DOCSLIB.ORG

Patterns in Flower Visitation of Flying Insects in Urban Christchurch

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patterns in Flower Visitation of Flying Insects in Urban Christchurch 1 Patterns in flower visitation of flying insects in urban Christchurch A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Ecology By Lauretta Lynley Bensemann School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury 2013 2 Bombus species visiting yellow Helenium flexuosum flowers in the Botanical Gardens, Christchurch. 3 Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1 – General introduction .......................................................................................................... 8 1.1 The mechanisms of pollination and the importance of mutualisms ............................................ 8 1.2 New Zealand’s insect pollinators ................................................................................................ 10 1.3 Plant syndromes and their relevance to the New Zealand flora ................................................ 11 1.4 Flower constancy ........................................................................................................................ 12 1.5 The risk of pollination failure and the loss of pollinators ........................................................... 12 1.6 Reductions in Apis mellifera numbers in New Zealand............................................................... 13 1.7 The relationship between plant traits and pollinator preferences ............................................. 14 1.8 Thesis objectives ......................................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2 – The preferences of New Zealand’s flower visiting insects .............................................. 16 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 16 The interactions between plants and their pollinators ................................................................ 16 Pollination in New Zealand ........................................................................................................... 17 Resistance to invasions and the facilitation of weeds .................................................................. 21 Chapter objectives ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.2 Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 22 Study sites and species ................................................................................................................. 22 Insect observations ....................................................................................................................... 23 Environmental data ...................................................................................................................... 23 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................................................... 24 2.3 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 26 Chi-squares tests ........................................................................................................................... 29 GLM plant species level analysis ................................................................................................... 30 GLMM plant-level analysis ............................................................................................................ 31 2.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 34 The predictors of flying-insect visitation in New Zealand ............................................................ 34 Limitations of this study ................................................................................................................ 36 The resistance of the New Zealand flora to the establishment of exotic species ........................ 36 Chapter 3 – The effect of flower colour on the visitation of New Zealand’s pollinating insects ...... 38 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 38 Factors driving pollinator visitation .............................................................................................. 38 4 The attributes of New Zealand’s flora and fauna ......................................................................... 40 Chapter objectives ........................................................................................................................ 42 3.2 Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 43 Study site and species ................................................................................................................... 43 One-hour insect counts ................................................................................................................ 44 General methodology ................................................................................................................... 44 Preliminary trials before data were collected .............................................................................. 45 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................................................... 48 3.3 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 49 3.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 52 The colour preferences of New Zealand’s flower visiting insects ................................................ 52 Other possible drivers of pollinator preferences .......................................................................... 53 Chapter 4 – A case study: Does Gastrodia ‘long column’ rely upon mutualisms for successful fruit set? ........................................................................................................................................................ 56 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 56 An overview of the Orchidaceae .................................................................................................. 