Annual Report and Research of Materials Annual Report Department in Progress 2009–10
Department of Materials Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ Department of Materials UK Annual Report and Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 6734 Fax: +44 (0)20 7594 6757 Research in Progress 2009–10
www.imperial.ac.uk/materials
1 Department of Materials Research in Progress and Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Contents
The information in this publication was compiled by: 5 Introduction by the Head of 45 Undergraduate students 111 Institute for Biomedical Dagmar Durham and Sonia Tomasetig Engineering Department 45 Undergraduate courses Designed by: Helen Davison 112 Centre for Advanced Stuctural 46 Sources of support for Printed by: Shanleys 9 Annual Report 2009–10 Ceramics Copyright © June 2011 undergraduates 113 Institute for Security Science Department of Materials, Imperial College London 11 People 46 Industrial experience and work Technology 11 Our academic, research and placements All rights reserved. No part of this publication support staff 113 Materials Characterisation may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or 47 Final year undergraduate projects transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, 15 Visiting researchers 49 Postgraduate school 117 International links mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, 18 Our students 49 Postgraduate masters courses 117 KAUST without the permission of the publisher. 25 Summary of staff, visiting 50 Postgraduate research students 117 IDEA League Department of Materials researchers and students 118 NUS and NTU Imperial College London 50 Sources of support for 27 Ins and outs postgraduate research students Exhibition Road 119 Current research sponsors London SW7 2AZ 27 Appointments 51 Postgraduate Research Day UK 121 Research themes 28 Promotions 55 Postdoctoral research staff Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 6734 28 Leavers 55 Postdoctoral Research Staff 123 Biomaterials and tissue Fax: +44 (0)20 7594 6757 29 Departmental management Committee engineering and committee structure 55 Postdoctoral research staff 124 Research highlight numbers 125 Project summaries 33 Degrees and PhDs awarded 55 Postdoctoral Researcher 139 Ceramics and glasses 33 Summary of all awards 2005–10 Symposium 140 Research highlight 33 MEng Materials Science and 57 Research and industrial 141 Project summaries Engineering colloquia 157 Advanced alloys 33 MEng Aerospace Materials 158 Research highlight 33 MEng Materials and Nuclear 61 Visitors to the Department 159 Project summaries Engineering 65 Out and about 167 Nantechnology and nanoscale 33 MEng Biomaterials and Tissue characterisation Engineering 65 Academic staff 168 Research highlights 33 BEng Materials Science and 75 Research assistants and Engineering postdoctoral research associates 170 Project summaries 33 BEng Materials with Management 77 Postgraduate research students 179 Functional materials 34 PhDs awarded 81 National and international 180 Research highlight 181 Project summaries 37 Prizes, awards and profile 193 Theory and simulation of materials distinctions 87 Research in Progress 194 Research highlight 37 Highlights 2009–10 195 Project summaries 39 Academic staff 89 Academic staff profiles 41 Postdoctoral research 201 Publications associates and assistants 109 Materials-based university 211 Grants and contracts 41 Undergraduate and research centres awarded postgraduate students 109 London Centre for Nanotechnology 109 Thomas Young Centre 213 Map of Imperial College London 110 Centre for Nuclear Engineering 110 Nuclear Engineering Doctorate 214 Credits Programme 110 The DIAMOND University Consortium
Cover image 111 Energy Futures Lab An artificially coloured SEM micrograph of zinc oxide nanorods grown from hydrothermal deposition in aqueous solution. This image, taken by Jonathan Downing, was selected as a ‘Science as Art’ finalist at the MRS conference in December 2010.
1 Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 3 Introduction
Welcome to the new-look joint edition of the Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10. The Annual Report reviews the activities of the Department for the academic year October 2009 – September 2010 and the Research in Progress outlines the research life of the Department during the same period.
Highlights of the past year include the promotions Large research awards in the last 12 months of Drs Sandrine Heutz, Natalie Stingelin, Andrew include: Horsfield and Arash Mostofi to Senior Lecturer and • a National Institutes of Health (NIH) award Dr David McPhail to Reader in Surface Analysis. valued at £1.825 million to fund a project These promotions are the end product of much entitled Respiratory effects of silver and hard work, dedication and ability, so well done to carbon nanomaterials with Drs Mary Ryan and each of them. We were also thrilled to be awarded Alexandra Porter as Co-Investigators an Athena Silver SWAN award which recognises and celebrates our good practice on recruiting, • a Natural Environment Research Council retaining and promoting women in SET in higher (NERC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) education. Other highlights include Professor award valued at ~£1.1 million, to fund a project Molly Stevens’ number two ranking in the Top 10 entitled Risk assessment for manufactured UK scientists under the age of 40 list in The Times, nanoparticles used in consumer products Professor Bill Lee’s election to The American (RAMNUC), with Drs Mary Ryan and Alexandra Ceramic Society (ACerS) Board of Directors and Porter again as Co-Investigators the publication of a special issue of Philosophical • an ERC starting grant valued at €1.25 million Magazine to mark a landmark paper by Professor for a project entitled The targeting potential of Mike Finnis, first published in 1984. carbon nanotubes at the blood brain barrier, led by Dr Alexandra Porter • an EPSRC award valued at £1.3 million (£565,000 to Imperial) to fund a joint project (UCL and Imperial) entitled Nano-scale SQUID magnetometry of oxide heterointerfaces with myself (Professor Neil Alford) and Professor David McComb as Principal and Co- Investigators respectively • a Programme grant award valued at ~£3.8 million for a project entitled Nanostructured functional materials for energy efficient refrigeration, energy harvesting and production of hydrogen from water with Professors Neil Alford, Lesley Cohen (Physics) and Nic Harrison (Chemistry) • an EPSRC Leadership Fellowship award to Dr David Dye valued at £1.4 million for the project Reducing emissions by exploiting stress- induced martensitic transformations • an EPSRC/Wellcome Trust grant award valued at ~£1.3 million led by Professor Molly Stevens Neil delivering an acceptance speech for his Honorary Member to fund the Medical Engineering Solutions in Award, University of Nova Gorica Osteoarthritis Centre of Excellence at Imperial
4 Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 5 The Department has internationally- research support from over 60 Imperial Junior Research Fellowships by the Rector on 9 December 2009. We also abroad in high quality research institutions and/or leading research programmes in the companies either as research contracts to Drs Cecilia Mattevi and Fang Xie, a commissioned the new thermal analysis support their studies. synthesis, processing, microstructure, or student support. The Department’s Natural Science and Engineering Council equipment purchased from Netszch. In the properties and modelling of a broad research volume during 2009–10 was of Canada (NSERC) Postgraduate area of functional materials, we bought a THz Our PhD student intake in October 2009 was 36 in excess of £7.5 million from Research spectrometer, a new pulsed laser deposition UHV which puts our PhD numbers at well over 100. In range of materials (metals, ceramics, Scholarship, valued at $CAD21,000 1: Thermal analysis semiconductors, glasses, metal- glass- Councils, industry and Government for three years to HoKwon Kim, and a apparatus, an e-beam/sputter deposition unit addition, the past year has, in terms of number of equipment and ceramic- matrix composites) bodies and the 2010–11 budget forecast Fluor corporation scholarship valued and two RHEED (reflection high energy electron PhDs awarded, been the most successful in the 2: E-beam/sputter directed to diverse applications such as is £7.8 million. Overall, the Department at £2,000 to Shakiba Kaveh (fourth deposition) systems. Department’s history. We graduated 36 students deposition unit nuclear, solid oxide fuel cells, aerospace, holds grants valued at £46.5 million. year MEng student), to name a few. in the 2009–10 period, which is five more than in 3: Pulsed laser deposition biomedical, automotive and electronic. Our undergraduate programme continues to 2008–09 (31) and 21 more than in 2007–08 (15). UHV apparatus with Our Academic Excellence Alliance New appointments during this period thrive. During 2009–10, we enrolled 80 new We congratulate our RHEED system Our expanding portfolio mean that partnership with King Abdullah include: Professor Norbert Klein from undergraduates which brings our current total graduates and wish we now group our research into six University of Science and Technology Forschungszentrum Jülich, (FZJ), to more than 260. The Department of Materials them all the best in the core themes: Biomaterials and Tissue (KAUST) in Saudi Arabia, continues Germany as Chair in Electromagnetic has a reputation for excellence in undergraduate future! Engineering, Ceramics and Glasses, to strengthen. We have initiated a Nanomaterials, Professor Eduardo teaching. Over the past three years, analyses Advanced Alloys, Nanotechnology and number of new collaborative research Gutierrez Saiz from Lawrence Berkeley by newspapers (The Times, The Guardian, The I hope you will find this Nanoscale Characterisation, Functional projects with staff at KAUST in a range National Laboratory, USA as Chair Independent and The Telegraph) have consistently report of interest. This is Materials and Theory and Simulation of areas including: Zinc Oxide (Iman in Structural Ceramics, Dr Rongshan placed the Department in the top three for the first that I introduce of Materials. We have world-leading Roqan and Udo Schwingenschlogl), Qin from POSTECH Graduate Institute teaching of the discipline. The Department as Head of Department, researchers in all these fields and Defects in Semiconductors (Udo of Ferrous Technology (GIFT) as continues to attract the best students, the 2009– having taken over the adopt the Imperial ethos of looking for Schwingenschlogl), Graphene (Aram RAEng/Corus Senior Lecturer in Steel 10 students having the best A level results of any reins from Bill Lee. The commercial application of our work Amassian), Energy Harvesting (Ghassan Processing, Dr Iain Dunlop from the Max intake, and produce highly motivated, skilled, Department thrived directed to diverse applications in the Jabbour) Cytotoxicity of Nanowires Planck Institute for Metals Research/ employable graduates. under his leadership nuclear, solid oxide fuel cells, aerospace (Timothy Ravasi) and finally, Catalysis University of Heidelberg as Lecturer and I hope it continues and military, biomedical, automotive (Jean-Marie Basset). in Biomaterials, Dr Jonathan Weaver We are continuing to support our undergraduates to do so. and electronic sectors. The Department from University of Liverpool as Lecturer through the Harvey Flower Undergraduate currently has two active spin-out Prizes awarded to members of the in Polymeric Biomaterials (a joint Research Scholarship (HFURS) fund, which we set Professor Neil McN companies, Ceres Power and RepRegen Department this year include: the appointment between the Department up in 2007 in honour of the late Professor Harvey Alford, FREng which were set up to commercialise the Amgen Life Sciences Award at the ACES of Materials and Department of M Flower. In addition, numerous companies and products of departmental research. (Academic Enterprise Awards), the 2010 Bioengineering) and Mr Graeme Rae as charities including the Armourers and Brasiers’ Macro- IUPAC Award for creativity in Research Operations Manager. Company, AWE, The Ironmongers Company, We enhance the quality of our research applied polymer science or polymer Corus/Tata continue to support our students by by continually appointing new people technology, the 2010 IOM3 Rosenhain We said goodbye to: Professor Manish generously funding various scholarships and of international standing and by Medal and Prize and the 2010 Royal Chhowalla (Chair in Materials), Dr Alison bursaries. These, together with the HFURS funds, building on the already extensive links Society of Chemistry Norman Heatley Harrison (Lecturer in Nanotechnology), mainly enable our undergraduates to spend time to other departments and research Award to Professor Molly Stevens, The Ashley Perris (Finance Officer), Nick centres and institutes at Imperial American Ceramic Society 2010 Robert Royall (Characterisation Facilities and worldwide, including Imperial’s Coble Award for Young Scholars to Technician) and Michelle Ryder (PA to 1 Energy Futures Laboratory, Security Dr Julian Jones, the 2010 IOM3 Harvey Professor Robin Grimes and Project Science and Technology Institute, The Flower Titanium Prize to Dr David Manager to the Centre of Nuclear Composites Centre, London Centre for Dye, the 2010 IOM3 Silver Medal to Dr Engineering). We wish them all the best Nanotechnology, Centre for Advanced Christopher Gourlay, the 2010 IOM3 of luck in their new ventures. Structural Ceramics, Thomas Young Griffith Medal and Prize to Professor Centre for Materials Theory and Robin Grimes, the Institute of Physics We are currently renovating the Simulation and the Centre for Nuclear 2010 Maxwell Medal and Prize to Dr basement area. This is a major Engineering. Important international Peter Haynes and a 2010 Rector’s Award refurbishment that will provide us links are with King Abdullah University for Excellence in Teaching to Dr Luc with four new laboratories and a new of Science and Technology (KAUST), the Vandeperre. In addition, Professor Sue mezzanine area which will have two IDEA League (with ETH Zurich, ParisTech, Ion (Visiting Professor) was awarded classrooms each accommodating 40 RWTH Aachen and TU Delft) The National the DBE for services to science and people. The labs will be used for energy University of Singapore (NUS), Nanyang engineering. research. We were fortunate enough Technological University (NTU) and the to win a Wolfson refurbishment grant European Network of Excellence KMM in The excellence of some of our valued at £380,000 to offset the ~£3 Advanced Materials. undergraduate and postgraduate million cost of the refurbishment. students and postdoctoral research staff The Department also has excellent has also been recognised by a number We commissioned the new TOF- contacts with industry, and receives of awards including: highly competitive SIMS which was officially ‘opened’ 2 3
6 Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 7 Annual Report 2009–10
8 Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 9 People
The Department is unique in the UK for the breadth of its coverage of Materials Science and Engineering, both by the extent of its multi-disciplinary approach and by the range of materials covered in teaching and research. Formal qualifications of our academic staff include Physics, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences as well as Materials Science, Materials Engineering and Metallurgy.
Our academic, research and support staff
Academic staff (36) Job title Professor WE (Bill) Lee Professor of Ceramic Engineering, Head of Department, Director of Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics (CASC)
Professor Neil McN Alford Professor of Physical Electronics and Thin Film Materials, Head of Department (from August 2010), Director of Research, Co-Director of London Centre for Nanotechnology (LCN, Imperial College London)
Professor Alan Atkinson Professor of Materials Chemistry, Dean of Engineering Professor Manish Chhowalla Professor of Materials Science Professor Mike W Finnis^ Professor of Materials Theory and Simulation, Director of Thomas Young Centre Professor Robin W Grimes Professor of Materials Physics and Director of Centre for Nuclear Engineering Professor John A Kilner BCH Steele Chair in Energy Materials Professor Norbert Klein Professor of Electromagnetic Nanomaterials
Professor Peter D Lee Professor of Materials Science, Director of Postgraduate Studies Professor David W McComb Professor of Nanomaterials
Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez^ Professor of Structural Ceramics Professor Molly M Stevens^ Professor of Biomedical Materials and Regenerative Medicine Dr Peter D Haynes^ Reader in Materials and Physics, Royal Society University Research Fellow, PG Admissions Tutor
Dr David S McPhail Reader (from 1 October 2010) in Surface Analysis, Postgraduate Tutor Dr Jason Riley Reader in Nanomaterials Electrochemistry, Director of Undergraduate Studies Dr Mary P Ryan Reader in Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Second Year Co-ordinator
Dr David Dye Senior Lecturer, Exams Co-ordinator
Dr Sandrine EM Heutz Senior Lecturer (from 1 October 2010), Deputy UG Admissions Tutor
Dr Andrew P Horsfield Senior Lecturer (from 1 October 2010), (RCUK Academic Fellowship) Dr Julian R Jones Senior Lecturer, UG Biomaterials Co-ordinator, Biomaterials MSc Co-ordinator
Dr Arash A Mostofi^ Senior Lecturer (from 1 October 2010), (RCUK Academic Fellowship), Fourth Year MEng Co-ordinator
Dr Rongshan Qin Senior Lecturer in Steel Processing Corus/RAEng Senior Research Fellow Dr Barbara A Shollock Senior Lecturer, First Year Co-ordinator, MEng Aerospace Materials Co-ordinator
Dr Stephen J Skinner Senior Lecturer, UG Admissions Tutor Dr Natalie Stingelin Senior Lecturer (from 1 October 2010), Postdoctoral Staff Mentor Dr Iain E Dunlop Lecturer Dr Solveig Felton Lecturer (started 1 January 2011) Dr Finn Giuliani^ Lecturer Dr Alison C Harrison Lecturer
10 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 11 Dr Alexandra E Porter Lecturer, Third Year Co-ordinator Dr Monica Burriel Dr Stephen J Skinner Dr Yeong-Ah Soh Lecturer Dr Anthony Centeno Professor Neil McN Alford Dr Paul Tangney^ Lecturer (RCUK Academic Fellowship) Dr Lesley Ann Wah Chow Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Luc J Vandeperre Lecturer, Senior Tutor Dr Alexander Chroneos Professor Robin W Grimes Dr Jonathan VM Weaver^ Lecturer Dr Amy C Cruickshank Dr Mary P Ryan, Dr Jason Riley, Dr Martyn A McLachlan and Professor David W McComb Dr Christopher M Gourlay Royal Academy of Engineering/EPSRC Research Fellow, Departmental Careers Advisor and Undergraduates Placements Co-ordinator Dr Denis J Cumming Professor John A Kilner and Professor Nigel P Brandon (ESE) Dr Martyn A McLachlan Royal Academy of Engineering/EPSRC Research Fellow Dr Doni J Daniel Professor Bill Lee Dr Mark R Wenman British Energy Research Fellow, UG Nuclear Materials Co-ordinator, Nuclear Dr Ester Buchaca Domingo Dr Natalie Stingelin Materials MSc Co-ordinator Yixiang Dong Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Goki Eda Professor Manish Chhowalla Distinguished research fellows (3) Mr Daniel Engstrom Dr Yeong-Ah Soh Professor Trevor C Lindley, Professor Kenneth C Mills and Professor Jim Williamson Dr Solveig Felton Dr Sandrine EM Heutz
Emeritus staff (4) Dr Cristina Gentilini Professor Molly M Stevens Emeritus Professor Larry L Hench, Emeritus Professor Douglas Inman, Emeritus Professor David B Holt and Emeritus Dr Eileen Gentleman Professor Molly M Stevens Professor Rees D Rawlings Dr Lutz-Christian Gerhardt Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez and Professor Aldo R Boccaccini Dr Matthew Gilbert Professor Bill Lee Research officers (5) Job title Dr Silvia Goldoni Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Mahmoud G Ardakani Research Officer Dr Ullrich Hannemann Professor Neil McN Alford Richard J Chater Senior Research Officer Dr Nicholas D Hine Dr Peter D Haynes and Dr Arash A Mostofi Dr Peter K Petrov Thin Film Technology Manager Dr Sehban Husain Professor David W McComb Robert A Rudkin Senior Research Officer, Safety Officer Dr Benoit IlIy Dr Mary P Ryan, Dr Jason Riley, Dr Martyn A McLachlan and Professor David W Richard Sweeney Senior Research Officer, Radiation Protection Officer McComb
Virginie Jantou* Professor David W McComb Research fellows (10) Job title Dr Lijun Ji Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Heiko Andresen Research Fellow Dr Nicholas G Jones Dr David Dye Dr Anna-Karin Axelsson Research Fellow Dr Jung-Sik Kim Professor Alan Atkinson Dr Jonathan DB Breeze Research Fellow Dr Ai Leen Koh Professor David W McComb Dr Hande Cote Marie Curie Experienced Researcher Dr Gianluca Latini Dr Natalie Stingelin Dr Xanthippi Chatzistavrou Marie Curie Individual Experienced Researcher Erh-Hsuin Lim* Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Sarah Fearn Research Fellow Dr JingJing Liu Dr Stephen J Skinner Richard W Hamilton Research Fellow Dr Morgan Mager Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Jaideep S Kulkarni Marie Curie Individual Experienced Researcher Mr Oliver Mahony Dr Julian R Jones Dr Cecilia Mattevi Junior Research Fellow Dr Seth McCullen Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Caterina Minelli Marie Curie Individual Experienced Researcher Dr Catriona M McGilvery Professor David W McComb r Dr Sanghamitra Mukhopadhyay Professor Mike W Finnis Research assistants and postdoctoral Supervisor/s research associates (64) Dr Karin Müller Dr Alexandra E Porter, Dr Mary P Ryan and Dr Martyn A McLachlan
Dr Helene Autefage Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Samuel Murphy Professor Robin W Grimes Mohammed Baklar Dr Natalie Stingelin Dr Jennifer Nekuda Dr Martyn A McLachlan, Dr Mary P Ryan, Dr Jason Riley, Professor David W McComb and Dr Sandrine EM Heutz Dr Suelen Barg Professor Manish Chhowalla and Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez Dr Gregory J Offer^ Professor Alan Atkinson and Professor Nigel Brandon (ESE) Dr Andrey V Berenov Professor Alan Atkinson and Professor Neil McN Alford Dr David C Parfitt Professor Robin W Grimes Miloslav Beres* Dr David Dye Dr Eugene Pashuck III Professor Molly M Stevens Dr Vineet Bhakhri Dr Finn Giuliani Dr Samadhan Patil Dr Yeong-Ah Soh Dr Clare Bishop Professor Robin W Grimes
12 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 13 Dr James M Perkins Professor David W McComb and Dr Barbara A Shollock Dr Ivelin (Ivo) Valkov Mechanical and Electronics Technician Thomas Quinn Professor Neil McN Alford Ecaterina Ware Junior Characterisation Facilities Technician Dr Seema Raghunathan Dr David Dye Engineering faculty support (7) Job title Dr Luis Rojo Del Olmo Professor Molly M Stevens Daniel C Brooke Senior HR Administrator Dr Michael Rushton Professor Robin W Grimes Loraine Brooks Senior Research Administrator Manuela Russo Dr Natalie Stingelin Wai-Fong Cheung Research Services Administrator Dr Nicolas Schaeffer Professor Molly M Stevens Pam Gibbs HR Adviser Dr Maurizio Tarzia Dr Luc J Vandeperre and Fraser Wigley Claire Tibble Research Administrator Dr Olga Tsigkou Dr Julian R Jones and Professor Molly M Stevens Ireti Webb HR Manager Dr Claudia Walter Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez Scott C Wheatley Research Grants Manager Junsheng Wang Dr Andrew P Horsfield and Professor Peter D Lee Dr Xin Wang Professor Alan Atkinson Dr Fang Xie Professor Neil McN Alford Visiting researchers
Dr Dong Yixiang Professor Molly M Stevens Honorary visiting professors (20) Home institute/company Dr Lang Yuan Dr Christopher M Gourlay Professor Hidde Herman Brongersma Philips Electronic Industries, Eindhoven, The Netherlands Dr Bin Zou Professor Neil McN Alford and Dr Peter K Petrov Professor Aldo R Boccaccini University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany Professor Peter Brown DSTL, UK Administrative staff (14) Job title Professor Manish Chhowalla Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, USA Dagmar K Durham PA to the Dean of the Faculty and the Director of Research Professor David R Clarke Harvard University, USA Sima Fulford (part-time) LCN Administrator – supporting Professor David McComb as Deputy Director of LCN Professor Lawrence Dunne London South Bank University, UK
Norma Hikel Postgraduate Secretary Professor Graham Fairhall National Nuclear Laboratory, UK Jacqueline Hughes^ Materials/ESE Receptionist Professor Arthur H Heuer Case Western Reserve University, USA Darakshan J Khan Departmental Operations Administrator Professor Robert G Hill Queen Mary, University of London, UK Ashley A Perris Finance Officer Professor Gwyn Hocking Materials Department Alumnus Graeme Rae Research Operations Manager Professor Dame Sue E Ion Materials Department Alumnus Michelle Ryder Project Manager, Centre for Nuclear Engineering Professor Ghassan Jabbour KAUST, Saudi Arabia Dr James S Spencer Computational Science Support Specialist (Thomas Young Centre and Professor Tasadduq Khan ONERA, France Condensed Matter Theory Group, Physics) Professor Gary Savage Materials Department Alumnus and Head of Development at BAR Racing Andrew C Tebbutt Departmental Operations Manager Professor Paul Smith ETH Zurich, Switzerland Fiona J Thomson Undergraduate Teaching Office Manager Professor Jean-Claude Van-Duysen EDF, France Sonia Tomasetig PA to Head of Department Professor John Walker NDS/SiVenture Emma J Warriss Admissions Administrator Professor Malcolm Ward-Close QinetiQ Fraser Wigley Technical Manager (Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics), Web Manager, Professor John V Wood Senior International Relations Advisor, Imperial College London ICT Departmental Representative Mr Andrew Worrall National Nuclear Laboratory Jenny C Wilson Imperial College London Management trainee
Honorary research fellows, visiting Home institute/company Technical staff (8) Job title lecturers and visiting readers (5)
Benjamin Chan Teaching Lab Technician Dr Daniel Green Honorary Research Fellow, BioCeramic Therapeutics Ltd. Simon Logsdail Workshop Technician Dr Alison C Harrison Honorary Lecturer Nick EA Royall Characterisation Facilities Technician Dr Scott L Owens Honorary Visiting Lecturer, National Nuclear Laboratory Sabrina Skeete Biomaterials Technician Professor Francois Perchet Honorary Lecturer, EDF, France Garry J Stakalls Teaching and Workshop Technician Dr Chris Pickard Visiting Reader, University of St Andrews Russell J Stracey Mechanical Workshop Technician, RSM Workshop Supervisor
