National Report Card on Discrimination in America: the Role of Testing
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Catalyst Circle Bringing Racial Equity Into Focus for St
Catalyst Circle Bringing racial equity into focus for St. Louis A reality in which a person is no more or Racial less likely to experience society’s benefits or bur- Equity: dens just because of the color of their skin. We operate in our world and live our lives unaware of many things happening around us – until there is a catalytic event. For St. Louis, for many people in St. Louis, the catalytic event to put racial equity at the forefront was the shooting of Michael Brown. Throughout its history, St. Louis has long wrestled with race relations. Today, through the diligent work of the Ferguson Commission, we can better understand our role in making our community more equitable. The goal of this work, undertaken by individuals, small groups, and organizations throughout St. Louis, is to raise the level of understanding and identify a path toward racial equity. Racial equity can come through system-wide policy changes. It can also come through YOU. By having potentially difficult conversations about race with your friends and family, we can all play a part in stemming the tide of racism. No longer being comfortable remaining a bystander to our community’s racial inequities, this work will equip you to engage in those conversations, to share insights from a mismatched history, to radically listen to those who are different from you, and to become an individual catalyst for change in our community. Why does this matter to you? To our community? Racial equity provides each of us with individual enrichment and exposes us to diversity of thought, making us each more knowledgeable and effective members of our community. -
2019-Annual-Report.Pdf
2019 URBAN INSTITUTE ANNUAL REPORT A Message from the President Dear Friends, Inspired by our 50th anniversary, the Urban Institute kicked off our next 50 years in 2019 with a renewed commitment to advancing upward mobility, equity, and shared prosperity. We also collaborated with changemakers across the country to develop innovative ideas for how Urban could best fulfill our mission in light of trends likely to bring disruptive change in the decades to come. We did not expect such change to arrive in 2020 in the form of a pandemic that has exposed so many fissures in our society, including the disproportionate vulnerability of people of color to health and economic risks. Nor did we anticipate the powerful uprisings that have called needed attention to police brutality, antiblackness, and racism in our country. But as I consider the work Urban is undertaking to inform an inclusive recovery from the coronavirus pandemic and dismantle the systems and structures that drive racism, I am grateful for the many partners who, by engaging with our Next50 initiative in 2019, helped Urban accelerate the development of capacities and initiatives that are having an impact. Among the ways our work made a difference last year: ▪ Influencing efforts to boost Black homeownership. Our groundbreaking work on dramatic declines in Black homeownership helped make the issue an urgent concern in advocacy and policy circles. Urban delivered powerful new findings showing how a set of housing finance innovations can build wealth in communities of color. We also helped launch a collaborative effort with real estate professionals, lenders, and nonprofit leaders to amplify and solidify a framework for reducing the racial homeownership gap. -
Expanding Insurance Coverage for Children
XPANDING E INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR CHILDREN John Holahan XPANDING EINSURANCE COVERAGE FOR CHILDREN John Holahan Copyright © 1997. The Urban Institute. All rights reserved. Except for short quotes, no part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photo- copying, recording, or by information storage or retrieval system, with- out written permission from the Urban Institute. BOARD OF TRUSTEES URBAN INSTITUTE is a non- Richard B. Fisher profit policy research and educa- Chairman tional organization established in Joel L. Fleishman Vice Chairman Washington, D.C., in 1968. Its staff Katharine Graham investigates the social and economic Vice Chairman William Gorham problems confronting the nation and President public and private means to alleviate Jeffrey S. Berg Joan Toland Bok them. The Institute disseminates sig- Marcia L. Carsey nificant findings of its research Carol Thompson Cole Richard C. Green, Jr. through the publications program of Jack Kemp its Press. The goals of the Institute are Robert S. McNamara to sharpen thinking about societal Charles L. Mee, Jr. Robert C. Miller problems and efforts to solve them, Lucio Noto improve government decisions and Hugh B. Price Sol Price performance, and increase citizen Robert M. Solow awareness of important policy choices. Dick Thornburgh Judy Woodruff Through work that ranges from LIFE TRUSTEES broad conceptual studies to adminis- trative and technical assistance, Warren E. Buffett James E. Burke Institute researchers contribute to the Joseph A. Califano, Jr. stock of knowledge available to guide William T. Coleman, Jr. John M. Deutch decision making in the public interest. -