56 Insect pollinators in New Zealand ................................................................................................. 59 New Zealand orchids..................................................................................................................... 59 The Gastrodia orchids ................................................................................................................... 61 Chapter objectives ........................................................................................................................ 62 4.2 Methods ...................................................................................................................................... 62 Study site and species ................................................................................................................... 62 Insect observations and bagging .................................................................................................. 63 Statistical analysis ......................................................................................................................... 64 4.3 Results ......................................................................................................................................... 64 4.4 Discussion .................................................................................................................................... 67 The importance of mutualistic services to Gastrodia ‘long column’ ............................................ 67 The insect visitors of Gastrodia ‘long column’.............................................................................. 67 Aphids as pollinators ..................................................................................................................... 68 Implications ................................................................................................................................... 69 Chapter 5 – Synthesis ........................................................................................................................... 70 5.1 Patterns in visitation of flower visiting insects in urban Christchurch........................................ 70 5.2 The importance of pollinators..................................................................................................... 72 5.3 Are pollinators able to replace Apis mellifera? ........................................................................... 73 5 5.4 The role of exotic mutualists in New Zealand ecosystems ......................................................... 74 5.5 The relationship between New Zealand plants and their
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES and PASSERINE DIET: EFFECTS of SHRUB EXPANSION in WESTERN ALASKA by Molly Tankersley Mcdermott, B.A./B.S
    Arthropod communities and passerine diet: effects of shrub expansion in Western Alaska Item Type Thesis Authors McDermott, Molly Tankersley Download date 26/09/2021 06:13:39 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/7893 ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES AND PASSERINE DIET: EFFECTS OF SHRUB EXPANSION IN WESTERN ALASKA By Molly Tankersley McDermott, B.A./B.S. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences University of Alaska Fairbanks August 2017 APPROVED: Pat Doak, Committee Chair Greg Breed, Committee Member Colleen Handel, Committee Member Christa Mulder, Committee Member Kris Hundertmark, Chair Department o f Biology and Wildlife Paul Layer, Dean College o f Natural Science and Mathematics Michael Castellini, Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Across the Arctic, taller woody shrubs, particularly willow (Salix spp.), birch (Betula spp.), and alder (Alnus spp.), have been expanding rapidly onto tundra. Changes in vegetation structure can alter the physical habitat structure, thermal environment, and food available to arthropods, which play an important role in the structure and functioning of Arctic ecosystems. Not only do they provide key ecosystem services such as pollination and nutrient cycling, they are an essential food source for migratory birds. In this study I examined the relationships between the abundance, diversity, and community composition of arthropods and the height and cover of several shrub species across a tundra-shrub gradient in northwestern Alaska. To characterize nestling diet of common passerines that occupy this gradient, I used next-generation sequencing of fecal matter. Willow cover was strongly and consistently associated with abundance and biomass of arthropods and significant shifts in arthropod community composition and diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 57, 295 Pp. Donovan, B. J. 2007
    Donovan, B. J. 2007: Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 57, 295 pp. EDITORIAL BOARD REPRESENTATIVES OF L ANDCARE R ESEARCH Dr D. Choquenot Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr R. J. B. Hoare Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF UNIVERSITIES Dr R.M. Emberson c/- Bio-Protection and Ecology Division P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF M USEUMS Mr R.L. Palma Natural Environment Department Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand REPRESENTATIVE OF OVERSEAS I NSTITUTIONS Dr M. J. Fletcher Director of the Collections NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit Forest Road, Orange NSW 2800, Australia * * * SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby Landcare Research Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 57 Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) B. J. Donovan Donovan Scientific Insect Research, Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand [email protected] Manaaki W h e n u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2007 4 Donovan (2007): Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2007 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication Donovan, B. J. (Barry James), 1941– Apoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) / B. J. Donovan – Lincoln, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, 2007. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111–5383 ; no.