14 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 15 Academic visitors (72) Home institute/company Mr Haksung Lee University of Tokyo, Japan Dr Obata Akiko Department of Frontier Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Miss Mengyuan Li University of Groningen, The Netherlands Institute of Technology, Japan Dr Ade Makinde GE Global Research Annette Altwegg Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Switzerland Professor John Mecholsky University of Florida, USA Miss Tassadit Amrane Ecole Polytechnique de Montreal, Canada Dr Sanghamitra Mukhopadhay Imperial College London, UK Professor Mark Asta Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Dr Carsten Muller Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berlin, Germany Berkeley, USA Dr Tomoya Nagira Osaka University, Japan Professor Cesar Azevedo Escola Politécnica, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil Dr Rekha Nair No Institute Dr Ioannis Bantounas KAUST, Saudi Arabia Dr Rebecca Nicholls University of Oxford, UK Dr Abdulaziz Barsa KAUST, Saudi Arabia Miss Noriko Nishina Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan Dr Sergio Bertazzo University of Bremen, Germany Miss Jenny Oberg University College London and London Centre for Nanotechnology, UK Mr Deven Bhudiya FEI UK Ltd., UK Dr Matthew O’Donnell RepRegen Ltd., UK Miss Laura Bovo University of Degli Studi Padova, Italy Dr Mark Oxborrow NPL, UK Professor Richard Bradt The University of Alabama, USA Professor Anthony Paxton Queen’s University of Belfast, UK Dr Adalberto Brunetti KAUST, Saudi Arabia Dr Juan-Martinez Pena Renewable Energy Research Institute, University of Castilla La Mancha, Spain Dr Anthony Callanan University of Limerick, Ireland Dr Srinivasan Raghavan General Electric, India Professor Walter Remo Caseri Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Switzerland Mr Uday Krishna Ravella LDOF UFR Sciences University du Maine Mr Kean Khoon Chew School of Chemical Engineering, University of Sains Malaysia Dr Laura Russo University of Milan-Biococca, Italy Dr Alexander Chroneos National Technical University of Athens, Greece Dr Manuela Russo Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Switzerland Dr Giancarlo Cicero Materials Science Department, Politecnico di Torino, Italy Dr Ana Estibaliz Sanchez Gonzalez University of Extremadura, Spain Professor Sivaldo Leite Correia State University of Santa Catarina, Brazil Dr Sharif Hussain Sharif-Zein School of Chemical Engineering, University of Sains Malaysia Miss Lise Tamar De Jonge Department of Materials and IBME, Imperial College London, UK Dr Marta Suarez Fundacion Itma, Spain Professor Lawrence Dunne London South Bank University, UK Mr Jian Sun KAUST, Saudi Arabia Miss Esther Garcia-Tunon Institute of Ceramica de Galicia, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain Miss Xu Tan Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, South Korea Mr William Gathright Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USA Mrs Merja Teirikangas University of Oulu, Finland Professor Michael Gillan University College London, UK Dr Nevena Todorova RMIT University, Australia Dr Kevin Govers Belgium Nuclear Research Centre Dr Himansu Sekhar Tripathi Central Glass and Ceramics Research Institute, India Mr Matthias Griessner Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Germany Mr Shunichiro Ueno IHI Europe Ltd., UK Dr Denis Gryaznov Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia Miss Amanda Verpoorte Ecole Polytenique Federale de Lausanne Professor Martin Harmer Lehigh University, USA Professor David Winker CSIRO/Monash University, Australia Professor Arthur H Heuer Case Western Reserve University, USA Dr Eugenio Zapata-Solvas University of Sevilla, Spain Cyrus Hirjibehedin University College London, UK Mr Shiba Hiromasa Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan External advisory panel (15) Home institute/company Dr Shamima Hussain KAUST, Saudi Arabia Dr Derek Allen Alstom Power Jonathan Miller Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, USA Professor Rob Boom Corus Group Dr Jaeho Jun Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan Dr Peter Brown DSTL Mohamed Ahmed Kabel KAUST, Saudi Arabia Dr David Farrar Smith & Nephew Research Centre Professor Deborah Maree Kane Macquarie University, NSW, Australia Professor Derek Fray University of Cambridge Mr Richard Keyte Innoval Technology Limited, UK Professor Steve Garwood Rolls-Royce Dr Jung-Sik Kim Loughborough University, UK Professor Spartak Gevorgian Chalmers University of Technology and Ericsson Dr Yeongwoo Kim Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Japan Dr Mike Hicks Rolls-Royce plc Ms Susanne Kruger Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany Dr Andy Hosty Morgan Advanced Ceramics Miss Marie-Anne Lavergne Visiting student Dr Tasadduq Khan ONERA Miss Nyunjong Lee Ewha Womans University, South Korea Professor Manfred Martin RWTH Aachen University, Germany
16 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 17 Professor Nicola Marzari University of Oxford Khandaker Mezanur Rahman, UK Dr David Dye (EPSRC/CASE) Dr Steve Paterson Shell UK Ltd Michele Serri, Italy (EPSRC), Dr Sandrine EM Heutz Professor Joop Schoonman Delft University of Technology (started 1 December 2009) Dr Neil Smart Nuclear Decommissioning Authority Matthew Sharp, UK (EPSRC) Professor John A Kilner Thorsten Roland Stechert, Professor Robin W Grimes, Dr Luc J Vandeperre and Dr Mark R Wenman Germany (EPSRC) Our students Hok Man Tang, UK (EPSRC/DTA) Dr Julian R Jones and Professor Peter D Lee First year postgraduates Supervisor/s Samuel Taub, UK (EPSRC/DTA) Professor Alan Atkinson and Professor John A Kilner (October 2009 cohort) as at 1 October 2009 (36) Pinyuan Tian, China (s-f) Professor Molly M Stevens
Nia Bell, UK (EPSRC/DTA) Professor Molly M Stevens Wouter van den Bergh, The Dr Julian R Jones and Dr Alexandra E Porter Netherlands (EPSRC/CASE) Sergey Belyakov, Russia Dr Christopher M Gourlay and Professor David W McComb (Industrial/Nihon Superior) David Wearing, UK (EPSRC/DTA), Dr Andrew P Horsfield and Professor Peter D Lee (started 3 September 2009) Harriet Boswell, UK (EPSRC/DTA), Professor David W McComb (started 1 January 2010) Benjamin White, UK (EPSRC/DTA) Professor Molly M Stevens
Constantin Ciprian Ciurea, Dr Finn Giuliani and Professor Neil McN Alford Kuan-Ting Wu, Taiwan (s-f), Dr Stephen J Skinner and Dr Yeong-Ah Soh Romania (EPSRC/DTA), (started (started 1 March 2010) 1 September 2009) Ning Xu, China (Stephen and Anna Dr Jason Riley David Clarke, UK (BBSRC), (started Professor Molly M Stevens Hui Scholarship) 1 September 2009) Junwei Yang, Singapore (s-f) Dr Sandrine EM Heutz, Dr David S McPhail and Dr Mary P Ryan Kristy Cloyd, USA (National Heart Professor Molly M Stevens Ziyu Zhang, China (s-f) Professor Peter D Lee and Dr Julian R Jones and Lung Institute)
Lucien Alfred Copus, UK (EPSRC/ Professor David W McComb and Professor Neil McN Alford Second year postgraduates Supervisor/s DTA) (October 2008 cohort) as at Jonathan Downing, UK (EPSRC/ Dr Martyn A McLachlan and Dr Mary P Ryan 1 September 2008 (43) DTA) Sobhan Abolghasemi, UK (EPSRC) Professor Peter D Lee and Professor Trevor C Lindley Lydia Jane Fawcett, UK (EPSRC/ Dr Stephen J Skinner and Professor John A Kilner Frederic Aguesse, France (EPSRC), Professor Neil McN Alford DTA) (started 13 October 2008) Kevin Heritage, UK (EPSRC/DTA) Dr Yeong-Ah Soh Ryan D Bayliss, UK (EPSRC), Dr Stephen J Skinner JineSung Jung, South Korea (Korea Dr Barbara B Shollock and David S McPhail (started 1 December 2008) Electric Power Corp) Johann Boleininger, Germany Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor David W McComb Kristina Maria Kareh, USA Dr Christopher M Gourlay and Professor Peter D Lee (EPSRC) (Industrial/Hydro Aluminium) Pelin Candarlioglu, Turkey (s-f), Professor Molly M Stevens and Professor Tony Cass (Chemistry) Lauren Ann King, UK (EPSRC) Dr Jason Riley (started 13 January 2009)
Florian LeGoupil, France (EPSRC) Professor Neil McN Alford Michael Cecchini, USA (EPSRC), Professor David W McComb, Dr Tim Albrecht (Chemistry) and Dr Joshua Edel Soo-Na Lee, South Korea (s-f) Professor Alan Atkinson and Professor John A Kilner (started 14 November 2008) (Chemistry) Simon Lumley, UK (MoD) Dr Mark R Wenman and Professor Robin W Grimes Wei Li Cheah, Malaysia (A*Star Professor Mike W Finnis and Professor David W McComb Singapore) Rizgar Mella, UK (EPSRC/DTA), Dr Mark R Wenman and Professor Robin W Grimes (started 17 August 2009) Stuart Cook, UK (EPSRC) Professor John A Kilner
Jonathan Mitchell, UK (EPSRC) Dr Christopher R Cheeseman (Civil and Environmental Engineering) and Dr Luc J Fabiano Corsetti, Italy (EPSRC) Dr Arash A Mostofi and Professor Matthew Foulkes (Physics) Vandeperre Bai Cui, China (Lee Family Professor Bill Lee Benjamin Moorhouse, UK (EPSRC/ Dr Barbara A Shollock and Dr Mary P Ryan Scholarship) CASE), (started 1 August 2010) Christabel Evans, UK (EPSRC), Dr David Dye Donovan Nightingale, UK (EPSRC/ Dr Alexandra E Porter (started 1 May 2009) CASE), (started 11 January 2010) Joseph B Franklin, UK (EPSRC), Dr Martyn A McLachlan and Dr Mary P Ryan Alice Orsi, Italy (EPSaRC) Dr Jason Riley (started 2 February 2009) Appala (Naidu) Gandi, India Professor Mike W Finnis and Dr David Dye Chedtha Puncreobutr, Thailand Professor Peter D Lee (UKIERI/Imperial College London) (Thai Government)
18 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 19 David Gonzalez Arellano, Mexico Dr Sandrine EM Heutz and Dr Mary P Ryan Third year postgraduates Supervisor/s (CONACYT) (October 2007 cohort) as at 1 October 2007 (26) Angela E Goode, UK (EPSRC) Dr Mary P Ryan and Dr Alexandra E Porter Mohammed A Azeem, India Dr David Dye and Professor Richard J Dashwood (University of Warwick) Mathew Hembury, France (EPSRC) Professor Molly M Stevens and Dr Alexandra E Porter (UKIERI/ICL) Eleanor Jay, UK (EPSRC/AWE) Professor Robin W Grimes Julio C Aguiler Virgen, Mexico Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor Trevor C Lindley HoKwon Kim, Korea (started 1 July Professor Manish Chhowalla and Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez (CONACYT) 2009) Stefano Angioletti-Uberti, Italy Professor Peter D Lee and Professor Mike W Finnis Carsten Kuenzel, Germany Dr Christopher R Cheeseman (Civil and Environmental Engineering), Dr Luc J (EPSRC) (DIAMOND), (started 11 November Vandeperre and Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) 2008) Maria Manuel Azevedo, Portugal Professor Molly M Stevens (Portuguese Scholarship) Vanessa LaPointe, Canada (s-f/ Professor Molly M Stevens Suwimon Boonrungsiman, Professor Molly M Stevens and Dr Alexandra E Porter ORS) Thailand (s-f) Emanuela Liberti, Italy (EPSRC), Professor David W McComb and Dr Milo SP Shaffer (Chemistry) John AG Dick Canada (s-f) Professor Molly M Stevens (started 3 August 2009) Salahud Din, UK (EPSRC) Dr Sandrine EM Heutz Stuart B Lowe, UK (EPSRC) Professor Molly M Stevens Donat JM Fatat, UK (DTA) Professor Robin W Grimes James Martin, UK (EPSRC) Dr Paul Tangney Piotr Gryko, UK (DTA) Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor Molly M Stevens Simon Middleburgh, UK [Industrial Professor Robin W Grimes (Westinghouse)] Parvez Islam, UK (EPSRC) Professor Robert G Hill (QMUL) and Dr Robert V Law (Chemistry) Farina Muhamad, Malaysia Professor Molly M Stevens Sheyda Labbaf, UK (DTA) Dr Julian R Jones and Dr Alexandra E Porter (Malaysian Government) Nasrin Lotfibakhshaiesh, Iran (s-f) Professor Robert G Hill (QMUL) and Professor Molly M Stevens Hannah C Nerl, Luxembourg Dr Peter D Haynes and Dr Alexandra E Porter Haiming Lu, China (EPSRC/NSF) Professor Robin W Grimes (EPSRC) Zohaib Malik, UK (EPSRC/NPL) Professor Peter D Lee and Dr David Lowe (National Physical Laboratory) Phillipa J Newby, UK (EPSRC) Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez and Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) Eva K McGuire, Ireland (DTA/Shell) Dr Alexandra E Porter and Professor David W McComb
John F O’Neill, UK (EPSRC) Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor Bill Lee Decheng Meng, China (s-f) Professor Peter D Lee and Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (University of Erlangen- Nuremberg) Jonathan Phillips, UK (EPSRC) Dr Luc J Vandeperre and Professor Robin W Grimes Bo Pang, China (s-f) Professor Peter D Lee and Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (University of Erlangen- Chin Heng Phuah, Malaysia Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor Bill Lee Nuremberg) (EPSRC/Department) Elsie Place, UK (EPSRC) Professor Molly M Stevens Fatemehsadet Pishbin, Iran (s-f) Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor Aldo R Boccaccini Matthew Shelley, UK (DTA) Professor Mike W Finnis and Dr Arash A Mostofi Christopher Pointon, Ireland Dr Arash A Mostofi (EPSRC) Sutthinun Taebunpakul, Thailand Dr Kym E Jarvis, Professor Susan J Parry (Silwood Park) and Professor Bill Lee (Thailand Government Science Laura Ratcliff, UK (EPSRC) Dr Peter D Haynes and Dr Arash A Mostofi and Technology) Joanne E Sarsam, UK (EPSRC) Dr Paul Tangney and Professor Mike W Finnis Carrina Turner, UK (DTA/FRST) Dr Mary P Ryan Preetma K Soin, UK (EPSRC/ Dr Andrew P Horsfield and Dr Adrian P Sutton (Physics) Jonnathan Warwick, UK (EPSRC) Dr David Dye and Professor Richard J Dashwood (University of Warwick) Culham) Catherine White, UK (EPSRC) Dr Andrew P Horsfield and Dr Arash A Mostofi Tayyab Subhani, Pakistan Professor Bill Lee, Dr Milo SP Shaffer (Chemistry) and Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (Institute of Space Technology), (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) Khatijah A Yaacob, Malaysia Dr Jason Riley (started 9 September 2008) (Universiti Sains Malaysia)
Naeem Ur-Rehman, Pakistan Dr Luc J Vandeperre and Professor Bill Lee Xin T Yang, UK (EPSRC) Dr Paul Tangney and Professor Bill Lee (EPSRC/DSTL) Sheng Yue, China (s-f) Dr Julian R Jones and Professor Peter D Lee Esther Valliant, Canada Dr Julian R Jones (Department/NSERC Canada) Postgraduate staff (2) Supervisor/s Jianye Wang, China (EPSRC) Supervisors: Dr Luc J Vandeperre, Professor Neil McN Alford and Dr Finn Giuliani Richard Chater, UK (Department) Dr David S McPhail Zhenlin Wu, China (EPSRC) Dr Sandrine EM Heutz Richard Hamilton, UK Professor Peter D Lee Sadegh Yazdi, Iran (EPSRC) Professor David W McComb and Dr Alison C Harrison (Department) Liyang Yu, China (Dutch Polymer Dr Natalie Stingelin Institute), (started 5 January 2009)
Ting Ting Zhang, China (DIAMOND) Dr Christopher R Cheeseman (Civil and Environmental Engineering) and Dr Luc J Vandeperre
20 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 21 Writing-up postgraduates (27) Supervisor/s First year MEng Aerospace Materials undergraduates (4) Konstantinos Alevizos, Greece Dr David Dye, Professor Richard J Dashwood (University of Warwick) and Dr Mohammad Adabi Henry Guille Osamudiamen Omooigade Hajime Urata (Marie Curie) Martin Jackson (University of Sheffield)
Ying An, China (s-f) Professor David W McComb and Dr Stephen J Skinner First year MEng Materials With Nuclear Engineering undergraduates (5) Miloslav Beres, Slovak (EPSRC) Dr David Dye Nathan Barber Zhi Xiong Chong Laura Hare Marinos Panayiotou Adam O Calver, UK (DTA) Professor Robert G Hill (QMUL) and Dr Robert V Law (Chemistry) Tsvetoslav Pavlov John W Druce, UK (NERC) Professor John A Kilner First year MEng Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering undergraduates (2) Emily G Eakins, UK (DTA) Professor Bill Lee Bryan Lim Piers Milner Steven SY Feng, Canada (s-f) Dr Mary P Ryan and Dr Barbara A Shollock Yann C Fredholm, France (DTI) Professor Robert G Hill (QMUL) and Professor Molly M Stevens First year BEng Materials Science and Engineering undergraduates (21) Kilian Frensch, Germany (DTA) Professor Matthew Foulkes (Physics) and Professor Mike W Finnis Olivia Burgess Xiaoyang Li Thomas Mullners Stefan Warren-Smith Anna Katsapi, Greece (EPSRC) Dr Barbara A Shollock Zheng Hao Choo Yvonne Lim Kai Chun Neoh Tianjun Xia Sotirios Kotsantonis, Greece Professor John A Kilner Amir Fakeeh Shoucheng Liu Abdul Patel Yuzhou Zheng (EPSRC) Holly Farrer Wei Liu Nikesh Rajamanie Gloria Kwong, China (Ontario Dr Mary P Ryan Power Generation) Tahmida Huq Daniel Lobron Daanish Sadique
Erh-Hsuin Lim, Malaysia (s-f) Professor Molly M Stevens Asghar Kapadia Yanwei Lum Xiachen Wang Oliver Mahony, UK (EPSRC) Dr Julian R Jones and Professor Molly M Stevens First year BEng Materials With Management undergraduates (11) Soumaya Mauthoor, France (DTA) Professor David W McComb and Dr Sandrine EM Heutz Caroline Barbance Peeranat Larpwongmetee Sayandan Sivayogarajah Xitao Tian Jessica R May, USA (s-f) Professor Molly M Stevens Charles Fouquet Lau Pak Yin Chawinda Sripasert Yaroslav Voropayev Juling Ong, Malaysia (s-f) Professor Robert G Hill (QMUL) and Professor Molly M Stevens Amirul Adini Haji Amir Abas Tianshuang Qu Sainumphung Srithiphun Ankoor Patel, UK (DTA) Professor Robin W Grimes Rafael G De Sa, Brazil (Magnesita Professor Bill Lee Second year MEng Materials Science And Engineering undergraduates (27) S/A) Charles Aaronson Christopher Kelley David Perrett Angus Turnbull Deborah D Silva, Portugal (Marie Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) and Professor Curie) Bill Lee Amir Amin Henry Loombe-Temple Daniel Price Arjoon Vohra
Christopher R Smith, UK (EPSRC) Dr Jason Riley Benjamin Bell Melchior Lorin Golokavasini Ravi Pillai Kar Ming Wong Liam J Spillane, UK (EPSRC) Professor David W McComb Young Yao Chen Yongkun Luo Giuseppe Scatigno Zhen Yang Kim Song Tan, Malaysia Dr Jason Riley Zkikai Chen Christina Ng Richard Simons Meng Zhu (Malaysian Rubber Board) Peter Evans Yui Ho Ng Jia Hua Teo Shiqing Zhu Farid Tariq, UK (DTA) Professor David W McComb and Professor Peter D Lee Evan Jones Matthew Niania Christos Tsitsios Yunxie (Zoe) Wu, China (s-f) Dr Julian R Jones and Professor Robert G Hill (QMUL) Bobo Yu, China (s-f) Dr Julian R Jones Second year MEng Aerospace Materials undergraduates (9) Flora Babot Yong Kim Harinder Sokhal Fang Yang Darmawati M Yunos, Malaysia Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) (Malaysian Government) Charles Hutchison Man Chon Ma Aukarachoke Tangbunrituthai Davide Ibba Kyung Park First year MEng Materials Science and Engineering undergraduates (37) Kompol Asavaratanaporn Haoxiang Gao Shuren Lin Clement Tremblay Second year BEng Materials Science and Engineering undergraduates (30) Peter Besevic James Hickey Wenjun Lu Thomas Trimnell Suki Adande Gregory Kay Claire McNulty Chuen Tay Inderjit Birdee Edward Hill Josh Maxted Mengshi Wang Graeme Bacon Thomas Koch Victor Ng Boon Teo Julian Xi But Matthew Jackson Dolan Miu Yuan Ming Wang-Koh Adreas Bilicki Dorothy Latham Nikesh Rajmanie Ji Wu Thana Chotchuangchutchav May Ling Lai Yiqi Pan Stephen Wearing Benjamin Casson Kang Li Youmin Rong Ambreen Yousaf Chuen Lee Chow David Lee Soon Kiat Michael Preston Di Wen Poontrika Chantranuwat Tak Kim Lin Ieuan Seymour Miaomiao Zhang Joachim Dias Henley Leong Oliver Ridd Qing Yang Yang Han Shu-Hao Liu Abhiskhek Sharma Tiantian Zhang James Chi Jing Fan Siying Li Ragevan Sathianathan Inji Yeom Kuang He Nida Mahmud Charlotte Stokes Edward Fitzpatrick Zhenqi Li Jethro Tan Xuanheng Zhu Weike Hu Mohammed Malik Anwar Sufi
22 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 23 Second year BEng Materials With Management undergraduates (8) Fourth year MEng Materials With Nuclear Engineering undergraduates (3) See Jun Ahn Dollawat Bhangsapha Yangyang Jiang Sayandan Sivagogarajah Carolin Ecsy Aaron Nunkoosing Christopher Reece Dmitry Alexeev Florian Brock Omobola Sandey Xiaojie Yin Fourth year MEng Biomaterials And Tissue Engineering undergraduates (1) Third year MEng Materials Science and Engineering undergraduates (18) Taek Kim Ashton Berry Toby Davis Zhen Ling Luisa Riera Lamela Coranda Berry Shuojie Gu Alistair Owen Carlos Schuster Ruth Birch Sajjad Jaffer Shanika Pathirane Yi Wang Summary of staff, visiting researchers and students Xiangnan Bu Ge Jin Jonathan Peel Staff and visiting researchers Number Undergraduate students Number Adrian Chiang Mabel Lew Lucia Podhorska Academic staff 36 First year MEng Materials Science and 37 Engineering Distinguished research fellows 3 Third year MEng Aerospace Materials undergraduates (5) Emeritus staff 4 First year MEng Aerospace Materials 4 Alvin Chan Katerina Christofidou Evgeniy Donchev Bartosz Polomski Research officers 5 First year MEng Materials with Nuclear 5 Kisham Thanalingam Engineering Research fellows 11 First year MEng Biomaterials and Tissue 2 Postdoctoral research associates and 64 Third year MEng Materials with Nuclear Engineering undergraduates (3) Engineering research assistants Patrick Burr Tobias Clarke Adam Foley First year BEng Materials Science and 21 Administrative staff 14 Engineering Technical staff 8 Third year BEng Materials Science and Engineering undergraduates (29) First year BEng Materials with 11 Engineering faculty support 7 Neelakshi Agate Edoardo Giorgi Zhi Yang Lim Melody Suchail Management Honorary visiting professors 20 Shane Alam Chun Ann Huang Sarah Luo Zhicheng Wang Second year MEng Materials Science and 27 Honorary research fellows, visiting 5 Engineering Kai Aucharagram Paul Iskander Joseph MacDonald Jing Yang lecturers and readers Second year MEng Aerospace Materials 9 John Chan Min Yi Kang Park Maneepairoj Quan Yuan Academic visitors 72 Second year BEng Materials Science and 30 Yufei Chang Minsung Ko William Parry-Jones Shashan Zhu External advisory panel 15 Engineering Hannah Cresswell Hang Piu Lam Alexander Pong Total 264 Second year BEng Materials with 8 Benjamin Foss Lydia Leung Sivakanthan Sivalingam Management Ian Fulton Kwok Li Borja Sordo Postgraduate research students Number Third year MEng Materials Science and 18 Engineering First year (October 2009 cohort) 36 Third year BEng Materials with Management undergraduates (6) Second year (October 2008 cohort) 43 Third year MEng Aerospace Materials 5 Matthew Allinson Jason Chan Andrew Murray-Bruce Akintola Salami Third year (October 2007 cohort) 26 Third year MEng Materials and Nuclear 3 Huimin Xu Hua Zhang Engineering Staff 2 Third year BEng Materials Science and 29 Fourth year MEng Materials Science and Engineering undergraduates (22) Writing-up students 27 Engineering Chang Chen Joe Gleeson Alistair Philpott Tian Wang Total 134 Third year BEng Materials with 6 Ruskin Constant Shakiba Kaveh Muhammad Shaikh Chengbo Xie Management
Zoe Dobell Harpal Khaira Bowen Shen Junjie Xiong Fourth year MEng Materials Science and 22 Alexandru Enica Edwella Lee Simranjit Singh Hui Yan Engineering Alexander Ford Alankar Lodha Saxon Tint Fourth year MEng Aerospace Materials 7 Yasir Gani Mathias Mesa Clementine Walker Fourth year MEng Materials with Nuclear 3 Engineering
Fourth year MEng Aerospace Materials undergraduates (7) Fourth year MEng Biomaterials and Tissue 1 Benjamin Hanson Bij-Na Kim Yiming Ma Thibault Salomon Engineering Oliver Joris Alex Leung Charles Murdoch Total 284
* Registered as a Postgraduate ^ Joint appointment Sponsor/s are in brackets s-f = self-funded DTA = EPSRC Doctoral Training Account
24 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 25 Ins and outs
During the 2009–10 Research staff Dr Nicholas D Hine as Research Associate working with Dr Arash A academic year, the Dr Helene Autefage as Research Mostofi and Dr Peter D Haynes. following appointments Associate working with Professor Molly M Stevens. Dr Sehban Husain as Research were made: Associate working with Professor Dr Suelen Barg as Research David W McComb. Associate working with Professors Academic staff Manish Chhowalla and Eduardo Dr JingJing Liu as Research Associate working with Dr Stephen Dr Iain E Dunlop as Lecturer in Gutierrez Saiz. J Skinner. Biomaterials. Dr Vineet Bhakhri as Research Dr Yuliya Lyubina as Intra-European Professor Norbert Klein as Chair in Associate working with Dr Finn Marie Curie Fellow working with Dr Electromagnetic Nanomaterials. Giuliani. Mary P Ryan, Professor Neil McN Dr Rongshan Qin as Senior Lecturer Dr Monica Burriel as Research Alford and Professor Lesley Cohen. in Steel Processing. Associate working with Dr Stephen Skinner. Mr Oliver Mahony as Research Professor Eduardo Gutierrez Saiz as Assistant working with Dr Julian R Chair in Structural Ceramics, a joint Dr Lesley Ann Wah Chow as Jones. appointment in the Department of Research Associate working with Dr Cecilia Mattevi as Junior Materials and the Department of Professor Molly M Stevens. Research Fellow working with Mechanical Engineering. Dr Alexander Chroneos as Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez. Dr Jonathan VM Weaver as Joint Research Associate working with Dr Seth McCullen as Research Lecturer in Polymeric Biomaterials Professors John A Kilner and Robin Associate working with Professor in the Department of Materials and W Grimes. Molly M Stevens. the Department of Bioengineering. Dr Ester Buchaca Domingo as Research Associate working with Dr Dr Eugene Pashuck III as Research Natalie Stingelin. Associate working with Professor Visiting professors and Molly M Stevens. lecturers Dr Silvia Goldoni as Research Associate working with Professor Dr Samadhan Patil as Research Professor Aldo R Boccaccini Molly M Stevens. Associate working with Dr Yeong- (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, ah Soh. Germany) as Visiting Professor. Mr Daniel Engstrom as Research Assistant working with Dr Yeong-Ah Dr Michael Rushton as Research Professor Hidde Herman Soh. Associate working with Professor Brongersma (Philips Electronic Robin W Grimes. Industries, The Netherlands) as Dr Matthew Gilbert as Research Dr Nicolas Schaeffer as Research Visiting Professor. Associate working with Professor Bill Lee. Associate working with Professor Professor Manish Chhowalla Molly M Stevens. (Rutgers University) as Visiting Professor.
Dr Alison C Harrison as Honorary Lecturer.
Professor Arthur H Heuer (Case Western Reserve University) as Visiting Professor.
Professor Francois Perchet (EDF, France) as Honorary Lecturer
Professor Jean-Claude Van-Duysen (EDF, France) as Visiting Professor.
Professor John V Wood (Senior International Relations Advisor, Imperial College London) as Visiting Professor.
Professor Lawrence Dunne (London South Bank University) as Visiting Professor.
Professor Ghassan Jabbour (KAUST, Saudi Arabia) as Visiting Professor.
