Index

A medical management of, 232–233 surgical management of, 233–234 Abdomen, closure of, 11 Anal fistula plug, 195, 269 Abdominal Anal fistulas, 6, 195–197 and pelvic reoperative, infection from, 6–7 Anal incontinence, reoperative surgery for, 165–177 v. vaginal approach, for vesicovaginal fistulas, 204 ABS, 172–173 Abdominal approach, to recurrent repair, diagnostic tests for, 165 148–149 gluteoplasty, 168–169 Abdominal complications, see Reoperative pelvic and graciloplasty, 169–170 abdominal complications gynecologic approaches to, 173–174 Abdominal exenterative phase, of pelvic exenteration, 53–54 postanal repair, 167–168 Abdominal packing, TAE relating to, 20 redo anterior sphincteroplasty, 165–167 Abdominal sacrocolpopexy, 123–124 sacral nerve stimulation, 171–172 Abdominoperineal anoproctectomy, 249, 251 See also Fecal incontinence Abdominoperineal resection (APR), 102–103, 107–108 Anal stenosis Abdominoplasty and contouring, 297 definition and epidemiology of, 235 Abscess etiology of, 235 anorectal, 192 nonoperative management of, 235 fistula and, 299 surgical management of pelvic, 7, 28, 255, 267 diamond or house flap, 236, 237, 238 from suburethral sling, 158 mucosal advancement flap, 235 Acidosis, 18, 214 rotational S-plasty, 236–237, 238 ACOG, see American College of Obstetricians and V-Y or Y-V advancement flap, 235–236 Gynecologists (ACOG) Anastomic complications, uterointestinal, 217–218 Acquired coagulopathy, 17 Anastomosis Acquired platelet dysfunction, 16–17 coloanal, 331 Acute and late toxicities, by organ with pathophysiology, ileocolonic, 244, 245 278–279 ileorectal, 246, 258–259, 331 Adenocarcinoma, 256, 257 ileosigmoid, 246 Adhesions, genesis and resolution of, 2 primary low colorectal, 51 Adhesive disease, 10 See also Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) AGA, see American Gastrointestinal Association (AGA) Anastomotic dehiscences, 28 Algorithm, for surgical management, of fecal and fistula, 254–255 incontinence, 175 Anastomotic hemorrhage, 324 Allergic reactions, 301 Anastomotic leaks, 8–9, 51–52, 259 AlloDerm, 296 Anastomotic stricture, 217, 255, 270 Allografts, 131 Anatomic failures, 133 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Angiography, 18, 318–320 (ACOG), 31, 33 Anoproctectomy, abdominoperineal, 249, 251 American Gastrointestinal Association (AGA), 238 Anorectal abscess, 192 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), 97, 310 Anorectal advancement flaps, transanal, 194–195 American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, 193 Anorectal complications, 5–6 American Urological Association (AUA), 223 Anorectal mucosectomy, 270 Anal advancement flaps, 234 Anorectal procedures, for perioperative hemorrhage, 324–325 Anal dilatation, 233 Anoscopy and proctosigmoidoscopy, for fistula-in-ano, 192 Anal fissure, 6 Anterior colporrhaphy, 128, 130 definition and epidemiology of, 231 Anterior dissection, 250 etiology of, 231–232 Anterior division, of internal iliac artery, 18–19

335 336 INDEX

Anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty, primary, 165 Bleeding Anterior sphincteroplasty, redo of, 165–167 arterial, 15, 224 Anterior wall prolapse after laparoscopic rectal surgery, 25–26 anterior colporrhaphy, 128, 130 management of, 3 graft augmentation, 130–133 pelvic, prevention and control of, 3 paravaginal repair, 128–130 and peristomal varices, 298 Antibiotic ointments, 300 rectal, 45 Antibiotic prophylaxis, 52 reoperations for Anticoagulated patients, perioperative recommendations GI, 317–321 for, 322 perioperative hemorrhage, 321–325 Antihistamines, 301 postoperative hemorrhage, 325–326 Anus and distal , perineal resection of, 250–251 suburethral sling relating to, 156 Apical prolapse, surgical management of, 116–138 during transurethral surgery, 224 abdominal sacrocolpopexy, 123–124 venous, 15, 16, 224 anterior wall prolapse, 128–133 Bleeding diatheses, 16 compensatory surgery, 116 Botulin toxin, 232–233 connective tissue support of vagina relating to, 115, 116 Bowel iliococcygeus vaginal vault suspension, 122–123 complications of, 218 obliterative procedures, 126–128 disease of, inflammatory, see Inflammatory bowel disease, perineal body relating to, 116 reoperative surgery for posterior wall prolapse, 133–137 obstruction of sacrospinous ligament fixation, 119–122 early, 307 tension-free vaginal mesh kit procedure, 124–126 after laparoscopic rectal surgery, 26–27 using uterosacral ligaments, 117, 118 late, 307–315 Apogee, 125 malignant, from local recurrence or carcinomatosis, APR, see Abdominoperineal resection (APR) 311–312 Arterial bleeding, 15, 224 perforation of, 155 Artificial bowel sphincter (ABS), 172–173 See also Small bowel Artificial urethral sphincter (AUS), 88–89 BPH, see Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) ASA, see American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Aspirin, 16, 322 AUA, see American Urological Association (AUA) C Autografts, 131 Calcium channel blockers, 232 Autologous pubovaginal sling, 155 Cancer Axial CT, 25 CD and, 256 radiation and, rectovaginal fistulas relating to, 186 RPC and, 271 B See also Bladder; Carcinoma; Pelvic exenteration, for Bacillus Calmette-Gue´rin (BCG), 64, 65, 70, 71 recurrent pelvic cancer; cancer, reoperative Balloon dilation techniques, 218 surgery after; Rectal cancer BCG, see Bacillus Calmette-Gue´rin Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 102 BCR, see Biochemical recurrence Carcinoma Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 81–85, 223, 227 cervical, 35–36, 283 Biochemical recurrence (BCR), 85–86, 90 endometrial, 31–32 Bladder fistulas and, 195 cancer of, reoperation for, 61–79 in situ (CIS), 69, 71 completion cystectomy, for recurrence after partial ovarian, 32–35, 313 cystectomy, 74–76 squamous cell, 107–108, 257 complications of, 67–68 stomal polyps and, 301–302 nephroureterectomy for UTR after cystectomy, 61–68 See also Adenocarcinoma; TCC risk factors for, 63 Carcinomatosis, 311–312 surveillance for, 62–63 CCF/FISS, see Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence survival outcomes from, 68 Scoring System (CCF/FISS) treatment for, 64–67 CDC, see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) urethrectomy, for urethral recurrence after cystectomy, CEA, see Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA); Elevated 68–74 carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) iatrogenic injury to, 199 Cecum, with ileocolonic reconstruction, 243–244, 245 laceration of, 156 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 6 muscle invasion of, 61 Cervical carcinoma, 35–36, 283 after pelvic radiation, 279 Chemoradiation treatment (CRT), 99, 107 perforation of, 156, 226, 228 Children, colorectal surgery on, 168 postoperative dysfunction of, 156–157 Chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC), 243, 257–271 See also Overactive bladder (OAB); Transurethral resection, RPC, 265–269 of bladder tumor (TURBT) subtotal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis, 258–259 Bladder neck contracture, 226–227 TPC and continent ileostomy, 259–262 Bladder storage abnormality, 154, 156 TPC and standard (Brooke) ileostomy, 258–259 INDEX 337

