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the
that
was
Greek
like
presented
and
Archaic of
Syria,
represented
direct
by
the
deities
was
aspect
power
“Mithraism
Nympharum,
iconography
to
PALOMBO
fcf.
are
cap.
linked god’s
the
Statius
that
its
slaying),
Persian
have
a
East
exotic
Augusta the
one
statues,
Mithras-Orion
he
the so
cult
there
Greek and with
hero
of
Dura-Europos,
and
a known
cornua Speidler,
worshippers.
bull-killing
Mithras
leans
corresponded
reading
key
facto
to
to
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the
horns
equator;
to
can
of of
of
of
had
found
appeal
Orion” two hierarchy.
(with
West.
Imperial
the
an
its
ones.
the
banquet
Mithras’ hero
component
described
clothing,
are
Treverorum:
this
Mithraism
its
with
was
Mithram.”
is
in
find
the
a
to
24
south image
Miil,ras.Orion,
is
cult,
of
torchbearers—identified other
and
instrumental.
deeper,
simple
One the
with
is
of
some
ostensibly
see depicted
torch
(Speidler,
both
very
in
in
mystery
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particularly
twelve
and,
a
his
the
of
very
Times Scarpi,
approx.
rock-birth scene,
wind,
his
respectively act
trying look
archaeological
Robert
of
the
it
Mithras
hands; hand
of
birth
that However,
such
in
Statius,
“mystery” few
the
the
Cibele
down).’3
images is
Mithras’
of
iconography
and
within
his
chiton consistent
secondary
the
rather
(New
whereas
Le
at
signs
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a
few
necessary
slaughtering
religion
one
168
combined
Turcan,
eastern worshippers
to
from as
he
scene
end,
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CIMRM
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and 24-5).
how
depicting
at
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e
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variants
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a among
York:
holds
to may
rock-birth.
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an
the
according
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of
of
Phrygian
Cautopstes
reason
it
a
Around
the
attire,
CIMRM Mithras
This of
The
cult...
of
and
astrological
rock.’5
the
the throughout
966,
meaning
was
as
a
same
del often
Routtedge,
evidence,
rising the
mitraismo
the
1.719-720
a
is
new
to
that
banquet soldiers.
Mithras
See is
CIMRM
Gods
a
misteri,
animal
zodiac
a dagger
Mithras
Gallia, 3).
a
for
as
[since]
naked
one in
of
focus,
cult’s
in to
statue
social
239).
bull,
find
cap,
also
time
was this
His was
and
and
See
the was
his the
the
the
the
of
of is
151
a
so
a of
a it
in
is
is to
and
he
as
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the
his with
and
but
and
and
is
Greek
god Dura
as
it
210-I.
long-
other
god,
“pact,
cloak
in
it
49),
as
Religious
creator
god
appears
and
appears
as image
finally,
familiar
but rather
order
Mithraic
image
subdued,
language
pre-existing
“the which
of
Syria,
with Mithras
permeates
Jnstructiones
lies
opposites—
the
scorpion,
in
features
monuments
slaughtered
be
since
or
familiar
bull
peculiar 356.
flying
unusual,
of
Latin
a
55,
“she
means
‘Persian’ very
,
from
be
bull,
still
to
is
the Thus, Mystery,”
god’s
primordial
Persian
or
Mithraic
Sourcebook,
the
and
his
Dolichenus,
rock).16
Mithras
statues,
17
to
“status”
portrayal
it
head
image
and
new,
a
of
A
that
cosmic
hunter—or and
and
the over
in
had
on
354
the
and
Explanation
The struggle
Mithraic Gordon,
his
C!MRM
familiar
a
of
of
portrays
out
connection
a
head. and
cosmic
AD.:
O
to
“foreign”
to
time, the
unfamiliar Mithres
same
as
Commodianus,
appeared
that
from
see
force
taken
tuppiter
in
thought or
is
his
life
misteri,
the
old
and
also
Mithras’
Salvation
simple
and
oldest
the
of
mysterious
Mysteries:
versus “Mithra”
fight,
white
same was
born
antagonists).
generated
of
del
have century
is
force
the
concept
of
20
was
of
a
hunter,
the
good
component
invincibility.’8
represented
not a
referred
a
Factors
name familiar
represents
According
Mithras
the
Mithras
the
Helios,
scene Mithras
his
as
around
of
god
is
is
is
key
was
must Ancient
at
and
victory
the
second
familiarize
image
a of
god
energy
who
time.
religioni
“Authority,
presence
power
Social
extract
with
one
Avestan
and also
unsurpassable.”9
god’s
to
Mithras
namely
as
100.