26 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 27 Departmental management and committee structure
Dr Claudia Walter as Research Dr Denis J Cumming, Research Membership of the various committees and their roles Associate working with Professor Associate working with Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez. Nigel Brandon and Professor John (during the 2009–10 period) are described below. A Kilner. Mr Junsheng Wang as Research Assistant working with Dr Andrew Dr Goki Eda, Research Associate P Horsfield. working with Professor Manish Head of Chhowalla. Department Dr Lang Yuan as Research Associate working with Dr Dr Lutz-Christian Gerhardt, Christopher M Gourlay. Research Associate working with Professor Aldo R Boccaccini and Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez. Safety External Management Acabemic Staff Administrative and Committee Advisory Panel Committee Meetings Dr Alison C Harrison, Lecturer in technical staff Nanotechnology. Mr Graeme Rae as Research Dr Sehban Husain, Research Centralised Operations Manager. Director of UG Director of Associate working with Professor Facilities Studies Research David W McComb and Professor Committee Neil McN Alford. The following academic Ms Virginie Jantou, Research promotions were made Assistant working with Professor Technical Teaching Research Director of PG during 2009–10: David W McComb. Senior Tutor PG Tutor Staff and ROs Committee Committee Studies Committee Dr Sandrine EM Heutz to Dr Jung-Sik Kim, Research Senior Lecturer. Associate working with Professor Alan Atkinson. Dr Natalie Stingelin to UG Staff-Student PG Staff-Student Research Staff Senior Lecturer. Dr Ai Leen Koh, Research Associate PG Committee working with Professor David W Committee Committee Committee Dr Andrew P Horsfield to McComb. Senior Lecturer. The Department is run using a committee structure as illustrated in the chart above Dr Jaideep Kulkarni, Marie Curie Dr Arash A Mostofi to Individual Experienced Researcher Senior Lecturer. working with Dr Mary P Ryan. Mr Ashley A Perris, Finance Officer. Dr David S McPhail to Departmental Management Committee the Chair of the Safety Committee, the Director Dr Gianluca Latini, Research Mr Thomas Quinn, Research Reader in Surface Analysis. of Undergraduate Studies (DUGS), the Director Associate working with Dr Natalie Assistant working with Professor (DMC) of Postgraduate Studies (DPGS), the Chair of Stingelin. Neil McN Alford. Professor Bill Lee » Chair, Head of Department the Centralised Facilities Committee (CFC), the Dr Lijun Ji, Research Associate Dr Seema Raghunathan, Research Professor Neil McN Alford » Director of Research Workshop Services Manager, plus representatives working with Professor Molly M Associate working with Dr David from HR and Research Services. The following staff left Stevens. Dye. Professor David W McComb » Centralised Facilities Committee for greener pastures Dr Caterina Minelli, Research Mr Nick Royall, Characterisation Academic staff meetings during 2009–10: Associate working with Professor Facilities Technician. Robert A Rudkin » Estates/Building Issues Safety Molly M Stevens. Mr Mohammed Baklar, Research Miss Manuela Russo, Research Dr Jason Riley » DUGS Meetings of all academic staff are held every Assistant working with Dr Natalie Dr Sanghmamitra Mukhopadhyay, two months to discuss Department, Faculty, Associate working with Dr Natalie Professor Peter D Lee » DPGS Stingelin. Research Associate working with Stingelin. College, National and International issues. Professor Mike W Finnis. Dr David S McPhail » Safety This includes reports from leaders of each of Dr Xanthippi Chatzistavrou, Marie Mrs Michelle Ryder, PA to the research institutes including: Centre for Curie Research Fellow working with Dr Karin Muller, Research Professor Robin W Grimes and Andrew C Tebbutt » Departmental Operations Manager Associate working with Dr Nuclear Engineering (CNE), London Centre for Professor Aldo R Boccaccini and Project Manager to the Centre of Darakshan J Khan » Departmental Operations Alexandra E Porter. Nanotechnology (LCN), the Centre for Advanced Professor Neil McN Alford. Nuclear Engineering. Administrator, HR Co-ordinator Structural Ceramics (CASC), Institute of Professor Manish Chhowalla, Chair Dr Samuel Murphy, Research Dr Maurizio Tarzia, Research Russell J Stracey » Workshop Manager Biomedical Engineering (IBE), and the Thomas in Materials. Assistant working with Professor Associate working with Dr Luc Young Centre (TYC) for Materials Theory and Robin W Grimes. Vandeperre and Fraser Wigley. Fraser Wigley » Safety Dr Alexander Chroneos, Research Simulation plus the Doctoral Training Centres Graeme Rae » Research Operations Manager Associate working with Professors Dr David C Parfitt, Research Dr Olga Tsigkou, Research (DTCs) in Theory and Simulation of Materials and John A Kilner and Robin W Grimes. Associate working with Professor Associate working with Dr Julian R Sonia Tomasetig » Minutes Plastic Electronics. Robin W Grimes. Jones. Dr Hande Cote, Marie Curie The DMC meets monthly to ensure the Experienced Researcher, working Dr James M Perkins, Research Dr Junsheng Wang, Research smooth administration of the Department. with Dr Barbara A Shollock. Associate working with Professor Associate working with Dr Andrew David W McComb. P Horsfield. Membership includes the Head of Department, the Departmental Operations Manager (DOM),
28 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 29 Teaching Committee Third year » Evgeniy Donchev and Neelakshi Agate This committee meets four times a year to discuss space and identifying future opportunities, Fourth year » Carolin Ecsy and Oliver Joris issues relevant to postgraduate and postdoctoral and how to grow these internally and through Dr Jason Riley » Chair, DUGS researchers including safety, space and facilities. interaction at Faculty, College, National and Dr Luc J Vandeperre » Senior Tutor The staff student committee is a forum in which It also highlights concerns raised by the ROLE International levels students may raise points of concern and make (Researchers On Line Evaluation) responses, Dr Stephen J Skinner » Admissions Tutor enabling the best research profile by: raising suggestions regarding the undergraduate organises the Department’s Postgraduate • the esteem of each academic nationally and Dr Sandrine EM Heutz » Deputy Admissions Tutor course. It meets twice a term in the Autumn and Research Day and encourages social events. internationally through a range of activities Spring terms and once in the Summer term. Dr Barbara A Shollock » First Year Co-ordinator, including assisting with nominations The committee is normally chaired by a student Aerospace Materials Co-ordinator Postgraduate Committee for fellowships of learned societies, representative and is composed of academic staff Dr Mary P Ryan » Second Year Co-ordinator recommendations for award of prizes, and from the teaching committee, undergraduate Professor Peter D Lee » DPGS nominations for invited and keynote lectures; Dr Alexandra E Porter » Third Year Co-ordinator year representatives, the student departmental Dr Peter D Haynes » PG admissions overseeing Department Research Assessment representative on the union committee and the Dr Arash A Mostofi » Fourth Year Co-ordinator Dr David S McPhail » PG tutor submissions union representative for academic affairs. The Dr David Dye » Examinations Officer teaching administrator acts as the secretary. The Graeme Rae » Research Operations Manager • ensuring academics are aware of funding Dr Julian R Jones » Biomaterials UG and MSc Director of Undergraduate Studies prepares the Norma Hikel » PG Secretary opportunities and facilitating collaborative bids Co-ordinator agenda. There are two year representatives from where appropriate the first and second year, four representatives The main aim of this Committee is to ensure Dr Mark R Wenman » Nuclear Materials UG and MSc interfacing with the Faculty Research from the third year and two from the fourth year. the smooth administration of the postgraduate • Co-ordinator Committee programme. Dr Christopher M Gourlay » Careers and Placements advising on research areas/profiles of Officer PG Staff-Student Committee • Research Staff Committee members and arranging an annual meeting of Ms Fiona J Thomson » UG Office Manager Dr David S McPhail » Chair, PG tutor the External Advisory Panel Dr Natalie Stingelin » Chair Ms Emma J Warriss » Administrative Assistant Professor Bill Lee » Head of Department • formulating the seminar programme Darakshan Khan » Secretary Chaired by the Director of Undergraduate Studies Professor Peter D Lee » Director of PG Research producing an annual Research in Progress PDRA Rep » Dr Claudia Walter • (DUGS) this committee is responsible for all Robert A Rudkin » Safety Officer booklet aspects of undergraduate teaching including All Research Staff The committee meets four to six times a year. overseeing programme specifications, regulations, Dr Natalie Stingelin » PDRA mentor timetabling, assessment and examinations, Dr Hande Cote » PDRA Rep This committee is a forum to discuss issues coursework, student welfare and responding to relevant to PDRA researchers in the Department Safety Committee Ben Moorhouse » First Year Rep external factors such as College policy, external including safety, space, facilities and career examiners reports, SOLE (Student On Line Sobhan Abolghasemi » Second Year Rep development. Fraser Wigley » Chair Evaluation) responses and course accreditation. Jonnathan Warwick » Third Year Rep Julia Cotton » College Safety Auditor The Chair also represents the Department on the Carrina Turner and Joanne Sarsam » PG Departmental Reps Research Committee Guy Fairhurst » Building Manager Faculty’s Engineering Studies Board and Teaching Committee. David Arellano Gonzalez » PG Safety Rep Professor Neil McN Alford » Chair, Director of Research Robert A Rudkin » Safety Officer Norma Hikel » Secretary Professor Bill Lee » Head of Department Dr Julian R Jones » Biomaterials Rep UG Staff-Student Committee Professor Peter D Lee Russell J Stracey » Workshop Manager and Trade Union Rep Dr Jason Riley » Chair, DUGS Professor Molly M Stevens Garry J Stakalls » Technician for MPAC Area Dr Luc J Vandeperre » Senior Tutor Dr Peter D Haynes Richard Sweeney » Radiation Protection Rep, First Aid Dr Barbara Shollock » First Year Co-ordinator Professor David W McComb Dagmar K Durham » Secretary Dr Mary P Ryan » Second Year Co-ordinator Professor Mike W Finnis Evgeniy Donchev » UG Student Rep Dr Alexandra E Porter » Third Year Co-ordinator Scott Wheatley David Arellano Gonzalez » PG Rep Dr Arash A Mostofi » Fourth Year Co-ordinator Darakshan Khan » Minutes Ian Gillett » College Safety Director Nicole Urquhart » Library Liaison The aim of the Research Committee is to Fiona J Thomson » UG Office Manager Mike Mussard » ICT Representative improve the quality and volume of research performed within the Department and to facilitate Fiona J Thomson » UG Office Manager The aim of the Safety Committee is to review multidisciplinary interactions. This is achieved by: safety issues in the Department and to forward Emma J Warriss » Minutes • evolving the departmental research strategy, recommendations to the Head of Department. Student Representatives: linked to the Departmental Business Plan and the Faculty Research Strategy, identifying First Year » Christopher Li and Marinos Panaylotou new equipment needs, including funding and Second Year » Daniel Price and Arjoon Vohra
30 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 31 Degrees and PhDs awarded
Centralised Facilities Committee Technical Staff and Research Officers Summary of all awards (2005–10) Committee Professor David W McComb » Chair Academic First Upper second Lower second Third Pass Fail Firsts and upper seconds year % % % % % % % Dr David S McPhail » Surface analysis Professor Neil McN Alford » Chair 2009–10 21 48 30 1 0 0 69 Dr Stephen J Skinner » XRD/TA Benjamin Chan 2008–09 24 39 33 3 0 1 63 Richard Sweeney » XRD/TA) Richard J Chater 2007–08 19 39 25 14 0 3 58 Dr Barbara A Shollock » Electron microscopy Dr David Dye 2006–07 26 32 22 20 0 0 58 Dr Mahmoud G Ardakani » Electron microscopy Simon Logsdail 2005–06 19 27 29 25 0 0 46 Richard J Chater » Surface analysis Peter K Petrov
Russell Stracey » Manufacturing facility Dr Jason Riley
Richard W Hamilton » XMT Sabrina Skeete MEng Materials Science MEng Aerospace Materials Hang Pui Lam Garry J Stakalls and Engineering Lydia Leung Professor Peter D Lee » XMT Benjamin Hanson Richard Sweeney Kwok Chuen Li Graeme Rae » Research Operations Manager, Minutes Ruskin Constant Oliver Joris Mahmoud G Ardakani Chang Chen Zhi Yang Lim The aim of the Centralised Facilities Committee is to: Alex Leung Dagmar K Durham » Secretary Zoe Dobell Sarah Luo • monitor the funding, maintenance and Yiming Ma Robert A Rudkin Joseph MacDonald utilisation of the central facilities Alexandru Enica Charles Murdoch Russell J Stracey Alexander Ford Park Maneepairoj • ensure that the facilities are accessible to all Thibault Salomon College members at an appropriate cost Andrew Tebbutt Yasir Gani William Parry-Jones • identify areas where investment and Ivelin (Ivo) Valkov Joe Gleeson MEng Materials and Alexander Pong development are necessary, and to propose Ecaterina Ware Shakiba Kaveh Nuclear Engineering Sivakathan Sivalingam funding applications to address these Fraser Wigley Harpal Khaira Carolin Ecsy Borja Sordo requirements. The main aims of the Technical Staff Committee Edwella Lee Aaron Nunkoosing Melody Suchail Administrative Support Staff Committee are to: Alankar Lodha Christopher Reece Zhichen Wang • ensure that all technical staff are kept Mathias Mesa Jing Yang Andrew C Tebbutt » Chair informed of matters affecting their work in the MEng Biomaterials and Alistair Philpott Quan Yuan Dagmar K Durham Department Tissue Engineering Muhammad Shaikh Shanshan Zhu Sima Fulford to seek advice from the technical staff • Taek Kim Bowen Shen Norma B Hikel regarding research and teaching laboratory BEng Materials with activities, the purchase of new equipment and Simranjit Singh Jacqueline Hughes repair and maintenance of existing equipment BEng Materials Science and Management Saxon Tint Darakshan J Khan Engineering The committee meets six times a year. Matthew Allinson Clementine Walker Ashley A Perris Neelakshi Agate Jason Chan Tian Wang Michelle Ryder Shane Alam Andrew Murray-Bruce Chengbo Xie Fiona J Thomson Kai Aucharagram Akintola Salami Junjie Xiong Sonia Tomasetig John Chan Huimin Xu Hui Yan Ecaterina Ware Yui Tak Cheung Hua Zhang Emma J Warriss » Minutes Hannah Cresswell
The main aim of this Committee is to ensure that Benjamin Foess administrative support staff are kept informed of Ian Fulton matters affecting their work in the Department. Edoardo Giorgi
Chun Ann Huang
Min Yi Kang
Minsung Ko
32 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 33 PhDs awarded Hiroko Kusumoto Professor Robert G Hill (QMUL) and Characterisation of Mg, Sr, and Zn containing Dr Robert V Law (Chemistry) fluro-aluminosilicate glasses and their glass This year has, in terms of number of PhDs awarded, been the most successful in the Department’s history. polyalkenoate cements/1 January 2010 We congratulate the 36 students listed below on completing their PhDs. This number is five more than the number of PhDs graduating from the Department in 2008–09 (31). Libing Li Dr David S McPhail Strategies for secondary ion yield enhancements in focused ion beam secondary ion mass Student Supervisor/s Title of thesis and award date spectrometry/31 March 2010 Nicholas J Ashley Professor Robin W Grimes Defect properties of binary non-oxide ceramics/ Sen Lin Dr Julian R Jones Tailoring the nanostructure of sol-gel derived 31 August 2010 bioactive glasses and investigating their interactions with proteins/1 March 2010 Sarah Berhanu Professor David W McComb, Dr John Nanostructured templates for donor/acceptor de Mello (Chemistry) and Professor interface engineering in organic solar cells/ Jingjing Liu Dr Stephen J Skinner Mass transport and electrochemical properties of Tim Jones (University of Warwick) 28 February 2010 La2Mo2O9 as a fast ionic conductor/1 April 2010
Johann Cho Professor Aldo R Boccaccini Processing and characterisation of inorganic matrix Philip S Mason Dr Jason Riley Patterned nanoparticles for optical applications/ (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) composites containing carbon nanotubes/ 31 May 2010 and Dr Milo Shaffer (Chemistry) 28 February 2010 Alessandro Mottura Professor Mike W Finnis and Analysis of atomic-scale phenomena and the James Coakley Dr David Dye Creep and microstructure evolution in nickel Professor Roger C Reed (University rhenium effect in nickel superalloys/1 May 2010 superalloys/1 September 2010 of Birmingham)
Daniel Garcia Aguilar Dr David Dye, Professor Richard Generation of ultra-fine grained materials via Samuel Murphy Professor Robin W Grimes Atomistic simulation of defects and diffusion in Dashwood (University of Warwick) multiple extrusion/31 May 2010 oxides/30 November 2009 and Dr Martin Jackson (University of Steve Mwenifumbo Professor Molly M Stevens Investigations of carbon nanotube and monolayer Sheffield) protected metal nanoparticle systems and their Fatos Derguti Dr David Dye, Professor Richard J Low cost route to compaction of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V biological interactions/31 October 2009 Dashwood (University of Warwick) powders using cold and hot isostatic pressing/ Pavel E Ramirez Lopez Professor Peter D Lee and Professor Modelling shell and oscillation mark formation during and Dr Martin Jackson (University of 28 February 2010 Kenneth C Mills continuous casting via explicit incorporation of slag Sheffield) infiltration/1 March 2010
James E Ghadiali Professor Molly M Stevens Bio-functionalised nanoparticles for enzyme Ruth Sayers Dr Stephen J Skinner and Professor Electrochemical performance and transport sensing/1 August 2010 John A Kilner properties of La2NiO4+σ/1 June 2010 Julian HS George Professor Molly M Stevens Engineering of fibrous scaffolds for use in Panpailin Seeharaj Professor Alan Atkinson Mixed-conducting LSC/CGO and Ag/CGO composites regenerative medicine/1 October 2009 for passive oxygen separation membranes/1 July 2010
Despina Dr Barbara A Shollock Temporal evolution of microstructure in nickel base Neil Simrick Professor Alan Atkinson and Patterned thin film cathodes for micro-solid oxide Hadjiapostolidou superalloys Rene 80 and CMSX-4/28 February 2010 Professor John A Kilner fuel cells/31 August 2010
Sehban Husain Professor David W McComb Site specific characterisation of hydrocracking catalysts Randhir Singh Professor Peter D Lee and Professor A novel ceramic precursor route for the direct using nanoanalytical electron microscopy/ Trevor C Lindley production of hierarchically structured titanium alloy 1 March 2010 foams/1 November 2010
Benoit Illy Dr Mary P Ryan and Dr Barbara A Electrodeposition of zinc oxide nanostructured Peter J Smith Professor Alan Atkinson Investigation into environmental stress cracking: Shollock films/1 January 2010 processed food cans/31 August 2010
Benjamin Jackson Dr David Dye, Professor Richard J Production of NiTi via the Fray Farthing Chen Paul Stuart Dr Stephen J Skinner and Professor The synthesis and evaluation of proton conducting Dashwood (University of Warwick) Cambridge process/31 December 2009 John A Kilner electrolytes for high temperature steam and Professor Douglas Inman electrolysers/1 March 2010
Heather F Jackson Professor Bill Lee and Professor Thermophysical properties and thermodynamic Sarah J Wagstaffe Dr Jason Riley Improving chronic wound healing with self signalling Robin W Grimes stability of zirconium carbide as a function of non- antibodies for specific bacterial detection/30 stoichiometry/31 August 2010 September 2009
Virjinie Jantou Professor David W McComb Analytical electron microscopy of mineralised Sally Watts Professor Robert G Hill (QMUL) and Composition – structure – property relationships in dentine/30 November 2009 Dr Robert V Law (Chemistry) bioactive glasses/1 June 2010
Alexander J Jasper Professor David W McComb and TEM studies of interfaces in fuel cell materials/ Lang Yuan Professor Peter D Lee Multiscale modelling of the influence of convection Professor John A Kilner 1 July 2010 on dendrite formation and freckle initiation during Shima Kadkhodazadeh Professor David W McComb and Analytical electron microscopy of InAs/GaAs quantum vacuum arc remelting/1 June 2010 Professor Tim Jones (University of dots and GaInNAs/GaAs quantum wells/ Rong Zhu Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor David Electrochemical growth of three-dimensionally Warwick) 1 December 2009 W McComb ordered macroporous metals as photonic crystals/ Ioanna Kourti Professor Aldo R Boccaccini Sustainable construction materials containing 1 July 2010 (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) plasma treated air pollution control residues/ and Dr Chris R Cheeseman (Civil and 31 May 2010 Environmental Engineering)
34 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 35 Prizes, awards and distinctions
The excellence of our Department has been recognised by various awards, prizes, distinctions and public/media attention. Some of the achievements of our staff are highlighted below.
In July 2010, the Department of Materials was under the age of 40 list in The Times, an awarded an Athena Silver SWAN award. These interview on BBC Radio Today, articles in various awards recognise and celebrate good practice publications including Wired UK, Nature News, The on recruiting, retaining and promoting women Observer, the Financial Times and The Telegraph. in SET in higher education. The Department was The EPSRC also issued a press release on some delighted to receive the award. of Molly’s work (in collaboration with Dr Charlotte Williams, Chemistry) on new biodegradable polymers for nanostructured polymer scaffolds for New year’s honour regenerative medicine and drug delivery (and also for Professor Sue Ion degradable packaging). Last but not least, Molly was one of two scientists chosen to represent Professor Sue Ion, Europe at the ‘The Lights and Shadows of Science Visiting Professor, was and Technology’ forum in Kyoto, Japan, 3–5 awarded the DBE for October 2010. services to science and engineering. Grant successes Super year for Professor Molly M Stevens for Drs Alexandra Porter and Mary P It was a bumper year for Professor Molly M Ryan Stevens who received numerous outstanding awards in the 2009–10 session. These include the Drs Alexandra E Amgen Life Sciences Award at the ACES (Academic Porter (top left) and Enterprise Awards) for transforming ‘outstanding Mary P Ryan (bottom science’ into an materials innovations that have left) had numerous ‘enormous potential for human health’, the 2010 grant successes in Macro- IUPAC Award for Creativity in Applied the 2009-10 period Polymer Science or Polymer Technology, the IOM3 including a National Rosenhain Medal and Prize 2010, awarded to Institutes of Health candidates under the age of 40 for distinguished (NIH) award valued achievement in any branch of materials science, at £1.825 million to and the Royal Society of Chemistry 2010 Norman fund a project entitled Respiratory effects of Heatley Award for ‘her pioneering work on tissue silver and carbon nanomaterials with Professor engineering and regeneration that combines Terry Tetley (Royal Brompton Hospital) as research skills at the interface of biology, Principal Investigator and Mary and Alexandra chemistry, engineering and pharmaceutical (Materials), Dr Milo SP Shaffer (Chemistry) and sciences’. Her research has received considerable Professor Fan Chung (Royal Brompton Hospital) media attention and recognition including a as Co-Investigators and a Natural Environment number two ranking in the Top 10 UK scientists Research Council (NERC) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) award to fund a joint proposal between Imperial, the Royal Brompton Hospital and Rutgers University. The project entitled Risk assessment for manufactured nanoparticles used in consumer products (RAMNUC), valued at ~£1.1 million, is being led by Professor Fan Chung (Royal Brompton Hospital), with Mary and Alexandra (Imperial), Professor Terry Tetley (Royal Brompton Hospital) as Co-Investigators. In addition, Alexandra, was awarded an ERC starting grant valued at €1.25 million for a project entitled The targeting potential of carbon nanotubes at the blood brain barrier.