Cinedefecography, 146 small bowel disease relating to, 243 CIS, see Carcinoma, in situ (CIS) surgery for Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Scoring System abdominoperineal anoproctectomy, 249, 251 (CCF/FISS), 165, 166 anterior dissection, 250 Clostridium botulinum, 233 ileocolonic anastomosis, 244, 245 CMT, see Combined modality therapy (CMT) ileoproctostomy, 248 Coagulation cascade, 17 ileorectal anastomosis, 246, 331 Coagulopathy ileosigmoid anastomosis, 246 disorders of perineal resection, of anus and distal rectum, 250–251 acquired, 17 perineal wound, primary closure of, 251 acquired platelet dysfunction, 16–17 permanent diversion, 248 See also Postoperative hemorrhage proctectomy, 248 Coaptite, 154 rectal dissection, 249, 250 Colectomy, 330 rectal resection, technique of, 248 segmental, 245, 246, 254 resection of terminal ileum and cecum with ileocolonic subtotal, 245, 246, 258–259 reconstruction, 243–244, 245 Coloanal anastomosis, 331 segmental colectomy, 245, 246, 254 Colon, urinary diversion relating to, 214 segmental resection, 245 Colonic disease, 244–245, 331 stricturoplasty, 246 Colonic resection, 256, 330 subtotal colectomy, 245, 246 Colonic transit study, 330 TPC with ileostomy, 244, 245 Colonoscopy, 45, 308 CT, see Computed tomography (CT) Colon resection, re-resection for recurrent diverticulitis after, 286 Cul-de-sac, 44, 45 Colorectal expertise in many communities, absence of, 174 Cutting setons, 193 Colorectal surgery, on children, 168 Cyclosporine, 300 Colostomy, 174 Cystectomy Colovesical fistulas, 189–190 completion, for recurrence after partial cystectomy, 74–76 Colpectomy, 126–128 nephroureterectomy, for UTR after, 61–68 Colporrhaphy, 128, 130, 133–134 partial, 75–76 Combined modality therapy (CMT), 94, 107 pelvic recurrence after, 76–77 Compartment syndrome, 12 salvage, 281, 282 Compensatory surgery, 116 urethrectomy, for urethral recurrence after, 68–74 Complete rectal prolapse, 145, 146 See also Radical cystectomy Completion cystectomy, for recurrence after partial Cystoscopic intervention, 203–204 cystectomy, 74–76 Cystoscopy, 127, 201 Computed tomography (CT), 24, 25, 62, 97, 98, 99, 100, 155, Cystourethrogram, 180 189, 285, 286, 308, 309, 320 Cystourethroscopy, 158, 160, 161 Connective tissue support, 115, 116 Conservative therapy, 70–71 , 145 D slow transit, 330–331 Dacron, 296 Constipation/dysmotility, reoperative surgery for Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), 52, 57 history relating to, 329 Defecating proctograms, 330 physical examination for, 329 Defecatory dysfunction, 124 testing for, 330 Dehydration and high-output ostomy, 301 treatment, 330–331 Delayed perineal wound healing, 258 Contact dermatitis, 301 Delorme procedure, 147, 149, 150 Contigen, 154 De novo stress incontinence, 124, 153 Continent ileostomy with TPC, complications of, 259–264 Dermal advancement flaps, 194 Continent urinary diversion, 55 Dermal island flap anoplasty, 196 Continuing proctitis/dysplasia, 259 Dermatitis, contact, 301 Contouring, abdominoplasty and, 297 Desitin ointment, 300 Corticosteroids, 300 Detoxification mechanisms, loss of, 43 Coumadin, 322 DFS, see Disease-free survival (DFS) Counseling, for pelvic exenteration, 51–52 Diagnostic workup, for reoperative pelvic surgery, for late Crohn’s disease (CD), 186, 191, 195 bowel obstruction, 307–309 cancer and, 256 Diamond or house flap, 236, 237, 238 colonic disease relating to, 244–245 , 330 gastrointestinal stomal problems and, 289, 292, 295, 297, DIC, see Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 299, 301 Differential diagnosis, for reoperative pelvic surgery, for late perianal CD, 251–252, 254 bowel obstruction, 307–309 reoperative surgery for, 252–257 Differentiation/metaplasia of peritoneum, 43 complications of, 254–257 Dilantin, 215 after ileocolectomy, 253–254 Diltiazem, 232 after segmental colectomy, 254 Dilutional hyponatremia, 224 after small bowel resection or stricturoplasty, 254 Disease, see specific entries 338 INDEX