    [Show full text]
  • Hoverfly Newsletter 34
    HOVERFLY NUMBER 34 NEWSLETTER AUGUST 2002 ISSN 1358-5029 Long-standing readers of this newsletter may wonder what has happened to the lists of references to recent hoverfly literature that used to appear regularly in these pages. Graham Rotheray compiled these when he was editor and for some time afterwards, and more recently they have been provided by Kenn Watt. For some time Kenn trawled for someone else to take over this task from him, but nobody volunteered. Kenn continued to produce the lists, but now no longer has access to the source that provided him with the references. I therefore now make a plea for someone else to agree to take over this role, ideally producing a list of recent literature for each edition of this newsletter (i.e. twice per year), or if that is not possible, for each alternate edition. Failing a reply to this plea, has anyone any suggestions for a reliable source of references to which I could get access in order to compile the list myself? Copy for Hoverfly Newsletter No. 35 (which is expected to be issued in February 2003) should be sent to me: David Iliff, Green Willows, Station Road, Woodmancote, Cheltenham, Glos, GL52 9HN, Email [email protected], to reach me by 20 December. CONTENTS Stuart Ball Stubbs & Falk, second edition 2 Ted & Dave Levy News from the south-west, 2001 6 Kenneth Watt Flying over Finland: a search for rare saproxylic Diptera on the Aland Islands of Finland 7 Ted & Dave Levy Hoverflies at Coombe Dingle 8 David Iliff Field identification of some British hoverfly species using characteristics not included in the keys 10 Hoverflies of Northumberland 13 Interesting recent records 13 Second International Workshop on the Syrphidae: “Hoverflies: Biodiversity and Conservation” 14 Workshop Registration Form 15 1 STUBBS & FALK, SECOND EDITION Stuart G.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Pdf (493
    TRILEPIDEA Newsletter of the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network NO. 185 CONFERENCE REGISTRATION OPEN NOW! May 2019 We invite you to register for the 2019 Australasian Systematic Botany Society and New Deadline for next issue: Zealand Plant Conservation Network joint conference to be held at the Museum of New Monday 20 May 2019 Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand in the last week of November. SUBMIT AN ARTICLE Start planning now! Spaces in workshops and fi eld trips are limited, so register early to TO THE NEWSLETTER get your top choices. Contributions are welcome Check out the recently updated conference website to get all the important details to the newsletter at any time. The closing date for about conference dates, venue, accommodation, programme, keynote speakers, fi eld articles for each issue is trips, workshops, silent auction, and more! approximately the 15th of each month. The conference theme, ‘Taxonomy for Plant Conservation – Ruia mai i Rangiātea’ aims to capitalise on the vast expertise of our two societies. There will be multiple upskilling Articles may be edited and used in the newsletter and/ workshops, three days of symposia, and a chance to explore Wellington’s forests and or on the website news page. rugged coastlines on our fi ve diff erent full-day fi eld trips. The Network will publish Feel free to contact the organising committee by email if you have any queries: almost any article about [email protected], otherwise go to the conference website (https://systematics. plants and plant conservation with a particular focus on the ourplants.org/) to keep up to date with developments, or follow us on Facebook or plant life of New Zealand and Twitter for announcements.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTHROPODA Subphylum Hexapoda Protura, Springtails, Diplura, and Insects
    NINE Phylum ARTHROPODA SUBPHYLUM HEXAPODA Protura, springtails, Diplura, and insects ROD P. MACFARLANE, PETER A. MADDISON, IAN G. ANDREW, JOCELYN A. BERRY, PETER M. JOHNS, ROBERT J. B. HOARE, MARIE-CLAUDE LARIVIÈRE, PENELOPE GREENSLADE, ROSA C. HENDERSON, COURTenaY N. SMITHERS, RicarDO L. PALMA, JOHN B. WARD, ROBERT L. C. PILGRIM, DaVID R. TOWNS, IAN McLELLAN, DAVID A. J. TEULON, TERRY R. HITCHINGS, VICTOR F. EASTOP, NICHOLAS A. MARTIN, MURRAY J. FLETCHER, MARLON A. W. STUFKENS, PAMELA J. DALE, Daniel BURCKHARDT, THOMAS R. BUCKLEY, STEVEN A. TREWICK defining feature of the Hexapoda, as the name suggests, is six legs. Also, the body comprises a head, thorax, and abdomen. The number A of abdominal segments varies, however; there are only six in the Collembola (springtails), 9–12 in the Protura, and 10 in the Diplura, whereas in all other hexapods there are strictly 11. Insects are now regarded as comprising only those hexapods with 11 abdominal segments. Whereas crustaceans are the dominant group of arthropods in the sea, hexapods prevail on land, in numbers and biomass. Altogether, the Hexapoda constitutes the most diverse group of animals – the estimated number of described species worldwide is just over 900,000, with the beetles (order Coleoptera) comprising more than a third of these. Today, the Hexapoda is considered to contain four classes – the Insecta, and the Protura, Collembola, and Diplura. The latter three classes were formerly allied with the insect orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Thysanura (silverfish) as the insect subclass Apterygota (‘wingless’). The Apterygota is now regarded as an artificial assemblage (Bitsch & Bitsch 2000).
