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The Archaeology of Opequon Creek: Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in the Material Culture of an Eighteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Frederick County, Virginia

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The Archaeology of Opequon Creek: Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in the Material Culture of an Eighteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Frederick County, Virginia W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2004 The Archaeology of Opequon Creek: Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in the Material Culture of an Eighteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Frederick County, Virginia Ann Schaefer Persson College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Ethnic Studies Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Persson, Ann Schaefer, "The Archaeology of Opequon Creek: Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in the Material Culture of an Eighteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Frederick County, Virginia" (2004). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539626441. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-19rg-4g57 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF OPEQUON C^EEK Religion, Ethnicity, and Identity in the Material Culture of an Eighteenth-Century Immigrant Community, Frederick County, Virginia A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Anthropology The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by Ann Schaefer Persson 2004 APPROVAL SHEET This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Approved by the Committee, November 2004 rey x Homing, Chair l / j / ________ Norman F. Barka Warren R. He^stf^/Professor Shenandoanuniversity Curtis S. M TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements iv List of Tables v List of Figures vi List of Plates vii Abstract ix Introduction 2 Chapter I. Geographical and Historical Background 5 Chapter II. Historical and Theoretical Context 33 Chapter III. Project Investigations and Research Questions 46 Field Methods 60 Lab Methods 66 Chapter IV. Conclusions 90 Recommendations for Future Study 90 Concluding Remarks 92 Appendices Appendix A: Artifact Inventories 102 Appendix B: Artifact Counts and Percentages 135 Bibliography 139 Vita 145 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank everybody who has helped me on this journey. Special appreciation is extended to the following: To the members of the Archaeological Society of the Northern Chesapeake, Paul Jung, Virginia Busby, Carol Roe, Joanie Evans, Becky Hogan and the staff of the Frederick County archives, Barry and Alice Vance. To Bill McIntyre, my mentor, who helped an inexperienced high school sophomore live her dream; you have never stopped looking out for me. To my committee members - the best in Virginia archaeology and history: Dr. Norman Barka for honoring me with his assistance at the last minute; Professor Curt Moyer for his enthusiasm in material culture studies and crisis management skills; Dr. Warren Hofstra for being the constant throughout this whole process. You welcomed me into your home and family. This paper simply could not have been done without you. Dr. Audrey Homing for bringing focus to my passion. To my friends and family, especially my parents for their emotional, spiritual, and financial support in everything I do. And God, in whom all things are possible. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Historical Resources Near the Project Area 49 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Commonwealth of Virginia with Frederick County inset 7 2. Topographic Settings of Historical Resources (Source: USGS 7.5-min. series Virginia Topographic Map, Stephens City [1966; 1987] Quadrangle) 9 3. Initial Settlement at Opequon (Source: Beyond the Blue Mountain, Warren Hofstra and Clarence Geier, 1996) 21 4. Plot of Shovel Test Pits, Test Unit, House Foundation, Road, and Opequon Creek Hotsinpeller Site, Phase II 52 5. Early Settlement Site in the Vicinity of Winchester, from Vance Gilkeson 57 6. Plot of South Section of Vance Site, Phase II Foundation Stones, STPs, TU, Test Probes 59 7. Plot of Shovel Test Pits, Test Unit, House Foundation, and Landforms Vance Site, Phase II 61 8. Plan View, TU 1, Base of Level l(Top of Rocks) Vance Site, Phase II 65 vi LIST OF PLATES Plates Page 1. Overview of the James Vance site, looking east from the south wall of the foundation 50 2. Overview of the Stephen Hotsinpeller site, looking southeast toward the Creek from the vaulted cellar remains 50 3. Uphill from Vance site, from front of Carysbrook, facing east 55 4. Limestone foundation of Vance site, cleared of growth, facing northeast 55 5. View uphill toward Carysbrook, looking west from STP 1-1 55 6. Marshy meadow