36 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 37 Western Reserve University, USA) was funded. The years. These scholarships Soc. Rev. 37[8]:1568-78, the broad field of materials research grant, valued at £228,914, will fund the provide financial support to 2008), was selected by science, engineering and project Quantum mechanics of dislocations and high-calibre students who are Essential Science IndicatorsSM technology, including grain boundaries in alumina. engaged in master’s or doctoral from Thomson Reuters as promotion of their subject on a programs in the natural the most-cited paper in the national or international basis. sciences or engineering. In research area of Chemistry. Imperial Junior addition, Hokwon was awarded In addition, Alan was made Professor Robin W Grimes and Research Fellowship an Imperial College Trust travel Fellow of The American Ceramic Dr Bill Nuttall (University of awards grant (valued at £500) to fund Society. Recognition of this Cambridge) outlined a 20-year his attendance at IEEE Nano achievement was given at the master plan for the global Dr Cecilia Mattevi (top 2010 in Ilsan, South Korea, ACerS Honors and Awards renaissance of nuclear energy. left), Research Associate 17–20 August 2010. Banquet at the 112th Annual The research was published working with Professor meeting in Houston, Texas, in the journal Science. Robin Manish Chhowalla, and USA, October 2010. also continues his role as our Dr Fang Xie (bottom Shakiba wins Fluor media star and was interviewed left), Research Associate Robert L Coble Award for Dr Julian R Corporation by freelance film makers for working with Dr Jason Professor Manish Chhowalla scholarship was awarded a Leverhulme an independent documentary Jones Riley, Professor Neil Trust Grant valued at £132k for project exploring the issue of Dr Julian R Jones (above right) was awarded the Alford and Dr Mary P Shakiba Kaveh two years starting May 2010 to nuclear energy in the UK. In 2010 Robert L Coble Award for Young Scholars Ryan, were awarded (fourth year MEng students) fund a project entitled Large addition, Robin was awarded by The American Ceramics Society. The award highly competitive was awarded a final year area electronics with solution the IOM3 Griffith Medal and recognizes an outstanding scientist (under the age Imperial Junior Research Fellowships. In addition, scholarship (£2,000) from processed chemically derived Prize 2010. of 35) who is conducting research in academia, a paper entitled Structural evolution during the Fluor Corporation, (one of the graphene. in industry or at a government-funded laboratory. reduction of chemically derived graphene oxide world’s largest publicly-owned This award honours the late Professor Coble, by A Bagri, Dr Cecilia Mattevi, M Acik, Y Chabal, engineering, procurement, Dr Peter D Haynes was whose lifelong mission was to enhance the Professor Manish Chhowalla, V B Shenoy was construction, maintenance A paper by Dr David Dye and Dr awarded the Institute of achievement and advancement of young ceramic accepted for publication in Nature Chemistry. and project management Russell Talling (with co-authors Physics Maxwell Medal and scientists. Julian received the award at the 112th companies). She is one of six in IMR, China and Tohoku, Prize 2010 for his work on Annual Meeting of The American Ceramics Society Imperial engineering students, Japan) based on work at the linear-scaling methods for Image Chosen for in Houston, Texas in October 2010. In addition, who have received such a ESRF in Grenoble is one of large-scale first-principles Julian was appointed Visiting Professor at the Nano Letters cover bursary. the Top 25 ‘Hottest’ articles in simulation of materials based Acta Materialia for April–June on density-functional theory, in Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan for the A 3D schematic of a novel 2010. The work investigates the particular his leading role in the period 2010–14. enzyme assay created The Department mechanics of the superelastic development of the ONETEP by Dr Morgan Mager would also like to phase transformations code used in both academe (Research Associate Landmark paper by recognise the following exploited by low modulus and industry. In addition, working with Professor Molly M Stevens) and biocompatible beta titanium Peter was elected Fellow of Professor Mike W Daniel Aili (Linkoping University, Sweden), was achievements: alloys being developed for the Institute of Physics and his Finnis chosen for the cover of the April 2011 issue of orthopaedic applications. In application to renew his Royal the ACS journal Nano Letters. In addition, an Academic staff A special issue of addition, David was awarded Society University Research article published by Morgan and Daniel entitled Philosophical Magazine An EPSRC proposal submitted the IOM3 Harvey Flower Fellowship for a further three Hybrid nanoparticle liposome detection of (edited by Graeme − by Professors Neil M Alford Titanium Prize 2010. The years, was successful. phospholipase activity was highlighted in the Ackland, Vasek Vitek and Adrian Sutton) was (PI) and David W McComb prize is awarded annually Editor’s Choice section of the journal Science and published to mark a landmark publication in 1984 (Co-Investigator), was funded. to a materials engineer for was also featured in a News and Views piece in Dr Sandrine EM Heutz was by Professor Mike W Finnis (above, right) and The project (joint with UCL) contributions to titanium the journal Nature Chemistry. promoted to Senior Lecturer, Professor Jim Sinclair. The paper dramatically is entitled Nano-scale SQUID metallurgy, alloy development, from 1 October 2010. changed the world of simulating transition metals magnetometry of oxide applications and use of at the atomic scale – (Interatomic potentials of heterointerfaces and is valued titanium, performance HoKwon Kim Dr Andrew P Horsfield was the kind they derived are now known as Finnis- at £1.3 million (£565,000 to enhancement and innovations awarded NSERC promoted to Senior Lecturer, Sinclair potentials). Mike and Jim were presented Imperial). in processing. from 1 October 2010. with leather-bound copies of the special issue by scholarship Paul Bristowe, Associate Editor of Philosophical HoKwon Kim (PhD A paper written by Dan Brett Dr Christopher M Gourlay was Professor Bill Lee was Magazine, at a celebration on Wednesday 10 student in the (UCL), Professor Alan Atkinson, awarded the IOM3 Silver Medal elected to The American February. In addition, proposal submitted to Department) was Brandon NP (ESE) and Dr 2010. This prize is awarded Ceramic Society (ACerS) The Leverhulme Trust, led by Mike and Dr Paul awarded a Natural Science and Engineering Stephen J Skinner entitled to a member, under the age Board of Directors which Tangney (Materials), Professor Matthew Foulkes Council of Canada (NSERC) Postgraduate Intermediate temperature of 30, in recognition of an sets policy, approves the (Physics) and Professor Arthur H Heuer (Case Scholarship, valued at $CAD21,000 for three solid oxide fuel cells (Chem. outstanding contribution to budget, makes appointments
38 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 39 to leadership and representative positions, Dr Stephen J Skinner was made Fellow of the Postdoctoral research who have demonstrated combination of academic ability, confers awards, and carries out other important Royal Society of Chemistry. associates academic excellence and personality and leadership skills. matters for the Society. In addition, Bill gave and assistants financial need. In addition, Joe was awarded two keynote lectures during 2010, one at the At the Times Higher Education Awards (THES) the Charles Salter Prize. This 8th India International Refractories Congress Banquet on 15 October 2009, IBE won the 2009 Dr Jingjing Liu won the Best Talk Bai Cui was awarded first prize is awarded for excellence (IRECON 10) and the other at the opening Award for Outstanding Contribution to Innovation prize for his talk Explore the prize for Best Scientific in Metallurgy to a student of the Energy Research Institute @ Nanyang and Technology. This is out of 670 UK Institutions potential of proton transport Content of a Poster at the completing his/her finals in this Technological University (ERI@N) in June 2010. and the only award to Imperial. Professor Molly M in LAMOX ionic conductors at Postgraduate Research Day, subject. the Ceramic Membranes for Bill was also interviewed on the Radio 4 Stevens (Materials) is a joint appointment with IBE. 22 March 2010. Second place Green Chemical Production programme You and Yours on 7 April 2010 went to Jonathan Phillips. Piotr Gryko was awarded a and Clean Power Generation about the UK’s programme for managing Dr Natalie Stingelin was invited to give a keynote JSPS Fellowship to attend a conference in Valencia, Spain, radioactive waste leading to its eventual lecture at the 10th International Conference on Salahud Din was awarded first two month research program 8–10 September 2010. geological disposal. He was invited because Materials Chemistry (MC10) at the University of prize for Best Public Speaker at over the summer of 2010. The of his role as Deputy Chair of the DECC Manchester, 4–7 July 2011. In addition, Natalie was the Postgraduate Research Day, placement was carried out in the Government Committee on Radioactive promoted to Senior Lecturer, from 1 October 2010. Richard Hamilton received an 17 March 2008. Second place Department of Bioengineering Waste Management (CoRWM). award for Best Oral Presentation went to John Dick. in the Riken research institute at the Department of Materials Japan. A paper by David D O’Regan (Cambridge), Dr first Postdoctoral Researcher Professor David W McComb was made Fellow of the Nicholas DM Hine, Mike C Payne (Cambridge) Carolin Ecsy was awarded Symposium on 25 June 2010. Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3). and Dr Arash A Mostofi, was selected as an the Governors’ MEng Prize in Laura Hare (first year Materials Editors’ Suggestion in Physical Review B Rapid Materials. This prize is awarded undergraduate student), was Dr Solveig Felton received awarded a scholarship valued Dr David S McPhail was elected as group Communications. Such papers are those which to an outstanding final year an award for Best Poster at £5,000 by the Ironmongers representative on Institute of Physics’ Group ‘the editors and referees find of particular interest, undergraduate student of the Presentation at the Department Company and the International Co-ordination Committee. The Committee advises importance, or clarity.’ MEng course. of Materials first Postdoctoral Steel Trade Association, to Council on the structure and operation of Divisions Researcher Symposium on 25 support her studies. and Groups, including their creation, merging and An image taken with an aberration-corrected Edward Fitzpatrick (first year June 2010. closure and ensures that the portfolio of groups STEM at the SuperSTEM facility in the UK by Materials undergraduate reflects accurately current and emerging physics Mhairi Gass (University of Liverpool), Dr Alexandra student), was awarded Chun Ann Huang was awarded activities. In addition, David was promoted to E Porter (Materials) and Trevor Douglas (Montana Dr Amy Cruickshank received an Ironmongers Company an Ernest Edward Glorney Reader in Surface Analysis, from 1 October 2010. State University) was used in a feature article an award for Best Poster scholarship to support his Scholarship, valued at £1,000. entitled Surely you’re happy, Mr Feynman! in the Presentation (runner up) at studies. This scholarship is awarded the Department of Materials to a final year undergraduate Dr Arash A Mostofi was promoted to Senior December 2009 issue of Nature Nanotechnology first Postdoctoral Researcher for excellence in the final year Lecturer, from 1 October 2010. ( VOL 4). Benjamin Foss was awarded Symposium on 25 June 2010. examinations in Materials and an Ernest Edward Glorney can be used to study for another Dr Luc J Vandeperre was awarded a Rector’s Scholarship, valued at £1,000. Dr Rongshan Qin was invited to join the Editorial year at the College or to obtain Award for Excellence in Teaching 2010. The award This scholarship is awarded Board of Materials Science and Technology Undergraduate and practical training after leaving. (MST). In addition to this, Rongshan attended celebrates and acknowledges staff who are postgraduate students to a final year undergraduate Wuhan University of Science and Technology considered to have made the most outstanding for excellence in the final year Benoit Illy was awarded the (WUSTECH), Huazhong University of Science contribution to teaching, and who gain Sobhan Abolghasemi was examinations in Materials and Tony Evans Memorial Prize. This & Technology and Wuhan Steel (WISCO) to consistently excellent feedback from students. In awarded first prize for Best can be used to study for another prize is awarded to the best give three invited seminars and was made addition, Luc was made Fellow of the Institute of Poster Design and Layout at the year at the College or to obtain PhD graduate in the Ceramics Visiting Professor at WUSTECH. Rongshan Materials, Minerals and Mining. Postgraduate Research Day, 22 practical training after leaving. Discipline. was awarded a Royal Academy of Engineering March 2010. Second place went equipment grant valued at £9,500 for the Dr Jonathan Weaver’s application for a Royal to Stuart Cook. Julian HS George was awarded purchase of an electropulse generator. Society University Research Fellowship 2010 was the McLean Medal and prize. Ge Jin was awarded one of successful. The aim of the Fellowship is to support Nathan Barber (first year This prize is awarded to the PhD four Armourers’ and Brasiers’ Company Prizes. These prizes are Dr Jason Riley was made Fellow of the Royal researchers at an early stage of their career. John’s undergraduate student), was Graduate with Best Journal Paper. awarded to the undergraduate Society of Chemistry. proposed research is A new materials platform for awarded an Ironmongers students who have completed structuring liquids into complex 3D solids. Company scholarship to support Joe Gleeson was awarded his studies. the best third year design study. The paper Electrophoretic deposition: from The Worshipful Company of traditional ceramics to nanotechnology written Engineers Cadzow Smith Award. Oliver Joris was awarded the by I Corni, Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor Sergey Belyakov was awarded The award encourages business Institute of Materials Prize. This Aldo R Boccaccini was voted as the ‘Hottest’ a Materials Overseas Research enterprise in young engineers prize is awarded to a final year article in J. Euro. Ceram. Soc. during the July- Scholarship (M-ORS). These and is given to a final year undergraduate student in the September 2009 period. scholarships are awarded to engineering undergraduate overseas postgraduate students student who displays a Department of Materials for performance during the whole of
40 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 41 his/her undergraduate course. In Award. The Armourers and Eva McGuire was awarded Gowsihan Poologasundarampillai was awarded Christos Tsitsios was awarded one of two Ronald addition to examination results, Brasiers Company also supported the Don Pashley Memorial the Matthey Prize. This prize is awarded to the best Jock McGregor Prizes. These prizes are awarded to particular attention is given to Nasin’s attendance at the ICOMBT Prize and Medal. This prize is PhD graduate who is an Associate of the Royal the undergraduate students who produce the best character, personality and to conference with a travel grant awarded to the postgraduate School of Mines. second year case study. participation in general College valued at £750. student for the Best Scientific or University activities. Content of a Lecture given at Chedtha Puncreobutr was awarded a Materials Esther Valliant received a Canadian Centennial Stuart Lowe had a proposal the Department of Materials Overseas Research Scholarship (M-ORS). Scholarship for the 2010–11 academic year. Minsung Ko was awarded one accepted to use the facilities at Postgraduate Research Day. These scholarships are awarded to overseas Second place went to Sheng of four Armourers’ and Brasiers’ the Molecular Foundry, Lawrence postgraduate students who have demonstrated Arjoon Vohra was awarded one of two Ronald Jock Yue. In addition, Eva was Company Prizes. These prizes are Berkeley National Laboratory, academic excellence and financial need. McGregor Prizes. These prizes are awarded to the granted an IFSM (International awarded to the undergraduate Berkeley, USA. In order to support undergraduate students who produce the best Federation of Societies for students who have completed his visit, and attendance at the Christopher Reece was awarded the Bessemer second year case study. Microscopy) Scholarship the best third year design study. Bio Nanotech conference (also Medal. This prize is awarded to a final year to attend the International in California), Stuart secured undergraduate student for the Associateship of the Microscopy Congress 17 (IMC17) Clementine Walker was awarded the Peter Pratt Alex Leung was awarded the funding worth £2,000 from the Royal School of Mines for excellence in Metallurgy in Rio de Janeiro in September Memorial Prize. This prize is awarded to the David West Prize. This prize Royal Academy of Engineering and Materials. 2010. The scholarship included undergraduate student from the Department of is awarded to a final year and the Armourers’ and Brasiers’ complimentary registration, hotel Materials who produces the best final year project. undergraduate student for Gauntlet Trust. The research accommodation, complimentary An article, published in The Times (Letters) on excellence in the application of at the Molecular Foundry was access to the welcome reception 20 October 2010 entitled English, possibly; Junsheng Wang was awarded the Constance phase diagrams to the solution carried out between June and and congress banquet and a Buckingham, no, refers to a microscopy done in Fligg Tipper Centenary Memorial Prize. This prize of materials problems in design August. stipend of US$1,000 as well as an 2007 by Rafael Sa and Morgan Wesley on the is awarded to PhD graduate showing the most study or research work in the Advanced Microscopy School. supposed ‘Buckingham’ porcelain vases. This industry and independence in research with Department of Materials. Yanwei Lum was awarded one work revealed that porcelain was manufactured outstanding contributions to Materials Science of two Rolls Royce/Armourers’ in England much earlier than had previously been Sunny Phuah came first place in and Engineering. Shurin Lin was awarded one and Brasiers’ Company First thought. the London stage of the Young of two Rolls Royce/Armourers’ Year Undergraduate Awards. Persons’ Lecture Competition Jing Yang was awarded the Governors’ BEng and Brasiers’ Company First These prizes are awarded to the on 25 February 2010 for his Thibault Salomon was awarded the Materials Prize in Materials. This prize is awarded to an Year Undergraduate Awards. top two performing first year presentation entitled Corrosion of Student Centenary Prize. This prize is awarded outstanding student in the final undergraduate These prizes are awarded to the undergraduate students. spent advance gas reactor (AGR) to the forth year undergraduate student who year of the BEng course. top two performing first year fuel cladding in trace electrolyte is adjudged to have completed the best MEng undergraduate students. Joseph MacDonald was awarded environments. placement project. one of four Armourers’ and Sadegh Yazdi was awarded first prize for Industrial Relevance at the Postgraduate Research Day, Melchior Lorin was awarded Brasiers’ Company Prizes. Fatemeh Pishbin was awarded Ieuan Seymour was awarded the Morgan 17 March 2008. Second place went to Sobhan the Thomas Young Centre These prizes are awarded to the a Trust of the Journal of the Advanced Ceramics Undergraduate Prize. This Abolghasemi. Mathematics Prize. This prize undergraduate students who European Ceramic Society prize is awarded to the best overall second year is awarded to the second year have completed the best third Grant valued at €500 as well undergraduate student in the Department of undergraduate student achieving year design study. An image of three-dimensionally ordered porous as an Armourers and Brasiers’ Materials. the highest overall mark in the silver from an article entitled Controlling the Travel Grant to attend the Mathematics and Computing Oliver Mahony was awarded an electrodeposition of mesoporous metals for 4th International Conference The review article Electrophoretic deposition Course (MSE.201). EPSRC PhD Plus Award, which nanoplasmonics by Rong Zhu was selected for the on Shaping of Advanced of carbon nanotube – ceramic nanocomposites covers his post-doctoral salary December front cover of the new RSC nanoscience Ceramics held in Madrid on written by Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (Visiting for 12 months to increase the journal Nanoscale. Nasrin Lotfibakhshaiesh received 16–18 November 2009. At the Professor) with Johann Cho, Tayyab Subhani, C impact of his novel PhD research an award from the European conference, Fatemeh won the Kaya and F Kaya as co-authors, was voted as the in silica/gelatin hybrid scaffolds Science Foundation to cover costs second prize in the Student fourth ‘Hottest’ article in J. European Ceramic for tissue engineering. associated with her attendance Contest for her poster/short oral Society during the period July to September 2009. at the ESF-UB Conference on presentation entitled Progress Nanomedicine. In addition, Nasrin Park Maneepairoj was awarded in the electrophoretic deposition Pinyuan Tian was awarded a Materials Overseas received funds from The Royal one of four Armourers’ and (EPD) of bioactive glass and Research Scholarship (M-ORS). These scholarships Academy of Engineering valued Brasiers’ Company Prizes. bioactive glass-biopolymer are awarded to overseas postgraduate students at £300 to fund her attendance These prizes are awarded to the composite coatings. In addition who have demonstrated academic excellence and at TERMIS-EU meeting 2010 undergraduate students who to this, her paper was selected financial need. in Galway, Ireland. At that have completed the best third for publication in a special issue conference, Nasrin’s abstract year design study. related to the Conference to be entitled Bioactive glass coatings published in the J. European and bone tissue engineering Ceramic Society. was selected for a Best Abstracts
42 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 43 Undergraduate students
The Department of Materials has a reputation for excellence in undergraduate teaching. Over the past three years analysis by newspapers (The Times, The Guardian, The Independent and The Telegraph) have consistently placed the Department in the top three for teaching of the discipline. The Department continues to attract the best students, the 2009–10 students having the best A level results of any intake, and produce highly motivated, skilled, employable graduates.
The undergraduate course is led by the In the past year the teaching committee has Director of Undergraduate Studies (DUGS) with undertaken a major review of the undergraduate the assistance of the Senior Tutor, Teaching teaching laboratory experience. To ensure that Committee and Teaching Office. The Senior Tutor the students gain the practical skills required and is responsible for monitoring student progression that the laboratory experience re-enforces the and welfare. The Teaching Committee oversees concepts introduced in lectures, new experiments developments in course structure, admissions have been commissioned. It is anticipated policy and educational strategy, whilst the that over the next few years equipment will Teaching Office manages all aspects of course be obtained to improve the students’ practical delivery and student applications. experience. In addition the teaching committee have taken steps to improve the quality and The following staff help deliver the high quality timeliness of feedback to students, a college courses: wide ambition, and continued to monitor the progress of the new MEng course in Materials and Teaching Committee Nuclear Engineering from which the first cohort of Dr Jason Riley » DUGS students graduated in summer 2010.
Dr Stephen J Skinner » Admissions Tutor
Dr Sandrine EM Heutz » Assistant Admissions Tutor Undergraduate courses
Dr Barbara A Shollock » First Year Co-ordinator The Department of Materials offers a number of honours degree courses: Dr Alexandra E Porter » Third Year Co-ordinator • 3-year BEng in Materials Science and Dr Barbara A Shollock » Aerospace Materials Engineering and BEng Materials with Dr Mark R Wenman » Nuclear Materials Management and 4-year BEng with a Year Abroad in Materials Science and Engineering Dr David Dye » Examinations Officer
Dr Luc J Vandeperre » Senior Tutor • 4-year MEng courses in Materials Science and Engineering, Biomaterials and Tissue Dr Sandrine EM Heutz » Assistant Admissions Tutor Engineering, Nuclear Materials and Aerospace Dr Barbara A Shollock » First Year Co-ordinator Materials
Dr Mary P Ryan » Second Year Co-ordinator The courses cover a wide range of materials science, engineering and technology and are Dr Arash A Mostofi » Fourth Year Co-ordinator taught by a combination of lectures, laboratories, Dr Julian R Jones » Biomaterials tutorials and project work. The annual intake of Dr Christopher M Gourlay » Placement and Careers Officer ~80 undergraduate materials students (the largest in Europe) shares a common syllabus in the first two years. In the third and fourth year students Teaching Office are offered a wide range of electives within the Manager » Ms Fiona J Thomson Department covering topics such as ceramics, polymers, metals, composites, nanomaterials, Administrative Assistant » Ms Emma J Warriss nuclear materials and electrical materials. Fourth year students are also now able to select an option from a wide selection of courses offered throughout the Faculty of Engineering. In the Spring and Summer terms of the second year, students conduct a group case study where each
44 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 45 group is assigned an artefact (i.e. a kettle, toaster, Sources of support for undergraduates Katerina Atoms to Aircraft in composite materials analysis and testing Purdue University, USA golf club, etc.) and is expected to dismantle it, Christofidou assess the design and function of the individual Various funds are available to students to support Tobias Clarke AWE, UK components, and then conduct tests to identify their studies. The following students received the material and production method used. In assistance in the 2009–10 period: Toby Davis Evaluating the high temperature performance of Rolls-Royce Plc.,UK polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) spring-energised seals the third year students conduct a group design Armourers and Brasiers’ Company and The Harvey study. The project is initiated by a design brief, Flower Undergraduate Scholarship grant to Evgeniy Donchev Practical adhesion of barriers and capping layers to low-k IMEC VZW, Belgium which can be to design a product or process. support students’ travel to summer placements materials using 4-point bending The team of students independently plans how Adam Foley AWE, UK to address the brief; including how to o acquire Student Amount Ge Jin Synthesis of graphene for optoelectronic applications Imperial College London, UK the knowledge needed to carry out the design, Ashton Berry £394 Shuojie Gu Welding metal quality control China Nuclear Power how to organise the work as a team effort and Ruth Birch £183 how progress will be monitored. In addition Engineering Co. Ltd., UK Patrick Burr £749 to technical content the final report should Sajjad Jaffer A machinability study on the surface roughness in end milling of Manipal Institute of contain a business plan for commercialisation Katerina Christofidou £529 discontinuously reinforced aluminium composites Technology (IASTE), India of the design and address IP and QA issues. Sajjad Jaffer £600 Mabel Lew Remnant life deterministic fitness-for-purpose assessment Wood Group Integrity The MEng students spend the summer between Daniel Price £757 methodology for subsea pipelines Management, UK their third and fourth year on placement before returning to join one of the research groups Bartosz Polomski £539 Zhen Ling Low temperature assessment of materials in oil and gas Shell UK Limited, UK applications to carry out an individual project conducted Anwar Sufi £757 over both the Autumn and Spring terms. Alistair Owen The synthesis and characterisation of silicon-doped boron carbide Imperial College London, UK Yi Wang £1,000 nanowires The Department also provides teaching to other College Departments. Courses in Biomaterials Shanika Pathirane Corrosion study of a combined cycle power station West Coast Power (Pvt) Ltd., Sri Lanka are offered to students in the School of Medicine Armourers and Brasiers’ Company/AWE bursaries and the Department of Bioengineering and for MEng Materials with Nuclear Engineering Jonathan Peel Toward best corrosion practice British Petroleum, UK Introductory Materials Science and Engineering Lucia Podhorska Silicon dioxide characterisation Aalto University, Finland is taught to first and second year Aeronautical Student Amount Bartosz Polomski Cellulose nanocomposites Purdue University, USA Engineering students. Arjon Vohra £1,000 Luisa Riera Lamela Pressure profile during labelling Procter & Gamble, Belgium Adam Foley £1,000 Carlos Schuster The influence of thermal conductivity on orientated pore structure Cambridge University, UK in collagen scaffolds using directional freeze-drying process
Industrial experience and work placements Kisharn Field M drilling fluids, losses study BP Exploration Operating Thanalingam Company Ltd., UK
It is a compulsory requirement of the MEng courses that students spend a period of four months Yi Wang Research on epoxy based nanocomposites, National Centre for Beijing, China undertaking an industrial placement between their third and fourth year of study (May–September). Listed Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) below are details of the placements conducted in 2010. The students are required to compile a full report detailing their placement and give a presentation to which their industrial supervisors are invited to attend. Both elements are assessed and count as 10 per Final year undergraduate projects cent of their final year result. Student Title of project Supervisor Student Theme of placement Home institute/company BEng Materials Science and Engineering Ashton Berry Investigating critical mechanisms in grain transport mechanisms Lehigh University, USA Benjamin Foss Development of protocols for the analysis of SIMS mass spectral data Dr David S McPhail of high-temperature ceramics Chun Ann Huang Double perovskites for ITSOFC cathodes Professor John A Kilner Coranda Berry Design and implementation of a test-rig, suitable for allowing Finsbury (Development) Zhi Yang Lim Defect formation in high integrity Al castings for automotive chassis Dr Christopher M Gourlay measurement of internal surfaces on components Limited, UK applications Ruth Birch Glass foams (IASTE) TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany MEng Materials Science and Engineering
Chen Chang Thermal analysis of phase transformation in (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 Dr Christopher M Gourlay Patrick Burr FAE Modelling of cyclic behaviour of P91 steel using a Chaboche Australian Nuclear Science approach and comparison to real-scale experimental test and Technology Organisation Ruskin Constant Fabrication of cantilevers for biosensors Dr Yeong Ah-Soh (ANSTO), Australia Zoe Dobel Effect of crystallographic texture on the micro-mechanism of fatigue Dr David Dye Alvin Chan Surface engineering in tribology Rolls-Royce Plc., UK in Zr alloys Adrian Chiang Processing and casting of cast irons and QA Kai Ming Engineering Co. Carolin Ecsy Future nuclear fuel behaviour/phosphate based nuclear waste Professor Robin W Grimes Ltd., China Alexandru Enica Growth and characterisation of molecular spintronic devices Dr Sandrine EM Heutz Alexander Ford Semi-conductor Q-dot modified electrodes Dr Jason Riley
46 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 47 Postgraduate school
Yasir Gani Modelling the interaction between creep, fatigue and oxidation Professor Trevor C Lindley Typically, there are over 100 postgraduate research students in the Department Joseph Gleeson Defect formation in high integrity Al castings for automotive chassis Dr Christopher M Gourlay of Materials studying for higher degrees. Their research objectives are to study applications and improve the chemical, physical and engineering processes by which materials Benjamin Hanson The effects of soot on engine wear Dr Barbara A Shollock may be produced and improve their understanding of the nature and behaviour of Oliver Joris A new Co-based family of super alloys Dr David Dye the materials. These objectives are supported by world-class facilities in the areas Shakiba Kaveh Mixed conductors for renewable energy systems Professor John A Kilner of transmission and scanning electron microscopy, mechanical testing, electrical Harpal Khaira Bio-functionalised nanoparticles for biosensing Professor Molly M Stevens characterisation, X-ray diffraction and surface characterisation. The broad range Bij-Na Kim SIMS studies on micrometeorites Dr David S McPhail of postgraduate projects available are based around six core themes depending Taek Bo Kim Bioactivity of bone scaffolds Dr Julian R Jones on the type of materials being studied: biomaterials and tissue engineering, Edwella Lee Large-area fabrication of plastic electronic components by wire-bar Dr Natalie Stingelin ceramics and glasses, advanced alloys, nanotechnology and nanoscale coating characterisation, functional materials and theory and simulation of materials. Alex Leung Light alloys for the next generation of aerospace applications Professor Peter D Lee Alankar Lodha The dissolution behaviour of nanostructures in physiological Dr Mary P Ryan MSc in Biomedical Engineering with environments Postgraduate masters courses Biomaterials Yiming Ma Cyclic carbon capture with CaO: mechanisms of capture efficiency Dr Luc J Vandeperre The Department of Materials also contributes The Biomaterials stream focuses on the design degradation to the MSc course in Composite Materials run by the Centre for Composite Materials in the and synthesis of new materials that will be Mathias Mesa Electrochemical deposition of novel fuel cell electrolyte Dr Stephen J Skinner Department of Aeronautics and started new MSc used as implants or prostheses. Key to implant Charles Murdoch Microstructure formation in next generation Pb-free solders Dr Christopher M Gourlay courses in Biomaterials (with the Department development is the understanding of how the Aaron Nunkoosing Use of X-ray microtomography to image cracks in nuclear fuel cladding Dr Mark R Wenman of Bioengineering) and Nuclear Engineering in material design affects biological response. An Autumn 2010. In addition, a new MSc course in example is total joint replacement: understanding Alistair Philpott Formation of ordered macroporous thin films for photovoltaic Dr Martyn A McLachlan materials selection and properties and the applications Advanced Materials Science and Engineering will be offered in October 2011. advantages and disadvantages of their use and Christopher Reece Future nuclear fuel behaviour/phosphate based nuclear waste Professor Robin W Grimes long term effects. Another example is the design Thibault Salomon Surface modification of alloy surfaces for improved oxidation resistance Dr Barbara A Shollock MSc in Nuclear Engineering of temporary templates (scaffolds) that can act as guides for tissue repair and can signal stem Bowen Shen Understanding the mechanism of TiB2 grain refinement in aluminium Dr Andrew P Horsfield The MSc in Nuclear Engineering is a new course cells depending on their surface chemistry and alloys being offered by the Department of Materials to topography. Depending on their design, materials be completed over one year of full time study Omar Shaikh New bioactive glass scaffolds for bone regeneration Dr Julian R Jones can be degradable, can stimulate tissue growth commencing in October 2010. Simranjit Singh Finite element modelling of Luders behaviour in ferritic steels Dr Mark R Wenman at the cellular level and can release drugs at controlled rates. The design of the material is very Saxon Tint Elastic properties of thermal barrier coatings Professor Alan Atkinson The course is aimed at a new generation of engineers with the intention of ensuring they specific to the tissue that is being repaired or the Clementine Walker Electrical characterisation of functional oxide thin films Professor Neil McN Alford are equipped with specific nuclear training to drug being delivered. Techniques for imaging the Tian Wang Fabrication and characterisation of stripped nanorods Dr Jason Riley satisfy the demands of the nuclear industry. The cell-material interactions are also important. Chengbo Xie Mechanical stability of SOFC cathodes Professor Alan Atkinson course will cover all major aspects of the nuclear industry from the design and build of nuclear www.imperial.ac.uk/bioengineering/courses/msc Junjie Xiong Ionic conductivity of ITSOFC electrolyte materials Professor John A Kilner power stations, their operations through to Hui Yan In situ observation of fatigue crack growth Professor Peter D Lee decommissioning and final disposal. The course is a multidisciplinary subject and the core courses are taught by research leaders from the Departments of Materials, Mechanical, Chemical and Earth Science Engineering with expertise unique to the UK from our Reactor Centre staff at the Silwood Park campus who operate the CONSORT test reactor.
www.imperial.ac.uk/materials/courses/msccourses/ mscnuclear
48 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 49 MSc in Advanced Materials Science and Postgraduate Research Day This year, there were a large number of Engineering presentations on biomaterials, indicating that this The Twentieth Postgraduate Research Day took thematic area has now become a core aspect of The MSc in Advanced Materials Science and place on Monday 22 March 2010. This annual the departmental research profile. The standard of Engineering is a course offered by the Department event takes the form of a one-day scientific both the presentations and the posters gets better of Materials to be completed over one year of full meeting with a programme of oral presentations every year; testament to the professionalism of time study commencing in October 2011. interspersed with poster sessions. As part of their the students and their supervisors as well as This MSc is a stand-alone qualification designed postgraduate training, all third year postgraduate to the GSEPS training courses that they attend. to prepare students to solve problems in Materials students are required to make a fifteen-minute Overall the standard was at least that of a Science and Engineering under the exacting oral presentation or present a poster on their professional meeting. At the end of the day, it is a conditions we encounter today. The programme is research, and second year postgraduates are tradition that members of the audience participate broad, covering many aspects of both the science required to present a poster. All members of in judging panels to award prizes for all aspects of materials and engineering applications. It will the Department and collaborating researchers of Postgraduate performance. The prize-giving include course work, projects, exams and original are invited to attend. The audience consists ceremony, which brings together all members of research. of industrial sponsors, members of academic, the Department, makes a very enjoyable ending research, technical and administrative staff, to an excellent day. This year the first prize for www.imperial.ac.uk/materials/courses/msccourses/ and postgraduate and final year undergraduate the Best Scientific Content of a Lecture included mscmaterials students. the Pashley medal. This medal commemorates The aims of the day are: Professor Don Pashley, a former Head of Department, who passed away in May 2009. Mrs Postgraduate research students to train postgraduates in the important • Glenys Pashley, Professor Pashley’s widow, was transferable skills of oral and poster kind enough to attend the day and to present 36 new research students joined us in the 2009– presentation 10 session compared with 44 in the 2008–09 the medal to Eva McGuire. In a short speech, Mrs session, 29 in 2007–08 and 35 in 2006–07. Of the • to inform postgraduates and other members of Pashley indicated how impressed she was with 25 UK/EU entrants, 24 were supported by EPSRC the Department of the wide range of research the quality of the presentations and posters and including three CASE and the other by BBSRC. being carried out in the Department with the rigour of the science therein, which would have pleased Professor Pashley. Of the 11 overseas entrants, one by the National • to inform final year undergraduates of Heart and Lung Institute, one from Nihon Superior, interesting research possibilities in the one from Hydro Aluminium, one from the Thai Department Government, one from Stephen and Anna Hui Sources of support for postgraduate Scholarship, one from the Korea Electric Power research students • to help create a ‘PG community’ co and five were self-financing. The number of applications received in the 2009–10 session was The Department of Materials runs an exclusive 129 compared with 118 in the 2008–09 session, Materials Overseas Research Scholarships 122 in the 2007–08 session and 106 in the (M-ORS) scheme. All PhD applicants to the 2006–07. Department who are eligible are automatically considered for these awards. The two key criteria The following table summarises the information for these awards are outstanding academic record for the past three years: and demonstrable financial need.