The
the
Le
called
as
and
whereas
god
to
and,
facto
Mithras
unfamiliar
versus
the
Rehgianum,
the
nomenclature
cosmos.
Apollo,
of
same
The
expresses
the
image
Mithraic
Mithras
the
of
Cult
represented
the
invincible
as
form
are Society:
his
his
who
served
the
courage,
(Gordon,
rays.
creative
of
(sun
Mithras’ half
Scarpi,
nimbus
Meyer,
of
performing
since
enemy.
The
at
instance,
2(1972):
struggle
in in
struggled
AD.
a
soldiers,
Persian
bull
hand,
Post wanting and in
(the
against)
is
image
first
attire,
invincibility
such
between
of
(Mithras
inscriptions
the
which
example
6
Paolo
to
188
For Roman
Profanarum
Mithras’
heroes”
Avestan
and
be
of
whose
the
in
Commodianus, The
in
athlete
Greek,
imagery god or his
an
This
Ex
strength, attire).
fight
unconquerable, other
Roman
essence,
to
and
Religion
Demiurge
the
nimbus
evil
deus”
Maternus,
in soldiers,
elements
Mithras
a and
in
rays
to
mirrored
of Sidon, is
that
For
In
the
universal
the
deities,
Errore
the
the
like
strength,
attire,
patterns,
quotes
context concept
deities.
by
classical
is
contrast
[...]
the
The
as
and
god
sun
De
appears
of
hero,
“other”
On
active,
idea
that
appear
eastern
the
killed.20
Syria,
gods.
versus
Ny,npharu,n,
Mithraic
bad.
to
both
straightforwardness.
genitals.
Demiurge,
other
power
the
Empire”
Rome.
1,
hand, “Mithrsism
and
Lattakieh-Tartous,
The
77,
Firmicus
the
act
god,
natus
its
its
that
showing
the
only
and
through
Persian
and
god, the Mithras
13
of
rock,” ‘physical’ pattern
is nominative)
familiar
ultimately
in god’s
Antro
good
surrounded
Roman
a
with
in
in
one
the
Maternus,
a
recognizable
underlies
of
not
Roman
his
Syria,
all,
head,
strong is
dog
to
iconographical
well-known
the of
De
of
Gordon,
petra
and
good CJMRM
dangerous
a
(the
appealing
form, hence
the
of
the
cosmos.
90,
his
L.
representation
conveys covenant.”2’
Mithras
him (MiOpo,
de
describes
and
cap
Paganos, in
add,
birth
and
enemies
attacking
the
overcame
energetic and
Gordon
from On
evokes
Firmicus
appeal:
that
Furthermore,
elements
powerful
Despite
by
mentioned the
duality
rather
father
entire
Porphyry,
association
Mithra
Richard
“an
CIMRM
See
R.L.
would
around
forms.
Porphyry 21
‘
Europos Changes 25
‘invincibility’,
assimilate
narrative
IS
17 States
Phrygian
Hercules,
Adversus
in established,
contract,
Latinized
gods.
Mithras’
unfamiliar,
iconography
the
snake,
unfamiliar bull
antagonist—a
incorporates
like
finally
the
and
subdue
very rather
as direct
hero—and
and
or
also
“invictus
(born) other peculiar
152
Pagans AD.
worship
were
many the see
28
can invicto
890, Dictionarp’
88, 26
CIMRM time
27
C’ult promoted circumvolutions
25 Turcan,
snake, itself
Gallia, wide-open
24
Mithras-Helios
a
Empire
an
eight-meter approx.
22
powerful conferred
and
along
to
attractive
along
to
Mithras
unconquered
idea protect
who
identified
looking various
from
Ferguson,
For
CJMRM
For
CIMRM7$,
The See
crown English
ttsat
be
Syria,
merge
Mithras
of
(Norman,
of
Gallia,
cut
west.
in
special
the
instance,
found
the
Salt
of
Sal
More
and Arelata:
is
there
sal
the
on
(Ithaca,
of
The three with with
69-34
907, of Roman
through
Mithraic
like
Secia:
each
in
archeological
contract,
Invictus and
34,
encircled figure
deities
Mithras,
one
of
and mouth translation
emperor
invictus ApolIo-Mithras-Helios.