Disease-free survival (DFS), 87, 88 formation of, postoperative, 255 Disease-specific survival (DSS), 87, 88 resuscitation relating to, 191 Dissection surgical management of, 191 anterior, 250 Epidemiology left aortic, 40 of anal fissure, 231 mid-urethral, 72 of anal stenosis, 235 pelvic lymph node, 39 of urogenital fistulas, 199–200 posterolateral, 67 Epididymitis, 226 rectal, 249, 250 Erectile dysfunction, 227 right paraaortic, 39, 40 Erosion, 124 Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 17, 18, 20 ERUS, see Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS) Distal ileum, 55 Etiology Distal rectum and anus, perineal resection of, 250–251 of anal fissure, 231–232 Distorted anatomy and loss of normal tissue planes, 309 anal stenosis, 235 Diversion of enterocutaneous fistulas, 191 ileal conduit, and radical cystectomy, open for GI bleeding, 317 nephroureterectomy after, 64–68 of postoperative pelvic hemorrhage and coagulopathy, 15 ileus conduit, male patients with, 71–72 of rectovaginal fistulas, 186 incontinent cutaneous, 73–74 of recurrent rectal prolapse, 145 orthotopic neobladder, male or female patients with, 72–73 of urogenital fistulas, 199–200 permanent, 248 Exenteration, see Pelvic exenteration, for recurrent pelvic See also Urinary diversion cancer Diverticular colovesical fistulas, 189–190 Exploratory laparotomy, 52 Diverticular disease, reoperation for, 285–288 External beam radiation therapy (EBRT), 103–105 after previous Hartmann’s procedure, 286–287 External sphincter, injury to, 225–226 re-resection for recurrent diverticulitis after previous colon resection, 286 DNA, radiation and, 277 F DNA ploidy, 87, 88 Fecal impaction, 6 Dorsal lithotomy, 71 Fecal incontinence, 146–147, 330 Dose-volume histogram (DVH), 277, 278 algorithm for surgical management of, 175 Double Z-plasty, 263–264 gynecologic approaches to, 173–174 Drainage setons, 193–194 See also Anal incontinence, reoperative surgery for Drug reabsorption, 215 Fibrin glue injection, 193, 194, 203 DSS, see Disease-specific survival (DSS) Fibrin sealant/anal fistula plug, 269 Durasphere, 154 FIGO, see International Federation of Gynecology and DVH, see Dose-volume histogram (DVH) Obstetrics (FIGO) DVT, see Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) Fissure and hemorrhoids, reoperative management of Dynamic graciloplasty, 171 anal fissure, 6, 231–234 Dysmotility, see Constipation/dysmotility, reoperative anal stenosis, 235–238 surgery for recurrent hemorrhoidal disease, 237–239 Dyspareunia, 133 Fissurectomy, 234 Dysregulated hormonal pathways, 43 Fistula abscess and, 299 anal, 6, 195–197 E anastomotic dehiscences and, 254–255 Early bowel obstruction, 307 carcinoma and, 195 Early stoma, 10–11 colovesical, 189–190 Ejaculatory dysfunction, 227 nipple, 260, 261 Electrical stimulator, for gracilis transposition, pouch vaginal, 269 170, 171 See also Enterocutaneous fistulas; Gastrointestinal fistulas; Electrocautery, 54 Rectourinary fistulas; Rectovaginal fistulas; Electrolyte abnormalities, 214 Rectovesical fistula; Total proctocolectomy (TPC); Elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 310 Urogenital fistulas; Ureterovaginal fistula (UrVF); Emergent v. elective stoma creation, 289–290 Ureterouterine fistula (UUF); Urethrovaginal fistula Endo-GIA device, 53–54, 55 (UVF); Vesicoenteric fistulas Endometrial carcinoma, 31–32 Fistula-in-ano Endometriosis anoscopy and proctosigmoidoscopy for, 192 rectal involvement with, 46–46 history of, 192 recurrence of, 44 imaging for, 192–193 reoperation for, 43–48 management of, 193–195 surgery complications of, 44–45 palpation relating to, 192 Endorectal ultrasound (ERUS), 95, 96, 97, 98 Fistulectomy and primary closure, 195 Enterocutaneous fistulas Fistulotomy, 193 classification of, 191 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 154, 170 etiology of, 191 Free anastomotic disruption, 255 INDEX 339

Frozen pelvis, 1 obstetrical surgical experience, bias toward, 173 Fungal infections, 300 sonographic and functional assessment tools, lack of Fusion, 2 experience with, 173–174 surgery, 174 Gynecologic malignancies, 312–313 G See also Laparoscopic reoperative surgery, for incompletely Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding staged gynecologic malignancies angiography for, 318–320 Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG), 31, 34 etiologies for, 317 initial assessment, resuscitation and stabilization for, 317–318 H newer diagnostic methods for, 320 Hartmann’s procedure, 286–287, 292, 302, 312 operative therapy for, 320–321 Hematuria, 226 radionuclide imaging for, 318 Hemorrhage Gastrointestinal fistulas postoperative, 325–326 anal, recurrent, 195–197 presacral, 255, 323 in anorectal abscess, 192 TPC relating to, 260 carcinoma and, 195 with TURBT, 228 in CD, 195 See also Perioperative hemorrhage; Postoperative enterocutaneous, 191 hemorrhage fistula in ano, 192–195 Hemorrhoidectomies, 238, 239 in infants, 195 Hemorrhoids, see Fissure and hemorrhoids, reoperative rectourinary, 179–184 management of rectovaginal, 184–188 spontaneous closure of, 191 parastomal, 216–217, 293–298 vesicoenteric, 189–190 perineal, 256 Gastrointestinal stomal problems, reoperative surgery for trocar site, 10, 24, 26, 27 abscess and fistula, 299 High-output ostomy and dehydration, 301 allergic reactions, 301 Hirschsprung’s disease, 331 bleeding and peristomal varices, 298 Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, 214 CD and, 289, 292, 295, 297, 299, 301 Hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis, 214 emergent v. elective stoma creation, 289–290 Hyperplasia, 81–85, 223, 227, 302 fungal infections, 300 Hypochloremic metabolic acidosis, 214 high-output ostomy and dehydration, 301 Hyponatremia, dilutional, 224 ischemia and necrosis, 290–291 Hyponatremic metabolic acidosis, 214 mucosal implantation, 300 Hypovolemia, 16 obstruction, 299 Hysterectomy, 9, 18, 36, 46, 114, 124, 202 parastomal , 216–217, 293–298 parastomal pyoderma gangrenosum, 299–300 prolapse, 291–292 I retraction, 292 Iatrogenic injury, to bladder, 199 risk factors for, 289 Ibuprofen, 322 stenosis, 292–293 Ileal conduit, 51, 65, 213, 217 stomal polyps and carcinoma, 301–302 Ileal conduit diversion and radical cystectomy, open trauma and perforation, 298–299 nephroureterectomy after, 64–68 Genesis and resolution of adhesions, 2 Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), 9, 259, 266 Gerota’s fascia, 65 leak of, 267 GFR, see Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) stricture of, 270 GI bleeding, see Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding Ileocolectomy, 253–254 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 218 Ileocolonic anastomosis, 244, 245 Gluteoplasty, 168–169 Ileocolonic reconstruction, cecum with, 243–244, 245 Gluteus muscle, 169 Ileoproctostomy, 248 Glycerine trinitrate, topical, 232, 233 Ileorectal anastomosis, 246, 258–259, 331 GOG, see Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Ileosigmoid anastomosis, 246 Gonadal vein, 66 Ileostomy Gore-Tex sutures, 297 continent, with TPC, 259–264 Gracilis interposition, 170 dysfunction relating to, 301 Gracilis muscle, 169, 170, 254 loop, 11, 291 Gracilis transposition, electrical stimulator for, 170, 171 See also Chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC) Graciloplasty, 169–170, 171 Ileum Graft augmentation, 130–133, 135–137 distal, 55 Graft materials, synthetic, 131 terminal, resection of, 243–244, 245 Gynecologic approaches, to fecal incontinence urinary diversion relating to, 214 colorectal expertise in many communities, absence Ileus conduit diversion, male patients with, 71–72 of, 174 Iliococcygeus vaginal vault suspension, 122–123 colostomy, 174 IMA, see Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) 340 INDEX