Session Postgraduate Recipients in the 2009–10 session: research students* Sergey Belyakov (MPhil/PhD) Chedtha Puncreobutr 2009–10 134 Pinyuan Tian 2008–09 123 2007–08 106 * includes those writing up
50 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 51 Postgraduate Research Day presentations Haiming Lu Investigating bulk and electrical properties of Li2O Student Oral presentations Sutthinum Taebunpakul ICP-MS and ESI orbitrap MS/MS for plant elemental speciation: the need for accurate mass measurement Maria Azevedo Hypoxia-mimicking materials for bone tissue engineering Michael Cecchini Towards using surface enhanced raman spectroscopy for single molecule detection Mohammed Abdul Azeem Transformation pathways in NiTi-based high temperature shape memory alloys Wei Li Cheah Theory and simulation of interfaces Salahud Din Molecular thin films and nanostructures grown by organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) Sadegh Yazdi FIB TEM specimen preparation for quantitative electron holographic of semiconductor Zohaib Malik A solidification approach to correcting for the effect of impurities in fixed points devices Eva McGuire Imaging disease-related protein aggregates inside human cells using a selenium label Joseph Franklin Processing methods for the preparation of model planar hybrid photovoltaics Bo Pang Development and characterization of transparent optomechanical glass matrix composites Angela Goode Correlating EELS spectrum imaging with X-ray microscopy Carrina Turner Effect of doping on the growth of zinc oxide nanostructures John O’Neill Assessment of the validity of ceria as a surrogate for PuO2 Nasrin Lotfibakhshaiesh Strontium-substituted bioactive glass coatings for bone tissue engineering Chin H Phuah Corrosion of grain boundary chromium-depleted 20Cr/25Ni/Nb stainless steel in trace Sheng Yue Non destructive quantification of bioactive scaffolds via X–ray microtomography electrolyte aqueous environments
John Dick Detection of disease associated enzymes by peptide functionalized quantum dots Julio Aguilar Virgen Processing of nanocrystalline nickel thin films via electrodeposition Decheng Meng Development of multifunctional scaffolds for bone tissue engineering with drug delivery Johann Boleininger Synthesis and characterisation of nanostructured metal films and their use as capability substrates for SERS
Khatijah Aisha Yaacob Formation and characterization of the CdSe-TiO2 nanoparticle films by electrophoretic Frederic Aguesse Study of CoFe2O4/BaTiO3 magneto-electric thin films deposition David Gonzalez Arellano New methods for implantation of dopants and formation of oxides Piotr Gryko Small angle X-ray scattering of peptide functionalized gold nanoparticle aggregates Zhenlin Wu Magnetic properties of manganese phthalocyanine thin films for spintronic applications Jessica May Highly aligned poly-γ-glutamic acid scaffolds for musculoskeletal tissue engineering Hannah Nerl Biostability and toxicological potential of carbon nanotubes in cells applications Preetma Soin Simulations of defects in BCC iron using tight binding Student Poster presentations Cathy White Simulating electron transport in carbon nanowires Stefano Angioletti-Uberti Solid liquid interface free energy through metadynamics simulations Liyang Yu Processing of solution-processable pentacene derivatives over large areas – arene/ perfluoroarene interaction Appala Naidu Gandi Martensitic transformation study in shape memory alloys
Sobhan Abolghasemi Flare tips: design, materials and failure Postgraduate Research Day: prizes awarded Pelin Candarlioglu Strontium containing bioactive glass coatings for titanium implants stimulate Title of prize First prize Second prize osteogenesis in vitro Best Scientific Content of a Lecture Eva McGuire Sheng Yue Mathew Hembury Investigation of monolayer-protected metal nanoparticle systems and their biological interactions Best Scientific Content of a Poster Bai Cui Jonathan Phillips Best Public Speaker Salahud Din John Dick Farina Muhamad Electrospinning photocrosslinkable methacrylate monomers for tissue engineering Best Poster Design and Layout Sobhan Abolghasemi Stuart Cook Stuart Lowe Enzyme-responsive quantum dot-peptide conjugates for detection of disease-related biomarkers Industrial Relevance Sadegh Yazdi Sobhan Abolghasemi Esther Valliant Novel bioactive hybrids for bone tissue regeneration
Bai Cui Microstructural evolution during high-temperature oxidation of Ti2AlN and Ti2AlC ceramics Xin Tian Yang Investigating tin diffusion in float glass by an inverse method Jonathan Phillips Synthesis of layered double hydroxides for anion capture and storage Naeem Ur-Rehman Evolution of AlN distribution during processing of AlN doped SiC
Jianye Wang The effect of load and temperature on hardness of ZrB2 based materials Phillipa Newby Introducing therapeutic metal ions into 45S5 bioglass-based scaffolds using molten salt ion exchange
Tayyab Subhani Glass matrix composites containing carbon nanotubes: fabrication and characterisation Fatemehsadat Pishbin Progress in the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of bioactive glass and bioactive glass- biopolymer composite coatings
Ryan Bayliss Structure and redox behaviour in CeNbO4+δ Left to right: Professor Manish Chhowalla presenting Eva McGuire, Salahud Din, Bai Cui, Sobhan Abolghasemi, Manish Chhowalla and Sadegh Yazdi with their award Stuart Cook Ionic conductivity in samarium doped ceria based oxide heterostructures Eleanor Jay Predicted structures of beta-tricalcium phosphate Simon Middleburgh Atomistic simulation of advanced nuclear fuels
52 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 53 Postdoctoral research staff
Typically, there are about 50 postdoctoral research associates and assistants and 10 postdoctoral research fellows engaged in investigations extending over the broad fields of materials science and materials engineering.
The Department of Materials assists in the Postdoctoral Researcher Symposium development of our postdoctoral researchers by encouraging them to take on a number of The first Postdoctoral Researcher Symposium took responsibilities related to both research and place in the Department on 25 June 2010. This teaching, including: writing papers, giving annual event takes the form of a one-day scientific presentations, reviewing publications, mentoring meeting with a programme of oral presentations younger researchers, and assisting with teaching interspersed with poster sessions. The aims of the undergraduates. Additionally, postdoctoral staff day were: may undertake some form of teaching or student • to give the postdocs and other members of the supervision. The Postdoc Development Centre Department an overview of the wide range of at Imperial is also committed to supporting our research being carried out in the Department postdocs by providing a range of courses and to allow the postdocs an opportunity to present development events, a series of publications and • their research and practise the important skills one-to-one coaching. of oral and poster presentation • to give the postdocs the chance to meet each Postdoctoral Research Staff Committee other in an informal setting and exchange experiences This committee is a forum to discuss issues relevant to PDRA researchers in the Department At the end of the day a cheese and wine reception including safety, space, facilities and career was held where awards were presented to development. Committee members include: Richard Hamilton, Dr Solveig Felton and Dr Amy Dr Natalie Stingelin » Chair, Postdoctoral Research Cruickshank for Best Oral Presentation, Best Staff Mentor/Tutor Poster Presentation and Best Poster Presentation (runner up) respectively. Darakshan Khan » Secretary
Dr Claudia Walter and Dr Monica Burriel » Postdoc representatives 1 All research staff
1. Department of Materials Postdoctoral research staff numbers postdoctoral research staff with Dr Natalie The number of postdoctoral research staff is on an Stingelin (front row, far upward trend as the figures in the following table right) indicate. The table summarises the information for 2. Dr Liz Elvidge, the past three years: Dr David McPhail, Dr Amy Cruickshank and Session Postdoctoral research Postdoctoral Dr Natalie Stingelin associates and assistants research fellows 3. Tony Centeno giving a 2 3 2009–10 64 11 presentation 4. Richard Hamilton giving a 2008–09 56 11 presentation 2007–08 49 11 5. Dr Liz Elvidge, Dr David McPhail, Dr Solveig Felton and Dr Natalie Stingelin
4 5
54 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 55 Research and industrial colloquia
Leading experts are invited to present colloquia which cover all the Department’s activities and the aim is to keep talks general to ensure a high level of departmental interest. The Department is greatly indebted for the following talks in 2009–10.
Presenter Title of talk Home institution Dr Irene Guiamatsia A unified approach for predicting damage in Department of Aeronautics, Imperial composite structures College London
Axel van de Walle Ab initio alloy thermodynamics: Computational Engineering and Applied Science tools and methods Division, California Institute of Technology
Haksung Lee Atomic structures of asymmetric tilt grain The University of Tokyo, Japan
boundaries in SrTiO3
Professor John J Biomimetic design of toughened ceramic-polymer Department of Materials Science and Mecholsky, Jr. multi-layer bioactive composites Engineering, University of Florida
Professor Mark Asta Crystal-melt interfaces: insights from atomic-scale Department of Materials Science and simulations Engineering, UC Berkeley, USA
Dr Joshua Edel Detecting DNA translocation events through Senior Lecturer in Micro and an array of solid state nanopores, at the single Nanotechnology, Department of molecule level Chemistry
Dr Will Branford Direct observation of magnetic monopole defects Department of Physics, Imperial in an artificial spin-ice system College London
Dr Aron Cohen Discontinuous nature of the exchange-correlation Department of Chemistry, University functional: the key for strongly correlated systems of Cambridge, UK
Professor Jerzy Berholc Electronic structure and electron transport in North Carolina State University, USA nanoscale systems
Professor Arthur H Heuer Enhanced corrosion resistance of interstitially Department of Materials Science and hardened austenitic stainless steel through Engineering, Case Western Reserve accelerated passive film dissolution University
Dr Thomas Anthopoulos Field-effect transistors based on hybrid Reader in Experimental Solid State semiconducting films Physics, Department of Physics, Imperial College London
Andrei Musienko Finite element modelling: crystal plasticity model MINES ParisTech of SCC
Jason Beaudin First-principles studies of fabrication strategies Department of Physics, University of for electronic devices built from functionalized Montreal nanotubes
Dr Mohamed Mohamed Formability study for hot stamping of AA6082 Department of Mechanical aluminium alloys Engineering, Imperial College London
Professor John J Fractal geometry applied to failure analysis in Department of Materials Science and Mecholsky, Jr. materials Engineering, University of Florida
Professor Richard C Fractography and crack patterns in glass Emeritus and Alton N. Scott Bradt Professor of Engineering, The University of Alabama, USA
Professor Craig Carter Growth and morphological evolution of micellar MIT, USA structures
Professor Hidde H High-sensitivity LEIS: a new tool in the T.U. Eindhoven Brongersma understanding of surface and interface processes in materials science
Professor Jenny Nelson Influence of microsctructure on the performance of Department of Physics, Imperial polymer: fullerene blend solar cells College London
56 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 57 Professor Walter Caseri Inorganic-organic hybrid materials ETH, Zurich Dr Kevin Rosso Simulating solid-state charge transport for Pacific Northwest National Lab, USA advanced materials applications Dr Andy Duff Interatomic Fe-C potential for steel TU Delft Professor Hamish Fraser The development of integrated computational Department of Materials Science and Professor Manish Large area electronics with solution processable Department of Materials, Imperial materials science and engineering for Ti alloys Engineering, Ohio State University Chhowalla chemically derived graphene College London Professor Larry L Hench The future of ceramic technologies; how they Emeritus Professor, Department of Liliang Wang Lighter, stronger and greener: a novel metal forming Department of Mechanical could transform the world Materials, Imperial College London technology for aircraft and automotive panel parts Engineering, Imperial College London Professor Mike Payne The impact of first principles simulations FRS, TCM Group, Cavendish Dr Wei Wu Magnetic interactions in copper-phthalocyanines Department of Chemistry, Imperial Laboratory, Cambridge and manganese phthalocyanines College London Dr Loredana Valenzano Theoretical investigation of metal-organic University of Turin, Italy Dr Ian Pong Materials science related to superconductors for Materials Scientist, Fellow CERN frameworks (MOFs): structures, vibrations, and LHC magnets (European Organisation for Nuclear adsorption properties Research) Dr Martyn A McLachlan Using colloidal crystal templating to engineer Department of Materials, Imperial Dr Jennifer Rupp Microstrain and oxygen ion conductivity of thin Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials three-dimensionally ordered macroporous films College London films Department, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Dr Carlos Avendano Molecular simulation study of liquid crystalline Department of Chemical Engineering, antinematic behaviour of shape-persistent Imperial College London macrocycles
Dr Peter K Petrov Monte Carlo simulation of sputtered atoms Department of Materials, Imperial transport College London
Dr Edo Boek Multiscale simulation of asphaltene aggregation Senior Lecturer, Department of and deposition in capillary flow Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London
Dr Sophia Yaliraki Multiscale dynamics of (bio) molecular networks Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London
Professor Mark Sansom Multiscale simulations of biological membranes University of Oxford, UK Dr Sandrine EM Heutz New properties and characterisation methods for Department of Materials, Imperial molecular nanostructures College London
Dr Cecilia Mattevi Novel optoelectronic properties of graphene oxide Department of Materials, Imperial (GO) College London
Dr Peter K Petrov Novel techniques for deposition of nanoscale, Department of Materials, Imperial ferroelectric thin film multilayer structures for College London microwave application
Dr Stephan Hofmann Nucleation and step-flow kinetics of Si/Ge Department of Engineering, nanowire growth University of Cambridge, UK
Dr Philippe Lacorre On the thermal stability of (La1-xAx)2Mo2O9-δ oxide Université du Maine, France ion conductors (A=alkali, alkaline earth) Professor Erio Tosatti Patting, rubbing, scratching, kicking – in SISSA, ICTP, and CNR-IOM nanoscale theory and simulation Democritos Trieste
Matthias Wuttig Phase change materials: towards a universal RWTH Aachen, University of memory? Technology, Aachen, Germany
Dr Michele Vendruscolo Prediction of folding and misfolding of proteins University of Cambridge, UK from their amino acid sequences
Dr Ruth Martinez-Casado Quantum-mechanical study of He-atom diffraction Department of Chemistry, Imperial from metal-oxide surfaces College London
Professor Emily Carter Quantum simulations of materials at the Department of Mechanical and mesoscale: physics, algorithms, and applications Aerospace Engineering and Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University, USA
Professor Ray F Egerton Radiation damage in metals and polymers Emeritus Professor, Department of Physics, University of Alberta
Dr James Kirkpatrick Simulating charge dynamics in conjugated solids Department of Physics, Imperial College London
58 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 59 Visitors to the Department
During the year the Department had, as usual, a considerable number of visitors, many from overseas, who stayed for varying periods. This evidence of our international reputation is very welcome. The list of visitors below, is by no means complete but gives some indication of the range of our interactions, both nationally and internationally.
Dr Frank Abdi » CEO, Alpha STAR Corporation, USA Dr Julie Christodoulou » Director, Naval Materials Division, Office of Naval Research, Arlington, Virginia, Dr Marie-Laure Abel » University of Surrey, UK USA Dr Jérémie Abou » Imerys Innovation, France Dr Mike Cinibulk » USAF Research Labs, USA Dr SK Ajmani » Head of Steel and Casting Research Dr Emma Claxton » Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems Group at Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, India Dr Bill Clegg » University of Cambridge, UK Ben Anderson » Sim-Cast Ltd, Derby, UK Dr Janis Cocking » Chief, Maritime Platforms Division, Professor Mark Asta » Department of Materials Science Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Australia and Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, USA Dr Patrick Conor » Director Applied Vehicle Systems, Dr PK Banerjee » Head of Raw Material and Ironmaking Defence Technology Agency, New Zealand Group at Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, India Dr Gwenael Corbel » Unversite du Maine, Le Mans, France Hector Basoalto » University of Strathclyde, UK Dr Neil Curson » UCL, UK Dr Christopher Bayley » Defence Research and Development Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Dr Paul Curtis » Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, UK Dr John H Beatty » Senior Programme Leader, Army Research Laboratory (ARL), Aberdeen, Maryland, USA Dr Sumitesh Das » Head of R&D at Tata Steel, India
Professor Jerzy Bernholc » Center for High Performance Professor Dago de Leeuw » Philips Research, Eindhoven, Simulation, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, The Netherlands North Carolina, USA Dr Andrew Dove » University of Warwick, UK Professor Dick Bradt » Alton N Scott Professor Emeritus, Professor Georg N Duda » Julius Wolff Institute and University of Alabama, USA Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany Jeff Brooks » University of Strathclyde, UK Dr Greg Exarhos » Leader of the Materials Sciences Professor Hidde Brongersma » Calypso BV, Holland group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA Pete Brown » Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL), UK Dr Didier Farrugia » Tata Steel Research
Dr Ed Butcher » National Nuclear Laboratory, UK Dr Paul Findlay » Hydra Polymers Ltd., MerseyBio, Liverpool, UK Professor Craig Carter » Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA Mike Fish » Executive Director, Research and Development, Element 6, South Africa Professor Emily Carter » Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, New Jersey, Mike Fitzpatrick » OU, UK USA Dr Jaime Franco » Keramat, Santiago de Compostela, Professor Walter Caseri » Swiss Federal Institute of Spain Technology (ETH) Zurich, Switzerland Ms Esther Garcia-Tuñon » University of Santiago de Professor Purushottam Chakraborty » Saha Institute, Compostela, Spain India Dr Bruce Garrett » Leader of the Chemical and Material Dr Mei Chandler » US Army Engineers, ERDC, USA Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA George Chen » University of Nottingham, UK Dr Steve Grant » US Army Engineers ERDC, USA Professor Jerome Chevalier » INSA, Lyon, France Dr Donald Gubser » Office of Naval Research, Tzie Chien » NTU, Singapore Washington, USA Professor Kuo-Chih Chou » Academician of The Chinese Mark Hardy » Rolls-Royce, Derby, UK Academy of Sciences, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Shanghai University, China
60 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 61 Professor Martin Harmer » Director, Center for Advanced Professor Steve Rannard » University of Liverpool and Emanuele Speciale » Universite of Pavia, Italy Materials and Nanotechnology, Lehigh University, USA Iota NanoSolutions Ltd., MerseyBio, Liverpool, UK Howard Stone » University of Cambridge, UK Professor Sue Harrison » HoD Chemical Engineering, Professor Dr-Ing Jürgen Rödel » Head of Nonmetallic Dr Marta Suarez » CINN-CSIC, Oviedo, Spain University of Cape Town, South Africa – Inorganic Materials section, Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany Dr Naoki Sugimoto » Asahi Glass Company, Japan Dr Randall Hay » Research Group Leader, Ceramics AFRL/ RXLN, USA Dr Kevin Rosso » Associate Director of the Chemical and Dr Vilas Tathavadkar Head » Ferroalloys Department Material Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Group at Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, India Dr Andrew Hector » School of Chemistry, University of Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA Southampton, UK Dr Naruaki Tomita » Asahi Glass Company, Japan Professor Concepció Rovira Angulo » Institut de Ciència Professor Larry Hench » University of Florida, USA Miss Min NahTong » University of Loughborough, UK de Materials de Barcelona (CSIC), Cerdanyola, Spain Professor Julian Henderson » Nottingham University Professor Erio Tosatti » International Centre for David Rugg » Rolls-Royce, Derby, UK (Archaeology), UK Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy Professor Garry Rumbles » U.S. DOE National Renewable Professor Arthur H Heuer » Case Western Reserve Dr Himansu Sekhar Tripathi » Scientist, Refractories Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, USA University, USA Division, Central Glass and Ceramics Institute, India Laura Russo » Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dr Yasuharu Hirabara » Asahi Glass Company, Japan Dr Michele Vendruscolo » Department of Chemistry, Italy University of Cambridge, UK Dr Sharif Hussein » Universiti Sains Malaysia Professor Mark Samson » Department of Biochemistry, Professor Malcolm Ward-Close » QinetiQ, UK Dr Sylvia Johnson » Branch Chief, Thermal Protection University of Oxford, UK Materials and Systems, NASA Ames Research Lab, USA Dr John Walker » NDS Ltd., UK Dr Ana Estíbaliz Sánchez-Gonzalez » University of Dr Eric Jones » Stryker, Ireland Extremadura, Spain Professor John Watts » University of Surrey, UK
Professor Richard Jones » Defence Science and Dr George Schmitt » US Air Force, Dayton, Ohio, USA John Webster » Rolls-Royce, Derby, UK Technology Laboratory (DSTL), Porton Down, UK Professor Jack Mecholsky » University of Florida, Dr Debbie Seng » IMRE Singapore Professor Andrew Wee » Dean of Science, NUS, Dr Jaeho Jun » Research Institute of Industrial Science Gainsville, USA Singapore Dr Mike Sennett » Chief Scientist, USAITC-A, USA and Technology (RIST) Korea Professor Nicholas Melsoh » Materials Science and Dr Robert Welch » US Army Engineers, ERDC, USA Rob Shaw » University of Cambridge, UK Professor Deb Kane » Macquarie University (Physics Engineering, Stanford University, California, USA Dr Charles Welch » US Army Corps of Engineers, Department), Australia Dr Michael Shin » Orteq Ltd., London, UK Mr Jonathan Miller » Air Force Research Laboratory, USA Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA Dr Toshihiro Kasuga, Director of Ceramics Research and Dr Lewis Sloter » Associate Director, Materials and Dr Christopher Mitchell » University of Ulster, UK Professor Roger Whatmore » Tyndall National Institute, Education, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan Structures, Defence Research and Engineering, Cork, Ireland Professor Dr Mohd Hamdi Bin Abd ShukorHamdi » Dean Washington, USA Dr James Kennedy » Defence Research and Development of Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya Dr Mia Woodruff » Institute of Health and Biomedical Canada, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Mr Lee Smith » Technical Director, Forging Division, Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Dr Roy Moobola » Rolls Royce Fuel Cell Systems Doncasters Ltd., UK Chew Kean Khoon » Universiti Sains Malaysia Queensland, Australia Dr Mike Murray » Morgan Technical Ceramics, UK Dr Yeongwoo Kim » Research Institute of Industrial Professor Kaiming Wu » Professor and Executive Director Science and Technology (RIST), Korea Professor Joerg Neugebauer » Max-Planck-Institut, at International Research Institute for Steel Technology, Düsseldorf, Germany Wuhan University of Science and Technology, China Dr Tony Kinsella » Chief Executive, CERAM, UK Ms Noriko Nishina » Graduate Student, Nagoya Institute Dr Rudder Wu » NIMS, Japan Professor Matt Krane » Purdue University, USA of Technology, Japan Dr Eric Wuchina » Office of Naval Research, USA Dr Philippe Lacorre » Unversite du Maine, Le Mans, Dr Akiko Obata » Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan France Dr Nikolai Yakovlev » IMRE Singapore Edward Obbard » IMR, China Professor Seung-Wuk Lee » Bioengineering, University of Dr Bilge Yilditz » Department of Nuclear Engineering, California, Berkeley, USA Serdar Ozbayraktar » Head, Diamond Research MIT, Cambridge, USA Laboratory, Element 6, South Africa Dr Florence Lefebvre-Joud » CEA Grenoble, France Dr Eugenio Zapata-Solvas » Researcher, University of Dr Tap Parthasarathy » USAF Research Labs, USA Seville, Spain Dr Sivaldo Leite Correia » State University of Santa Catarina, Brazil State University of Santa Catarina, Brazil Dr Juan Pena Martinez » PCYTA, UCLM, Albacete, Spain Dr Qi Zhang » Materials Department, Cranfield University, UK Dr Zainovia Lockman » Universiti Sains Malaysia Professor Juan Jose Pavón Palacio » Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia Dr Zhu Zhang »Principal Technical Specialist, Doncasters Dr Sonia Lopez Esteban » CSIC, Oviedo, Spain Professor Mike Payne FRS » Department of Physics, Ltd., UK Matt Lunt » DSTL, UK University of Cambridge, UK
Amarjit Mahal » Sim-Cast Ltd, Derby, UK Dr John Peters, US Army Engineers » ERDC, USA
Dr Ade Makinde » GE Global Research Centre, USA Cathie Rae » University of Cambridge, UK
Professor George Malliaras » Centre Microélectronique Dr Vee Rajendran » Centre for Nano Science and de Provence, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Technology, K S R Kalvi Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India Saint Etienne, Gardanne, France
62 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 63 Out and about
A key part of research is presenting results to our peers in the UK and further afield. Listed here are details of talks given at national and international conferences.
