DOCSLIB.ORG

UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Celebrity, Violence, And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Celebrity, Violence, And UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Celebrity, Violence, and the Mystic Arts In Postwar Sierra Leone A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Culture and Performance by Samuel Mark Anderson 2014 © Copyright by Samuel Mark Anderson 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Celebrity, Violence, and the Mystic Arts In Postwar Sierra Leone by Samuel Mark Anderson Doctor of Philosophy in Culture and Performance University of California, Los Angeles, 2012 Professor Allen F. Roberts, Chair Celebrity, Violence, and the Mystic Arts in Postwar Sierra Leone tracks the operations of Hassan Jalloh, once a commander in Sierra Leone’s devastating civil war, now self-proclaimed “King of West Africa Mystical Power and Culture.” Jalloh served in the Civil Defense Forces, a pro-government militia that mobilized the imagery and practices of village hunter traditions in pursuit of local legitimacy and esoteric defense maneuvers including disappearance, metamorphosis, and bullet-proofing. Faced with disarmament and doubtful reintegration at the end of the decade-long war, Jalloh turned to Allah for guidance, then redeployed his troops as the touring Warrior Cultural and Mystical Power Dance Troupe. Through the virtuosic fusion of acts that might variously appear as fearsome masked dancing, military pageantry, bloody self- mutilation, and sleight-of-hand hocus-pocus, Jalloh publicly demonstrates the abilities he ii acquired in wartime and expounds on themes ranging from Islamic doctrine and cultural reconstruction to nationalism and HIV/AIDS prevention. Building from more than eighteen months of research employing participant observation, oral histories, archival records, and critical videography, I follow Hassan Jalloh’s Warriors and other troupes as they travel throughout the Mende regions of Sierra Leone and across numerous sites at which spectacle is used to manifest, marshal, and mitigate violence. I use Jalloh’s program of acts as a thematic link between performances of militias, herbalists, subcultures, and initiatory societies, bringing their shared logics and aesthetics into focus. Each case exemplifies how Sierra Leonean individuals and institutions currently exploit public spectacle to navigate and influence unstable transitions between physical violence of open conflict, memories of violence, and the structural violence of consolidations of political power. Rather than unidirectional transmission from the spectated to the spectator, these performances hinge on a living interface, a relationship summed up in Jalloh’s onstage axiom, “I am seeing you seeing me.” Spectacles in Sierra Leone are events at which extraordinary visuality conjures crowds for many ends: to judge, to heal, to educate, to manifest invisible forces, and–most importantly in the postwar context–to effect personal and social transformations. iii The dissertation of Samuel Mark Anderson is approved. Donald J. Cosentino Steven Nelson Aparna Sharma Allen F. Roberts, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2014 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract of the Dissertation ......................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................................. v List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... viii Note on Orthography .................................................................................................................................. xii Note on Video Materials ............................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................... xiv Vita ..................................................................................................................................................................... xv Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Road Map ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Preliminary Item: "Let Me Tell You Something About Myself..." ........................................ 18 "You know me. I'm known as Hassan Jalloh." ..................................................................................... 18 "What the eye does not see, the heart cannot admire." .................................................................. 29 Mende spectacle ............................................................................................................................................................ 29 Society and Spectacle ................................................................................................................................................. 33 Spectacle Dismembered ............................................................................................................................................ 38 Spectacle and Transformation ................................................................................................................................ 45 "He who tells you about them will one day tell them about you." ............................................... 47 THIS is Warrior ............................................................................................................................................................. 47 Warrior Territory ......................................................................................................................................................... 52 Ethnography on tour .................................................................................................................................................. 56 Other Methods ............................................................................................................................................................... 59 Ethnographer as celebrity ........................................................................................................................................ 65 Chapter One: Mobilizing Culture .................................................................................................. 70 1.1 "W.A.R. Waste All Resources" ............................................................................................................ 70 War initiated .................................................................................................................................................................. 71 War escalated ................................................................................................................................................................. 75 Mysticism mobilized ................................................................................................................................................... 78 Charisma .......................................................................................................................................................................... 82 Spectacle in war ............................................................................................................................................................ 84 1.2 "Culture Business": Culture as Context .......................................................................................... 88 Postwar ............................................................................................................................................................................. 89 National “Culture”? ...................................................................................................................................................... 94 National Culture ............................................................................................................................................................ 