Imaging, 192–193, 201 L See also Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Incidental radiation, reducing of, 279 Laboratory studies, for laparoscopic rectal surgery, 23–24 Incision, of sling, 160 Laceration, of bladder, 156 Incomplete evacuation, sensation of, 146 Laparoscopic lymphadenectomy technique, 36–38 Incontinence Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 anal, 165–177 Laparoscopic rectal surgery De novo stress incontinence, 124, 153 expected postoperative course after, 23 fecal, 146–147, 330 patient evaluation after, 23–25 See also Stress urinary incontinence (SUI); Urge urinary postoperative complications of incontinence (UUI) anastomotic dehiscences, 28 Incontinent cutaneous diversion, 73–74 bleeding, 25–26 Indiana pouch, 51, 54, 55 bowel obstruction, 26–27 Indomethacin, 322 infectious, 27 Infants, fistulas in, 195 missed enterotomies, 27 Infection pelvic abscesses, 28 from anorectal complications, 5 reoperative considerations after, 23–29 fungal, 300 reoperative surgery after, 23 reoperative pelvic and abdominal, 6–7 Laparoscopic reoperative surgery, for incompletely staged from sacrocolpopexy, 124 gynecologic malignancies from suburethral sling, 158 cervical carcinoma, 35–36 from surgical site, 6 endometrial carcinoma, 31–32 See also Urinary tract infection (UTI) laparoscopic lymphadenectomy technique, 36–38 Infectious complications, after laparoscopic rectal ovarian carcinoma, 32–35 surgery, 27 robotic reoperative surgery and lymphadenectomy, 38–40 Inferior mesenteric artery (IMA), 35, 37 Laparoscopic repair, for parastomal hernia, 297 Inflammatory bowel disease, reoperative surgery for Laparoscopic surgery, for perioperative hemorrhage, 324 CD, 243–257 Laparoscopic v. open approach, to VVF repair, 206 CUC, 243, 257–271 Laparotomy, exploratory, 52 Infliximab, 300 Late bowel obstruction, reoperative pelvic surgery for Injectable carbon beads, 167 differential diagnosis and diagnostic workup for, 307–309 Injectables, 167 preoperative considerations for Injections, 154, 193, 194, 203, 233 distorted anatomy and loss of normal tissue planes, 309 Injury operative technique, 310–311 to external sphincter, 225–226 potential pitfalls and, 309–310 iatrogenic, to bladder, 199 preoperative adjuncts, 310 splenic, 323 specific situations and management of ureteral, 11–12, 45, 225 gynecologic malignancy, 312–313 vessel, repair of, 18 malignant bowel obstruction from local recurrence or International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics carcinomatosis, 311–312 (FIGO), 31 reversal of Hartmann’s/stoma closure, 312 Interposition flap, 269 Latzko technique, 204, 206 Intraabdominal and pelvic abscesses, 7, 28 Le Fort colpocleisis, 126–128 Intraabdominal mesh repairs, 296–297 Left aortic dissection, 40 Intraluminal recurrence, 97 Lidocaine/hydrocortisone gel, 232 Intraoperative complications, of transurethral surgery, Ligament fixation, sacrospinous, 119–122 223–226 Lone Star1 retractor, 149 Intraoperative considerations, 2, 322–323 Long-term drainage setons, 193–194 Intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT), 93, 99, 100–105, 107 Loop ileostomy, 11, 291 Ischemia, 260 Lymphadenectomy, 32 necrosis and, 290–291 laparoscopic technique of, 36–38 of outflow tract, 261 pelvic, and assessment of resectability, 52–53 pouch, 266 periaortic, 52 of ureter, 11 robotic reoperative surgery and, 38–40 Ischemic necrosis of valve, 261 Lymphoid hyperplasia, 302

J Jejunum, urinary diversion relating to, 214 M J-pouch, 52, 265, 266 McCall culdoplasty, 117, 118 MACE, see Malone antegrade continence (MACE) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 44, 46, 62, 98, 115, K 308, 320 Malignancies, gynecologic, 312–313 Kaplan-Meier survival curve, 96, 103 See also Laparoscopic reoperative surgery, for incompletely Kenalog, 301 staged gynecologic malignancies Kock pouch, 51, 54, 259 INDEX 341

