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Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge -----I~

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Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge -----I~ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE WEATHER BUREAU TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 48 Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge -----i~ Weather Bureau Technical Papers *No. 1. Ten-year normals of pressure tendencies and hourly station pressures for the United States. 1943. *Supplement: Normal 3-hourly pressure changes for the United States at the inter mediate synoptic hours. 1945. *No. 2. Maximum recorded United States point rainfall for 5 minutes to 24 hours at 207 first order stations. 1947. *No. 3. Extreme temperatures in the upper air. 1947. *No. 4, Topographically adjusted normal isohyetal maps for western Colorado. 1947. *No. 5. Highest persisting dewpoints in western United States. 1948. *No. 6. Upper air average values of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity over the United States and Alaska. 1945. *No. 7. A report on thunderstorm conditions affecting flight operations. 1948. *No. 8. The climatic handbook for Washington, D.C. 1949. *No. 9. Temperature at selected stations in the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. 1949. No. 10. Mean precipitable water in the United States. 1949. .30 No. 11. Weekly mean values of daily total solar and sky radiation. 1949. .15. Supple ment No. 1, 1955. .05. *No. 12. Sunshine and cloudiness at selected stations in the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. 1951. No. 13. Mean monthly and annual evaporation data from free water surface for the United States, Alaska, Hawaii, and the West Indies. 1950. .15 ' *No. 14. Tables of precipitable water and other factors for a saturated pseudo-adiabatic atmosphere. 1951. No. 15. Maximum station precipitation for 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours: Part I: Utah, ' Part II: Idaho, 1951, each .25; Part III: Florida, 1952, .45; Part IV: Maryland, Delaware, and District of Columbia; Part V: New Jersey, 1953, each .25; Part VI: New England, 1953, .60; Part VII: South Carolina, 1953, .25; Part VIII: Virginia, 1954, .50; Part IX: Georgia, 1954, .40; Part X: New York, 1954, .60; Part XI: North Carolina; Part XII: Oregon, 1955, each .55; Part XIII: Ken tucky, 1955, .45; Part XIV: Louisiana; Part XV: Alabama, 1955, each .35; Part XVI: Pennsylvania, 1956, .65; Part XVII: Mississippi, 1956, .40; Part XVIII: West Virginia, 1956, .35; Part XIX: Tennessee, 1956, .45; Part XX: Indiana, 1956, .55; Part XXI: Illinois, 1958, .50; Part XXII: Ohio, 1958, .65; Part XXIII: California, 1959, $1.50; Part XXIV: Texas, 1959, $1.00; Part XXV: Arkansas, 1960, .50; Part XXVI: Oklahoma, 1961, .45. *No. 16. Maximum '24-hour precipitation in the United States. 1952. No. 17. Kansas-Missouri floods of June-July 1951. 1952. .60 *No. 18. Measurements of diffuse solar radiation at Blue Hill Observatory. Washington, D.C. 1952. No. 19. Mean number of thunderstorm days in the United States. 1952. .15 No. 20. Tornado occurrences in the United States. Rev. 1960. .45 *No. 21. Normal weather charts for the Northern Hemisphere. 1952. *No. 22. Wind patterns over lower Lake Mead. 1953. No. 23. Floods of April 1952-Upper Mississippi, Missouri, Red River of the North. 1954. $1.00 (Continued on inside back cover) *Out of print. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE LUTHER H. HODGES, Secretary WEATHER BUREAU F. W. REICHELDERFER, Chief TECHNICAL PAPER NO. 48 Characteristics of the Hurricane Storm Surge D. LEE HARRIS U.S. Weather Bureau WASHINGTON, D.C. 1963 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - - --. - .-. Price 70 cents f!.l.~:·-~A ^ ' ^ C' .X- , J2~"'e 6i-t , 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART ONE-GENERAL DISCUSSION Page 1. INTRODUCTION_---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 2. LOCAL VARIABILITY OF THE HIGH WATER LINE .....................--------------- 2 3. TIME VARIABILITY OF THE WATER LEVEL-......................---------------- 2 4. PROCESSES OF STORM SURGE GENERATION ...--------------------.................... 3 a. Pressure set-up _----.-----.. ------------------. ..... _.. _ _----------------- 4 b. Direct wind effect ------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 c. Effect of the earth's rotation ---------------------------------------------------------- 5 d. Effect of waves .----.-------------.-----------.. ... ___........_..---------------- 6 e. Rainfall effect -------------------- --------------------------------------- 7 5. MODIFICATIONS OF THE SURGE ................------------- -------------------------- 8 6. A SIMPLE PREDICTION MODEL .....................--------------------------- __ 9 7. PRESENTATION OF DATA__--.......................---------------------- 9.. 8. ESTIMATES OF THE NORMAL TIDE---------------------------------------- 11 9. SOURCES OF DATA_ ........... .