96 Producing Culture ........................................................................................................................................................ 99 1.3 "Culture Business": Culture as Economy ..................................................................................... 102 "I am the only king in my kingdom" ................................................................................................................... 102 Structures of Authority ............................................................................................................................................ 105 "We live on what we create, we don't imitate" ............................................................................................. 113 'We traumatize and sensitize" .............................................................................................................................. 116 Item One: "If You Don't Know Your History, You Don't Know Where You are Coming From." ................................................................................................................................................. 118
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sierra Leone
    EDITION 2010 VOLUME I.B / AFRICA DIRECTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, GOVERNMENTS, PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES, CIVIL SOCIETY, UNIVERSITIES, GRANTMAKERS, BANKS, MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT CONSULTING FIRMS Resource Guide to Development Organizations and the Internet Introduction Welcome to the directory of development organizations 2010, Volume I: Africa The directory of development organizations, listing 63.350 development organizations, has been prepared to facilitate international cooperation and knowledge sharing in development work, both among civil society organizations, research institutions, governments and the private sector. The directory aims to promote interaction and active partnerships among key development organisations in civil society, including NGOs, trade unions, faith-based organizations, indigenous peoples movements, foundations and research centres. In creating opportunities for dialogue with governments and private sector, civil society organizations are helping to amplify the voices of the poorest people in the decisions that affect their lives, improve development effectiveness and sustainability and hold governments and policymakers publicly accountable. In particular, the directory is intended to provide a comprehensive source of reference for development practitioners, researchers, donor employees, and policymakers who are committed to good governance, sustainable development and poverty reduction, through: the financial sector and microfinance,
    [Show full text]
  • International Rescue Committee Sierra Leone 72063618CA00001 Q2 Narrative Report (POWER) Jan-Mar ‘19
    International Rescue Committee Sierra Leone 72063618CA00001 Q2 Narrative Report (POWER) Jan-Mar ‘19 INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE SIERRA LEONE QUARTERLY REPORT PROTECTION OF WOMEN THROUGH EMPOWERMENT AND RESPONSE (POWER) AGREEMENT NO: 72063618CA00001 January 1 – March 31, 2019 PRESENTED TO: THE U.S. AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID) Collaborating Partner: Agency Headquarters: International Rescue Committee Sierra International Rescue Committee Leone c/o Erika Pearl, Program Officer c/o Saffea Senessie, Country Director Tel : +1 212 377 4019 Tel: +232 (0) 76 622998 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] April 30, 2019 International Rescue Committee Sierra Leone 72063618CA00001 Q2 Narrative Report (POWER) Jan-Mar ‘19 Table of Contents I. General Information ............................................................................................................ ii II. Abbreviations...................................................................................................................... iii III. Project Description............................................................................................................... 1 IV. Summary of Quarterly Accomplishment and Successes ..................................................... 2 V. Description of Quarterly Achievements by Results ............................................................ 5 VI. Partnership and Coordination .............................................................................................. 8 VII. Travel
    [Show full text]
  • Côte D'ivoire
    CÔTE D’IVOIRE COI Compilation August 2017 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Regional Representation for West Africa - RSD Unit UNHCR Côte d’Ivoire UNHCR Regional Representation for West Africa - RSD Unit UNHCR Côte d’Ivoire Côte d’Ivoire COI Compilation August 2017 This report collates country of origin information (COI) on Côte d’Ivoire up to 15 August 2017 on issues of relevance in refugee status determination for Ivorian nationals. The report is based on publicly available information, studies and commentaries. It is illustrative, but is neither exhaustive of information available in the public domain nor intended to be a general report on human-rights conditions. The report is not conclusive as to the merits of any individual refugee claim. All sources are cited and fully referenced. Users should refer to the full text of documents cited and assess the credibility, relevance and timeliness of source material with reference to the specific research concerns arising from individual applications. UNHCR Regional Representation for West Africa Immeuble FAALO Almadies, Route du King Fahd Palace Dakar, Senegal - BP 3125 Phone: +221 33 867 62 07 Kora.unhcr.org - www.unhcr.org Table of Contents List of Abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 4 1 General Information ....................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Historical background ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Excluded and Invisible
    THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2006 EXCLUDED AND INVISIBLE THE STATE OF THE WORLD’S CHILDREN 2006 © The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2005 The Library of Congress has catalogued this serial publication as follows: Permission to reproduce any part of this publication The State of the World’s Children 2006 is required. Please contact the Editorial and Publications Section, Division of Communication, UNICEF, UNICEF House, 3 UN Plaza, UNICEF NY (3 UN Plaza, NY, NY 10017) USA, New York, NY 10017, USA Tel: 212-326-7434 or 7286, Fax: 212-303-7985, E-mail: [email protected]. Permission E-mail: [email protected] will be freely granted to educational or non-profit Website: www.unicef.org organizations. Others will be requested to pay a small fee. Cover photo: © UNICEF/HQ94-1393/Shehzad Noorani ISBN-13: 978-92-806-3916-2 ISBN-10: 92-806-3916-1 Acknowledgements This report would not have been possible without the advice and contributions of many inside and outside of UNICEF who provided helpful comments and made other contributions. Significant contributions were received from the following UNICEF field offices: Albania, Armenia, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, China, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Madagascar, Malaysia, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Republic of Moldova, Serbia and Montenegro, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Uganda, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Venezuela and Viet Nam. Input was also received from Programme Division, Division of Policy and Planning and Division of Communication at Headquarters, UNICEF regional offices, the Innocenti Research Centre, the UK National Committee and the US Fund for UNICEF.