The Freedom of Speech Vs the Right to Discriminate; American and French Policy on Banning Muslim Religious Attire”
“The Freedom of Speech Vs the Right to Discriminate; American and French Policy on banning Muslim Religious Attire” Cortni Holthaus A New Middle East Spring 2016 3/31/2016 From hijab bans to TSA patdowns, the American and French government have shown no tolerance whatsoever to the people in the Muslim community in the aftermath of terror events such as 9/11 and the 2015 Paris Attack. In my essay, I explain why the American and French government have responded to these events the way they did, how it negatively affects Muslim people, and how the problem should be solved instead. The first and fourteenth amendments of the U.S Constitution, according to the American Civil Liberties Union, gives religious Muslim women the right to wear hijab, because there can be no state or federal law which prohibits this activity. However, there is a major caveat in this amendment; Sometimes, in a building like a school or an airport, hijab is not allowed, along with headscarves. This is because these public buildings often have a rule of no head coverings, and wearing hijab can be perceived as a safety issue, as the garment is loose, and items could potentially be stored under it. In the US' laws and French laws surrounding the right to religious attire, the laws are often contradicting, and can be interpreted many different ways by the governments and other national institutions. My goal is to explain why the U.S and French are inherently Islamophobic towards Muslim clothing, and explain what can be done in order to ameliorate this problem, taking in mind the recent terror attacks in Paris, and of past events such as 9/11. -
Evaluation: Rebuild by Design Phase I June 2014
EVALUATION OFFICE EVALUATION THE Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller Evaluation: Rebuild by Design Phase I June 2014 Financial support provided by About the Urban Institute Founded in 1968 to understand the problems facing America’s cities and assess the programs of the War on Poverty, the Urban Institute brings decades of objective analysis and expertise to policy debates – in city halls and state houses, Congress and the White House, and emerging democracies around the world. Today, our research portfolio ranges from the social safety net to health and tax policies; the well-being of families and neigh- borhoods; and trends in work, earnings, and wealth building. Our scholars have a distin- guished track record of turning evidence into solutions. About the Rockefeller Foundation Evaluation Office For more than 100 years, the Rockefeller Foundation’s mission has been to promote the well-being of humanity throughout the world. Today, the Rockefeller Foundation pursues this mission through dual goals: advancing inclusive economies that expand opportunities for more broadly shared prosperity, and building resilience by helping people, communi- ties and institutions prepare for, withstand and emerge stronger from acute shocks and chronic stresses. Committed to supporting learning, accountability and performance im- provements, the Evaluation Office of the Rockefeller Foundation works with staff, grantees and partners to strengthen evaluation practice and to support innovative approaches to monitoring, evaluation and learning. Cover photo: Cameron Blaylock Evaluation: Rebuild by Design Phase I June 2014 THE Rockefeller Foundation Rockefeller EVALUATION OFFICE EVALUATION Financial support provided by The contents of this report are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Rockefeller Foundation. -
Economic Report of the President.” ______
REFERENCES Chapter 1 American Civil Liberties Union. 2013. “The War on Marijuana in Black and White.” Accessed January 31, 2016. Aizer, Anna, Shari Eli, Joseph P. Ferrie, and Adriana Lleras-Muney. 2014. “The Long Term Impact of Cash Transfers to Poor Families.” NBER Working Paper 20103. Autor, David. 2010. “The Polarization of Job Opportunities in the U.S. Labor Market.” Center for American Progress, the Hamilton Project. Bakija, Jon, Adam Cole and Bradley T. Heim. 2010. “Jobs and Income Growth of Top Earners and the Causes of Changing Income Inequality: Evidence from U.S. Tax Return Data.” Department of Economics Working Paper 2010–24. Williams College. Boskin, Michael J. 1972. “Unions and Relative Real Wages.” The American Economic Review 62(3): 466-472. Bricker, Jesse, Lisa J. Dettling, Alice Henriques, Joanne W. Hsu, Kevin B. Moore, John Sabelhaus, Jeffrey Thompson, and Richard A. Windle. 2014. “Changes in U.S. Family Finances from 2010 to 2013: Evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances.” Federal Reserve Bulletin, Vol. 100, No. 4. Brown, David W., Amanda E. Kowalski, and Ithai Z. Lurie. 2015. “Medicaid as an Investment in Children: What is the Long-term Impact on Tax Receipts?” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 20835. Card, David, Thomas Lemieux, and W. Craig Riddell. 2004. “Unions and Wage Inequality.” Journal of Labor Research, 25(4): 519-559. 331 Carson, Ann. 2015. “Prisoners in 2014.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, Depart- ment of Justice. Chetty, Raj, Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, Emmanuel Saez, and Nich- olas Turner. 2014. “Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility.” NBER Working Paper 19844. -