Malignant bowel obstruction from local recurrence or Obstructed defecation/pouch relapse, 270–271 carcinomatosis, 311–312 Obstructed outlet defecation, 331 Malignant enterovesical fistula, 190 Obstruction Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE), 165, 174 as gastrointestinal stomal problem, 299 Marking setons, 194 suburethral sling relating to, 158 Marlex, 296 See also Bowel Martius flap, 207 Obturator fossa, 20 Mayo Clinic, 98, 104 Omental flap, 208 Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), 94, 95, 99, Onlay mesh repair, 295–296 100, 101–103 Open nephroureterectomy, after radical cystectomy and ileal Metabolic acidosis, 214 conduit diversion, 64–68 Metabolic consequences, of urinary diversion, 213–214 Open v. laparoscopic approach, to VVF repair, 206 Metabolic derangements, of urinary diversion, 213, 214 Operative repair, of recurrent rectal prolapse, 147–151 Metaplasia, of peritoneum, 43 Operative technique Methotrexate-based therapy, 215 for completion cystectomy, 75 Miami pouch, 54, 56 for parastomal hernia, 295–298 Midurethral dissection, 72 for pelvic recurrence, after cystectomy, 76–77 Midurethral sling (MUS), 153, 155, 157, 159 Operative therapy, for GI bleeding, 320–321 Minimally invasive approaches, to VVF, 203–204 Operative trauma, rectovaginal fistulas relating to, 186 Minimally invasive surgery, 32, 40 Orthotopic neobladder diversion, male or female patients with, Missed enterotomies, 27, 28 72–73 Morbidity, 51, 56, 86, 172, 216 Osteomalacia, 214–215 Mortality, after pelvic exenteration, 50, 56 Ostomy, high-output, dehydration and, 301 MSKCC, see Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Ovarian carcinoma, 32–35, 313 (MSKCC) Ovarian remnant syndrome, 46–47 Mucosal advancement flap, 235 Overactive bladder (OAB), 154 Mucosal implantation, 300 Mucosal prolapse, 147 Mucosectomy, 147, 270 P MUS, see Midurethral sling (MUS) Palpation, fistula-in-ano relating to, 192 Muscle invasion, of bladder, 61 Paracolostomy hernia, 293 Muscular flaps, 208 Parastomal hernia, 216–217, 293–298 Myositis, 158 diagnosis of, 294–295 nonoperative therapy for, 295 operative techniques for N abdominoplasty and contouring, 297 Narcotics, 301 intraabdominal mesh repairs, 296–297 Near-total proctocolectomy, 265 laparoscopic repair, 297 Necrosis, ischemia and, 290–291 local repair with sutures, 295 Neoplasm, secondary, 218–219 loop ostomy hernias, 297 Neovaginal reconstruction, 51, 55 onlay mesh repair, 295–296 Nephron-sparing techniques, 64 parastomal subcutaneous repair, 295 Nephroureterectomy for UTR after cystectomy, 61–68 relocation, 296 Neurovascular bundles (NVBs), 81, 84, 85, 89 results of, 297–298 Newly diagnosed pelvic mass, 33 surgical repair for, 295 Nifedipine, 232 symptoms of, 294 Nipple fistulas, 260, 261 Parastomal pyoderma gangrenosum, 299–300 Nitrates, 232 Paravaginal repair, 128–130 Nitric oxide donors, 232 Partial cystectomy, 74–76 Nodal bundles, 40 Partial mesorectal excision (PME), 8 Nodal involvement, 32, 33, 34, 35 Pathology, of recurrent pelvic organ prolapse, 115–116 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 15, 16, 17, 20, Patients 317, 322 anticoagulated, perioperative recommendations for, 322 Normal tissue planes, loss of, distorted anatomy and, 309 evaluation of, 23–25, 146–147 Normal tissue toxicities, radiation-induced, 278 with ileus conduit diversion, 71–72 NSAIDs, see Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with orthotopic neobladder diversion, 72–73 Nutritional abnormalities, urinary diversion relating to, 213 selection of, 50–51, 75 NVBs, see Neurovascular bundles (NVBs) Pelvic abscesses, 7, 28, 255, 267 Pelvic bleeding, prevention and control of, 3 Pelvic cancer, recurrent, see Pelvic exenteration, for recurrent O pelvic cancer Obesity, surgery relating to, 50 Pelvic exenteration, for recurrent pelvic cancer Obliterative procedures, 126–128 anesthesia for, 52 Obstetrical surgical experience, bias toward, 173 counseling for, 51–52 Obstetrical trauma, rectovaginal fistulas relating to, 185–186 indications for, 49 Obstetric fistula, 199 mortality and survival rates after, 50, 56 342 INDEX

Pelvic exenteration, for recurrent pelvic cancer (cont.) intraoperative considerations for, 322–323 patient selection for, 50–51 laparoscopic surgery, 324 perioperative management after, 52 pelvic, 323–324 postoperative care, 56–57 postoperative care for, 325 postoperative complications, 57 preoperative preparation for, 321–322 process of, 49–50 splenic injury, 323 surgical techniques for Perioperative management, after pelvic exenteration, 52 abdominal exenterative phase, 53–54 Perioperative recommendations, for anticoagulated exploratory laparotomy, 52 patients, 322 pelvic lymphadenectomy and assessment of Peristomal varices, 298 resectability, 52–53 Peritoneal flap, 207 periaortic lymphadenectomy, 52 Peritoneum, metaplasia of, 43 perineal exenterative phase, 54 Permanent diversion, 248 reconstructive phase: conduit formation, 54–55 PET, see Positron emission tomography (PET) vaginal reconstruction, 55–56 PET/CT, 309 , 20, 145 PFP, see Progression-free probability (PFP) Pelvic hematoma, 26 Planes of resection, 101 Pelvic hemorrhage, 323–324 Plavix, 322 Pelvic lymphadenectomy and assessment of resectability, PME, see Partial mesorectal excision (PME) 52–53 Positive surgical margins (PSM), 83 Pelvic lymph node dissection, 39 Positron emission tomography (PET), 50, 97, 98, 308, 309 Pelvic organ prolapse, see Recurrent pelvic organ prolapse Postanal repair, 167–168 Pelvic radiation Posterior colporrhaphy, 133–134 complications of surgery after Posterior wall prolapse acute and late toxicities by organ with pathophysiology, graft augmentation, 135–137 278–279 posterior colporrhaphy, 133–134 for cervical carcinoma, 283 sexual function and, 137 incidental radiation, reducing of, 279 site-specific direct repair, 134–135 principles and techniques of, 277 Posterolateral dissection, 67 salvage cystectomy, 281, 282 Postoperative bladder dysfunction, 156–157 salvage prostatectomy, 279–281 Postoperative care, after pelvic exenteration, 56–57 urinary diversion, 281–282 Postoperative cholecystitis, 11 general principles of, 277 Postoperative complications techniques of, 277 of laparoscopic rectal surgery, 25–28 Pelvic recurrence, after cystectomy after pelvic exenteration, 57 operative techniques for, 76–77 of transurethral surgery, 226 presentation of, 76 Postoperative course, after laparoscopic rectal risk factors for, 75–76 surgery, 23 treatment/treatment outcomes for, 76 Postoperative hemorrhage, 325–326 Pelvic sepsis, 7, 266 pelvic, coagulopathy and Pelvic surgery etiology of, 15 pelvic organ prolapse relating to, 114 incidence of, 15 See also Reoperative surgery reoperate, decision to, 17–18 Pelvis, frozen, 1 reoperation and management of, 15–21 Perforations TAE, 18 bladder and urethral, 156, 226, 228 Postoperative SBO (PSBO), 9–10 bowel, 155 Pouch prostatic capsule, 225 Indiana, 51, 54, 55 trauma and, 298–299 J, 52, 265, 266 visceral, 155 Kock, 51, 54, 259 Perianal CD, 251–252, 254 Miami, 54, 56 Periaortic lymphadenectomy, 52 See also Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) Perineal approach Pouch advancement, 268–269 to rectoprostatic fistulas, 181–184 Pouch excision, 271 to recurrent rectal prolapse, 149 Pouch ischemia, 266 Perineal body, 116 Pouch redo, 269–270 Perineal exenterative phase, of pelvic exenteration, 54 Pouch relapse/obstructed defecation, 270–271 Perineal hernia, 256 Pouch suture line leakage, 266–267 Perineal proctectomy, 147, 149 Pouch vaginal fistula, 269 Perineal resection, of anus and distal rectum, 250–251 Presacral hemorrhage, 255, 323 Perineal urethrostomy, subtotal urethrectomy with, 74 Presacral space, 19 Perineal wound, 251, 257, 258 Primary anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty, 165 Perineoplasty, 187, 188 Primary closure, 195, 251 Perioperative hemorrhage Primary low colorectal anastomosis, 51 anastomotic, 324 Primary rectal prolapse, 145, 146, 147 anorectal procedures, 324–325 Procidentia, 145 INDEX 343