Christians
element
and
Vssio: high
The
Cults
in as
in
effects—especially
a
Rome
are
Gallia,
Roman coils
himself.27
a inscriptions
Syria, the
importantly,
Syria,
OK:
B.C.
deo
Syria,
(same
in the
of
halo.
dressed N.Y.:
universal
Chronos
of
Religions
deo
the
the sun?
grade
blend.26
statues
the
of
a
there
the
times
seven
is
(Leiden:
the
round
persistent
deo
University ins’icto
conducted
In
mithraeum sun-god
by are
(or
Septimius
the
Stones
soli
Dura-Europos,
Lugdunum:
Sidon,
Graham
Gallia, Religion
time eyes
twelve Cornell
that
of
but
(San
often
sun
the
by
the
soil
Roman
torso
El
is complex
This
there
of
the
grades
present
invicto;
the
of
Undoubtedly,
GIOVANNA
sepulchral
/
the
Al in
(time
shows
Altars
he Francisco,
SO
was
Gabal)
emperor the
E. Antiochus
188
character
was
invicto initiate
inscription of
and
the
ithrae,
attributing
the
found
god’s
signs
of
University
Webster,
are
that is
Mithras
J.
head
is
of
(Oxford:
Severus.
in
lights
was
in
Empire
emphasis
of
Roman
AD.:
one
the
a coils
Italy. BrilI, an
ecliptic
carved
CIMRM
deo at
Oklahoma
the
not
or
Britain
separate
a
standing
in
was
to
body,
See
Commagene
respectively.
Milhrae;
of
the
of
lamp 168 object
representing
Elagabalus
cosmic
also
connected
reflected monument
chambers
soldiers.28
CA:
invicto;
(such
sot
surprising, Mithraic
an
1972).
of
the a
(Oxford:
The
on
Ex
Empire,
The
of
Oxford
also
originally
a
AD.: and
to
is
Press,
snake,
Commagene). association
entirely
(near
rests
could
897,
that
relief
Harper,
invictus
the
the
the
zodiac.
Roman
Aion,
a
connected
upon
Press,
of
inscription
see the
its
in
CIMRM
CIMRM
as
eternity). Post
CIMRM
throne,
on
,nithraewn
snake
Gallia,
its
the
1974),
of
title
passage
worship
appellative
University
47. the
be
Persian
pages
of entwining
Blackwell
of
(r.
These
(Eastern
Venus
Apollo-Mithras
naked
deity,
water
sanctuaries—deities
head
whose
his
to
PALOMBO
1995), a In
1998),
placed
Imperial fort
Mithrss
light
King
Thus,
since
2
Persian
have
Syrian
(either
18-222).
see the
33,
small,
83.
898,
Bourg-Saint-Andeol:
13-14.
addition,
and
are
of on
states
986-987,
and through
figure Apollo-Mithras-Helios.22
facto
Antiochus
with
bead
John
Turkey):
136.
since
278-279. In and
for
with
in
behind god
Carrawburgh
Syria,
the
cult
the
only
Publishers,
Mithras
Press, him
been
Gallia,
with
Army
fireworks—were
the
sun
may
subterranean
many
“Mithras-sol
sot
of myth,
god’s
See with
the
and Ferguson,
many
brightness
the
with
some
of
same
of
the
a
deity
Samosata,
“invincible”
the
in found
Gallia, 2001);
it
of invictus
the
radiate
Moos
CIMRM28,
Leslie legs
In
likely
a light second
Mithras—a
with
different
I
a
cult
breast.
ancient
the
three
was
scenes
yet
of
lion’s
of
monument
sitting
addition,
sun
1996),
whose must
Mithras-sun
on
got
Commagene
the
First
the Gaston
Augusta
The
Seleucus: in
their that
of
Adkins
shrines.
crown,
and
not
invictus.”
large
Hadrian’s
head
represent
deum
Between
numerous
is
same
lost.
particularly
or
effect from
posture
Mithraic
made
grade).23
constellations.”
symbolize
226.
Religions
and the
societies,
worship
Syria,
only
a were
Lane
deus
figures
H.
given
coils.
one
lion-headed
A
(Aion).
the
the invictum;
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as
Second
primordial
and
Robin
sot
of
serpent,
deo
Halsberghe,
this
on
can
the above:
Fox
among
giving
Wall) Nemrud-Dagh,
myth linked
Also,
rays
examples
sot
supposed
CIMRM
Roy
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sanctuaries
soli
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to Aion,
vivid
A
Beneath
coils
also
often
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throne.
states
Although
god
the
both
Centuries
invictus)
of
Mithras
from
strange-
general,
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CIMRM
one
winding
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the
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annual
which admire
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of
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that
deo
also
can
The
and
five
the
the
For
the
the
his
to
or to
153
so
of
of
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at
but
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und
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for
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Welt,
the
the
ones,
and
The
The
which
cult,
year,
not
among
legion,
as
esprit
Port
many
to army”
year.33
of was
speak,
on!)’,
places
series
among
was
marked
Roman
look
defined
Modern?”