A Response to #Livingwhileblack: Blackness As Nuisance
RESPONSE RACE, SPACE, AND SURVEILLANCE: A RESPONSE TO #LIVINGWHILEBLACK: BLACKNESS AS NUISANCE LOLITA BUCKNER INNISS* TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................ 213 I. Nuisance, Trespass, and the Interaction Between the Two ............................................................................ 219 II. #LWB Incidents as Legal Geography: Race and Space ................................................................................ 225 III. #LivingWhileBlack and Surveillance .............................. 229 Conclusion................................................................................... 231 INTRODUCTION In #LivingWhileBlack: Blackness as Nuisance, Taja-Nia Henderson and Jamila Jefferson-Jones examine incidents wherein white people called 911 to report Black people for occupying spaces that callers believed the Black people in question ought not to occupy.1 Sadly, these incidents * Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, Professor of Law, University Distinguished Professor and Inaugural Robert G. Storey Distinguished Faculty Fellow, SMU Dedman School of Law. Ph.D., LLM with Distinction, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University. J.D., University of California, Los Angeles. A.B., Princeton University. 1. Taja-Nia Y. Henderson & Jamila Jefferson-Jones, #LivingWhileBlack: Blackness as Nuisance, 69 AM. U. L. REV. 863, 863 (2020). The phenomenon of white people calling the police or personally accosting Black people based on unfounded allegations of wrongdoing -
Candidate Number 25460
LOSING CONTROL: REGULATING SITUATIONAL CRIME PREVENTION IN MASS PRIVATE PROPERTY * ROBERT E. PFEFFER ** Introduction Three young men enter a shopping mall. In a security office in the mall a guard monitors them via closed circuit TV. Based on their appearance, such as their ethnicity or the way they are dressed, he decides to approach them and asks for ID. They are told that if they do not produce ID, they will not be admitted. He then runs their names through the computer and finds that one of them was arrested two years before on a shoplifting charge. He tells all three they must leave. This not uncommon scenario raises nettlesome issues regarding the general right of the mall owner to exclude persons from the mall property versus the right of the young men to visit the mall, as well as whether the exclusion was based on factors — such as race, age, or ethnicity — that many would find at minimum troubling and perhaps entirely unacceptable. 1 The owner of the * This Article grew in part out of two presentations made to the faculty of the University of Mississippi. I wish to thank the faculty for the opportunity to present my ideas and for providing helpful feedback. It also was motivated by research performed under the guidance of the Faculty of Law and the Center for Criminological Research at Oxford University, and I wish to extend thanks to those institutions for their guidance and assistance. ** Of counsel, Bickel & Brewer, Dallas, Texas; Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, University of North Dakota School of Law, 2006-2007; Visiting Assistant Professor of Law, University of Mississippi School of Law, 2005-2006. -
Housing Policy in the Great Society, Part Two
Joint Center for Housing Studies Harvard University Into the Wild Blue Yonder: The Urban Crisis, Rocket Science, and the Pursuit of Transformation Housing Policy in the Great Society, Part Two Alexander von Hoffman March 2011 W11-3 The research for this working paper was conducted with the support of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The Ford Foundation, and the Fannie Mae Foundation. © by Alexander von Hoffman. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. Off we go into the wild blue yonder, Climbing high into the sun Introduction Of the several large and important domestic housing and urban programs produced by Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society administration, the best-known is Model Cities. Although it lasted only from 1966 to 1974, its advocates believed Model Cities had promised a better tomorrow for America’s cities and bitterly lamented its termination—blaming Richard Nixon’s policies, diversion of funds for the Vietnam war, and the nation’s lack of commitment to social progress. Yet the legislation that created Model Cities was ambitious, contradictory, and vague. As such, it vividly expressed the idealistic impulses, currents of thought, and reactions to events that converged, however incoherently, in national urban policy of the 1960s. At the center of the fervor for domestic policy was the president of the United States, Lyndon Johnson, who hungered for dramatic new programs that would transform the country the way New Deal policies had reshaped America in his youth. -
Dirty Data, Bad Predictions: How Civil Rights Violations Impact Police Data, Predictive Policing Systems, and Justice