Proctectomy, 248 Reconstruction with coloanal anastomosis, 331 ileocolonic, cecum with, 243–244, 245 perineal, 147, 149 neovaginal, 51, 55 secondary, 259 pelvic, 3 Proctocolectomy, 244, 265 vaginal, 55–56 See also Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC); Total of valve, 262–263 proctocolectomy (TPC) Reconstructive phase: conduit formation, 54–55 Proctograms, defecating, 330 Rectal bleeding, 45 Proctosigmoidoscopy and anoscopy, for fistula-in-ano, 192 Rectal cancer Progression-free probability (PFP), 87, 88 CD and, 256 Prolapse, 291–292 recurrent anterior wall, 128–130 advanced, palliative therapy for, 95, 105–107 apical, surgical management of, 116–138 evaluation/risk assessment/initial staging mucosal, 147 for, 96–99 posterior wall, 134–137 management of, 96–105 recurrent pelvic organ, 113–138 preoperative multimodality treatment for, 99–100 recurrent rectal, 145–147 surgical resection and intraoperative radiotherapy for, of valve, 265 100–105 Prolift, 125 reoperative pelvic surgery for Prostate cancer, reoperative surgery after, 81–92 prognostic factors relating to, 95–96 after failed local therapy, 85–90 risk factors and prevention relating to, 93–95 radical prostatectomy, after surgery for benign prostatic resectability for, determination of, 98–105 hyperplasia, 81–85 Rectal dissection, 249, 250 salvage radical surgery, for bulky local recurrence after Rectal involvement, endometriosis with, 46–46 radical prostatectomy, 90 Rectal mucosectomy, 147 See also Transurethral resection, of prostate (TURP) Rectal prolapse, see Recurrent rectal prolapse Prostatectomy, see Radical prostatectomy; Salvage Rectal resection, technique of, 248 prostatectomy Rectal stump, 2–3 Prostate surgery, see Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy Rectal surgery, see Laparoscopic rectal surgery; Rectal cancer; (LRP); Prostate cancer, reoperative surgery after; Rectal mucosectomy; Recurrent rectal prolapse Radical prostatectomy; Salvage radical Rectocele, 115 prostatectomy; Transurethral needle ablation of Rectopexy, 147, 148–149 prostate (TUNA); Transurethral resection, of prostate Rectoprostatic fistulas, perineal approach to, 181–184 (TURP) Rectourinary fistulas, 179–184 Prostatic capsule perforation, 225 Rectovaginal fistulas, 184–188 PSA, 85–87, 88, 90 CD and, 186 PSBO, see Postoperative SBO (PSBO) complex, techniques for, 188 PSM, see Positive surgical margins (PSM) definition of, 185 Pyelonephritis, 216 etiology of, 186 evaluation of, 186 radiation and cancer relating to, 186 R transanal flap repair relating to, 186 Radiation trauma relating to, 185–186 and cancer, rectovaginal fistulas relating to, 186 traumatic cloaca repair, 186–187 DNA and, 277 Rectovesical fistula, 190 incidental, reducing of, 279 Rectum, 45 See also Chemoradiation treatment (CRT); External beam distal, anus and, perineal resection of, 250–251 radiation therapy (EBRT); Intraoperative radiation after pelvic radiation, 279 therapy (IORT); Pelvic radiation Recurrence Radiation fistula, 199–200 of endometriosis, 44 Radiation-induced normal tissue toxicities, 278 intraluminal, 97 Radical cystectomy, 61, 63, 74, 75, 76, 77 local, 311–312 and ileal conduit diversion, open nephroureterectomy after, bulky, 90 64–68 after partial cystectomy, 74–76 urethrectomy after, 71 pelvic, after cystectomy, 76–77 Radical prostatectomy urethral, 68–74 salvage radical surgery, for bulky local recurrence Recurrent anal fistulas, 195–197 after, 90 Recurrent diverticulitis, 286 after surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia, 81–85 Recurrent hemorrhoidal disease, 237–239 See also Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP); Salvage Recurrent pelvic cancer, see Pelvic exenteration, for recurrent radical prostatectomy pelvic cancer Radiologic evaluation, after laparoscopic rectal Recurrent pelvic organ prolapse surgery, 24–25 anatomy and pathology relating to, 115–116 Radionuclide imaging, for GI bleeding, 318 apical, surgical management of, 116–138 rAFS, see Revised American Fertility Society (rAFS) risk factors associated with, 113–116 classification Recurrent rectal cancer, see Rectal cancer 344 INDEX