    [Show full text]
  • Missouriensis Volume 28 / 29
    Missouriensis Volume 28/29 (2008) In this issue: Improved Status of Auriculate False Foxglove (Agalinis auriculata) in Missouri in 2007 Tim E. Smith, Tom Nagel, and Bruce Schuette ......................... 1 Current Status of Yellow False Mallow (Malvastrum hispidum) in Missouri Tim E. Smith.................................................................................... 5 Heliotropium europaeum (Heliotropiaceae) New to Missouri Jay A. Raveill and George Yatskievych ..................................... 10 Melica mutica (Poaceae) New for the Flora of Missouri Alan E. Brant ................................................................................. 18 Schoenoplectus californicus (Cyperaceae) New to Missouri Timothy E. Vogt and Paul M. McKenzie ................................. 22 Flora of Galloway Creek Nature Park, Howell County, Missouri Bill Summers .................................................................................. 27 Journal of the Missouri Native Plant Society Missouriensis, Volume 28/29 2008 1 IMPROVED STATUS OF AURICULATE FALSE FOXGLOVE (AGALINIS AURICULATA) IN MISSOURI IN 2007 Tim E. Smith Missouri Department of Conservation P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0180 Tom Nagel Missouri Department of Conservation 701 James McCarthy Drive St. Joseph, MO 64507-2194 Bruce Schuette Missouri Department of Natural Resources Cuivre River State Park 678 State Rt. 147 Troy, MO 63379 Populations of annual plant species are known to have periodic “boom” and “bust” years as well as years when plant numbers more closely approach long-term averages. In tracking populations of plant species of conservation concern (Missouri Natural Heritage Program, 2007), there are sometimes also boom years in the number of reports of new populations. Because of reports of five new populations and a surge in numbers of plants at some previously-known sites, 2007 provided encouraging news for the conservation of the auriculate false foxglove [Agalinis auriculata (Michx.) Blake] in Missouri.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination in New Zealand
    2.11 POLLINATION IN NEW ZEALAND POLLINATION IN NEW ZEALAND Linda E. Newstrom-Lloyd Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand ABSTRACT: Pollination by animals is a crucial ecosystem service. It underpins New Zealand’s agriculture-dependent economy yet has hitherto received little attention from a commercial perspective except where pollination clearly limits crop yield. In part this has been because background pollination by feral honey bees (Apis mellifera) and other unmanaged non-Apis pollinators has been adequate. However, as pollinators decline throughout the world, the consequences for food production and national economies have led to increasing research on how to prevent further declines and restore pollination services. In New Zealand, managed honey bees are the most important pollinators of most commercial crops including pasture legumes, but introduced bumble bees can be more important in some crops and are increasingly being used as managed colonies. In addition, New Zealand has several other introduced bees and a range of solitary native bees, some of which offer prospects for development as managed colonies. Diverse other insects and some vertebrates also contribute to background pollination in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. However, New Zealand’s depend- ence on managed honey bees makes it vulnerable to four major threats facing these bees: diseases, pesticides, a limited genetic base for breeding varroa-resistant bees, and declining fl oral resources. To address the fourth threat, a preliminary list of bee forage plants has been developed and published online. This lists species suitable for planting to provide abundant nectar and high-quality pollen during critical seasons.
    [Show full text]
  • Nzbotsoc No 82 Dec 2005
    NEW ZEALAND BOTANICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER NUMBER 82 DECEMBER 2005 New Zealand Botanical Society President: Anthony Wright Secretary/Treasurer: Ewen Cameron [email protected] Committee: Bruce Clarkson, Colin Webb, Carol West Address: c/- Canterbury Museum Rolleston Avenue CHRISTCHURCH 8001 Subscriptions The 2005 ordinary and institutional subscriptions are $25 (reduced to $18 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). The 2005 student subscription, available to full-time students, is $9 (reduced to $7 if paid by the due date on the subscription invoice). Back issues of the Newsletter are available at $2.50 each from Number 1 (August 1985) to Number 46 (December 1996), $3.00 each from Number 47 (March 1997) to Number 50 (December 1997), and $3.75 each from Number 51 (March 1998) onwards. Since 1986 the Newsletter has appeared