Academic staff Professor Alan Atkinson Micromechanics in aerospace alloys Constrained sintering of Professor Neil McN Alford Invited talk zirconia films Rolls-Royce – USAF meeting, The quest for Q–dielectric loss, Invited lecture Indianapolis, IN, USA grain boundaries and new SOFCXI, Vienna, Austria 10–11 January 2010 super-Q structures 5–9 October 2009 Hume-Rothery Memorial Compositional effects on the Lecture 2009 Transport in Co-based materials superelasticity of gum metal Department of Materials, for fuel cells and oxygen Oral presentation University of Oxford, UK separation membranes TMS Annual meeting, Seattle, 13 October 2009 Invited lecture WA, USA MS&T, Pittsburgh, USA 28 February–3 March 2010 Middle East – research and 26–29 October 2009 education engagement Transformation pathways in Invited talk The UK SuperGen fuel cell NiTi based high temperature Royal Academy of Engineering consortium project shape memory alloys Conference on Engagement Plenary lecture Oral presentation with the Middle East, 4th National Congress on Fuel TMS Annual meeting, Seattle, London, UK Cells, Seville, Spain WA, USA 15 October 2009 16–18 June 2010 28 February–3 March 2010
Low loss dielectric structures Solid oxide fuel cell anodes Co-base alloys strengthened Invited talk Workshop by an ordered intermetallic: Queen Mary’s College, UK SOFC Summer School, prospects and some initial 14 April 2010 Thessaloniki, Greece observations 30 August–2 September 2010 Invited talk Microwave dielectric loss Rolls-Royce nickel discs Invited talk Solid oxide fuel cell cathodes workshop, Derby, UK School of Engineering, Workshop 21 May 2010 University of Surrey, UK SOFC Summer School 6 May 2010 Thessaloniki, Greece 30 August–2 September 2010 Dr Finn Giuliani Dielectric loss, grain boundaries and new super-Q Understanding reverse structures plasticity in multilayer ceramics Dr David Dye Invited lecture Oral presentation Microwave Materials and their Creep modelling and internal Materials Science and Applications conference (MMA), strain evolution in single crystal Technology Conference, Warsaw, Poland superalloy Pittsburgh, PA, USA September 2010 Invited talk 25–29 October 2009 CMSX-4. Gas turbines: high temperature coatings and High temperature deformation life extension, IOM3 meeting, of transition metal nitride London, UK coatings 9–10 December 2009 Oral presentation ICMCTF, San Diego, USA 26–30 April 2010
64 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 65 Dr Christopher M Gourlay In-situ observation of granular ONETEP: linear-scaling DFT Glass bones, tough scaffolds Discovering new materials for deformation in globular semi- with local orbitals and plane and tissue engineering SOFC’s Phase equilibria and solid alloys waves Invited talk NIMS-MANA Workshop Hakone, solidification in Sn-rich Cu-Ni- Oral presentation Invited lecture Universita degli Studi di Milano- Japan Sn alloys 11th International Conference International Symposium Bicocca, Milan, Italy 24–26 March 2010 Invited talk on Semi-Solid Processing of Electronic Structure 9 July 2010 Working Group Meeting, COST of Alloys and Composites Calculations, Tokyo, Japan Thin oxide films and Action MP0602 ‘Advanced (S2P2010), Beijing, China 7–9 December 2009 Nanostructured bioactive heterostructures for application Solder Materials for High 16–18 September 2010 hybrid scaffolds: toughness, in SOFC’s Temperature Application’, Optimized local orbitals degradation and stem cell Genoa, Italy Invited lecture from linear-scaling density- response Symposium O MRS Spring 23–24 November 2009 functional theory calculations Professor Robin W Grimes Keynote lecture Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Oral presentation USA Time resolved X-ray imaging of Atomic scale processes in UN American Physical Society 23rd European Conference on 5–9 April 2010 deformation in partially-solid and the accommodation of March Meeting, Portland, USA Biomaterials, Tampere, Finland equiaxed alloys nonstoichiometry – differences 15–19 March 2010 11–15 September 2010 Oxide ion transport in complex Invited presentation to UO2 oxides 2nd International Symposium Invited talk Linear-scaling density- on Cutting Edge of Computer Bioactive glass and hybrid Invited lecture The Westinghouse expert functional theory with the Simulation of Solidification and Dr Julian R Jones scaffolds for bone regeneration Symposium O E-MRS Spring meeting, Stora Brannbo, ONETEP code Casting (CSSC2010), Sapporo, Keynote lecture Meeting 2010, Strasbourg, Sweden Bioactive scaffolds and their 3D Japan Invited lecture International Congress on France 9 October 2009 Psi-k Conference, Berlin, characterisation 3–5 February 2010 Glass, Bahia, Brazil 7–11 June 2010 Germany Invited talk Nuclear non-proliferation: 20–24 September 2010 12–16 September 2010 Nagoya Institute of Technology, Oxygen transport in materials Time resolved X-ray imaging of linking energy and climate Japan for SOFC’s deformation in partially-solid challenges Invited Seminar equiaxed alloys Presentation 16 December 2009 Professor John A Kilner Dr Andrew P Horsfield Paul Scherrer Institute, Invited presentation Imperial College Business Inorganic/organic hybrid New materials for solid oxide Switzerland International workshop on School, London, UK Investigation of a nanowire scaffolds for vascularized bone fuel cells 29 June 2010 X-ray imaging of solidification 14 October 2009 electronic nose by computer regeneration Invited lecture of metallic materials, SPring-8 simulation synchrotron, Hyogo, Japan Invited talk Workshop on Solid Oxide Fuel Materials for next generation How modelling and simulation Invited seminar 34th International Conference Cells: Materials and Technology, SOFC’s 8 February 2010 helps address nuclear fuels Window on Science, Wright- and Exposition on Advanced PCYTA, UCLM, Albacete, Spain Invited lecture challenges Patterson USAF base, Dayton, Ceramics and Composites, 18–20 November 2009 9th European Fuel Cell Forum, Solidification and phase Invited talk OH, USA Daytona Beach, Florida, USA Lucerne, Switzerland Equilibria of Sn-Cu-Ni lead-free Cocoa Beach Energy Meeting 4 December 2009 Understanding the next solders Florida, USA 23–29 January 2010 30 June–2 July 2010 generation of SOFC materials Invited seminar 21 February 2010 Non-adiabatic molecular Loughborough University, UK Bioactive scaffolds for Invited lecture Discovering new materials for dynamics simulations of bone regeneration and new UK-SE Asia Workshop, SOFC’s 17 March 2010 radiation damage methods for quantifying their Bangkok, Thailand Discussion leader Dr Peter D Haynes Invited talk hierarchical pore structure 24–26 February 2010 Gordon Conference on High Direct observation of CECAM workshop on Materials Keynote lecture Temperature Materials, Colby deformation mechanisms in ONETEP: linear-scaling DFT Modelling in Nuclear Energy Functional Materials Structure and nanostructure: College, Maine, USA partially-solid alloys with local orbitals and plane Environments: State of the Art, for Healthcare, the 21st layered materials for low Invited lecture waves Zurich, Switzerland 19–23 July 2010 Symposium of the Finnish temperature SOFC’s FEMS Lecturer Session, Invited lecture 26–29 April 2010 Junior EUROMAT, Lausanne, Computational Materials Society of Physical Pharmacy, Invited lecture Defect chemistry of perovskite Switzerland Science Group Annual Meeting, Turku, Finland MANA International materials Symposium, Tsukuba, Japan 26–29 July 2010 Daresbury Laboratory, 28 January 2010 Plenary lecture Daresbury, UK 2–4 March 2010 Ceramic Membranes for Green 4–5 November 2009 Chemical Production and Power Generation, Spain 8–10 September 2010
66 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 67 Professor Bill Lee Refractories: microstructures, Ceramic opportunities in the Can we bridge the scales to Hybrid photovoltaic The application of ultra-high corrosion mechanisms and nuclear industry predict aerospace component heterostructures: resolution surface analysis Status of the UK’s geological lifetime extension Invited lecture lifing as a function of understanding planar systems techniques to the study of glass disposal programme Industrial workshop Morgan Technical Ceramics, microstructural defects? and developing nanostructured corrosion processes Invited lecture Tata Steel, Jamshedpur, India Sellafield, Cumbria Invited talk devices Society of Glass Technology 12th International Conference 2–3 February 2010 17 August 2010 Department of Aeronautics, Invited talk SGT 2010 Meeting, Cambridge on Environmental Remediation Imperial College London, UK 2010 Ordos International Forum University, UK and Radioactive Waste UK capability in Importance of solid-liquid 3 March 2010 on Clean Energy and Green Management, Liverpool, UK 10 September 2010 decommissioning and waste interactions in microstructural Economy, Ordos, China 12 October 2009 storage and disposal evolution of ceramics Can in situ observation coupled July 2010 Invited lecture Invited lecture to modelling predict defects? Dr Arash A Mostofi Expert panel discussion UK Showcase on Materials 11th International Conference Invited talk member Technologies for Energy on Ceramic Processing Science Corus Research, Holland Dr David S McPhail Exploiting locality with linear- 12th International Conference Applications, Manchester, UK (ICCPS-11), ETH, Zurich, 18 June 2010 scaling methods Invited lecture on Environmental Remediation Some surface analysis 1–5 March 2010 Switzerland Department of Materials, and Radioactive Waste techniques used in the study of 30 August 2010 Can we bridge the scales to University of Oxford, UK Management, Liverpool, UK glass deterioration The UK nuclear waste scene predict component lifing as 6 November 2009 12 October 2009 Invited talk Invited lecture Correlating corrosion and a function of microstructural Glass Conservation and UK-China Workshop on Nuclear thermal shock in refractories solidification defects? Exploiting locality with linear- Processing and laser melting Restoration: Current Museum Waste Management, Beijing, Invited lecture Invited speaker scaling density-functional of ultra high temperature Matters and Problems, China German Research Foundation The Science of Metals theory ceramics: ZrB , ZrB /SiC and ZrC Ecomusée de l’Avesnois Atelier 2 2 Priority Programme Autumn Processing Symposium, Delft, 11–15 April 2010 Musée du Verre, Trélon, France Invited lecture Keynote lecture School, FIRE Autumn School, The Netherlands Department of Materials Malaysian Institute of Advanced 21–23 October 2009 Storage and disposal of higher Aachen, Germany 11 June 2010 Science and Engineering, Technology Congress at Putra activity wastes 7 September 2010 Massachusetts Institute of World Trade Center, Kuala Applications of SIMS and FIB- Solidification defect prediction Technology, Cambridge, MA, Lumpar, Malaysia Invited lecture SIMS in materials science Nanyang Technological Laser melted UHTC using multiscale modelling USA 3–5 November 2009 Invited talk University, Singapore microstructures Opening keynote speaker 12 February 2010 11th ISMAS-TRICON 2009, Invited lecture Corus – Academia Symposium, Glasses and ceramic 19 April 2010 Hyderabad, India Advanced Ceramics Group, Imperial College London, UK Multiscale modelling and the composites 24–28 November 2009 Infrastructure requirements for University of Bremen, Germany 14–15 July 2010 Centre for Doctoral Training 1-day workshop new nuclear countries 10 September 2010 in Theory and Simulation of Glass and Composites Group, Education ‘San Frontières’ Integrated modelling of Materials Universiti Putra Malaysia, Kuala Invited lecture measuring the impact of the effect of solidification Invited lecture Lumpur, Malaysia Opening of the Energy student and staff exchanges microstructures on final Research Institute at Nanyang Professor Peter D Lee with particular reference to the The Molecular Foundry, 5 November 2009 properties in aluminium alloy Technological University (NTU), UK-Singapore and the UK- Lawrence Berkeley National Modelling slag infiltration and automotive components Singapore Malaysia axes. Going Global 4 Laboratory, Berkeley, California, Ceramics and glass composite solidification in a continuous Keynote speaker USA materials for radwaste 16 June 2010 casting mould Optimising Performance British Council Conference, immobilisation London, UK 8 April 2010 Nuclear energy – a solution for Invited speaker Through Integrated Modelling 1-week course 2nd International Symposium of Microstructure, Cambridge, a small country? 25 March 2010 ONETEP linear-scaling China Institute for Atomic on Cutting Edge of Computer UK Invited lecture DFT: design, development, Energy (CIAE), IAEA Expert Simulation of Solidification and Imperial College Alumni 15–17 September 2010 Application of SIMS in directions Mission, Beijing, China Casting (CSSC2010), Sapporo, materials science using stable Association of Singapore Invited lecture December 7–12 2009 Japan isotope exchange protocols 18 June 2010 The Materials Chemistry 3–5 February 2010 Dr Martyn A McLachlan Invited talk Consortium, University College Challenges and opportunities Laser modified microstructures Biological and Proteomics London, UK for the refractories industry – Understanding emergent Session at the BMSS2010, in ZrB2, ZrB2/SiC and ZrC 7 May 2010 an academic perspective behaviour Cardiff, UK Invited lecture Keynote lecture Session chair University of Erlangen- 8 September 2010 8th International Refractories Center for Nanophase Materials Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany Congress (IRECON 10), Calcutta, Science, annual user meeting 29 June 2010 India September 2010 4–6 February 2010
68 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 69 DFT+U with generalized Organizing Committee Member Green steel processing Dissolutive spreading Novel materials for lower A researchers view of scientific Wannier functions: self- 1st UK-China Steel Forum, Poster presentation Invited talk operating temperature SOFCs publishing consistent projectors and Leicester, UK The Royal Academy of IIB2010 (XIII international Invited talk Invited talk linear-scaling 19–20 July 2010 Engineering Annual Research conference in intergranular UK-SEA Symposium, Bangkok, STM Journal workshop, London, Invited lecture Forum 2010 and interphase boundaries in Thailand UK A Thomas Young Centre Soiree, Manufacturing engineering at 15 September 2010 materials), Mie, Japan February 2010 May 2010 King’s College London, UK Imperial College London 27 June–2 July 2010 22 July 2010 Invited presentation Fuel cells for stationary Advances in novel ionic UK-China Forum on Advanced Dr Jason Riley Hierarchical materials through applications: materials conductors for electrochemical Heterostructured Si/Ge Materials Manufacturing, freezing advances and capabilities applications nanowire thermoelectrics: Shanghai, China Engineering nanomaterials for Invited talk Invited talk Invited talk a first-principles model 14–17 August 2010 light harvesting Solidification of Colloidal UKTI Materials Technologies 12th International Ceramics Hamiltonian approach Seminar Suspensions, Avignon (France) for energy Applications, Congress, Italy Invited lecture Electrical current metallurgy University of Leicester, UK 6-8 September 2010 Manchester, UK June 2010 Psi–k Conference 2010, Berlin, Invited lecture 10 November 2009 March 2010 Germany Wuhan University of Science Bio-inspired hybrid composites 12–16 September 2010 and Technology, Wuhan, China Q-dots for efficient light with complex hierarchical 12 April 2010 harvesting in solar cells structures Oral presentation Plenary talk Dr Alexandra E Porter Electrical current metallurgy MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, USA 11th International Symposium Invited lecture 30 November–4 December on Multiscale, Multifunctional Imaging the cellular uptake of Wuhan Steel Ltd, Wuhan, China 2009 and Functionally Graded multi-walled carbon nanotubes Materials, Guimaraes, Portugal using 3D Electron tomography 12 April 2010 Professor Eduardo Saiz 26–29 September 2010 Invited talk Electrical current metallurgy 11th International Conference Gutierrez on the Science and Application Invited lecture Dr Stephen J Skinner of Nanotubes, Montreal, Huazhong University of Science Tissue engineering scaffolds and Technology, Wuhan, China Canada Invited talk Fuel cell technology 13 April 2010 27 June–2 July 2010 AADR 2nd Fall Focused Invited talk Symposium: Tissue Engineering University of Uppsala, Sweden Interactions of carbon Supercooled simultaneous of Craniofacial and Oral Tissues, 14–16 October 2009 nanotubes with target composite casting San Francisco, USA epithelial and macrophage cells Invited lecture 5–6 November 2009 New materials advances for Wuhan University of Science Invited talk solid oxide fuel cells European Respiratory Society and Technology, Wuhan, China Nuevas tendencias y conceptos Invited talk Annual Congress, Barcelona, 13 April 2010 en el diseño de biomateriales University of Science and Spain para regeneración Technology, Beijing, China 18–22 September 2010 Application of electropulsing in Invited talk October 2009 tailoring the microstructure of Osteocite – Worshop sobre Cellular uptake of bioceramic pearlitic steels Regeneración Ósea, Santiago Novel high conductivity nanoparticles Oral presentation de Compostela, Spain electrochemical gas sensors Invited talk 23 January 2010 1st UK-China Steel Forum, based on La2CuO2 SCERN Meeting on Bioceramics Leicester, UK Invited talk in the UK, London, UK Early stages of dissolutive SCI Gas Sensors Group, 19–20 July 2010 spreading 30 September 2010 London, UK Invited talk Phase-field simulation of December 2009 Triple Lines in Metals and crystal growth during warm Ceramics, Ecole de Physique Dr Rongshan Qin rolling of steels Ionic mobility in novel materials des Houches, France for solid oxide fuel cells: new Local 0rganizer Oral presentation 25–28 May 2010 structural solutions Corus-Academia Symposium, 1st UK-China Steel Forum, Imperial College London, UK Leicester, UK Invited talk Trinity College Dublin, Ireland 14–15 July 2010 19–20 July 2010 February 2010
70 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 71 Bio-inspired materials for Bio-inspired nanomaterials Peptide functionalised NanoMiTE Steering Committee biosensing and regenerative for regenerative medicine and nanoparticles for enzyme Participant medicine biosensing sensing and cell response and NanoMiTE Steering Committee Guest lecture Invited speaker Engineering the cell-material Meeting, London, UK interface for regenerative Institute of Biotechnology, iNANO Conference, Aarhus, 18 June 2010 medicine Cambridge, UK Denmark 20 January 2010 Oral presentation Modulation of cell behaviour 15 October 2010 American Chemical Society Spring through nanoscale architecture Bio-inspired nanomaterials Meeting, San Francisco, USA Bio-inspired materials for Invited speaker for regenerative medicine and 21–25 March 2010 Layered oxides as SOFC New mesoscopic effects in a biosensing and regenerative eCM XI 2010, Davos, Switzerland biosensing cathodes simple old metal medicine 29 June 2010 Guest speaker New strategies for bone Invited talk Invited seminar Guest speaker regeneration using biomaterials Warwick University, UK Innovation board policy dialogue 9th European Solid Oxide Fuel Condensed matter physics Radboud University, Nijmegen, and stem cells cell forum, Lucerne, Switzerland seminar, Imperial College The Netherlands 21 January 2010 Participant Invited speaker July 2010 London, UK 28 October 2009 Science/Business Innovation Creating bone like materials from Mesenchymal Stem Cell 3 March 2010 Board Meeting, Brussels, Belgium stem cells Conference, Leeds, UK Development and deployment Bio-inspired materials for 1 July 2010 14 April 2010 of solid oxide fuel cells: a UK Mesoscopic physics in biosensing and regenerative Invited speaker perspective antiferromagnetic chromium medicine SMI Stem Cell Conference, Engineering organs and other Bio-inspired materials for films London, UK small challenges in biomedical Invited talk Guest speaker regenerative medicine and 15 February 2010 engineering 2010 Ordos International Forum Invited talk MIRA UTwente, Enschese, The sensing on Clean Energy and Green Workshop on Current trends Netherlands Keynote speaker Bio-inspired nanomaterials Invited speaker Economy, Ordos, China in nanoscale and molecular 9 November 2009 FHMS Festival of Research, for regenerative medicine and Polymeric Biomaterials July 2010 magnetism, in Orlando, FL, USA Surrey, UK biosensing Conference, Reading, UK 20–25 June 2010 In vivo engineering of bone 6 July 2010 Invited speaker 15 April 2010 Phase evolution, reactivity and Invited speaker Nanomedicine: Visions for the redox processes in complex Discoveries in magnetism by Biomechanics and Biology of Polymers in therapeutics: Future Conference, Amsterdam, Is the ERAB strategy ambitious oxides: in situ investigation application of new tools to old Bone Regeneration Symposium, polymer nanomedicines and The Netherlands enough? of fuel cell electrodes using systems Berlin, Germany young polymer scientists Panel discussion speaker synchrotron techniques Invited lecture 25 February 2010 Invited speaker 19 November 2009 ERAB Conference, Seville, Spain Invited talk Workshop on Trends in cross- Macro2010: 43rd IUPAC World Bio-inspired materials for 6 May 2010 Diamond User meeting, Didcot, disciplinary nano, bio and IT New approaches for bone Polymer Congress, Glasgow, UK biosensing and regenerative UK research, Beijing, China regeneration 12 July 2010 medicine Establishing a multidisciplinary September 2010 5–11 September 2010 Invited speaker Guest speaker research group in biomedical Regenerative Surgery New materials based strategies Istanbul University, Turkey engineering Conference, Rome, Italy for regenerative medicine Invited speaker Dr Yeong-Ah Soh Professor Molly M Stevens 15 March 2010 Invited speaker 10 December 2009 Wellcome Trust Medical 3rd International Congress on Chromium a simple system with Electrospinning and Bio-inspired materials for Engineering Initiative, London, UK New materials-based strategies Stem Cells and Tissue Formation, complex behaviour electrospraying: creating living biosensing and regenerative 8 June 2010 for regenerative medicine Dresden, Germany Invited talk cells in a polymer to produce medicine Invited speaker 14 July 2010 2009 Hangzhou Workshop and tissues, regenerative Guest speaker Bio-inspired materials for medicine for new organs UK/Iberia Nanomedicine regenerative medicine and on Quantum Matter, Zhejiang Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Bio-inspired nanomaterials Workshop, Madrid, Spain biosensing University, Hangzhou, China Invited speaker UK for regenerative medicine and 11 December 2009 12–15 October 2009 IET/IoN Seminar on Bionic 18 March 2010 Guest speaker sensing Health, London, UK SEGI University, Kuala Lumpur, New materials based Invited speaker Measuring the phase of a 1 October 2009 Malaysia approaches for regenerative 5th SBE International superstructure 17 May 2010 medicine and biosensing Conference on Bioengineering Invited talk New strategies for and Nanotechnology, Biopolis, Guest speaker Materials Science and musculoskeletal repair Engineering human tissue Singapore Reading University, UK Technology 2009 Meeting, Invited speaker Invited speaker 4 August 2010 Pittsburgh, USA Bone-Tec 2009, Hannover, 18 January 2010 Cheltenham Science Festival, 25–29 October 2009 Germany Cheltenham, UK 9 October 2009 9 June 2010
72 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 73 Bio-inspired nanomaterials Ordering poly(3-hexylthiophene) Solvent-free processing of Processing conjugated Sintering, microstructure and Estudio de la estructura de la for regenerative medicine and Invited lecture poly(3-hexylthiophene) organic materials for solar cell oxidation behaviour of ultra superficie de monocristales de Sensing Freiburg Institute for Advanced Invited lecture application high temperature ceramic La2NiO4 dopados con Sr Invited speaker Studies (FRIAS), Albert-Ludwigs- Institute of Materials for Invited lecture composites Oral presentation 3rd International NanoBio Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Electronics and Energy Orcas 2010: International Invited lecture XI National Conference on Conference, ETH Zurich, Germany Technology, Friedrich-Alexander- Conference on Energy High temperature ceramic Materials, Zaragoza, Spain Switzerland 9 November 2009 Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Conversion, Friday Harbour, matrix composites (HT-CMC VII), June 2010 24 August 2010 and Bayerisches Zentrum für USA Bayreuth, German Bringing semiconducting Angewandte Energieforschung 19–22 September 2010 20–22 September 2010 Bio-inspired design of materials polymers to order (ZAE Bayern), Erlangen, Germany Dr Tony Centeno for regenerative medicine and Invited lecture 1 June 2010 biosensing 11th Pacific Polymer Conference Dr Luc J Vandeperre Dr Jonathan VM Weaver Localised surface plasmon Invited speaker (PPC) 2009, Cairns, Australia Plastic electronics: a materials resonance: modelling using scientist point of view Organiser Fabrication of advanced FDTD and some applications 3rd EuCheMS Chemistry 6-10 December 2009 Congress, Nürnberg, Germany Invited lecture 1 Day Research Meeting on hierarchical soft materials using Invited talk Advanced Ceramics (1DRAC), responsive, architecturally- 31 August 2010 Processing conjugated CeNS-colloquium, Ludwig- Institute of High Performance Imperial College London, UK defined copolymers macromolecular systems Maximilians University Munich, Computing, A*STAR, Singapore Germany 20 November 2009 Invited lecture Regenerative Medicine 1 - Cell Invited lecture August 2010 43rd IUPAC World Polymer Therapies V Congress of Young Scientists in 2 July 2010 Attendee Congress, Young Polymer Session chair Polymers (V Congreso de Jovenes 2009 MRS Fall meeting, Boston, Scientists Symposium, UK-PharmSci 2010, Nottingham, Investigadores en Polimeros) Introduction to organic electronic Richard Chater USA Glasgow, UK UK (CIP2010), Calella de Palafrugell, applications: polymer processing 30 November–4 December 11–16 July 2010 Low energy focused ion beams 2 September 2010 Spain Invited lecture 2009 and SIMS 2–6th May 2010 Erasmus IP OREA 2010 Seminar presentation Bio-inspired design of materials Summerschool, Chania, Greece Evolution of AlN distribution Research assistants and National Centre for for regenerative medicine and Assembling complex 5–16 July 2010 during processing of AlN doped Advanced Tribology (nCATS), biosensing architectures postdoctoral research SiC Southampton University, UK Invited speaker Invited lecture Solid-state processing of organic associates Oral presentation 27–29 June 2010 UK-China Summer School, FUNctional Multiscale semiconductors Many of our researchers also Beijing, China ARCHitectures (FunMARCH) Contributed lecture 34th International Conference attended conferences, giving and Exposition on Advanced Optics of mass spectrometers 9 September 2010 (CIP2010), Bolgna, Italy Macro2010: 43rd IUPAC World talks or posters on their work. Ceramics and Composites, for SIMS 5–7 May 2010 Polymer Congress, Glasgow, UK Daytona Beach, USA New biomaterials strategies in 11–16 July 2010 Dr Mónica Burriel Oral presentation bone engineering Ordering semiconducting 25–29 January 2010 8th International Conference on Study of the surface structure Charged Particle Optics, Suntec Invited speaker polymers Processing conjugated of Sr doped La NiO single Singapore Convention and TERMIS-AP Annual Conference, Invited lecture organic materials for solar cell The role of carbon in processing 2 4 crystals Exhibition Centre, Singapore Sydney, Australia FPi-9 International Symposium application hot pressed aluminium nitride doped silicon carbide Oral presentation 12–16 July 2010 15 September 2010 on Functional π- Electron Invited lecture Systems, Atlanta, USA LCOPV 2010 Workshop, Boulder, Oral presentation 9th European SOFC Forum, Lucerne, Switzerland 23–28 May 2010 USA 34th International Conference and Exposition on Advanced Dr Natalie Stingelin 7–10 August 2010 30 June–2nd July 2010 Dr Amy Cruickshank Interacting with the creative Ceramics and Composites, Growth and molecular Bringing conjugated polymers industries: a materials scientist Processing conjugated Daytona Beach, USA Microstructure and transport orientation of copper to order perspective macromolecular structures 25–29 January 2010 properties of GdBaCo2O5+δ epitaxial thin films phthalocyanine films Invited lecture Invited lecture Invited lecture evaporated onto single crystal The relation between Poster presentation 216th Meeting of the Grand Challenge Ideas Lab: The UCSB-Imperial College London zinc oxide Electrochemcial Society, Vienna, Creative Industriess: Bridging Organic Electronic Materials microstructural scale and 9th European SOFC Forum, Poster presentation Austria the Physical and Digital Worlds, Workshop, Santa Barbara, USA the influence of porosity and Lucerne, Switzerland second phases on hardness 9th International Symposium on Imperial College London, UK 30 June–2 July 2010 4–9 October 2009 16–17 September 2010 Functional π-Electron Systems, Invited poster presentation 26 May 2010 Atlanta, GA, USA Symposium on Fine-Scale Mechanical Characterisation 23–28 May 2010 and Behaviour, Cambridge, UK 29–30 March 2010
74 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 75 Electrodeposition of ZnO Dr Matthew Gilbert Dr Catriona M McGilvery Fraser Wigley nanostructures for photovoltaic applications Krypton and helium irradiation Attendee Characterisation of a fouling damage in Nd-Zirconolite LESS 2009, 60th IUVSTA deposit from peat CFBC Oral presentation Oral presentation workshop on Low Energy Oral presentation 61st Annual Meeting of the Symposium N, European Spectroscopy and Simulations, Impacts of Fuel Quality International Society of Materials Research Society Vienna, Austria on Power Production and Electrochemistry, Nice, France Spring Meeting, Strasbourg, 11–13 November 2009 Environment, Saariselka, 26 September–1 October 2010 France Finland 7–11 June 2010 Understanding amorphous 29 August–3 September 2010 to crystalline phase