area, looking northeast from STP 8-1 55 7. Test Unit 1, looking north 63 8. Close view of rocks, Test Unit 1, looking south 63 9. Mortar samples: left two from Hotsinpeller Phase II; right two articulate, from Vance site 71 10. Hotsinpeller axe head, used as a wedge after primary usage 71 11. Unidentified hardware from Hotsinpeller site, possibly a comer brace 71 12. Unidentified hardware from Vance site, possibly a bracket 71 13. Two kaolin pipe stems from Hotsinpeller site; green-glazed reed stem pipe from Vance site 73 14. Reed stem pipe, possibly the work of Moravian potter Gottfried Aust; recovered from the Vance site 73 15. Examples of pipes from Gottfried Aust [Sudbury 1979] 75 16. Hook closure and coin button from Hotsinpeller; four hole metal button from Vance site 77 vii Plates Page 17. Coarse earthenware samples: left five from Hotsinpeller; right three from Vance, including Jackfield, Nottingham, and line decorated 77 18. Refined earthenware samples: left four from Hotsinpeller, including over-fired pearlware; Vance assemblage included pearl ware and whiteware 77 19. Porcelain samples: left two from Hotsinpeller; right three from Vance, including top one with white on white glazing 81 20. Glass samples: left five from Hotsinpeller, including amber, window, and green bottle; etched glass from Vance 81 viii ABSTRACT The everyday life of 18th-century immigrant settlers in the Shenandoah Valley is accessible today through analysis of their material objects. Personal aspects of life, such as religion, ethnicity, and identity, are manifested in the items once possessed by the settlers. Using contextual archaeology as a theoretical framework to study material culture provides a more personal account from the data, enabling a more complete picture of 18th- century life in the Shenandoah Valley. To determine how religion, ethnicity, and identity are manifested in the material culture, comparative analysis was conducted on artifact assemblages from two sites within the community at Opequon Creek in Frederick County, Virginia. One site was the farmstead of German immigrant Stephen Hotsinpeller. Phase II excavations recovered artifacts from the household of Scotch-Irish immigrant James Vance. Through archaeological excavations, archival research, and historical documentation, a proper context was developed in which to investigate the questions of religion, ethnicity, and identity. The settlers at Opequon were simultaneously establishing a community and building an economy through trade and social networks. The importance of family and agricultural success is reflected in the artifacts and documents. Although difficult to properly interpret through the archaeological record alone, religion, ethnicity, and identity are revealed through architectural remains, church cemeteries, household consumer choices, and the use of public and private spaces. The potential for future archaeological research in the community is virtually unlimited. With larger data sets and additional research, the community can be placed within a broader context of settlements in the Shenandoah Valley, immigration from Europe, and consumption in colonial markets. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF OPEQUON CREEK INTRODUCTION This work is the culmination of research into 18th-century immigrant settlements around Opequon Creek, Frederick County, Virginia, and associated Phase II investigations. Archival and secondary source research began in the second semester of my course year at the College of William and Mary. Fieldwork was conducted June 7-9, 2004, at one of two early settlement sites investigated in this work. Analysis was then conducted on artifact assemblages from both sites. Significant settlement into the Shenandoah Valley began in 1732 with German, Scotch-Irish, English, Welsh, and Swiss immigrants and enslaved Africans traveling from southeast Pennsylvania and New Jersey. This report focuses on the mostly southern and western German and northern Ireland (Scotch-Irish descent) immigrants who were among the 16 families led by German Jost Hite to Opequon Creek, establishing one of the first multi-ethnic and multi-economic communities west of the Blue Ridge Mountains. This investigation spans the time period of these original settlers and continues into the second and third generations, ending ca. 1820. The large time range is necessary due to the date range assigned to the artifacts; it becomes difficult archaeologically to separate households into specific generations. Understanding life in the early Shenandoah Valley requires analysis beyond pure archival research or archaeological excavations. This work focuses on aspects of daily life that are not easily discernible through these sources. Expressions o f religion, 2 3 ethnicity, and identity are inherent within the material culture
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