quarterly in March, June, September and December. New subscriptions are always welcome and these, together with back issue orders, should be sent to the Secretary/Treasurer (address above). Subscriptions are due by 28th February each year for that calendar year. Existing subscribers are sent an invoice with the December Newsletter for the next years subscription which offers a reduction if this is paid by the due date. If you are in arrears with your subscription a reminder notice comes attached to each issue of the Newsletter. Deadline for next issue The deadline for the March 2006 issue (83) is 28 February 2006. Please post contributions to: Joy Talbot 17 Ford Road Christchurch 8002 Send email contributions to [email protected] or [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • NZ Orchid Key: a New Smartphone App for Identifying Native Orchids Murray Dawson1, Jeremy Rolfe, Michael Pratt and Ian St George
    NZ Orchid Key: a new smartphone app for identifying native orchids Murray Dawson1, Jeremy Rolfe, Michael Pratt and Ian St George Smartphones have rapidly become the device of choice for New Zealanders and the rest of the world. Their processing power, storage capacity, and portability have come of age, making it possible to run comprehensive productivity apps including identification tools. Uptake of this technology will continue to increase into the foreseeable future. It is timely then that a powerful app for identifying native orchids is now available for smartphones and tablets from the Android Google Play Store and Apple’s iTunes (Fig. 1A–E)2. E Fig. 1 Screenshots of the NZ Orchid Key C app. A, icon, illustrating the mauve sun orchid (Thelymitra malvina). B, start-up screen. C, feature (character) list. D, entity (species) list. E, part of a built-in species profile. This free app, called the NZ Orchid Key, is easy-to-use, has lots of A colourful photographs, and covers a wide array of plant characters3, including leaves, flowers, habitats, and distribution for identifying native orchids. Users choose whichever characters in the app match the orchid specimen they are identifying through a process of elimination. If a user needs help to understand what a particular character state means, they can bring up an explanation page for it. Each species within the app is supported by a descriptive profile, providing all the information needed to verify the identification. Species D profiles include links out to online B resources on native orchids – the 1 Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, Canterbury, New Zealand; [email protected] 2 https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.lucidcentral.mobile.nz_orchid and https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/nz-orchid-key/ id1063192594?mt=8 3 In total, 43 characters and 212 character states were chosen for identifying native orchids in the key.
    [Show full text]
  • Occasional Papers
    NUMBER 89, 55 pages 11 September 2006 BISHOP MUSEUM OCCASIONAL PAPERS FIJI ARTHROPODS V NEAL L. EVENHUIS AND DANIEL J. BICKEL, EDITORS 5 BISHOP MUSEUM PRESS HONOLULU Bishop Museum Press has been publishing scholarly books on the natu- RESEARCH ral and cultural history of Hawai‘i and the Pacific since 1892. The Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin series (ISSN 0005-9439) was begun PUBLICATIONS OF in 1922 as a series of monographs presenting the results of research in many scientific fields throughout the Pacific. Since 1987, the Bulletin BISHOP MUSEUM series has been superceded by the Museum’s five current monographic series, issued irregularly: Bishop Museum Bulletins in Anthropology (ISSN 0893-3111) Bishop Museum Bulletins in Botany (ISSN 0893-3138) Bishop Museum Bulletins in Entomology (ISSN 0893-3146) Bishop Museum Bulletins in Zoology (ISSN 0893-312X) Bishop Museum Bulletins in Cultural and Environmental Studies (ISSN 1548-9620) Bishop Museum Press also publishes Bishop Museum Occasional Papers (ISSN 0893-1348), a series of short papers describing original research in the natural and cultural sciences. To subscribe to any of the above series, or to purchase individual publi- cations, please write to: Bishop Museum Press, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA. Phone: (808) 848-4135. Email: [email protected]. Institutional libraries interested in exchang- ing publications may also contact the Bishop Museum Press for more information. BISHOP MUSEUM The State Museum of Natural and Cultural History ISSN 0893-1348 1525 Bernice Street Copyright © 2006 by Bishop Museum Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817-2704, USA FIJI ARTHROPODS Editors’ Preface We are pleased to present the fifth issue of Fiji Arthropods, a series offering rapid publi- cation and devoted to studies of terrestrial arthropods of the Fiji Group and nearby Pacific archipelagos.