Recurrent rectal prolapse See also Stapled transanal resectal resection (STARR); complete, 145, 146 Transurethral resection syndrome (TUR); etiology of, 145 Transurethral resection, of bladder tumor (TURBT); evaluation of patients with, 146–147 Transurethral resection, of prostate (TURP) operative repair, choice of, 147–151 Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC), 265–270 primary, 145, 146, 147 cancer and, 271 repair, abdominal approach to, 148–149 complications of, 266–271 symptoms and physical findings of, 145–146 Resuscitation Recurrent SUI, 153–155 enterocutaneous fistulas relating to, 191 See also Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) stabilization and, for GI bleeding, 317–318 Redo, pouch, 269–270 Retraction, 292 Redo anterior sphincteroplasty, 165–167 Retreatment rate, of TURP, 227 Renal function, urinary diversion relating to, 218 Retrograde menstruation, 43 Renal hilum, 67 Retroperitoneum, 53 Reoperation, after previous Hartmann’s procedure, 286–287 Retropubic urethrolysis, 161 Reoperative management, of fissure and hemorrhoids, see Revised American Fertility Society (rAFS) classification, 44 Fissure and hemorrhoids, reoperative management of Right paraaortic dissection, 39, 40 Reoperative pelvic and abdominal complications Robotic reoperative surgery and lymphadenectomy, 38–40 anastomotic leak, 8–9, 51–52, 259 Rotational S-plasty, 236–237, 238 compartment syndrome, 12 infection, 6–7 postoperative cholecystitis, 11 S SBO, 9–10 Sacral nerve stimulation, 171–172 ureteral injury, 11–12, 45 Sacral nerve stimulator (SNS), 171–172 wound and fascial dehiscence, 7–8 Sacral neuromodulation, 157, 331 Reoperative surgery Sacrocolpopexy, abdominal, 123–124 for anal incontinence, 165–177 Sacrospinous ligament fixation, 119–122 for bladder cancer, 61–79 Saline injections, 233 for CD, 252–257 Salvage cystectomy, 281, 282 considerations of, after laparoscopic rectal Salvage prostatectomy, 279–281 surgery, 23–29 Salvage radical prostatectomy for constipation/dysmotility, 329–331 morbidity of, 86 decision to, 17–18 outcomes of, 88–89 for endometriosis, 43–48 role of PSA in, 85–86 for inflammatory bowel disease, 243–271 survival predictors relating to, 86–88 after laparoscopic rectal surgery, 23 technical challenges and surgical modification relating to, management and, of postoperative pelvic hemorrhage and 89–90 coagulopathy, 15–21 See also Radical prostatectomy pelvic, 1–5 Salvage radical surgery, for bulky local recurrence after radical within 30 days of pelvic surgery, 5–14 prostatectomy, 90 for late bowel obstruction, 307–313 SBO, see Small bowel, obstruction (SBO) for rectal cancer, 93–96 Sclerotherapy, 237, 239 after prostate cancer, 81–92 Secondary mucosectomy, 270 for prostate cancer, 81–92 Secondary neoplasm, 218–219 robotic, lymphadenectomy and, 38–40 Secondary proctectomy, 259 techniques of, 18–19 Second-look surgery, for ovarian cancer, 35 See also Gastrointestinal stomal problems, reoperative Segmental colectomy, 245, 246, 254 surgery for; Laparoscopic reoperative surgery, for Segmental resection, 245 incompletely staged gynecologic malignancies Self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS), 105, 106 ReoPro, 322 SEMS, see Self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) Reparative surgery, 174 SepraMesh, 296 Repeat overlapping sphincteroplasty, 166–167 Setons, role of Re-resection, for recurrent diverticulitis, after previous colon cutting, 193 resection, 286 drainage, 193–194 Resection marking, 194 APR, 102–103, 107–108 Sexual function, posterior wall prolapse and, 137 colonic, 256, 330 SGO, see Society of Gynecologic Oncologists (SGO) perineal, of anus and distal rectum, 250–251 Short-term drainage setons, 194 planes of, 101 Sigmoidoscopy, 45 rectal, technique of, 248 Site-specific direct repair, 134–135 rectopexy with, 148–149 Skin-level stenosis, 263 segmental, 245 Sling of small bowel, 254 autologous pubovaginal, 155 surgical, intraoperative radiotherapy and, 100–105 MUS, 153, 155, 157, 159 of terminal ileum and cecum with ileocolonic tension-free midurethral, 153 reconstruction, 243–244, 245 See also Suburethral sling INDEX 345

Slow transit constipation, 330–331 obesity relating to, 50 Small bowel pelvic radiation relating to, 277–283 adenocarcinoma of, 256 See also Crohn’s disease (CD); Laparoscopic rectal surgery; disease of, 243 Radical prostatectomy; Transurethral surgery, obstruction (SBO), 9–10 complications of; Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF) resection or stricturoplasty of, 254 Surgical approaches SNS, see Sacral nerve stimulator (SNS) to fecal incontinence, 174 Society of Gynecologic Oncologists (SGO), 32, 33, 34 to rectourinary fistulas, 180 Sodium bicarbonate, for metabolic acidosis, 214 Surgical experience, obstetrical, bias toward, 173 Sonographic and functional assessment tools, lack of Surgical management experience with, 173–174 of anal fissure, 233–234 Space of Retzius, 20, 161 of anal stenosis, 235, 236–237, 238 Space-specific surgical techniques, 19–20 of apical prolapse, 116–138 Sphincter of enterocutaneous fistulas, 191 external, injury to, 225–226 Surgical principles, of urogenital fistulas, 201–202 See also Artificial bowel sphincter (ABS); Artificial urethral Surgical repair, of parastomal hernia, 295 sphincter (AUS) Surgical resection and intraoperative radiotherapy, 100–105 Sphincteroplasty, 187, 189 Surgical site infections, 6 primary anterior overlapping, 165 Surgical techniques redo anterior, 165–167 for pelvic exenteration, 52–56 repeat overlapping, 166–167 space-specific, 19–20 Sphincterotomy, 233–234 Surgisis, 296 Splenectomy, 323 Surveillance Splenic injury, 323 for bladder cancer, reoperation for, 62–63 Squamous cell carcinoma, 107–108, 257 for nephroureterectomy for UTR after cystectomy, 62–63 Stapled transanal resectal resection (STARR), 331, 332 for urethrectomy for urethral recurrence after cystectomy, Stenosis, 292–293 69–70 skin-level, 263 Survival curve, Kaplan-Meier, 96, 103 stomal, 216 Survival outcomes, after bladder cancer, 68 See also Anal stenosis Survival predictors, salvage radical prostatectomy relating to, Steroids, 300 86–88 Stoma Survival rates, 50, 56 closure, 312 Synthetic graft materials, 131 creation, emergent v. elective, 289–290 early, 10–11 Turnbull, 216 T See also Gastrointestinal stomal problems, reoperative TAE, see Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) surgery for TCC, see Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) Stomal complications, of urinary diversion, 216 TD, see Tolerance dose (TD) Stomal polyps and carcinoma, 301–302 Tenesmus, 146 Stomal stenosis, 216 Tension-free midurethral sling, 153 Stress urinary incontinence (SUI), 153, 208 Tension-free vaginal mesh kit procedure, 124–126 Stricture Terminal ileum, resection of, 243–244, 245 anastomotic, 217, 255, 270 Theophylline, 215 of IPAA, 270 Thermal ablation, 203 ureteroileal anastomic, 217 Thiersch anal encirclement procedure, 165 urethral, 226–227 Ticlid, 322 Stricturoplasty, 246 TIPS, see Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt small bowel resection or, 254 (TIPS) Structures, identification of, 2–3 Tissue interposition, 206–208 Subtotal colectomy, 245, 246 TME, see Total mesorectal excision (TME) ileorectal anastomosis and, 258–259 Tolerance dose (TD), 278, 279 Subtotal urethrectomy, with perineal urethrostomy, 74 Topical glycerine trinitrate, 232, 233 Suburethral sling Topical hemostatic agents, 19 complications of, 156–158 Topical nitrates, 232 evaluation and intervention for, 158–159 Topical tacrolimus, 300 failures of, 153–155 Total mesorectal excision (TME), 8, 93–95, 101, 250 treatment for, 160–161 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 56, 191 Suprameatal transvaginal urethrolysis, 161 Total proctocolectomy (TPC) Supravesical repair, for VVF repair, 205 with continent ileostomy, complications of, 259–264 Surgery, 174 double Z-plasty, 263–264 colorectal, on children, 168 early fistulas, 260–261 endometriosis, complications of, 44–45 hemorrhage, 260 after failed local therapy, 85–90 ischemia, 260, 261 laparoscopic, for perioperative hemorrhage, 324 ischemia of outflow tract, 261 minimally invasive, 32, 40 ischemic necrosis of valve, 261 346 INDEX