a
the
the
religious
presence
the
was
to
the
a
individual
the
Aufstieg
south-east eagle,
or
oath).
not
evidence
the
be
men
context cult
it
merchants,
to
19.
insofar
that
one
meaning
so
the
unofficial
in
of
Ancient city,
in
to
Mithraism
empire.33
Rdmischen
the
rather
Roman
exclusively
predominantly
the
Dolichenus,
the
can
religion
responsible
and
the
the
gold
and
the
the
religious
official
groups.3°
on
of
but
der
the
Ancient
the
in
were,
(sacred
participation Heliopolitanus)
Overall,
soldiers,
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as
service, Religion,
men
was
the
throughout
compelling
of
confined
had
maintained
life
individuals
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attested
Jupiter
appealing
to
groups:
almost official
within
for
Thus,
their
community,
social
Roman
of
“they
placed
membership,
during
was
Jupiter
religion,
so
the some
military
significance same
had
Roman
Roman
Mithraism
Mysteries:
century.
army
well
Dura-Europos
is
exclusively
the
territories—from
social Niedergang
Christianity
Rome,
also
Mithras
involved
festivals
is the
god
at
linked
included
“religion
the
to
the
Since
that
although
of
not
Roman
third
worship
it
of
und
showed
and
of
sacramentum
entire
confined
Scheid,
of exclusively
different (and
Mithras
and
Mithraic
Mithraism
identify
this
Mithraism
Mithraic
Roman
56-60. Roman
which
the
administrative the
one
cult, practices—both
into
has
excellence
concerned:
been found
was Roman
the
cult
of
to
latter the
emphasis
at
linked that
the
cult
the
was forth.
of
mainly
a
the
not
Ostia.29
was
destiny
were
worshippers.”3t
in
par
Religion
god—as
Aufstieg
Religion
facto made
so
at
1967),
instrumental.
among instead
the
and
say
the
David
the
the
and was
have
of
religion,
past
in
was
Dolichenus
was
the
is
Mithraic
religious
fact,
150641.
Cult
and
there
imperial
insights
“The
during
their
calendar
look
closely
ceremonies
what Press,
In
was
soldiers
roles
not over as
intended
first
the
cannot
Women
Mystery
port
a
a
Mithraism
(flag),
standards—which
community
soldiers
There
with
Persian
city”
men
the
at
as
Roman
it
Jonathan
Jupiter
of religion.
Mithraism
army’s
we
the (1978):
was
all
soldiers”
analysis,
of
Mithraism
because Birley,
the
of from
of
the
may Religion,”
useful
Mithras
the
the
structure,
it
Ostia: Roman
of
look
reason.
male
end,
to religions
ExPost
fact,
Roman
this
University
religious
legion
of in cult
article,
Eric
of
different
ancient
Roman
11.16.2
the
Roman
during
vexilium
its
the
military
in
that
Army
of
Exclusion
Roman
the
Duranum,
community.
observations see
of
character
Tn
popularity.
troops,
the
the
excluded
practice observances
the
cult
the
cult
Welt,
The
Roman
recent
provide
has
soldiers
community
should
iconography,
members
20.
scholarship,
for
the
fulfill of
of
a
its and,
in “The cult
various
Additionally,
sub-districts
Mithraism
In
according
of the
worshipped among
and
the the
one ‘Roman
can
individual 121-41. popularity
many
predominately
“social”
Feriale
purpose
Northwestern
may
same particular
since
a
organizational
Roman
to
as
ed.,
Roman
centurions,
of
army
a
David,
religious absolutely
religious “as
the analysis
Religion,
IL:
the
religious
also
emperor,
the
cults
the
religion
traditional
1470-1505.
of
of artisans,
the
Mithraism.
varied
cult
the
not
of
the
to
the
in
among
of
peak
such
forbidden.
particular.
as
purpose
the
explaining celebrated
well-attested
“religion
the
of
remains
For
this
and
sanctuaries
Helgeland,
47(2000):
Leuchli,
religions
Roman
religion—meaning
in
stresses
in
its
north-west.
