Double Haploid: an Overview

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 1012-1029 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 1 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.114 Double Haploid: An Overview Omesh Kumar* and Madhu Choudhary Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., 221005 *Corresponding author ABSTRACT A doubled haploid (DH) is a genotype developed when haploid cells undergo chromosome doubling. Artificial production of doubled haploids is important in plant breeding. Double haploid (DH) breeding can helps in speedup conventional plant breeding programmes and make early release of K e yw or ds cultivars with superior and desirable traits along with greater utility in other research aspects of plant breeding, genetics and genetic engineering. DH’s Doubled haploid (DH) Genomics, helps in complementing back cross breeding by transferring genes of Quantitative Trait interest from wild relatives thus breaking genetic barriers. The unique Loci (QTL) complete homozygous nature of DH’s, less time requirement to produce a large number of DH’s, absence of heterozygosity, efficiency over Article Info conventional systems and absence of gametoclonal variation in DH’s make Accepted: them very valuable material for very important genetic and molecular 15 December 2019 studies. So, DH’s are extensively used for genetic studies like studying Available Online: 20 January 2020 inheritance of quantitative traits, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, Genomics, gene identification, whole genome mapping and production of stable transgenic plants. Introduction haploids. Haploid production by wide crossing was reported in barley (Kasha and Kao, 1970) A plant or line obtained by doubling the and tobacco (Burk et al., 1979) chromosome number of a haploid plant is called double haploid. The first report of the Doubled haploid methodologies have now haploid plant was published by Blakeslee et been applied to over 250 species. DHs are al. (1922) in Datura stramonium and Guha very valuable material for very important and Maheshwari (1964) developed anther genetic and molecular studies (Hussain et al., culture technique for the production of 2012). Haploid line can be developed by the different methods such as distant 1012 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 1012-1029 hybridization, Parthenogenesis, anther culture, Approaches for double haploid production ovary culture etc. In wheat, distant hybridization methods like Bulbosum The importance of haploids in the field of technique, wheat x maize, and wheat x plant breeding and genetics was realised long Imperta cylidrica were used. Out of which ago. Their practical application, however, has wheat x Imperta cylidrica system is more been restricted due to very a low frequency (< efficient as compared to other methods. 0.001%) of their formation in nature. The Bulbosum technique in wheat was no longer process of apomixis or parthenogenesis effective due to the presence of Kr1 and Kr2 (development of embryo from an unfertilized genes situated on the 5A and 5B wheat egg) is responsible for the spontaneous natural chromosomes which markedly reduce production of haploids. Many attempts were crossability between wheat and bulbosum made, both by in vivo and in vitro methods to (Niroula et al., 2009). There are three develop haploids but the success was much outstanding double haploids lines of rice were higher by in vitro techniques. selected from ten doubled haploid lines (DHL’s) generated through anther culture In vivo techniques for haploid production from F1506, a cross between C40442B22 and IR1354056321 were had high yield, and There are several methods to induce haploid uniformity (Lapitan et al., 2004). production through in vivo techniques. Three outstanding DHL’s of rice generated Some of them are listed below: from the popular IR64 variety utilizing the o Distant hybridization crosses followed anther culture technique had resistance to by chromosome elimination different soil related stresses such as P, K, Zn, o Bulbosum Technique S, and Cu deficiencies. Evaluation of these o Parthenogenesis variants showed improvements on their root o Inducer based approach system in terms of root length and weight as compared to the seed of IR64 variety (Lapitan Distant hybridization methods et al., 2004). Hybrids can be produced by elimination of Using Triticum x Zea crosses for producing one of the parental genomes as a result of DH lines proved to be efficient in accelerating distant (inter-specific or inter-generic crosses) the release of new cultivars, in the wheat hybridization. There are some methods for breeding program. producing double haploid in wheat. Cytological analyses performed to reveal the The