DIRTY DATA, BAD PREDICTIONS: HOW CIVIL RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IMPACT POLICE DATA, PREDICTIVE POLICING SYSTEMS, AND JUSTICE RASHIDA RICHARDSON,* JASON SCHULTZ,** AND KATE CRAWFORD*** Law enforcement agencies are increasingly using algorithmic predictive policing systems to forecast criminal activity and allocate police resources. Yet in numerous jurisdictions, these systems are built on data produced within the context of flawed, racially fraught and sometimes unlawful practices (‘dirty policing’). This can include systemic data manipulation, falsifying police reports, unlawful use of force, planted evidence, and unconstitutional searches. These policing practices shape the environment and the methodology by which data is created, which leads to inaccuracies, skews, and forms of systemic bias embedded in the data (‘dirty data’). Predictive policing systems informed by such data cannot escape the legacy of unlawful or biased policing practices that they are built on. Nor do claims by predictive policing vendors that these systems provide greater objectivity, transparency, or accountability hold up. While some systems offer the ability to see the algorithms used and even occasionally access to the data itself, there is no evidence to suggest that vendors independently or adequately assess the impact that unlawful and bias policing practices have on their systems, or otherwise assess how broader societal biases may affect their systems. In our research, we examine the implications of using dirty data with predictive policing, and look at jurisdictions that (1) have utilized predictive policing systems and (2) have done so while under government commission investigations or federal court monitored settlements, consent decrees, or memoranda of agreement stemming from corrupt, racially biased, or otherwise illegal policing practices. -
EFFECTS of the TAX CUTS and JOBS ACT: a PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS William G
EFFECTS OF THE TAX CUTS AND JOBS ACT: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS William G. Gale, Hilary Gelfond, Aaron Krupkin, Mark J. Mazur, and Eric Toder June 13, 2018 ABSTRACT This paper examines the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, the largest tax overhaul since 1986. The new tax law makes substantial changes to the rates and bases of both the individual and corporate income taxes, cutting the corporate income tax rate to 21 percent, redesigning international tax rules, and providing a deduction for pass-through income. TCJA will stimulate the economy in the near term. Most models indicate that the long-term impact on GDP will be small. The impact will be smaller on GNP than on GDP because the law will generate net capital inflows from abroad that have to be repaid in the future. The new law will reduce federal revenues by significant amounts, even after allowing for the modest impact on economic growth. It will make the distribution of after-tax income more unequal, raise federal debt, and impose burdens on future generations. When it is ultimately financed with spending cuts or other tax increases, as it must be in the long run, TCJA will, under the most plausible scenarios, end up making most households worse off than if TCJA had not been enacted. The new law simplifies taxes in some ways but creates new complexity and compliance issues in others. It will raise health care premiums and reduce health insurance coverage and will have adverse effects on charitable contributions and some state and local governments. -
Why Racial Profiling Is Wrong
Saint Louis University Public Law Review Volume 18 Number 2 Civil Rights in the Next Millennium Article 4 (Vol. XVIII, No.2) 1999 Any Way You Slice It: Why Racial Profiling is rW ong Reginald T. Shuford American Civil Liberties Union Foundation Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/plr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Shuford, Reginald T. (1999) "Any Way You Slice It: Why Racial Profiling is rW ong," Saint Louis University Public Law Review: Vol. 18 : No. 2 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarship.law.slu.edu/plr/vol18/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Saint Louis University Public Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship Commons. For more information, please contact Susie Lee. SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW ANY WAY YOU SLICE IT: WHY RACIAL PROFILING IS WRONG REGINALD T. SHUFORD* INTRODUCTION It has been said that in life but two things are certain: death and taxes.1 If you are a young African-American or Latino male, however, there is an additional certainty: At some point during your lifetime, you will be harassed by the police.2 Racially motivated police harassment, vis-a-vis racial profiling, is as American as baseball and apple pie. And it has been around, in some form or fashion, for most of America’s history.3 Racial profiling happens to consumers and pedestrians, on planes, trains, and automobiles. There is driving while black (or brown), flying while black, walking while black, shopping while black, hailing (as in a cab) while black, swimming while black (six African-American youths accused of stealing a cell phone and beeper at a public pool in Michigan) and dining while black (think Miami, where a tip was automatically added to the bill of a black patron, on the assumption that blacks are poor tippers), to name a few.