__ ..------------------------------- 12 10. HIGH WATER MARKS ....-------------------------................---------- - 13 11. THE MEANING OF REPORTED TIDE HEIGHTS ------------------------------------ 13 12. VARIATIONS IN MEAN SEA LEVEL -- -------------------------------------- ------- 15 13. SUMMARY AND FUTURE OUTLOOK -----------.---------------------.-------- - 18 PART TWO-RECORDS OF INDIVIDUAL STORMS -------...---...........----- --------- _ 19 STORM NO. 1-HURRICANE 1926, SEPTEMBER 17-21 ---.......................------------. _ 19 Discussion of The Data ---------------------------------------------------------- . 20 Figure 1.1 Synoptic charts -- _--------------------------- ___......._____....-------------- -.. 22 Figure 1.2 Storm surge chart. Insert maps for Tampa Bay, Apalachicola beyond Tampa Bay--------.. .. 23 Figure 1.3 Summary of high water marks ---. -----------------.------------------------------- _ 24 Figure 1.4 High water mark chart for Miami, Miami Beach area --------------- _ ...... ____----------. 25 Figure 1.5 High water mark cross section of Miami Beach --- ___--______----------------------- 26 STORM NO. 2-HURRICANE 1928, SEPTEMBER 16-20 -------------------------------------- 27 Figure 2.1 Synoptic charts- ---------------------------------------------------------------..- 28 Figure 2.2 Storm surge charts-- ---------------------------------------------- 29 Figure 2.3 High water mark chart for Florida - ____-------------- __ __ ___------------------------_ 30 STORM NO. 3-HURRICANE 1929, SEPTEMBER 25-OCTOBER 3---------------------------------- 31 Figure 3.1 Synoptic charts ....--------------------------------...-------------- _.._..._--- - . 32 Figure 3.2 Storm surge charts -------------------------------- __------------------------- 33 STORM NO. 4-HURRICANE 1933, AUGUST 22-24 ---------.._____ ---- ______ _____------------ 34 Figure 4.1 Synoptic charts __-_----------------------------------- _- 36 Figure 4.2 Storm surge chart. Insert chart for Delaware Bay------------------------------------_ 37 Figure 4.3 High water mark chart for Norfolk, Va. area. Mean sea level datum ..- -- _-------------_. 38 Figure 4.4 High water mark chart, Rappahannock and Potomac River areas. Low water datum --------- 38 STORM NO. 5-HURRICANE 1933, SEPTEMBER 15-18 __------------------_-__-.--_----------_- . 39 Figure 5.1 Synoptic chart_--- ----------------------------------------- __----------_ 40 Figure 5.2 Storm surge chart. Insert chart for Norfolk area _----- _ __________-----------_ . 41 STORM NO. 6-HURRICANE 1934, JULY 25 --------------- ... _--------- __-------- _ 42 Figure 6.1 Synoptic charts----------------------------------------------- ------------ 44 Figure 6.2 Storm surge chart ---------------------------------- __---______ ..-------- 45 LABOR DAY HURRICANE OF 1935, SEPTEMBER 1-6 (no charts) ------------------------------- _ 42 STORM NO. 7.-HURRICANE 1936, SEPTEMBER 17-19 ----------.------.------___ ---- ____ 42 Figure 7.1 Synoptic charts---------------------------------------------------_--- ------- 46 Figure 7.2 Storm surge chart. Insert map for New York Harbor__ .... __ 47 STORM NO. 8-HURRICANE 1938, SEPTEMBER 21-22..----- ---- _--_---- -----..-------.... --. 49 Figure 8.1 Synoptic charts ---------------------------------- ---- ----- ---- 50 Figure 8.2 Storm surge chart. Insert map for New York Harbor ..----------- -------- _-----___ _ 51 Figure 8.3 High water marks, New York and New England area ------------ ___ -----------____ ---- _ 52 iii Page STORM NO. 9--HURRICANE 1942, AUGUST 29-30----------------------------------------------- 53 Figure 9.1 Synoptic charts ------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 Figure 9.2 Storm surge chart -------------------- -------------------------------------------- 55 Figure 9.3 High water marks in Texas ---.------------------------------------------------------- 566 STORM NO. 10-HURRICANE 1944, SEPTEMBER 13-15 .----------------------------------------- 57 Figure 10.1 Synoptic charts -----.-------------------------------------------------------------- 58 Figure 10.2 Storm surge charts. Insert map for New York Harbor --------.--.--- ------------------ 59 Figure 10.3 High water marks in New York and New England ------------------ ---------------- 60 Figure 10.4 Recorded and predicted tides at the Coast and Geodetic Survey Tide station, Steel Pier, Atlantic City, N.J--.------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- 61 STORM NO. 11-HURRICANE 1944, OCTOBER 18-20 .------------------------------------------ - 57 Figure 11.1 Synoptic charts -------------- --------------------------------------------------- 62 Figure 11.2 Storm surge chart. Insert maps for New York Harbor and Charleston, S.C----------------- 63 Figure 11.3 High water marks in Florida ------------------------------------------------------- 64 STORM NO. 12-HURRICANE
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