detailed
Therefore,
of
and
soldiers,
on
addition
as
Jonathan
legionary
were
was
official religions,
(1978):
a
also
(Evanston,
Since
members
usually
In
numerous
John
religion
freedmen
colleges
attested
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11.16.2
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30
army These
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toward
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154
4° Nympharum,
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significance study
°
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38 University recent
°
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Mithras’ One
togetherness.”4’ small
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place,
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forceful
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and
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For
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scholarly
In
However,
&
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group
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1998),
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end empire.37
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indicate
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1969), The
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may
the
reinforcing
behavior
“guarantee[d]
mainly
remembering
27).
was
came
numerous
their helping
making
its
tt “Roman
than
had
as
powerful
and
the
Great
have
importantly,
facing
by
parallel
“the
religion
‘Mithraism
to
concept
as
(“the scholars
“Mithraism
Some
in understood
Ancient
more sarcophagi.6t among
“Mithraism
a
in
of
places
a
aimed
festivals, and
heaven
was
Burkert,
for
army
concerns—political, religion
at
conflict.
Cults,
nature
worth
it
ritual
the
to
be
camp
See,
The
is
More
in
also
Mithraism
gods.62
alien
to
It Gordon,
Various
Gordon,
very
Burkert,
Helgeland,
Isis,
Gordon, the
62
see
“heroically Mystery
61
Cosmology
making
that ascent
opposition
s cults.
°
changing.
conquests
spiritual particular
“
arc Roman
the
Mithraic practice
indeed
Mithraism Mithraism
religion
historians
official
protection
certainly was powerful
comfort
effective
religious
and personal,
particular, cult—such
various function
of
its characterized
of Therefore,
15$
Augustine
Society,” 67
God (sacramentian) Army
offerings ex
65
275. 64
soldiers
covenant.” personal,
65 the
worshippers;
the
the
they
handshake
handshake.”
Mithras’
that
by
together
equally
human),
familiar—hierarchical
assurance
Mithraic prayer,
most one
in
hand,
community—both
associated god,
the
clearly
experience through
in
idea
In
Arthur As
As
“The
/
personal
his
stressing
danger
voto
essence,
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founding
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previously
one
could
one
of
the
were
Mithraism
who
Overall,
importantly,
of
myth
joining
fought
protection
the
are
107
Darby
but
of
/
helped
strong
of
show
term
and
offerings
d(ono) contract.63
and
worshippers
York; hand,
jointly
many myth
and
Hippo
First had
an
and
thanks count
or
on
not
(öciwatç)
with
Mithras
better
Martius
made
the of
indication
reinforcing
Nock, mentioned,
of
the
practical
of
Final
ill.
the
this
necessarily
Mithraism
provided
“Mithraist”
self-confidence
horizontal
and
to
Barnes
examples
d(edit)
(Oxford;
distress
the
protection
importance
must
Mithraic a was
him,
to
on
The
united
knowing
them
reduce
unconscious
from
also
mithraeum
unlike and
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votive
the
Conversion:
right
divine
appears
Worshippers—in
admission
and
nature
not
that I
&
such
themes
concept
GIOVANNA
structure.
with
sacrati
used
have
antistante
rituals
‘Mithras”
see
Oxford
came
protection.65
those
oath.
a
by
Nobles,
hands
during
the
Mithraa
that written
the
only
provided
Centuries
other
ones. nature
spiritual,
CIMRM4
of
is
as
assistance
came
the
the
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for
of
notion
as
the
provided
votive
or anxieties
a
expected
University
The
the
of
promoted and
vis-a-vis of
about
“placation from
the
need
oath.67
pater.
the
consacranei.” L.
gods,
Mithraic
gods
is modern
was
1963),
themselves
into
military
Mithraism
by
and
ExPost
higher
do
comes
form
lustino AD. from
Old
protective
/
refers collectivity
“vertical”
13 one
perceived
of
contractual
were
the
Ut
to the
coping
express
from
this
the
and
he
as
136.
A
of authority
Last
of
(Norman,
Press,
the the
bringing
from protection
des
and
pater
dangers.
belong.
above—from
/
scholarly ranks
on
religion”
famous
groups does
well
to
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the
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campaigns.tu
Rome:
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PALOMBO case,
See
initiates
contract”
their
but
soldiers
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Mass-ten
the
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to
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was
with
1961),
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gods
religions,
as
the
Proficentius,
be as
not
also
over
Avestan
and
facto
OK;
side.
not
worshippers
through
“[Deja
handshake
a
Vertical well
emphasized world-order,
soldiers—made
a
syndexioi,
(op.
on
inscription,
p(atr)i
in
also
devotee’s
fear,
in
successful
to
235. means
in
die.66
of
creation.