    [Show full text]
  • Jan – Apr 2020 Activity Report
    Rural Health Care Initiative Activity Report, January 2020 RHCI in Sierra Leone operates programs out of its office in Tikonko to support efforts in maternal and child health. The programs in this report include: ñ Mbao-mi Birth Waiting Home, Tikonko ñ Community Health Clinic birth waiting facility support, Kassama and Sembehun Tabema ñ Motorbike Outreach – Tikonko; serving Lembema, Dodo, Gbalehun and Sunga ñ Motorbike Outreach – Gondama; serving Gelehun, Sembehun Kokofele, Magbema and Gandorhun ñ Family Planning Services, Tikonko and surrounding villages Birth Waiting Homes The Mbao-mi accommodates 24 women and is staffed with a Senior Midwife, State Registered Nurse, Community Health Workers, security and administration personnel with two drivers for the RHCI vehicles. Women admitted are referred by the Tikonko Community Health Clinic (CHC) and receive lodging, food, health care, education, vocational training and transportation to the site of delivery and to their home village. Most women return to Mbao-mi after delivery for post-natal care, education and support. Mbao- mi provides staff and supplies to accompany the woman to the CHC for delivery. The Gondama Birth Waiting Home will accommodate 10 women and will provide similar services as Mbao-mi. The Kassama and Sembehun Tabema Peripheral Health Units (PHU’s) receive support from RHCI. The support includes medical supplies, medications and a stipend for food for women who stay at their facilities prior to labor and delivery. This arrangement was made between RHCI and these PHU’s due to their desire to keep deliveries at their CHC. Table 1. Number of Birth Waiting Home admissions in January, 2020.
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Table of Contents
    1/2009 Delivering Justice to Sierra Leone’s Poor An Analysis of the Work of Timap for Justice Pamela Dale* * Comments and questions are welcome, and should be addressed to Pamela Dale ([email protected]). For questions on the World Bank‘s Justice for the Poor program in Sierra Leone, please contact Gibrill Jalloh ([email protected]), Lyttelton Braima ([email protected]), or [email protected]. DISCLAIMER Publications produced by the World Bank‘s Justice for the Poor program are intended to contribute to understanding, discussion, and debate on the practical and theoretical issues surrounding justice and governance reform. These publications provide the opportunity for a diverse array of authors to present interesting and up-to-date findings, tools, and lessons learned. Feedback from readers is encouraged, and should be sent to the author(s) at [email protected]. Though all J4P publications have undergone internal review to ensure factual accuracy and professional-quality research, the views expressed in these publications are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, the Justice for the Poor program, or the program‘s funders and partners. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Sierra Leone
    SIERRA LEONE 350 Fifth Ave 34 th Floor New York, N.Y. 10118-3299 http://www.hrw.org (212) 290-4700 Vol. 15, No. 1 (A) – January 2003 I was captured together with my husband, my three young children and other civilians as we were fleeing from the RUF when they entered Jaiweii. Two rebels asked to have sex with me but when I refused, they beat me with the butt of their guns. My legs were bruised and I lost my three front teeth. Then the two rebels raped me in front of my children and other civilians. Many other women were raped in public places. I also heard of a woman from Kalu village near Jaiweii being raped only one week after having given birth. The RUF stayed in Jaiweii village for four months and I was raped by three other wicked rebels throughout this A woman receives psychological and medical treatment in a clinic to assist rape period. victims in Freetown. In January 1999, she was gang-raped by seven revels in her village in northern Sierra Leone. After raping her, the rebels tied her down and placed burning charcoal on her body. (c) 1999 Corinne Dufka/Human Rights -Testimony to Human Rights Watch Watch “WE’LL KILL YOU IF YOU CRY” SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN THE SIERRA LEONE CONFLICT 1630 Connecticut Ave, N.W., Suite 500 2nd Floor, 2-12 Pentonville Road 15 Rue Van Campenhout Washington, DC 20009 London N1 9HF, UK 1000 Brussels, Belgium TEL (202) 612-4321 TEL: (44 20) 7713 1995 TEL (32 2) 732-2009 FAX (202) 612-4333 FAX: (44 20) 7713 1800 FAX (32 2) 732-0471 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] January 2003 Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Humanist Watch Salone (Huwasal) 2012 Annual Report
