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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Das Web 2.0 als Medium musikalischer Selbstinszenierung Verfasserin Carina-Patricia Schierz angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 317 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Betreuer: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Ramón Reichert 2 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Einleitung ................................................................................................ 7 1. Musik im Internet .............................................................................. 11 1.1 Vorbedingungen in Produktion und Rezeption .......................................... 13 1.1.1 Demokratisierung der Produktionsmittel ................................................... 13 1.1.2 Verändertes Rezeptionsverhalten ............................................................ 15 1.2 Nachfrage in Onlinemärkten ........................................................................ 18 1.3 Filter ............................................................................................................... 21 1.3.1 Vorabfilter ................................................................................................. 21 1.3.2 Nachträgliche Filter ................................................................................... 22 1.4 Das Internet als Distributionsmedium ......................................................... 25 1.5 „Community“ im Internet ............................................................................. 29 1.5.1 Definition .................................................................................................. 29 1.5.2 Partizipation der Nutzer ............................................................................ 31 1.5.3 Einflussnahme der Community auf die Nachfragesituation ...................... 32 1.6 Social Networking Sites ............................................................................... 33 1.6.1 Beziehungsstrukturen in sozialen Netzwerken ......................................... 34 1.6.2 Interaktivität auf Social Networking Sites .................................................. 36 2. Das unternehmerische Selbst im Web 2.0 ..................................... 39 2.1 Disintermediation .......................................................................................... 41 2.2 Das unternehmerische Selbst ...................................................................... 42 2.2.1 Leitbild des unternehmerischen Selbst ..................................................... 42 2.2.2 Der Künstler als unternehmerisches Selbst .............................................. 43 2.3 Kommunikationsarbeit ................................................................................. 47 2.3.1 Das unternehmerische Selbst als „Netzwerker“ ....................................... 47 2.3.2 Präsenz auf Social Networking Sites ........................................................ 49 2.4 Ästhetik .......................................................................................................... 50 2.4.1 Gestaltungselemente in der Konstruktion der Online-Identität ................. 50 2.4.2 Eingeschränkte Individualität auf Social Networking Sites ....................... 53 2.4.3 Automedialität – zur Authentizität in der autobiographischen Darstellung 54 3 3. Analyse .............................................................................................. 57 3.1 Kriterien ......................................................................................................... 59 3.2 Facebook ....................................................................................................... 60 3.2.1 Relevanz der Plattform ............................................................................. 60 3.2.2 Registrierung auf Facebook ..................................................................... 61 3.2.3 Vernetzung mit Künstlern ......................................................................... 62 3.2.4 Interaktive Funktionen .............................................................................. 63 3.2.5 Neue Chronik............................................................................................ 64 3.3 Profile ............................................................................................................. 66 3.4 Kategorien ..................................................................................................... 70 3.4.1 Fotos ........................................................................................................ 70 3.4.2 „Gefällt mir“-Angaben ............................................................................... 74 3.4.3 Notizen ..................................................................................................... 75 3.4.4 Ankündigung von Auftritten ...................................................................... 77 3.4.5 Präsentation von Musik ............................................................................ 83 3.4.6 Newsletter ................................................................................................ 90 3.5 Nutzung der Kommentarwand ..................................................................... 90 3.5.1 Beiträge der Künstler ................................................................................ 91 3.5.2 Beiträge der Nutzer ................................................................................ 101 3.6 Fazit .............................................................................................................. 107 3.7 Exkurs I: Anmerkungen zu MySpace ........................................................ 110 3.8 Exkurs II: Last.fm – ein Beispiel für musikspezifische Social Networking Sites ................................................................................................................... 112 Conclusio ............................................................................................ 119 4. Anhang ............................................................................................ 123 4.1 Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................... 125 4.2 Internetquellen ............................................................................................ 131 4.3 Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................... 135 4.4 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 139 4.5 Lebenslauf ................................................................................................... 141 4 5 6 Einleitung Im Rahmen meiner eigenen musikalischen Tätigkeit als Singer/Songwriterin setzte ich mich in den letzten Jahren vermehrt mit dem Thema der Selbstinszenierung auseinander. Mit dem Web 2.0 rückt die Tendenz zur „Selbstvermarktung“ in Musikerkreisen verstärkt in den Vordergrund und für immer mehr Musikschaffende ist die Präsenz auf Social Networking Sites zu einem Teil ihrer Inszenierung in der Öffentlichkeit geworden. Auffallend ist die unter Musikern zumeist übertrieben euphemistische Darstellung der Möglichkeiten. „Selbstunternehmerisches Handeln“ wird jedoch nicht nur vonseiten der Musiker gerne idealisiert, auch in den Medien herrscht eine recht einseitige Darstellung, indem vor allem Meldungen über jene Künstler hervorgehoben werden, die es „geschafft“ haben, ausschließlich mit Hilfe von Social Networking Sites ihren Erfolg zu generieren. Man könnte meinen, mit den Neuen Medien sei „Erfolg“ für jeden in greifbare Nähe gerückt und man müsse nur noch zugreifen und die Möglichkeiten nutzen. In Büchern sowie im Internet finden sich zahlreiche Handlungsanleitungen, wie man diese oder jene Plattform als Musiker am besten nutzt, und viele junge Künstler bemühen sich redlich, die Anweisungen zu befolgen und erstellen sich auf sämtlichen Plattformen im Netz ein Profil, in der Hoffnung, in nicht allzu ferner Zukunft ebenfalls zu jenen zu gehören, die es „geschafft“ haben. Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Thema findet bis jetzt unter den Musikschaffenden kaum statt. Zu groß ist die Euphorie über die empfundene Freiheit und Unabhängigkeit von „herkömmlichen Musikmarktstrukturen“, als dass ein differenzierter Blick möglich wäre. Im medienwissenschaftlichen Bereich hat sich längst ein kritischer Diskurs zum Web 2.0 und seinen Anwendungen etabliert. Diesen Diskurs möchte ich in der vorliegenden Arbeit aufgreifen und dadurch einen differenzierten Blick auf die Selbstinszenierungspraktiken von Musikschaffenden werfen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, selbstunternehmerische Handlungsweisen und Inszenierungspraktiken von Musikschaffenden im Web 2.0 im medienwissenschaftlichen Diskurs zu verorten. 7 Der Forschungsbereich umfasst das Internet mit seinen sozialen Praktiken in Bezug auf die Distribution und Rezeption von Musik, ebenso berücksichtigt werden sozialkritische Sichtweisen auf selbstunternehmerisches Handeln sowie ästhetische und inhaltliche Elemente der Inszenierung von Musikschaffenden auf Social Networking Sites. Das Forschungsinteresse besteht darin, diese Aspekte in eine Beziehung zueinander zu setzen. Daraus leiten sich folgende Fragen ab: - Welchen Einfluss nehmen das Internet als Distributionsmedium und soziale Praktiken des Web 2.0 auf Musikschaffende und Konsumenten? - Welche selbstunternehmerischen Handlungsweisen impliziert das Web 2.0? - Mit welchen ästhetischen
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