R.L.
that
Jozrf
from
the
Religion
University
Graham least,
companions
community
syndexioi
war.
with
cit.,
return,
as
the
such
Mithras
“Mithra”
invicto
were
about
seeking
et
individual.
Gordon,
Many
“horizontal”
The
Vermaseren,
a
$7),
seven
tics
one’s
to
Melito.”
as
tt
we
rigid—but
a
Webster,
and
from
at
commemorates
as
Mithraism.
or
is
gratefulness either
appease
Instead,
a
Mithrae
discovered their absence
powerful
of
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within
creating strong,
with
know
were
that
statement
also
helpfUl a
and
“those
“Mithraism
Mithraic
protection
Oklahoma peers.
grades.
Alexander
promises
core
marker
in
was
means
The
the communal
because
It
The
worth
Mithras, the
I
both
accompanied
at
that
of
{..Ujlpiua
god.
one’s
is
invincible,
protection.
one’s
one
of
Father; numerous
Roman
the
linked
which
a
Knowing
ties,
scaled
worth
“pact,
sense
On
other
votive
in
of
death
as
combat
Press,
towards
inscriptions
the
and
noting
name
to
same
(divine
Rome
they
agonizing
the in
Mithras’
the
a
bonding Mithraic
underlies
the
Great Imperial
contract,
Paulus
Mithras
feeling
Roman group, by
act, verses
noting
deities
of
Secret
in
votive 1998),
by
other
time
were
oath
and,
that
One
that
that
and
the
the
the
on
by re
the
to
or
/ a
159
in
a
it
for
the
the
but
one.
tied
of
pact.”
(New
long
have
cult,
each
152.
from
Roman
“pact
knife
of
Mithras’
sun-god,
Hand-
a
twelve
settling
and
a
Virunum,
altar).69
of
“vows”
“others”
sanction fight
agreement,
handshake.
The
symbolic
Rather,
were
blood
or
handshake
must
clear an
for The
it,
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to
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from
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of
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from
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!vlysteties
brothers
members
of
front religious
should
joining
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grasping
to
ten
holding
in
of
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Clauss,
so brotherhood—an
friendly
into
is
His
in
used
is
he
or ritual
relief
the
a
a
cult
desirous
making
the
a
belonged” Cult
the
front
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marked making
societies.
called
joyfully
Father
in
just
647-650).
sun-god
members
than
and
CIMRM423.
of
unity
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in
On
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That
like
swiftly,
Helios
returned
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opposed
the
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see
worshippers
who
hand
Mithras God
marriages.
vows
and
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AD.
gods
as
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altar.
worthy
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and
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of
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century Italy
and
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(sometimes Mithras’
iconography
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hosting same
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Clauss, solemnizing
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to friends
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Mithras Mithras:
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of
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that
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is
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reciprocal Latin
not see
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and
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secrecy,
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as
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might
Roman
Often
and
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sociological
character, means Cult
of
he
hence
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such
world,
shoulder. in
composed,
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as
right
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elements
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handshake,
Father
“the
in
of
impression
text
left
handshake,
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a
other
consecrated
of Mithras
Post was
soldiers,
being
Roman
incapable
handshake.
had
performed
relief
deities
gesture
the
that
under such
their
votive hand
handshaking
a
boundary
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Mithras
classical
syndexi)
the
three the
of
97.
scene and
a The
and
sun-god,
a
him;
observant
handshake,
also Virunum,
Hellos’
original
by
was
the
Ex
the give
Roman
religion
hands”
right
were
That
a
to
which
with
behalf
friendship.70
God,
in
idea
a
with
the
(Lat. Proficentius shake
the
before
had
initiate.
well
cult
oath
that
upon
in
“cave”
1430,
holy,
suggested
Proficentius,
Clauss,
right
Romans
on
uncommon
everyday
task
For
the
The
reiterate
sealed
with
principles while
and
was
specifically
Cave
the
and
knee
an
the
to
cult
creating
lines
Secret
recurrent
the
close
the Mithras’
an
hand
a
very
had
42.
but
between
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and
on
scenes
A
him
of
dear
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the
image
pact
and
handshake
and
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the
left
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Therefore,
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of
verses
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very
pact 2001),
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this
known
cult.
partners
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received
most
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of
Hand-shaken
based
that men
by
various
reinforced
of
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another
from
pater
Greeks
dedicate Mithraism
‘joining
Mithras,
Klagenfurt,
puts
interesting,
it
example
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act this
Vermaseren
The with
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made
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spot
lodge.
