdescribesin4 steps the after thecertification.Bothpartsare almostsimilar, loss before certificationandthenmappingofIFLloss method isdividedin2mainparts:mappingofIFL Sentinel 2(European SpaceAgency) Landsat 8(NASA) Landsat 7(NASA) 87 . Inconsequence,the 30 www.greenpeace.org Figure 3:GeometricalrulesdefininganIFLarea (Potapov, 2008) are downloadedviausgs A selectionofspectralbandseachsatelliteimages Acquisition andPreparationofsatelliteImages processes are operatedtofollow thegeometrical (logging roads, cuttingareas…), aseriesofGIS vectorization oftheelements ofIFLdegradation After theinterpretation phaseandmonitoring/ IFL lossgeo-cuttings inside thesameconcessions. the analysisandcannotaffectIFLarea located of theselectedFSCconcessionsare notincludedin that way, alltheelementsofdegradationlocatedout impact ofFSCcertifiedlogginggroups onIFLarea. In N.B.: Theobjectiveofthestudyistoidentify to drawtheelementsofIFLdegradations. Google Earth©andthevectorizationtoolsofArcGis using thesatelliteimagescollected,archives of study period.Thisinterpretation isdonemanually images (loggingarea, cuttingareas…) duringthe elements ofIFLdegradationappearinginthesatellite detect anddrawinvectorformatthedifferent The satelliteimageinterpretation phaseaimsto Satellite imageinterpretation of thedifferent elements of IFLdegradation. area ofinterest. Thisseriesofimageallowsdetection during thewholeperiodofstudyandin it wasdecidedtocollectoneimageeverytwoyears any kindofdegradationlinkedtologgingindustry), speed ofthevegetationtorecover aloggingtrack(or spectral resolutions ofthesatelliteimagesand to ArcGis rastertools.Considering thespatialand stacked innaturalcolorbandcombinationthanks 3 2 1 at least2km At larger least10km >500km than 500km wide incorridorsor wide 2 at 88 the broadestplace webplatformthen 2 a
ppendage >10km >2km s certification (Greenpeace, 2017) Table 2:IFLlossinselected FSC-certifiedconcessions,before andafter • • between: the selectedconcessions,IFLarea reduction As explainedbefore, wemapped,foreachof Results operated thankstostandard mappingtools. the selectedconcessionforstudyperiodsare Finally, thearea calculationofIFLandlossin Calculation ofareas geometrical rulesofIFLdefinitionare removed too. area, thenalltheareas whichdoesn’t fulfillwiththe of degradationandremove from the2000IFL A 1kmbufferarea iscreated around theelements official IFLmappingmethodology). rules ofIFLdefinition(seeFigure 3abovefrom the Pasquet total Rougier total Danzer total Olam total the dateofcertificationand2017 2000 andthedateofcertification Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Pasquet Rougier Rougier Rougier Danzer Group Olam Olam Olam gou-Toukoulaka Ogooué Ivindo Haut Abanga Concession Loundoun- Ngombé 10-030 10-041 10-031 10-039 10-044 10-042 Moyabi Pokola name Kabo Certification 10/02/11 26/02/09 19/05/08 22/05/06 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 09/10/08 04/10/13 date since certifica- IFL degraded tion date(ha) 279,651 279,651 110,517 70,788 15,678 24,051 33,465 22,858 16,836 83,901 1,310 9,432 8,553 8,553 0 0 0 IFL 2017(ha) 515,500 194,708 65,388 36,179 13,372 15,771 89,938 8,500 5,665 7,910 0 0 0 31 www.greenpeace.org 88 https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ 87 http://intactforests.org/method.html the CongoBasin concessions in logging FSC-certified Appendix II: Total 639590 BV-FM/COC- 051201 BV-FM/COC- 140380 BV-FM/COC- 832214 BV-FM/COC- 006621 RA-FM/COC- 006347 RA-FM/COC- 840169 BV-FM/COC- 008483 SGS-FM/COC- 004705 SGS-FM/COC- 010641 SGS-FM/COC- 007088 RA-FM/COC- Certificate code GAB CMR CMR GAB CMR GAB ROC ROC ROC ROC Country Mandji Gamba 00-003 09-025 09-022 09-024 09-021 11-005 10-042 10-044 10-039 10-031 10-041 10-030 Léké Moyabi Haut Abanga Ogooué Ivindo 10-056 10-054 10-038 Gabon Precious Woods gou-Toukoulaka Loundoun- Pokola Kabo Ngombé Name ofFMU CBG CFK SCIEB CFK SCIEB SCIEB CAFECO Palisco &partners SFID Rougier Gabon CEB CIB CIB CIB IFO Organisation Wijma Pasquet Rougier Olam Danzer Group concession area.) calculations -thecertifiedarea doesnotalwayscorrespond tothefull (source: https://info.fsc.org/certificate.php-concessionarea: own FSC-certified loggingconcessionsintheCongoBasinSeptember2017 02/06/2009 19/03/2010 14/06/2017 08/12/2005 09/10/2008 09/10/2008 04/10/2013 09/10/2008 09/10/2008 22/03/2013 09/10/2008 10/02/2011 19/05/2008 22/05/2006 26/02/2009 date Initial certification 350,571 216,938 70,201 139,409 88,535 79,960 75,436 36,581 44,229 65,823 48,001 40,330 66,114 77,385 118,514 195,307 288,634 280,746 73,791 67,664 148,569 617,213 559,839 528,343 292,341 1,210,033 (ha) Concession area 5,780,502 32 www.greenpeace.org