advantages of the DH system, particularly mechanism of chromosome elimination the advancement of newer, superior crosses, enunciated similar mitotic abnormalities in could counterbalance the limitations in the many hybrids (Laurie and Bennett, 1988, number of crosses and progenies. The utility 1989; Mochida et al., 2004). Chromosomes of DHs in cultivar development, back being eliminated tend to be apart from the crossing, genome mapping, hybrid sorting, equatorial plate at metaphase. Sister mutation research, evolutionary studies, gene chromosomes fail to move toward the poles at identification, cytoplasmic research and anaphase and are retained in the cytoplasm to transgenic plant development make them the be eliminated from the nuclei. These best material for genetic improvement and chromosomes form extra-micronuclei and are genetic studies. finally degraded. In addition to mitosis 1013 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 1012-1029 dependent elimination, another pathway of demonstrate that the maize pollen normally chromosome elimination was proposed in germinates and grows into the wheat embryo wheat × pearl millet crosses (Gernand et al., sac where the wheat egg is fertilized by the 2005). Micronuclei containing pearl millet maize sperm nuclei. A hybrid zygote with 21 chromatin were directly budded and wheat chromosomes and 10 maize eliminated from interphase nuclei. There are chromosomes is produced. The hybrid zygotes the some distant hybridization methods which are karotypically unstable; therefore, maize are used for the production of haploids in chromosomes fail to move to the spindle poles wheat viz., Wheat X Maize Method (Maize during cell divisions. Possibly, their Pollen Method), Wheat X Imperta cyllindrica centromeres fail to attach to the spindle and Wheat X Pearl millet Method. These microtubules due to progressive loss of Inter-generic crosses have been found to be centromere activity, which is seen as reduction effective for the production of dihaploid plants in size and finally the loss of, the primary in wheat. Polyhaploids induction from such constriction as reported for H. vulgare x H. crosses is possible because of the preferential bulbosum hybrid. The maize chromosomes are chromosomes elimination of the pollen parent rapidly eliminated after a few cell divisions during embryo development and haploid and thus forming a haploid embryo with 21 plants can be recovered following embryo wheat chromosomes. Wheat x maize system rescue. of crosses following chromosome elimination is an effective and handy tool among available Kasha and Kao for the first time reported methods for haploid induction in wheat. Its haploid barley through barley x Hordeum superiority over other techniques includes bulbosum crosses (H. bulbosum system). Later higher efficacy (2-3 times more efficient for this system was extended to wheat. This green plant production than the anther system was also no longer effective due to the culture), simple, less genotype dependent presence of Kr1 and Kr2 genes situated on the response, less gametoclonal variation and less 5A and 5B wheat chromosomes which time consuming markedly reduce the crossability between wheat and bulbosum. Despite the limited Wheat X Imperta cyllindrica success, the efficiency of haploid production in wheat through anther/microspores and This novel haploid induction method has two wheat x bulbosum techniques are highly great advantages in practical application, (1) genotype-dependent which limits the use of high frequency of haploid induction these techniques in practical wheat breeding. irrespective of wheat genotypes, and (2) natural coincidence of flowering period of Wheat X Maize Method (Maize Pollen wheat and I. cylindrica under subtemperate Method) condition. Wheat genotypes affect the crossability with alien species (Inagaki and It was 1984 for the first time Zenkteler and Mujeeb-Kazi, 1995; Pratap et al., 2005). For Nitzsche reported that embryos are frequently example, wheat varieties with dominant Kr formed when hexaploid wheat pollinated with genes, which inhibit alien pollen tube growth, maize. This raised the considerable interest show greatly reduced crossability with many among wheat breeders and Laurie and Bennett alien species (Riley and Chapman, 1967; at Plant Breeding Institute, Cambridge started Snape et al., 1979; Falk and Kasha, 1981, systematic study to confirm the previous 1983; Sitch et al., 1985). This restricts the reports. They were cytologically able to application of haploid induction method by 1014 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 1012-1029 crossing with H. bulbosum or rye to only some myo-inositol, 1 mg/l thiamine HCl, 0.5 mg/l

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