    [Show full text]
  • Landcorp Denmark East Development Precinct Flora and Fauna Survey
    LandCorp Denmark East Development Precinct Flora and Fauna Survey October 2016 Executive summary Introduction Through the Royalties for Regions “Growing our South” initiative, the Shire of Denmark has received funding to provide a second crossing of the Denmark River, to upgrade approximately 6.5 km of local roads and to support the delivery of an industrial estate adjacent to McIntosh Road. GHD Pty Ltd (GHD) was commissioned by LandCorp to undertake a biological assessment of the project survey area. The purpose of the assessment was to identify and describe flora, vegetation and fauna within the survey area. The outcomes of the assessment will be used in the environmental assessment and approvals process and will identify the possible need for, and scope of, further field investigations will inform environmental impact assessment of the road upgrades. The survey area is approximately 68.5 ha in area and includes a broad area of land between Scotsdale Road and the Denmark River and the road reserve and adjacent land along East River Road and McIntosh Road between the Denmark Mt Barker Road and South Western Highway. A 200 m section north and south along the Denmark Mt Barker Road from East River Road was also surveyed. The biological assessment involved a desktop review and three separate field surveys, including a winter flora and fauna survey, spring flora and fauna survey and spring nocturnal fauna survey. Fauna surveys also included the use of movement sensitive cameras in key locations. Key biological aspects The key biological aspects and constraints identified for the survey area are summarised in the following table.
    [Show full text]
  • 080058-92.02.002.Pdf
    'Jeqruq ',{ueq1y 'pusD{u"rd ,Isad sed,{1i(1runuruoc Jeqlo ss sB JoJ pqse^]sq pua {rsrruaq II I I[€^\ 'eprsaeo eq o1 ,(1e41 s4serc! (roloctsp^tp mdQocng) IuJa4 4ru"Jg ol JeuB€raql lsEe-qlnos-ls"e sJapuDerl 11e 'eepJ?I ',{ellBeq^{ sapnlcu! 1 esnecaq uorleSgsa,rur aaJs puB ol qlnos ol lsue'dnuuBN ot Jo Fl.qdBJSoeB erll sB ueJJ8^\ eql esoqc e/l\ lsorrrl€ r{uou anp spuoq l! eJaq,r Je^ry ,([auuoq aqt ol lculstpqns lBcruslog ut"ld Je^rU gocs egl do1 eq1 sso:cr '1sare1m Jo NRo-r{lnos-ls"e luraueSelour Jo eq oslr ueql 'ralry poo.r$lt?tg eq1 uo e8pug repusxelv ol ,{ru 1sq 1ua1dprru qJJBeseJcrlsuou Jo ,l\erleJ aqJ lsua-qlnos-g$os sun-r ifurprmoq prrvJu Jo rueqUou aql 'sn[L '(SS 'd 'uousrrrJoJr[ dn8uJlpl urorJ :OgOt preag) lueuoduoc cglualJs elqs[r8^? lseq luucgruErs € eq ol sesrea JoloJtslaqp e:eql\ eq1 q1m,(4snpw drqcpoo,{ aq1 eEeuuu pnB rolmour ? 'lueue8su"l u.{erp sr,{:epunoq ruaquou eql elq,t\ 'lse/rt pu qlnos IrlSru 11 leqf os I purl pu? uorts^lesuoC 'lseoc sgl ol "es aq1 .{q paprmoq sr lI qmos eqt uo Jo lueulredaq eqt ,{q pelJnpuoJ Bllerlsny {*qlv ot e8pJg alsqumlulq-urrnoe-I eqt uo dn?u1ge1 lsea-rllnos u1 luerua8yuvu lseJoJ Jo lcedur eq1 uo qcJBoser uo.5 u{ 0o€ re^o spuelxe lcFlslpgns uerr"d\ eql Jo ?rterler B ol uorpquluoa v sa ,{luzuud esoP s3^\ IroA\ eqJ qcJReseJamlry ro3 sequoud 'errqsadsred 'EcefoJd luuor8a.r e ur seulluepr puE rIcJBeseJ tuaJrnc ol sJeJeJ ur"{ ol pernJuoo queuodwoc esoql go 'BroU '(9961 lseloJ lueuecqd r"lncsBl u,llou{ eql 3o 1s1 e quaserd 11 s8q lculslPgns uerrB eloq^1 eql JoJ P€lqBua \ p-rceg rnras) lclrtspgns lBcruslog
    [Show full text]