    HUMANIST WATCH SALONE (HUWASAL) 2012 ANNUAL REPORT 29 HUMONYA AVENUE KENEMA CITY KENEMA DISTRICT EASTERN PROVINCE OF SIERRA LEONE Email: [email protected] Contact phone Number(s): +232779075/+23276582937. P O Box 102 Kenema 2012 Annual Report on Humanist Watch Salone Activities Page 1 TABLE OF CONTENT ACKONWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND OF HUMANIST WATCH SALONE ACCOMPLISHMENT GENDER EQUITY AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT CHILD PROTECTION PROGRAMME HEALTH HUMAN RIGHTS AND GOOD GOVERNANCE YOUTH EMPOWERMENT AFFLILIATION SOURCES OF FUNDING LESSONS LEARNT/OUTCOMES CONCLUSION 2012 Annual Report on Humanist Watch Salone Activities Page 2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We wish to extend thanks to our generous donor partners such as UNDP Access to Justice Programme, Amnesty International Sierra Leone, International Rescue Committee (IRC/GBV Programme), International Foundation for Election System (IFES) and Global Xchange/ VSO for both financial and technical support accorded to Humanist Watch Salone towards the implementation of its programme-projects in 2012. Moreover our sincere thanks and appreciation goes to our Advisory Board for providing support towards effective and efficient running of the day –to- day affairs of Humanist Watch Salone. Special and heartfelt thanks to our civil society partners and state actors and lastly, we extend a very big thanks to all our staff members for their restless effort behind the successes of our activities in 2012. 2012 Annual Report on Humanist Watch Salone Activities Page 3 Introduction and Background of Humanist Watch Salone Humanist Watch Salone (HUWASAL) is an indigenous human rights and development organization established in 2003 by a group of visionary and courageous human rights activists and development workers. The organization started as Community-Based organization and is now registered with Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED) as National Non- Governmental Organization.
    [Show full text]
  • Songs by Title Karaoke Night with the Patman
    Songs By Title Karaoke Night with the Patman Title Versions Title Versions 10 Years 3 Libras Wasteland SC Perfect Circle SI 10,000 Maniacs 3 Of Hearts Because The Night SC Love Is Enough SC Candy Everybody Wants DK 30 Seconds To Mars More Than This SC Kill SC These Are The Days SC 311 Trouble Me SC All Mixed Up SC 100 Proof Aged In Soul Don't Tread On Me SC Somebody's Been Sleeping SC Down SC 10CC Love Song SC I'm Not In Love DK You Wouldn't Believe SC Things We Do For Love SC 38 Special 112 Back Where You Belong SI Come See Me SC Caught Up In You SC Dance With Me SC Hold On Loosely AH It's Over Now SC If I'd Been The One SC Only You SC Rockin' Onto The Night SC Peaches And Cream SC Second Chance SC U Already Know SC Teacher, Teacher SC 12 Gauge Wild Eyed Southern Boys SC Dunkie Butt SC 3LW 1910 Fruitgum Co. No More (Baby I'm A Do Right) SC 1, 2, 3 Redlight SC 3T Simon Says DK Anything SC 1975 Tease Me SC The Sound SI 4 Non Blondes 2 Live Crew What's Up DK Doo Wah Diddy SC 4 P.M. Me So Horny SC Lay Down Your Love SC We Want Some Pussy SC Sukiyaki DK 2 Pac 4 Runner California Love (Original Version) SC Ripples SC Changes SC That Was Him SC Thugz Mansion SC 42nd Street 20 Fingers 42nd Street Song SC Short Dick Man SC We're In The Money SC 3 Doors Down 5 Seconds Of Summer Away From The Sun SC Amnesia SI Be Like That SC She Looks So Perfect SI Behind Those Eyes SC 5 Stairsteps Duck & Run SC Ooh Child SC Here By Me CB 50 Cent Here Without You CB Disco Inferno SC Kryptonite SC If I Can't SC Let Me Go SC In Da Club HT Live For Today SC P.I.M.P.