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the
that the
made
meaning
kneeling
through
were
equal
interests.
the
an
one
an
that
of
sign
also
is
Mithras.
be
as
Routledge,
cult is
the
as
hands) Bound
wrist
This
a
fact,
Mithras.66
That ever. between modem
tirelessly,
build
and hand.
This
noteworthy of
fact
a
agreement.71
friendship”—an
Among
In
Translation
See For
pact.72
is
Vermaseren,
one
right
Cult naked, 72 there
71
Mithras 70 near
69
outsiders, York:
68
mutual
As organization
Masonic
known
a
an between
was
of Among right
also other
marker
journey
individuals),
shaken.”
together
could the
It namely 160 sodali, Ancient The where es(sedarius) “Cumont, See, between “D(eo)
76 misteri, “ orizzonte guerriero, based legsta of “L’ampia Process. Birth
initiation different.”
studies
mobile
the
city
from
together together
officers.78
holding
In
mystery
members Numerous
amicitia
for
rite
as strong
community,
Additionally,
ignore (the CIMRM36I, Interestingly, Members the See
For
being essence, inscription
as
associative
the
of in and a German
a Thus, “to
on
home Moreover, Clauss, the i(nvicto) 352. have supporting Mystery sepulchral possibili
Mithras
enemies),
initiation
the
congregational
population, the culturale in
diffusione god the analogamente
a
Rebirth property,
The makes
by
cults—although
might based concept
et must various
of hierarchical made traditional
companion,
inscriptions fact
I
and
the spiritual Mysteries tribes
The
the Rome: particularly Pietas is
Scarpi and various and Cults, M(ithrae)
comunitt the
most
have
have inscription on
indo-europeo sense phenomenon
evidence,
most
that aspect plain Roman
(Dallas, based
of
del like Mithraic cultures, the
as for
Ensocho
element
sodalitas that has
“S[oli] hence 44).
spiritual where described likely mitraismo sun-god. mystery al
of
spent
bonds,
the included
how and any
or
especially
their
of
sense GIOVANNA suggested Mithra.c, /
iniziatiche
aspect.74 on comitatus Cull
In
provided of member
TX: utilize
et
the the
CIMRM Mithraic
in see in i(nvicto about militaristic
widespread secret
the the I
Soli
the
communities together the limestone
regeneration a reinforcing
essed(ario)
of of
fellow-initiates. relation religioss
Spring
of evidence but by
Mircea
(companionship), timc tra
cui
case
notion of
Mithras, helping
168.
secrecy
individual the a of soci/o a
Tacitus
the cult delle
e
they
One soldati when
M(ithrae) society sppartiese 1021, similarity
Mithras’
Ex religious a of
cultuali
legal in
Publications,
religious words
club.” word. Eliade,
organization considerable
has to those
helped is
of
unfamiliar sac(rum)...”
tribü
of
can were sodali
(Germonia, for Colonia 105. the
delle
one Post
the in
in created
been
assistance
Mithms
re-birth, of di worshipper
let were between
worshipping
burial the socius
Mithraism
certainly it
need germaniche These
Rites was
anche sense
Clauss PALOMBO one
uomini,
considers also
I matters
legioni
any in
found experience [bJene
sodalicio Obligations Agrippina,
1994), regard
to no
another and
a
group’s not
and
Facto strong
Ia
as
associations
given
environments. and
13,
of
cultist
a
as and
the society also
belong, amount in romane civiltb
fondate longer
merenti
an
highly to Symbols that
within
speak mutual fit the
1-4;
is
only a Mithraic
93-4 [.1
Mithras eius
funeral,
sodalicio.76
points the
inscription
his
to
in time,
within social also
immediate
was cohesiveness. clubs Germany 14,2-3),
iranians.” had and che
puô
the formed
funeraiy fact su and
/
hierarchical
part inward-looking
spiritual of
the similar
members, of of
[posJuit. belonging.”73 buried out
un’etica characteristic community the
si the
in time,
lasciare
Mithraic
“effects
that the See the
Initiation: 112 as
broader
that
experience
housed of inseriscono antiquity
since
that that
evidence
“The
was cult vicinity (near also
Indo-Eumpean
Mithraic by arrangements Scsrpi, and
there:
enjoyed
a
Indeed,
to
soldiers energy,
Vale.”
“modem brotherhoods di
sospettare
reiterates fixed
both socii
CIMRM73O, the
Context
of
and those
Turner, development
tipo upon
modem
in One cult
and structure, The “Have the of Le
is Mithras structures
Note
the case nd
aristicratico
that and a the
inconclusive.
family of
the
the
community of
religioni
case were
and
Mysteries is
sociological should
,nithraeum.
of
the solidarity. the of The un’origine
medesimo Mithraic comitatus I
Cologne)
bonding the scarce.77
(Burkert,
a
devoted
in
amid.75
right elected context.