Total proctocolectomy (TPC) (cont.) Traumatic cloaca repair, 186–187 late fistulas, 263 Triamcinolone, 300 skin-level stenosis, 263 Trocar site hernias (TSH), 10, 24, 26, 27 suture line dehiscence, 260 TSH, see Trocar site hernias valve fistulas, repair of, 263 TUMT, see Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) valve prolapse, 265 Turnbull stoma, 216 valve reconstruction, 262–263 valve repair, 262 valve revision, 262–263 U valve slippage, 262 Upper tract recurrences (UTRs), 61, 62–63, 64, 67, 68 with standard ileostomy, 244, 245, 258–259 Ureter, 66 Total urethrectomy, with conversion to incontinent ischemia, 11 cutaneous diversion, 73–74 after pelvic radiation, 279 Toxicities, 278–279 Ureteral injury, 11–12, 45 TPN, see Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Ureteral orifices, injury to, 225 TRAM, see Transverse unilateral rectus abdominus Ureteroileal anastomic stricture, 217 myocutaneous flap (TRAM) Ureterointestinal anastomic complications, 217–218 Transabdominal technique, for VVF repair, 204–205 Ureterosigmoidostomies, 219 Transanal anorectal advancement flaps, 194–195 Ureterouterine fistula (UUF), 200, 209 Transanal ileal advancement, 268 Ureterovaginal fistula (UrVF), 200, 209 Transanal repair, 269 Urethra, 72, 73 flap, 186 Urethral erosion, 157–158 Transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE), 17 Urethral injection therapy, 154 abdominal packing relating to, 20 Urethral perforation, 156 angiography of, 18 Urethral perfusion, 70 techniques of Urethral stricture, 226–227 reoperative, 18–19 Urethrectomy surgical, space-specific, 19–20 after radical cystectomy, 71 Transcystic approach, to vesicoenteric fistula, in hostile subtotal, with perineal urethrostomy, 74 pelvis, 190 total, with conversion to incontinent cutaneous diversion, Transfusion, 224 73–74 Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), 61, 62, 63, 69 for urethral recurrence after cystectomy, 68–74 Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), 298 Urethrolysis, 160–161 Transperitoneal underlay approach, 296–297 Urethrostomy, perineal, subtotal urethrectomy Transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT), 223 with, 74 Transurethral needle ablation of prostate (TUNA), 223 Urethrovaginal fistula (UVF), 200, 208 Transurethral resection Urge urinary incontinence (UUI), 157 of bladder tumor (TURBT), 223, 227–229 Urinary calculi, 215 of prostate (TURP), 81–85, 223–224, 225, 226, 227 Urinary conduit, 54 Transurethral resection syndrome (TUR), 223, 224–225, 228 Urinary diversion, 51, 61, 62, 281–282 Transurethral surgery, complications of complications of intraoperative bowel, 218 bleeding, 224 colon relating to, 214 external sphincter, injury to, 225–226 drug reabsorption, 215 prostatic capsule perforation, 225 ileum relating to, 214 TUR, 223, 224–225 jejunum relating to, 214 ureteral orifices, injury to, 225 metabolic consequences, 213–214 late postoperative metabolic derangements, 213, 214 ejaculatory dysfunction, 227 nutritional abnormalities, 213 erectile dysfunction, 227 osteomalacia, 214–215 retreatment, 227 parastomal hernias, 216–217 urethral stricture and bladder neck contracture, 226–227 pyelonephritis, 216 urinary incontinence, 226 renal function, 218 postoperative secondary neoplasm, 218–219 failure to void/urinary retention, 226 stomal, 216 hematuria, 226 ureterointestinal anastomic, 217–218 irritative voiding symptoms, 226 urolithiasis, 215–216 UTI and epididymitis, 226 continent, 55 TURBT, 223, 227–229 history of, 213 TURP, 223–224, 225, 226, 227 stents for, 217, 218 Transvaginal repair, 269 Urinary incontinence, 226 Transverse unilateral rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap See also Stress urinary incontinence (SUI); Urge urinary (TRAM), 55 incontinence (UUI) Trauma Urinary retention, 226 perforation and, 298–299 Urinary tract infection (UTI), 223, 226 rectovaginal fistulas relating to, 185–186 Urodynamics, 154, 201 INDEX 347

Urogenital fistulas Vesicouterine fistula (VUF), 200, 208–209 cystoscopy for, 201 Vesicovaginal fistula (VVF), 201 etiology and epidemiology of, 199–200 conservative management of, 202 evaluation and diagnosis of, 200–201 obstetric, 199 imaging for, 201 postoperative issues about, 208 management of radiation, 199–200 UrVF, 209 surgical, 199 UUF, 209 surgical repair of UVF, 208 general principles, 202–203 VUF, 208–209 minimally invasive approaches, 203–204 VVF, 202–208 open techniques, 204–206 surgical principles of, 201–202 outcomes of, 205, 207 urodynamics for, 201 tissue interposition, 206–208 Urolithiasis, 215–216 Vessel injury, repair of, 18 Uterosacral ligaments, apical prolapse relating to, Veterans Affairs TPN Cooperative Study group, 309 117, 118 Visceral perforation, 155 Uterosacral vaginal vault suspension, 117–118 Vitamin K, 322 UTRs, see Upper tract recurrences (UTRs) Voiding dysfunction of, 156–157 failure of, 226 irritative symptoms of, 226 V VRAM, see Vertical unilateral rectus abdominus Vaginal delivery, of term infant, 114 myocutaneous flap (VRAM) Vaginal erosion/extrusion, 158 VUF, see Vesicouterine fistula (VUF) Vaginal identification, 3 V-Y or Y-V advancement flap, 235–236 Vaginal mesh kit procedure, tension-free, 124–126 Vaginal reconstruction, 55–56 Vaginal vault suspension, 117–118, 122–123 W Valve WHO, see World Health Organization (WHO) fistulas, repair of, 263 World Health Organization (WHO), 199 ischemic necrosis of, 261 Wound prolapse of, 265 and fascial dehiscence, 7–8 reconstruction of, 262–263 healing of, 5–6 repair of, 262 See also Perineal wound revision of, 262–263 slippage of, 262 Venous bleeding, 15, 16, 224 Y Vertical unilateral rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap York Mason, approach, to rectourinary fistulas, 179–181 (VRAM), 55 Vesicoenteric fistulas colovesical, 189–190 Z malignant enterovesical, 190 ZUIDEX, 154 rectovesical, 190 transcystic approach to, 190