    [Show full text]
  • Songs by Title
    Songs by Title Title Artist Title Artist #1 Goldfrapp (Medley) Can't Help Falling Elvis Presley John Legend In Love Nelly (Medley) It's Now Or Never Elvis Presley Pharrell Ft Kanye West (Medley) One Night Elvis Presley Skye Sweetnam (Medley) Rock & Roll Mike Denver Skye Sweetnam Christmas Tinchy Stryder Ft N Dubz (Medley) Such A Night Elvis Presley #1 Crush Garbage (Medley) Surrender Elvis Presley #1 Enemy Chipmunks Ft Daisy Dares (Medley) Suspicion Elvis Presley You (Medley) Teddy Bear Elvis Presley Daisy Dares You & (Olivia) Lost And Turned Whispers Chipmunk Out #1 Spot (TH) Ludacris (You Gotta) Fight For Your Richard Cheese #9 Dream John Lennon Right (To Party) & All That Jazz Catherine Zeta Jones +1 (Workout Mix) Martin Solveig & Sam White & Get Away Esquires 007 (Shanty Town) Desmond Dekker & I Ciara 03 Bonnie & Clyde Jay Z Ft Beyonce & I Am Telling You Im Not Jennifer Hudson Going 1 3 Dog Night & I Love Her Beatles Backstreet Boys & I Love You So Elvis Presley Chorus Line Hirley Bassey Creed Perry Como Faith Hill & If I Had Teddy Pendergrass HearSay & It Stoned Me Van Morrison Mary J Blige Ft U2 & Our Feelings Babyface Metallica & She Said Lucas Prata Tammy Wynette Ft George Jones & She Was Talking Heads Tyrese & So It Goes Billy Joel U2 & Still Reba McEntire U2 Ft Mary J Blige & The Angels Sing Barry Manilow 1 & 1 Robert Miles & The Beat Goes On Whispers 1 000 Times A Day Patty Loveless & The Cradle Will Rock Van Halen 1 2 I Love You Clay Walker & The Crowd Goes Wild Mark Wills 1 2 Step Ciara Ft Missy Elliott & The Grass Wont Pay
    [Show full text]
  • New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808
    Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU History Faculty Publications History Winter 2008 New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808 Isaac Land Indiana State University, [email protected] Andrew M. Schocket Bowling Green State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/hist_pub Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Repository Citation Land, Isaac and Schocket, Andrew M., "New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808" (2008). History Faculty Publications. 5. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/hist_pub/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the History at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. New Approaches to the Founding of the Sierra Leone Colony, 1786–1808 Isaac Land Indiana State University Andrew M. Schocket Bowling Green State University This special issue of the Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History consists of a forum of innovative ways to consider and reappraise the founding of Britain’s Sierra Leone colony. It originated with a conversation among the two of us and Pamela Scully – all having research interests touching on Sierra Leone in that period – noting that the recent historical inquiry into the origins of this colony had begun to reach an important critical mass. Having long been dominated by a few seminal works, it has begun to attract interest from a number of scholars, both young and established, from around the globe.1 Accordingly, we set out to collect new, exemplary pieces that, taken together, present a variety of innovative theoretical, methodological, and topical approaches to Sierra Leone.
    [Show full text]
  • The Perceptions of Stakeholders on Post-War Reconstruction of Secondary Education in Kailahun District, Sierra Leone
    International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications ISSN (Online): 2581-6187 The Perceptions of Stakeholders on Post-War Reconstruction of Secondary Education in Kailahun District, Sierra Leone Yankuba Felix Moigua, Martha Fanta Mansaray Eastern Polytechnic, Kenema, Sierra Leone Abstract— The study investigated the perceptions of stakeholders on institutions to turn to. It is not surprising that literacy levels the problems and solutions of post war reconstruction of formal remained low due to the country‟s educational system and that secondary education in kailahun district which is located in the fewer than 15 percent of children aged between 5 .11 attended eastern province of sierra Leone, and is comprised of fourteen [14] schools and only 5 percent of children between 12 and 16 chiefdoms. The target group comprised of Inspectors/ Supervisors of years were in secondary schools. the ministry of Education, Science and Technology in kailahun district, NACSA, UNICEF,IRC,NRA, Principals, teachers, pupils, With the advent of the war, substantial portion of the community teachers associations of secondary schools and missions/ population displaced by the war were either in refugee camps proprietors in partnership management of secondary schools in the in Guinea or in Freetown and other bigger towns, the impact kailahun district. The study sample comprised of 97 respondents. The of the war on schooling and literacy level in Sierra Leone was study essentially involved the identification and description of devastating. Majority of the teachers were forced to flee to the stakeholders perceptions of problems and solutions in the postwar capital or out of the country and a lot of schools were either reconstruction of formal secondary education in Kailahun District in totally destroyed or damaged.
    [Show full text]