Cimber
private rites money was
“pact”
earthy fairly
Ritual
away had
word and
Italy: other
were
or tied
dei not
no of
of of of
e
a
a a
161
a
a
at
of
its
to
the
the
the
the
aus
or
as
all in
as
The
the
the
AD.
have
fact
cult
and hand,
first
was
These
in
cult
On
there
contact
was
piety own
Ancient
larger
Gmppe,
both
Religion
Mithras
Beck,
a
(Burkert,
one
the
may 161. the
Mithraism
court.
in
until
Mithraic
Mithras’
to
advanced
Anatolia
dress
der
served
The
die
century
of
the
their
of
army.
the
“at-home”
soldiers
established
established
diese developed
cult
Mithras.
or
the
Mithras
not
of
has
defeating
religions
ursprunglich
extensive
daB
Thus,
On
first
94).
northward,
an
muss of
er date
also
although
the
of Calabria—a
of
religion”
Mithras,
(Eleusinian)
imperial
widespread
were
Meyer,
der
IV.
the
had
parthianitas
Roman
was
Plutarch,
Religion
within
according
in
of
daB
and
dynasty
comfort
well-versed
those
After
to
it
add—the
its
cult Cf.
to Parthia
the
priests
fit
mystery
soldiers.
secure vemlute,
rural
eine
Society,”
und
scholar,
the
discourse
Roman
to
form
Thus,
Mithras
beginning
of
Merkelbach
them Mithras
B.C.
were
the
became
to
the
origin,
ala
elements
Hofataat,
disputed,
both
eastern
“Ich
of
the Antiochus
of
of
B.C.83
Merkelbach,
and
Zoroastrianism.82
of
would
celebration
today.”
Italy.
Mithraic
in
of
Roman
westward
strange
the
found
actually
Pontos;
which
Cf.
of
German
cult century
However,
perfectly
from
whether asnong
the
function
spiritual,
mysteries
the
much
According
and
mystery military
sought
origin
However,
empire.
Mithras
a
the
Mithras
had
Anatolian
was
AD.,
[and—I
the
first
century mysteries the
number
of
Caesariani,
resided
dynasty
that
offered
of to
kaiserlichen among
not
the
anbot.”
celebrated
Provinz
moving
of
cult.
72
east
throughout
loyalty
the
the
“the
popularity
Italy.84
religion
they
the
is
possible
and
der
hin
of
first
in
point
people.
the
good der
Facto over
stemmed
still
states
of
origin
cult
Rome in
that
the
Mithraism a “Mithraism
from
then,
introduced
aus
piratesJ
the IV
that
of
individual,
all
necessarily
was
lebenden
the
Cult
Mithraism
of oben
to “One
aus
the
are
worship
(Dionysian).ss
Commagenian
myateries,
According
transmitting
on
reinforce
culture,
Persian
and
not
or
which who ihm
because
who
Mann
to
the nach
feasts moved
Additionally,
for
also,
oder
Post
arrived
spread
settled
Gordon,
wars,
point
proposed
Mithraism
explain
the inscription Cilician
but
feeling agree
urn
be
pirates,
east
around
rites
female
was
Antiochus
Indo-Aryan
131.
See
that spreading
134.
(cf.
identity.8°
an
of
essence,
its
alienated was
ties.
has
genius,
einem
the
der
family-retainers
Ex
the
have in
or
of
the
it
Roman
Mithraism.
help “Ithe
with
Hellenistic
pirates,
immigrants of
monthly
the Loyalitat
In
161.
secret
Judaean
should
to
in
the
of
by
von
character,
scholars
world
Armenien
and
AD.
Rome,
Beck
religions,
personal,
Rome,
responsible
24:
the
religion
can
there
social
origin and
the
ist
identity”
a
class,
Mithraism
all
The
for
aus
in
204.
Whether
of
and
origin
were
new
among
members’
not
seems
that
Cilician
deposition
from
contributed
rootless
and
BedBrfnisse
men.”79
individual
soldiers
were 87).
(Mithraic)
how
z.B.
celebrated
soldiers
Roman
Religions,
Mithraism
Nemrud-Dagh: instance,
annual
century
the
ofAncient
Pompey,
celebrated
its
worden
and
this
sanktionierte
an
ofAncieni
syncretic the
mystery
relationship
and
and
die
Persian
of
the
the
and of
the For
race of
they
above,
of
engaging
identity
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