COVER STORY/ THE INDIAN VACCINE BAZAAR Seven are in various stages of clinical trials on humans in India. The vaccine Cambridge. UK industry is working on both Astrazeneca/Oxford international and domestic vaccine candidates

Covishield (chimpanzee adenovirus platform) Moscow, Russia SII + AstraZeneca Gamaleya EU* Phase 2/3 Canada Applied for EUA

Covaxin (inactivated virus) Uzbekistan Bharat biotech + ICMR Massachucetts, US New York, USA Maryland, USA Paris, France Phase 3 Moderna Pfizer/ BioNTech Novavax Sanofi/GSK S Korea China Japan Applied for EUA Nepal Egypt ZyCoV-D (DNA vaccine) Mexico India Cadilla healthcare + THE dept of biotechnology Phase 2 RICH Latin America Bloc** Sputnik V (human adenovirus vaccine) Indonesia AXIS Dr. Reddy’s Lab + Brazil Gamaleya National For universal immunisation, the world Centre Australia would need 2 doses of vaccines for 7.8 phase 3 about to begin billion people. But the rich countries have already ordered a bulk of the vaccines to be NVX-CoV2373 (protein subunit) manufactured in 2021 Advance market commitments SII + Novavax (as of December 18, 2020 data) phase 3 under Countries with Top 6 vaccine manufacturers • Total worldwide confirmed purchases ofcovid -19 vaccines: 7.7 billion doses consideration ongoing phase 3 and destination of their • Total confirmed doses purchased by high-income countries: 4 billion clinical trials product • Total confirmed doses purchased by upper-middle-income countries1.1 billion COVID-19 vaccine • Total confirmed doses purchased by lower-middle-income countries: 1.8 billion (recombinant protein • Purchases by low-income countries: 0 antigen based vaccine) • Total purchased by covax: 870 million 7.8 billion 2.2 billion 3.7 billion Biological E total people to be Adults at severe risk People are willing to Top 5 hoarders of COVID 19 vaccines Phase 1 and 2 vaccinated of take the vaccine Potential dose purchases Confirmed dose purchases HGCO 19 USA (mRNA based vaccine) COVAX Gennova + HDT USA 4.7 billion 2.3 million 2 billion EU People to be vaccinated Total vaccine doses doses COVAX will be phase 1 and 2 human for herd immunity*** administered**** provided in 2021 India trials approved UK

0M 200M 400M 600M 800M 1000M 1200M 1400M 1600M 1800M 2000M 2200M 2400M 2600M 162 52 13 Explanation: *EU: 27 countries of the European Union; **Latin America bloc: all countries in the region, except Brazil;***at least 60% population needs to be vaccinated for herd immunity. The companies are providing to their vaccine candidates in vaccine candidates in vaccine candidates home countries too. ****as of December 22, 2020; Covax is a global body which would supply to most countries in pre-clinical trials clinical trials in phase 3 the world Source: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Vaccine Centre, Duke Global Health Innovation Center, www.bloomberg.com, www.ourworldindata.org, www.who.int; www.pib.nic.in; https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m4704 26 DOWN TO EARTH 1-15 JANUARY 2021 DOWNTOEARTH.ORG.IN

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