Dr Solveig Felton transformations in HfxSi(1-x)O2 Dr Jingjing Liu Oral presentation Postgraduate research Orientation effects in copper Merging Atomistic and phthalocyanine films studied students Oxygen transport properties of Continuum Analysis of by EPR spectroscopy La2Mo2O9, a novel electrolyte Nanometer Length-Scale Metal Suwimon Boonrungsiman Poster presentation for SOFC Oxide Systems for Energy and 43rd Annual International Oral presentation Catalysis Applications (MACAN) The role of mitochondria in Meeting of the Electron Spin 13th CMA-UK Conference partners meeting, Bohinj, mineralization of bone-like Resonance Group of the Royal on Materials Science and Slovenia tissue derived from mouse Society of Chemistry, Cardiff, UK Engineering, Leicester, UK 25–28 July 2010 primary osteoblasts and 21–25 March 2010 17–18 July 2010 mesenchymal stem cells Poster presentation Orientation effects in copper Explore the potential of proton Dr Luis Rojo Del Olmo Gordon conference in phthalocyanine films studied transport in LAMOX ionic Biomineralization, New London, A study of doped Kristy Cloyd by electron paramagnetic Biomimetic alginate based conductors USA semiconducting nanowires resonance spectroscopy microgels for skeletal tissue 15–20 August 2010 A comparative raman Oral presentation engineering using linear-scaling density- Poster presentation Ceramic Membranes for Green functional theory spectroscopy characterization Poster presentation Spinos III 3rd Topical Chemical Production and Clean of aortic valve calcification in Recent Appointee in Materials Oral presentation Meeting on Spins in Organic Power Generation, Valencia, James Coakley situ and valvular interstitial and Polymer Science APS March Meeting, Portland, Semiconductors, Amsterdam, Spain cells in vitro Conference, Leeds, UK OR, US The Netherlands Modelling the effect of initial Oral presentation 8–10 September 2010 15–19 March 2010 30 August–3 September 2010 1–3 September 2010 heat treatment of the creep of SPEC 2010, Manchester, UK multi-modal nickel superalloys Phonon calculations in ONETEP June 2010 Nanosized self assembled Oral presentation Dr Morgan Mager polymer conjugates with with the finite displacement Dr Cristina Gentilini MS Annual meeting, Seattle, Characterization of in situ and in modulated bioactivity method Nanoparticle and quantum WA, USA vitro aortic valve nodules using Poly ( -Glutamic Acid): a Oral presentation γ dot biosensors for clinical Oral presentation 28 February–3 March 2010 bio-raman micro-spectroscopy biodegradable, biocompatible Workshop on Linear-scaling applications Europolymer Conference 2010 Poster presentation and naturally produced density-functional theory with Poster presentation – Hierarchically Structured 4th Biennial Heart Valve polymer as a promising the ONETEP code, University of London Technology Network Polymers, Gargnano, Italy Fabiano Corsetti Biology and Tissue Engineering candidate for regenerative Cambridge, UK Meeting, London, UK 30 May–4 June 2010 Meeting, Hilton Head, SC, USA medicine applications Vibrational frequency 13–16 April 2010 28 April 2010 March 2010 Oral presentation calculations in ONETEP Macro2010 – 43rd IUPAC World Large-scale DFT calculations of A hybrid nanoparticle-liposome Dr Xin Wang Oral presentation Polymer Congress, Glasgow, UK point defects in silicon assay for phospholipase ONETEP developers’ meeting, Poster presentation Bai Cui 11–16 July 2010 detection A constrained sintering model Imperial College London, UK for ceramic films based on the Psi-k Conference, Freie Poster presentation 30 November–1 December 2009 Microstructural evolution during variational principle Universität Berlin, Germany Gordon Research Conference on high-temperature oxidation of 12–16 September 2010 Biointerfaces, Les Diablerets, Oral presentation Ti2AlC ceramics Switzerland 11th International Conference Poster presentation on Ceramic Processing Science 5–10 September 2010 One day Research Meeting in (ICCPS-11), Zurich Ceramics (1-DRAC), University of 29 August–1 September 2010 Manchester, UK 18 May 2010
76 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 77 Microstructural evolution during Atomistic simulation of non- Bioactive glass coatings and Quantum dot-peptide conjugates Hannah Nerl Development and high-temperature oxidation of stoichiometry in zirconium bone tissue engineering for determination of transferase characterization of transparent Imaging of surface modified Ti2AlN ceramics carbide Oral presentation enzyme activity glass matrix composites multi-walled carbon nanotubes Oral presentation Oral presentation Tissue Engineering and Poster presentation Oral presentation directly inserting into cell 12th International Ceramics Thomas Young Centre Nuclear Regenerative Medicine Bio Nanotech Conference and The Society of Glass Technology membranes using 3D electron Congress, Montecatini Terme, Workshop, London, UK International Society – EU Expo, Anaheim, California, USA Annual Meeting, Cambridge, UK tomography Tuscany, Italy 19–20 November 2009 Meeting (TERMIS-EU), Galway, 22–24 June 2010 8–10 September 2010 Oral presentation 6–11 June 2010 Ireland International Microscopy 13–17 June 2010 Quantum dot-peptide conjugates Congress, Brazil Nanowhisker-containing Ti2AlN Sheyda Labbaf for determination of transferase Sunny Phuah ceramics enzyme activity 2010 Oral presentation Mesenchymal stem cell response Stuart Lowe Poster presentation Corrosion of spent advance gas CMA-UK Conference, Leicester to bioactive glass nanoparticles 3rd International NanoBio reactor (AGR) fuel cladding Conference Centre, Leicester, UK Oral presentation Enzyme-responsive quantum Conference, ETH Zurich, John O’Neill Poster presentation 23rd European Conference on dot-peptide conjugates for Switzerland Electron Microscopy and 17 July 2010 The suitability of ceria as a Biomaterials, Tampere, Finland detection of disease-related Multiscale Modelling (EMMM’09), 24–27 August 2010 surrogate for studies on the biomarkers Zurich, Switzerland 11–15 September 2010 stability of spent MOX in wet Poster presentation Salahud Din storage 27–30 October 2009 Science, Engineering and Soumaya Mauthoor Oral presentation Molecular thin films and Technology for Britain, Houses of Nasrin Lotfibakhshaiesh E-MRS 2010 Spring Conference, Corrosion of spent advance nanostructures grown by organic Parliament, London, UK Organic multilayers with electron Strasbourg, France gas reactor (AGR) fuel cladding vapor phase deposition (OVPD) Bioactive coatings for prosthetic 8 March 2010 microscopy in trace aqueous electrolyte 7–11 June 2010 Poster presentation implants Poster presentation environment 9th International Symposium Poster presentation MRS Fall Symposium, Boston, Oral presentation on Functional π-Electron 3rd International Conference on USA The durability of spent MOX Universities Nuclear Technology Systems, Georgia Institute of Mechanics of Biomaterials and 30 November–4 December 2009 Oral presentation Forum (UNTF’10), University of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, Tissues (ICOMBT), Clearwater DIAMOND Conference, Leeds, UK Salford, UK? beach, Florida, USA USA 9 September 2009 14–16 April 2010 23–28 May 2010 13–17 December 2009 Eva McGuire Preferentially orientated Aqueous corrosion of grain
A novel bioactive glass coating Imaging disease-related protein CeO2(111) thin films deposited boundary chromium-depleted Angela Goode Poster presentation aggregates inside human cells onto (100) silicon by pulsed laser 20Cr/25Ni/Nb stainless steel SET for BRITAIN, House of using a selenium label deposition Oral presentation Correlative microscopy of nano Commons, London, UK Oral presentation Oral presentation European Material Research and micro-sized particles in 8 March 2010 International Microscopy DIAMOND Work Package 3 Society Spring Meeting (EMRS human tissue surrounding hip Congress, Brazil Meeting, London, UK Spring’10), Strasbourg, France replacements Bioactive glass coatings for September 2010 30 March 2010 7–11 June 2010 Oral presentation medical applications MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, USA Poster presentation 30 November–4 December 2009 Postgraduate Research Day, Decheng Meng Bo Pang Fatemehsadat Pishbin Imperial College London, UK Multifunctional polymer/ Development and Progress in the electrophoretic 22 March 2010 Heather F Jackson bioactive glass scaffolds for bone characterization of transparent deposition (EPD) of bioactive tissue engineering glass matrix composites glass and bioactive glass- Strontium containing bioactive Laser melting of zirconium biopolymer composite coatings glass coatings for orthopedic Oral presentation Oral presentation carbide: microstructural application 23rd European Conference on CIMTEC 2010 – 12th International Poster and short oral evolution as a function of non- Biomaterials, Tampere, Finland Ceramics Congress, Montecatini presentation stoichiometry Oral presentation Terme, Italy 4th International conference on International Conference 11–15 September 2010 Oral presentation Shaping of Advanced Ceramics, and Course on Orthopaedic 7–12 June 2010 Materials Science and Madrid, Spain Biomechanics, Clinical Technology Conference, Applications and Surgery 15–18 November 2009 Pittsburgh, PA, USA Orthopaedics, Brunel University, 25–29 October 2009 London, UK 6–9 June 2010
78 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 79 National and international profile
Bioactive coatings by Towards the calculation of Sheng Yue The academic staff fulfil a number of roles on national and international boards electrochemical means: experimental spectra using and committees as well as other materials community services listed here. development and linear-scaling density functional Non-destructive quantification characterisation theory of bioactive scaffold degradation in vitro via X-ray Oral presentation Oral presentation Member » Sigma Xi Honor Society microtomography Professor Neil McN Alford Centre for Advanced Structural ONETEP Spring School, Member » Editorial Board, Advances in Materials Science Ceramics Meetings, Imperial Cambridge, UK Poster presentation Fellow » Institution of Engineering and Technology Imperial Early Career and Engineering College London, UK April 2010 Fellow » IOM3 Researchers Imaging Events Lead Organizer » Materials Research Society Fall Meeting May 2010 2010, Imperial College London, Fellow » Institute of Physics (Symposium L) UK Electrophoretic deposition Joanne Sarsam Fellow » Royal Society of Arts Reviewer and Panelist » US NSF 26 April 2010 (EPD) of bioactive orthopaedic Member » Advisory Board, Cambridge Massachusetts Reviewer » US DOE composite coatings A polarisable atomistic force- Institute Ltd field for alumina parametrised Microtomographic Reviewer » Nature Nanotechnology Oral presentation Member » Technical Advisory Board, Antenova Ltd., using density functional theory quantification of irregular Reviewer » Nature Chemistry International Conference Cambridge scaffolds for bone tissue on Orthopaedic Surgery, Oral presentation Reviewer » Nano Letters engineering Member » DTI Working Group, Quantum Metrology Biomechanics and Clinical APS March Meeting, Portland, Programme, NPL Reviewer » Advanced Materials Applications, Brunel University, USA Oral presentation London, UK 15–19 March 2010 The UK Society for Biomaterials Member » Lambert group advising the Government on Conference 2010 (UKSB 2010), intellectual property matters 6–9 June 2010 Dr Iain E Dunlop Glasgow, UK Member » EPSRC Peer Review College and Panel Chair Member » German Physical Society (Deutsche 1–2 July 2010 Biomedical coatings by EPD Esther Valliant Member » RAE Panel, Electrical and Electronic Engineering Physikalische Gesellschaft) based on bioactive glass Honorary Member » University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia and chitosan-bioactive glass Novel bioactive gPGA sol- Quantification of porous Dr David Dye composites gel hybrid scaffold for tissue structure from 3D Micro-CT FREng » Royal Academy of Engineering regeneration image Oral presentation Senior Technical Advisor » Gatsby Charitable Foundation Fellow » IOM3 Recent Advances in Oral presentation Oral presentation Visiting Professor » London South Bank University Member » TMS High Temperature Alloys Committee Electrophoretic Deposition European Society for 13th CMA-UK Conference meeting, University of Modena, Biomaterials 2010, Tampere, on Materials Science and Associate Editor » Journal of the American Ceramic Society Member » TMS Titanium Committee Modena, Italy Finland Engineering (CMA-UK 2010), Member » User Working Group for the I12 beamline at the 10 September 2010 11–15 September 2010 Leicester, UK Professor Alan Atkinson Diamond Synchrotron 17–18 July 2010 Member » TMS Fellow » The American Ceramic Society Member » MRS Chedtha Puncreobutr Jonnathan Warwick Quantification of selective laser Fellow » IOM3 melting Ti scaffolds from X-ray Member and Panel Member » EPSRC Peer Review College In situ observation of texture Fellow » Institute of Physics In situ synchrotron micro-computed tomography Key Reader » Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B quantification of fe-rich evolution during rolling and Member » Scientific Committee of the EU Joint Oral presentation intermetallic formation in Al-Si- aging of Ti-6Al-4V Undertaking on Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2nd International Conference Cu-Fe alloys Professor Mike W Finnis TMS Annual meeting, Seattle, on 3D-Imaging of Materials Member » EPSRC Peer Review College WA, USA Oral presentation and Systems (3D-IMS2010), Member » Electrochemical Society Fellow » Institute of Physics 139th TMS Annual Meeting and 28 February–3 March 2010 Hourtin, France Member » Editorial Board, Reports on Progress in Physics Exhibition, Seattle, WA Reviewer » NEDO, Japan. Science Foundation of Canada, 6–10 September 2010 Research Council of Norway, Qatar National. Research Member » Scientific Advisory Board, Max-Planck-Institut 14–18 February 2010 Fund, A*STAR, Singapore Zhenlin Wu für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf Topic Editor » Current Opinion in Materials Science Member » RAE2008 Subpanel 19 (Physics) Magnetic properties of Associate Editor » Fuel Cells Laura Ratcliff Member » EPSRC Peer Review College manganese phthalocyanine thin films for spintronic Member » IDEA League representing IC Materials Towards the calculation of Professor Manish Chhowalla experimental spectra using applications Member » Scientific Advisory Committee of Psi-k network linear-scaling density functional Poster presentation Deputy Director » UK Centre for Advanced Structural National Representative » Management Committee of theory Ceramics SPINOS III, the 3rd Topical COST P19 Oral presentation Meeting on Spintronics in Member » Advisory Board, Silcan Nanotechnology Chairman » Thomas Young Centre – London Centre for APS March Meeting, Portland, Organic Semiconductors, Limited, Hong Kong Theory and Simulation of Materials OR, USA Amsterdam, Netherlands Member » Materials Research Society 15–19 March 2010 31 August–3 September 2010
80 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 81 Dr Julian R Jones Professor Bill Lee
Fellow » IOM3 Fellow » The American Ceramic Society
Member » Biomedical Applications Division Committee, Fellow » IOM3 IOM3 Fellow » City and Guilds Institute of London Member » EPSRC Peer Review College Member » Board of Directors, The American Ceramic Member » The American Ceramics Society Society
Member » Editorial Board, International Materials Reviews Member » EPSRC Peer Review College and Panel Chair
Member » Editorial Board, Ceramics International Member » IOM3 Prize Awards Panel
Member » Editorial Board, Journal of Biomaterials and Member » Leverhulme Trust Panel of Advisors Tissue Engineering Member » Morgan Technical Ceramics Ltd., International Chair » Technical Committee (TC4) on ‘Glass for Medicine Advisory Board and Biotechnology’, International Commission on Glass Member » Gustav Eirich Europe Prize Award Panel for (ICG) Dr Finn Giuliani Dr Peter D Haynes excellence in PhD research in high temperature ceramics Visiting International Professor » Nagoya Institute of Member » International Commission on Glass – Technical Technology, Japan Member » The American Ceramic Society Fellow » Institute of Physics Committee on Nuclear and Hazardous Waste Vitrification
3 Member » IOM Member » Theory of Condensed Matter Committee, Director » UK Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics Institute of Physics Professor John A Kilner Reviewer » Journal of Applied Physics Chair » International Ceramic Federation – Technical Member » Working Group of the Collaborative 3 Reviewer » Journal of Vacuum Science Fellow » IOM Committee on Nuclear Ceramics Computational Project for the Electronic Structure of Condensed Matter Fellow » Institute of Physics Deputy Chair » DECC Government Advisory Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) Dr Christopher M Gourlay Member » European Psi-k Network for ab initio (from Fellow » City and Guilds Institute of London electronic structure) calculation of complex processes in 3 Technical Expert » International Atomic Energy Agency, Member » IOM3 Member » Electronic Materials Application Board, IOM materials Vienna, Austria 3 Member » Institute of Cast Metals Engineers (ICME) Member » Industry and Technology Policy Board, IOM Deputy Director » EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Associate Editor » Journal of the American Ceramic Member » TMS, USA Theory and Simulation of Materials. Member » Editorial Board, Materials Letters Society, USA
Reviewer » Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A Reviewer » Physical Review Letters and Physical Review B Member » Editorial Board, Energy Materials Associate Editor » International Journal of Applied Glass and B Science, USA Reviewer » Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter Member » Editorial Board, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy International Editorial Panel Member » Advances in Reviewer » Journal of Chemical Physics Applied Ceramics, UK Professor Robin W Grimes Member » EPSRC Peer Review College Reviewer » Molecular Simulation International Editorial Panel Member » Refractories Fellow » Institute of Nuclear Engineers Member » Materials UK Energy Materials Working Group Applications and News, USA Fellow » The American Ceramic Society Member » School of Chemistry Advisory Board, University Dr Sandrine EM Heutz International Editorial Panel Member » Refractories of Southampton Fellow » Institute of Physics Worldforum, Germany 3 Member » IOM Member » EU Basic Research and Innovative Science for 3 International Editorial Panel Member » Ceramics Fellow » IOM Energy (BRISE) Steering Committee Reviewer » Thin Solid Films International, Italy Member » EPSRC Peer Review College Member » Electrochemical Society Reviewer » Surface Science International Editorial Panel Member » Safety Barrier, Member » Health and Safety Commission Nuclear Safety Reviewer » Advanced Materials Member » International Power Sources Symposium Board Russia Advisory Committee’s sub-committee on Research Member » Committee, Scientific Advisory Board Catalonia External Examiner » University of Cambridge, Natural Reviewer » Research Council of Norway Dr Andrew P Horsfield institute for Energy Research (IREC) Science Tripos, Part Two and Part Three Materials Science and Metallurgy from 2009 for three years Reviewer » US DOE Member » Committee, Scientific Committee CIC Member » Institute of Physics Reviewer » US NSF Energigune (Basque regional Energy Centre) Visiting International Professor » Nagoya Institute of Member » American Physical Society Technology, Japan External Examiner » University of Cambridge, Natural Chair » Energy Materials Group, IOM3 Member » International Advisory Committee of: Science Tripos, Part Two and Part Three Materials Science Member » Materials Research Society Regional Editor » Europe Solid State Ionics and Metallurgy from 2005 for three years 12th International Ceramics Congress Reviewer » Physical Review Letters Investigator » World Premier Institute for Carbon Free Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy Editorial Board » Journal of Materials Science Energy, Kyushu University, Japan Reviewer » Physical Review B 6–11 June 2010 Editorial Board » Journal of Nuclear Materials Reviewer » Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 5th International Symposium on Advances in Editorial Board » Defects and Diffusion Forum Treasurer and Vice Chair » Computational Physics Refractories for Metallurgical Industries (ISARMI 2010) Committee, Institute of Physics Vancouver, Canada 2–5th October 2010
82 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 83 3rd International Congress on Ceramics Dr David S McPhail Dr Rongshan Qin Dr Stephen J Skinner Osaka, Japan 14–18 November 2010 Member » Council at the Institute of Physics Member » Editorial Board, Materials Science and Fellow » IOM3 Technology Member » Group Coordination Committee, Institute of Fellow » Higher Education Academy Physics Guest Editor » Special Issue for Current Opinion in Solid Professor Peter D Lee Fellow » Royal Society of Chemistry State and Materials Science Member » IOM3 Fellow » IOM3 Member » EPSRC Peer Review College Member » UK Centre for Materials Education Advisory Fellow » Institute of Cast Metals Engineers (ICME) Member » The American Ceramic Society Panel Dr Jason Riley Member » ASM International Member » The Electrochemical Society Member » UKSAF Fellow » Royal Society of Chemistry Member » TMS Committee Member » RSC Solid State Group Member » International SIMS conference series Member » RSC Colloid and Interface Science Group Member » EPSRC Peer Review College International Board Committee Committee Member » RSC Materials Chemistry Division
Member » IOM3 Castings Division Board Chairman » Materials Characterisation Group, Institute of Member » International Society of Electrochemistry Chartered Chemist Physics Member » Royal Society, International Grants Panel Member » The Electrochemical Society Chartered Scientist
Reviewer » NSERC, Canada Member » EPSRC Peer Review College Reviewer » University of California Energy Institute, USA Dr Arash A Mostofi Key Reader » Board of Review of Metallurgical and Reviewer » National Research Foundation, Singapore Reviewer » A*STAR Intelligent Energy Distribution Materials Transactions A Member » Institute of Physics Systems Program, Singapore Reviewer » National Science Foundation, USA Key Reader » Board of Review of Metallurgical and Member » Events and Publicity Working Groups,Thomas Reviewer » Research Council of the Netherlands Referee » American Chemical Society (four journals) Materials Transactions B Young Centre Reviewer » Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Referee » Royal Society of Chemistry (four journals) Member » Working Group of the Collaborative Laboratory, USA Computational Project for the Electronic Structure of Referee » Science Dr Martyn A McLachlan Reviewer » Agence Nationale de la Recherche, France Condensed Matter Member » Royal Society of Chemistry Member » European Psi-k Network for ab initio calculation Dr Mary P Ryan Member » Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences of complex processes in materials Dr Yeong-Ah Soh (CNMS) Executive User Committee, Oak Ridge National Member » EPSRC Peer Review College Member » Executive Committee, Thomas Young Centre Reviewer » Israel Science Foundation (May 2010) Laboratory Member » Editorial Advisory Panel, Journal of Materials Referee » Journal of the American Chemical Society Reviewer » EPSRC (April 2010) Associate Member » Institute of Physics Science Referee » Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter Reviewer » Nature Physics Referee » Journal of Materials Chemistry Referee » Journal of Chemical Physics Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez Referee » The Journal of Physical Chemistry Referee » Journal of Physics: Mathematical and General Professor Molly M Stevens Referee » Crystal Growth and Design Member » The American Ceramic Society Referee » Computer Physics Communications Fellow » IOM3 Referee » Chemical Communications Member » Scientific Committee of the Solidification of Referee » Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation Colloidal Suspensions Workshop Fellow » Royal Society of Chemistry Professor David W McComb Chartered Physicist Member (ad-hoc) » NIH study section Member » MC8 Committee (Royal Society of Chemistry) Deputy Director » Centre for Advanced Structural Ceramics Member » Royal Pharmaceutical Society, MRPharmS Fellow » IOM3 (CASC) Dr Alexandra E Porter Member » Materials Research Society Fellow » Royal Society of Chemistry Referee » International Journal of Materials Research Fellow » Royal Microscopical Society Member » Academy of Pharmaceutical Scientists, APSGB Member » Electron Microscopy and Analysis Committee, Referee » Langmuir Institute of Physics Referee » Journal of the American Chemical Society Member » Advisory Board, London Technology Network Referee » Acta Biomaterialia Member » Council of Royal Microscopical Society Referee » Biomaterials Member » Advisory Board, Journal of Materials Chemistry Referee » Acta Materialia Member » EPSRC Peer Review College Referee » Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Member » Executive Editorial Board, Tissue Engineering Referee » Journal of Materials Science Member » IOM3 Referee » Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Member » Editorial Board, Biomedical Materials: Materials Medicine Referee » Nature Communications for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Member » Institute of Physics Referee » Royal Society Journal of Soft Matter Associated Adjunct Professor » University of California, Member » Editorial Board, International Journal of Member » Materials Research Society San Francisco Nanomedicine Deputy Director » London Centre for Nanotechnology Guest » Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Member » Editorial Board, PLoS ONE Consultant » Core Characterisation Facilities Panel, KAUST Member » Editorial Board, Nanoscale Dr Barbara A Shollock
Member » IOM3
84 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 85 Dr Luc J Vandeperre
Fellow » IOM3
Fellow » Higher Education Academy
Member » IOM3 Ceramic Science Committee
Member » The American Ceramic Society
Member » Materials Research Society
Reviewer » Journal of the American Ceramic Society
Reviewer » Journal of Materials Research
Reviewer » Journal of Materials Science
Reviewer » Journal of Materials Processing
Reviewer » Journal of Materials: Design and Applications
Reviewer » Philosophical Magazine
Reviewer » Materials Research Bulletin
Dr Jonathan VM Weaver
Member » Royal Society of Chemistry
Member » American Chemical Society
Committee Member » Pure and Applied Macromolecular Chemistry Group
Referee » Angewandte Chemie
Referee » Chemical Communications
Referee » Soft Matter
Referee » Macromolecules
Referee » Polymer Chemistry
Reviewer » EPSRC Research Proposals
Reviewer » Greek Ministry of Education Research Proposals Dr Natalie Stingelin Research in Progress 2009–10 Member » Executive Board of Doctoral Training Centre in Dr Mark R Wenman Plastic Electronics (Imperial College London/Queen Mary University of London) MSc Course Director » Nuclear Engineering, Imperial College London Member » Programme Committee, International Conference of Organic Electronics ICOE10 Independent Member » MoD Core Materials Working Group Member » EPSRC Peer Review College Imperial College London Representative » Nuclear Member » Royal Society of Chemistry Academic and Industrial Liaison Society (NAILS) Member » Materials Research Society Imperial College London Representative » Nuclear Member » American Chemical Society Technology and Education Consortium (NTEC)
Member » American Physics Society
Member » Swiss Polymer and Chemical Society
Visiting Professor » Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (20 per cent)
86 Department of Materials Annual Report 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 87 Academic staff profiles
Professor Neil McN Alford Professor Alan Atkinson BSc | PhD | FREng | FIMMM | MA | PhD | Fellow ACerS | FInstP FInstP | FIET | FRSA | CPhys | | FIMMM | CPhys | CEng CEng
» Professor of Physical Electronics and Thin Film » Professor of Materials Chemistry Materials Alan joined the Department of Materials in 1995 » Director of Research from AEA Technology (Harwell) where he was » Deputy Head, Department of Materials* head of the Materials Chemistry Department. Neil received his BSc from St Andrews University After graduating from Cambridge he studied and spent three years working in South-East the electronic properties of metals for his PhD Asia and South America in the Oil Exploration at Leeds University. He then investigated the Industry. His PhD at Queen Mary College was in processing of silicon nitride ceramics before the area of fracture mechanics of cement mortars. moving to Harwell in 1975. There his research He did postdoctoral work at Oxford University in interests included: mass transport in ceramics collaboration with ICI developing high strength (particularly at grain boundaries); high cement. He joined ICI Corporate Laboratory in temperature corrosion; sol-gel processing of 1981 on projects concerning macro defect free ceramics; cements and concrete for the disposal cement, viscous processing of ceramics and of radioactive waste; catalysts and adsorbents properties of perovskite ceramics, specifically for environmental pollution abatement; and the High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). He mechanical properties of thin films. His current joined London South Bank University in 1994 and research topics include solid oxide fuel cells, developed HTS Magnetic resonance receive coils, mechanical properties of films and coatings, microwave dielectrics, novel signal transformers ceramic processing and sensors. He was awarded and ferroelectric thin films. Recent work on the Carl Wagner Prize in 1983 for work on high microwave dielectric materials has resulted in temperature corrosion and the Kroll Medal and development of ultra low loss alumina resonators Prize for Materials Chemistry in 2000. He is a and an understanding of the defect chemistry of co-founder of the fuel cell company Ceres Power
TiO2 which has allowed production of very high Q Limited and has published over 250 papers in and high dielectric constant materials. His current scientific journals and books. He was a member research targets functional materials and thin film of the General Engineering Panel for the RAE deposition. 2008. He is currently on the Scientific Committee of the European Joint Undertaking on Fuel Cells He was a member of the Electrical Engineering and Hydrogen and is associate editor of the RAE 2008 panel, sits on the Advisory Board of journal Fuel Cells. He was Dean of the Faculty of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute, the Advisory Engineering from September 2007 to August 2010. Board, Antenova Limited, a member of the DTI Alan retired on 30 September 2010 and is now Working Group for the Pathfinder Programme at part-time. NPL and is a consultant on technical programmes for the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. He is an Email: [email protected] associate editor for the Journal of the American www.imperial.ac.uk/people/alan.atkinson Ceramic Society. He is the author of over 200 journal publications and 21 patents. He is currently the KAUST (King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) ‘Champion’ for the Department of Materials. He was awarded the 2008 IOM3 Griffith Medal and Prize in recognition of his achievements in Materials Science.
Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/n.alford
* Neil became Head of the Department of Materials on 1 August 2010
88 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 89 Professor Manish Chhowalla Dr Iain E Dunlop Dr David Dye Professor Mike W Finnis* BS | PhD MA | DPhil MA | PhD BA | PhD | FInstP | CPhys
» Professor of Materials Science » Lecturer » Senior Lecturer » Professor of Materials Theory and Simulation » Exams Co-ordinator » Director of Thomas Young Centre Manish joined the Department in 2009 as Chair in Iain joined the Department in 2009, having spent Materials. Prior to Imperial, he was an Associate the previous few years in southwest Germany, David joined the Department in 2003 from Mike has over 35 years experience and 5000 Professor and the Donald H Jacobs Chair at as a postdoc and Alexander von Humboldt the National Research Council in Chalk River, citations in the field of theory and simulation of Rutgers University in NJ USA. At Rutgers University Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Canada. His undergraduate degree and PhD were materials. His main research interest is in what is he awarded the prestigious NSF CAREER Award Metals Research in Stuttgart. He did his doctorate from Cambridge University, where he studied sometimes referred to as multiscale modelling, for young scientists as well as the Sigma Xi (DPhil) in the Department of Chemistry at Oxford the weldability of nickel-base superalloys. exploring the links between electronic structure Outstanding Young Investigator Award for the University, graduating in 2005. Previously, he read Subsequently at Chalk River, he continued to work of materials, the positions and dynamics of their Mid Atlantic Region. Before Rutgers, he was a Natural Sciences at the University of Cambridge, on welding in single crystal nickel superalloys, the atoms and the evolution of microstructure. His Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellow specialising in physics. transient measurement of stress around welds joint appointment in January 2006, between at the University of Cambridge after completing and the micromechanics of deformation in metals the Departments of Physics and of Materials is Iain’s research uses nanotechnology and surface his PhD in Electrical Engineering there. Prior to and alloys. He has been the recipient of the 2002 appropriate to the nature of this research. He won chemistry to address outstanding questions in his PhD, he worked for Multi-Arc Incorporated and 2005 Marcus A Grossman Award of ASM the Born Medal in 2005 for contributions to the cell biology. The focus is on preparing artificial (now Ion Bond) where he developed one of International and the 2005 IOM3 Grunfeld Medal understanding of interatomic forces and making cell culture environments that mimic the complex the first applications of ‘amorphous diamond’ and is 2009 Chair of Metallurgical Transactions B links between atomic scale modelling and the structures encountered by cells in vivo. These thin films. His technological interests are in the and the 2010 IOM3 Harvey Flower Titanium Prize. structure and thermodynamics of interfaces. well-defined articicial niches enable fundamental synthesis and characterisation of novel carbon investigations of cell signalling processes, and His primary research focus is the use of Recent and current projects include: materials and their incorporation into devices for are also directed towards improving cell-based synchrotron and neutron diffraction to understand electrical, optical and mechanical applications. • Understanding the structures of grain therapies based on ex vivo culture. This research micromechanics and materials processing, e.g., Fundamentally, he is interested in understanding boundaries and multilayers in oxides builds on Iain’s scientific background in soft at ISIS, Diamond, Los Alamos, and the ESRF. the role of disorder in determining material Use of metadynamics and Wang-Landau theory matter physics, which dates to his doctoral work David has collaborated extensively with industry, • properties. His research topics presently include in interface science, e.g., calculation of solid- on electrostatically charged polymers at the working with Rolls-Royce, Corus, BAE Systems, investigation of the opto-electronic properties of liquid interfacial free energy solid liquid interface. He also maintains a strong QinetiQ, Timet and DSTL. Current projects focus graphene and carbon nanotubes, organic memory interest in characterisation methods for soft and on the creep in nickel single superalloys, fatigue • Explaining the anomalous rates of diffusion and photovoltaic devices, structural properties of biologically active interfaces, including mechanical and processing of Ti-6Al-4V and Zircaloy-4, observed in alumina boron carbide, nanostructuring in alumina/spinel measurements, X-ray/neutron reflectometry, and and the micromechanics of NiTi alloys in aero- Understanding the hardening of Ni-based nanocomposites, and deposition of carbide and • surface-sensitive infrared spectroscopy. engine applications, of the ‘super’ titanium alloy superalloys by impurities nitride thin films. He has over 120 publications Gum metal and of TRIP/TWIP steels. He has with over 4,500 citations on these topics. He is a reviewer for EPSRC and the Deutsche Email: [email protected] also worked on the in situ observation of the Forschungsgemeinschaft, a member of the He has served on organising committees for www.imperial.ac.uk/people/i.dunlop electroreduction of oxides to metals in NiTi and Ti Scientific Advisory Board of the MPI für numerous international conferences. Most using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, and he served on the recently, he organised Symposium L at the MRS Physics subpanel for RAE 2008. He is a founder Fall 2009 Meeting in Boston. The Symposium Email: [email protected] member and current Director of the Thomas Young highlighted advances in solution processable www.imperial.ac.uk/people/david.dye Centre – London Centre for Materials Theory and electronics using carbon nanomaterials. Manish Simulation. left the Department on 15 July 2010 returning to Rutgers University, NJ USA. Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.finnis Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.chhowalla
* Joint with Physics
90 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 91 Dr Finn Giuliani* Dr Christopher M Gourlay Professor Robin W Grimes Dr Alison C Harrison BEng | PhD MEng | PhD BSc | PhD | FInstP | FIMMM | MSci | MA | PhD Fellow ACerS | CEng | CSci
» Lecturer » Royal Academy of Engineering/EPSRC Research » Professor of Materials Physics » Lecturer Fellow » Director of Centre for Nuclear Engineering Finn joined the Department in April 2009 as Joint Alison joined the Department in August 2007. She » Departmental Careers Advisor Lecturer within the Structural Ceramics Centre, Robin joined the Department in 1995 as studied for her undergraduate and PhD degrees » UG Placement Co-ordinator a position shared between the Department of Governors’ Lecturer. Prior to this he was Assistant at the Department of Materials Science and Mechanical Engineering and the Department of Christopher is a Royal Academy of Engineering Director of the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory Metallurgy at the University of Cambridge. After Materials. Prior to this he worked at Linköping and EPSRC Research Fellow. He joined the at the Royal Institution. He spent the year 2000 her PhD, she was awarded a research fellowship University, Sweden where he was an Assistant Department in 2008 from the University of at Los Alamos National Laboratory as Bernd T at the University of Cambridge and then continued Professor following a postdoc. Finn received his Queensland where he was a postdoctoral research Matthias Scholar. In 2002 he was appointed the with her research as a University Lecturer. PhD from the Department of Materials Science fellow in the Australian Research Council’s Centre Professor of Materials Physics and was awarded Alison’s research interests lie in the field of novel and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge and has of Excellence for Design in Light Metals. He the 2002 IOM3 Rosenhain Medal and 2010 IOM3 electron microscopy and she has worked on a BEng in Materials Science and Engineering from obtained his MEng degree in Metallurgy and the Griffith Medal and Prize. Since 1984 he has developing the techniques of electron holography the University of Bath. Science of Materials from the University of Oxford, authored over 170 peer-reviewed publications. and tomography in the transmission electron and his PhD from the University of Queensland. He is presently on the editorial boards of Journal During his PhD, Finn worked on understanding microscope for the examination of three- He received the 2009 IOM3 Frank Fitzgerald Medal of Materials Science and Journal of Nuclear and controlling small scale plasticity in dimensional electrostatic fields in nanoscale and the 2010 IOM3 Silver Medal. Materials. multilayered ceramics coatings. Particular device structures. Her work also includes emphasis was placed on measuring and observing His research interests are in the solidification His primary research interest is the application the development of in situ methods for the small scale plasticity at elevated temperatures. processing of alloys. One research theme and development of computer simulation characterisation of electrostatic and magnetic While in Sweden he concentrated on deformation focuses on the rheology of partially-solid Al- techniques to predict structural and dynamic device structures with nanometre resolution of a group of nanolaminated ceramics known as and Mg-based alloys, including determining properties of inorganic materials. Topics of in both transmission and scanning electron MAX phases. These are a group of ternary nitrides the micromechanisms of deformation using particular interest include radiation damage, microscopes.
and carbides, for examples Ti3SiC2, which combine time-resolved synchrotron X-ray radiography nuclear fuels and waste form behaviour, ionic ceramic and metallic properties. However, of and understanding the role of granular strain conductivity and defect processes for fuel cell Email: [email protected] particular interest is their ability to dissipate localisation in casting defect formation. A second materials, surface structural processes and www.imperial.ac.uk/people/a.harrison energy through reverse plasticity. This continues theme is on Pb-free solders, which combines interfaces between glass and ceramic. He is to be a topic of research. He also has interest in research on eutectic solidification and solder Principle Investigator of the Research Councils ternary nitride systems which offer the possibility reactions in the Sn-Cu-Ni system. Both themes £6.5 million multi-university initiative ‘Keeping the of an age hardenable ceramic. These systems involve collaborations with industry including Nuclear Option Open’. are of particular importance to the cutting tool Hydro Aluminium and Nihon Superior. industry. Finally, he has an interest in novel in situ Email: [email protected] mechanical testing regimes whether in TEM, SEM Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/r.grimes or synchrotron. www.imperial.ac.uk/people/c.gourlay
Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/f.giuliani
* Joint with Mechanical Engineering
92 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 93 Dr Peter D Haynes* Dr Sandrine EM Heutz Dr Andrew P Horsfield Dr Julian R Jones MA | PhD | FInstP | CPhys BSc | PhD | DIC BA | MS | PhD | CPhys | MInstP MEng (Oxon) | PhD | FIMMM | DIC
» Reader in Materials and Physics » Senior Lecturer* » Senior Lecturer* (RCUK Academic Fellowship) » Senior Lecturer » Royal Society University Research Fellow » Deputy UG Admissions Tutor » UG Biomaterials Co-ordinator Andrew Horsfield the Department in 2007 as an » PG Admissions Tutor » Biomaterials MSc Co-ordinator Sandrine joined the Department in January 2007 RCUK Fellow. He is now a Senior lecturer and an Peter joined the Department in June 2007 as a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Fellow and honorary Research Fellow at the London Centre Julian was appointed Senior Lecturer in 2009, following eight years as a research fellow at lecturer designate. She obtained her first degree for Nanotechnology. His research interests having been made a Lecturer in May 2009 while Cambridge. He is a computational physicist by in Chemistry from the University of Liege, Belgium include atomistic simulations of defects in on a Royal Academy of Engineering and EPSRC training, having graduated in physics in 1995 and (1998) and her PhD from Imperial College London iron, the solidification of Al, nanowire chemical Research Fellowship, which was awarded in obtained his PhD from the Theory of Condensed (2002). During the course of her PhD, Sandrine sensors, olfaction in humans, plasmonics and 2004. Prior to this he held a two year Lloyds Matter group at the Cavendish Laboratory in 1998. was awarded a Marie Curie training site fellowship photovoltaics. Previous to this he was the Tercentenary Foundation Fellowship, having His appointment as a Reader was made jointly by at TU-Chemnitz, Germany, working in the group Senior Research Fellow in charge of the theory completed his PhD in the Department in 2002, the Departments of Materials and Physics as part of Professor Zahn. She subsequently spent two core project for the IRC in Nanotechnology at following an MEng in Metallurgy and the Science of the initiative to establish the Thomas Young years as a postdoctoral research fellow working on UCL where he developed a novel scheme for of Materials from Oxford in 1999. His research Centre for Materials Theory and Simulation. He molecular photovoltaic cells at Imperial. She then non-adiabatic molecular dynamics (Correlated interests are in biomaterials for regenerative also holds a University Research Fellowship from moved to the Department of Physics and London Electron-Ion Dynamics). His interest in the medicine. His work on process development of the Royal Society. Centre for Nanotechnology at University College interface between biology and physics was made foamed gel-derived bioactive glass (the first 3D London in 2004 to start her Fellowship, entitled possible by a Career Development Fellowship porous scaffold made from bioactive glass) has Peter’s expertise lies in the application and Molecular magnetic biosensors. She was awarded from the Institute of Physics which he received produced scaffolds suitable for tissue engineering development of atomistic simulation methods the 2008 IOM3 Silver Medal for outstanding while working for the Fujitsu European Centre for applications with hierarchical structures similar to and in particular those that solve the quantum- achievement in materials science by a younger Information Technology. His interest in efficient that of trabecular bone. mechanical equations governing the behaviour of researcher and the promotion of the subject on electronic structure methods and the development electrons in materials from first principles. He is In 2010 he was awarded the Robert L Coble Award the international scale. of two electronic structure codes (Plato and one of the authors of the ONETEP code which was for Young Scholars by the American Ceramics OXON) occurred while working in the Department adopted by Accelrys Incorporated as the flagship Sandrine’s research is focused mainly Society and in 2007 he was awarded a prestigious of Materials at Oxford University with Professor product of their Nanotechnology Consortium and on molecular thin films with interesting Philip Leverhulme Prize for engineering. In David Pettifor and Professor Adrian Sutton. This released as a standalone commercial product optoelectronic and magnetic applications. In 2004 he was awarded the IOM3 Silver Medal for built on his experience with tight binding while in 2008, with licenses now held by over 200 particular, she is interested in exploiting the outstanding achievement in materials science studying liquid silicon with Professor Paulette organisations worldwide. He was awarded the electron spins in organometallic crystals and by a younger researcher and the promotion of Clancy at Cornell University as a PDRA and Junior 2010 Institute of Physics Maxwell Medal and Prize in investigating how these can be manipulated the subject on the international scale. He also Lecturer. He obtained his MSc and PhD in physics for his work on linear-scaling methods for large- to form the basis of new types of molecular received the 2008 Young Investigator Award at Cornell University with Professor Neil Ashcroft. scale first-principles simulation of materials. spintronic devices. The use of molecular thin films from the Tissue and Cell Engineering Society. His first-class BA in physics was obtained from as interfaces for biological sensing is also being In 2009 he was a recipient of a Rector’s Award Oxford University. He is the schools liaison for the investigated. Her research activities involve film for Research Supervision. His main research Email: [email protected] Department. www.imperial.ac.uk/people/p.haynes growth (mainly centred on sublimation methods), aim is the development of an ideal scaffold for with a strong emphasis on morphology and tissue engineering applications using porous Email: [email protected] structure (AFM, TEM, SEM, XRD), photophysics bioactive glasses and inorganic/organic hybrid www.imperial.ac.uk/people/a.horsfield and magnetometry (SQUID). nansoscale composites using the sol-gel process. The scaffolds are being optimised from a macro Email: [email protected] to an atomic scale with respect to cell response. www.imperial.ac.uk/people/s.heutz Novel techniques for 3D pore networks are being developed with Professor Peter Lee’s team, by applying computer algorithms to 3D X-ray microtomography images. Cell response work is carried in the dedicated cell culture labs in the Department of Materials. Advanced cell biology and molecular biology is done by working closely with Professor Molly M Stevens’ group. Julian has close links with surgeons at St Mary’s Hospital (Imperial College Medical School).
Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/julian.r.jones * Joint with Physics * From 1 October 2010 * From 1 October 2010
94 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 95 Professor Norbert Klein Professor John A Kilner Professor Peter D Lee Professor Bill Lee* Professor | Dr habil rer nat | PhD | FIMMM | FlnstP | FCGI | BASc | MASc | DPhil (Oxon) | BSc | DPhil (Oxon) | Fellow Dipl Phys CPhys | CEng FIMMM | FICME | CSci ACerS | FIMMM | FCGI | CSci | CEng
» Chair in Electromagnetic Nanomaterials » BCH Steele Chair in Energy Materials » Professor of Materials Science » Professor of Ceramic Engineering » Director of Postgraduate Studies » Head, Department of Materials Norbert received his Diploma and PhD in Physics John is the BCH Steele Chair in Energy Materials, » Director of Centre for Advanced Structural from University of Wuppertal in Germany. In former head of the Department of Materials Peter joined the Department in 1994 after Ceramics (CASC) 1990, he joined Juelich Research Center in and former Dean of the Royal School of Mines. completing his DPhil at Oxford University on Germany and worked there as division leader He has been involved in research into ionic and the solidification of aluminium. Prior to this, he Bill joined the Department in January 2006. for electromagnetic sensors till September mixed conducting ceramics for 30 years and has was a Research Scientist at Alcan International’s After graduating in Physical Metallurgy from 2009. From 1998 until 2009, Norbert was a published over 300 papers in this and related Kingston R&D Laboratory, where he helped Aston University he gained a DPhil from Oxford lecturer for Physics at the Technical University of fields of Materials Science. He is European Editor establish their Modelling of Shape Castings University on radiation damage in sapphire, Aachen (Habilitation) and Technical University of for the Journal Solid State Ionics, holder of a Programme, both developing analysis software was a postdoc at Oxford and Case Western Dortmund in Germany. number of patents relating to fuel cells and gas and applying it to the design of many automotive Reserve Universities, Assistant Professor at separation devices and co-founder of a successful castings. He is a member of the Institute of Cast Ohio State University USA, before becoming Norbert’s main scientific activities are in the area spinout company Ceres Power Limited. Metals Engineers, ASM International and TMS. He lecturer in ceramics at the University of of electromagnetic material characterisation, in holds a BSc in Engineering Science and MSc in Sheffield in 1989. While at Sheffield he was particular superconductors and dielectrics. He John is primarily interested in the exchange and Materials from the University of Toronto, with his Manager of the Sorby Centre for Electron developed various resonator techniques for the diffusion of oxygen in oxide ceramic materials for undergraduate and master’s thesis focusing on Microscopy and Director of the BNFL University microwave-to-terahertz frequency range. Beyond applications in devices such as fuel cells, oxygen the simulation of ferrous metallurgical processes. Research Alliance the Immobilisation Science materials science he has developed microwave separators and sensors and has been instrumental Laboratory. Bill studies the relation between filters and oscillators for mobile communication in the development of isotopic exchange-SIMS Peter’s current research focuses on improving our processing, properties and microstructures in and holds several patents in this area. He has techniques to study these phenomena. Much understanding of microstructural development a broad range of ceramics and has supervised been involved in superconductor Josephson of his work is centred upon development of during the processing of materials through 45 students to completion of their PhDs. devices and terahertz spectroscopy and more the Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel the physical and computational simulation of recently, he has developed microwave sensors Cell and improved understanding of surface microstructures. In-house developed models Bill has authored four books (Ceramic for hand luggage screening and has spun out a and interfacial phenomena is crucial for further of the formation of solidification structures are Microstructures Property Control by Processing, company engaged in the security branch. development of this device. He has a continuing coupled into microstructure-explicit constitutive with Professor WM Rainforth and An Introduction interest in the use of ion beam techniques, such equations of materials behaviour forming to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, New In October 2009, Norbert joined the Department as SIMS and LEIS for the surface characterization multiscale through-process models to predict the Developments in Glassy Nuclear Wasteforms and as Chair in Electromagnetic Nanomaterials. His of oxide ceramic materials. final properties of components. Experimentally, Crystalline Materials for Actinide Immobilisation, main emphasis is to develop advanced microwave his work focuses on developing in situ techniques all with Dr M Ojovan) and has published over 350 – to – terahertz sensing techniques to explore Email: [email protected] to quantify the morphological changes and peer-reviewed papers and eight book chapters. He advanced materials on the nanoscale. His work www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.kilner kinetics during phase changes at the mesoscale, has also been awarded research grants totalling is linked with the Materials Team at the National in particular using X-ray radiography and micro- over £40 million, including a recent EPSRC S&I Physical Laboratory where he holds a part-time tomography (XMT). Applications include light Award valued at £5.5 million to host the Centre for research fellow position. He is co-heading the metals for transport applications and biomaterials Advanced Structural Ceramics here at Imperial. thin film team together with Professor Neil McN for tissue scaffolds. Alford and is currently establishing a Centre for His research interests include: radwaste and Electromagnetic Material Characterisation with radiation damage; silicates, clays and clay-based strong emphasis on the terahertz frequency range. Email: [email protected] ceramics; crystallisation and glass ceramics; www.imperial.ac.uk/people/p.d.lee This work is in collaboration with the Centre for electron microscopy and microstructures; Plasmonics and Metamaterials and the Institute of structural ceramics and ceramic matrix Security Science and Technology. composites; high temperature refractory composites and ceramics in environmental Email: [email protected] cleanup. Prizes include the Rosenhain Medal www.imperial.ac.uk/people/n.klein (1999) and Pfeil Award (2000) of the IOM3 and the Wakabayashi Prize (2004) of the Refractories Society of Japan. He is a fellow of IOM3, ACerS and the City and Guilds Institute and was elected to the Board of Directors of The American Ceramic Society in 2010.
96 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 97 Professor David W McComb* Dr Martyn A McLachlan Dr David S McPhail BSc | PhD | FIMMM | FRSC | BSc (Hons) | PhD BSc | PGCE | PhD CChem | CPhys
Bill is a Deputy Chair of the Government advisory » Professor of Nanomaterials » Royal Academy of Engineering/EPSRC Research » Reader* in Surface Analysis, PG Tutor Committee on Radioactive Waste Management Fellow David joined the Department in 2003, becoming David joined the Department from Warwick (CoRWM), and a member of: The Leverhulme Trust Professor in 2007. After gaining a BSc in Chemistry Martyn was awarded a Royal Academy of University in 1989. He has a BSc in Physics Panel of Advisors, the IOM3 Prize Awards Panel, from the University of Glasgow, he graduated with Engineering/EPSRC research fellowship in July from Bristol University, a PGCE from the London The Morgan Technical Ceramics International a PhD in Physics from Cambridge University in 2007 after spending a spell in the Department Institute of Education and a PhD in Materials Advisory Panel and the International Board of 1990. He then held research posts in Cambridge as a Research Associate. During this time he from Imperial College London. After his PhD he the Materials Research Society Symposia on the and in Canada, before returning to the University worked on several projects focused on the micro undertook research posts at Imperial and the Scientific Basis of Nuclear Waste Management. In of Glasgow in 1996. As a former co-director David and macrostructural characterisation of novel City of London Polytechnic before taking up addition, he is an IAEA Technical Expert. plays an active role in the London Centre for macroporous solids. Before commencing his a lectureship in the Department of Physics at Nanotechnology. postgraduate studies Martyn graduated with a Warwick University. For six months in 2009 David Email: [email protected] BSc (First Class Honours) degree in Chemistry was a visiting Professor in the Department of www.imperial.ac.uk/people/w.e.lee David leads a multidisciplinary programme of from the University of Paisley (2001). During his Physics at the National University of Singapore. research focused on improving understanding of studies he was twice awarded the University Court the relationship between structure, properties David’s research in concerned with the Medal for outstanding academic achievement and applications of advanced structural and characterisation of materials using surface (highest aggregate mark in all BSc degree awards) functional materials. This knowledge is facilitating analysis techniques, especially Secondary Ion and in his final year the Ivan S Allen Medal as the development of novel nanostructured materials Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). His aim is to apply best student in the science faculty. He obtained for advanced applications. SIMS to as many different materials types as his PhD (Department of Chemistry) from the possible exploiting the very high resolution He has established an internationally-leading University of Glasgow in 2005. and sensitivity of the technique. Recent research programme based on two major themes: His research is directed towards synthesis and investigations include nanomaterials, electrical • synthesis and structure-property relationships characterisation of three-dimensionally ordered ceramics, biomaterials, glass, aerospace alloys, in three-dimensionally ordered macroporous macroporous solids (3DOM) and the development museum materials and micrometeorites. He is materials of synthetic methods for the formation of these also interested in instrumental development • application of nano-analytical techniques materials. and has secured funding through HEFCE for a for investigation of chemistry, structure and focused ion beam (FIB) SIMS instrument, and Current projects include: bonding in nanostructured materials a White Light Interferometer. More recently • formation of structured nanocomposite thin he has secured funding to up-grade the SIMS He is also developing 3D ordered macroporous films for photovoltaic applications depth profiling instrument by retrofitting a materials with particular emphasis on the • development of porous metal oxide thin films low energy ion column. In 2009 he received total-synthesis of thin film photonic crystals for for photonic applications a grant for £2.3 million from EPSRC for a new optoelectronic applications via directed self- formation of nanostructured films as chemical combined TOF SIMS – LEIS instrument. He has assembly techniques. Thin-film photonic crystals • sensors also received a British Council PMI2 grant (2008) with potential applications in sensor technology, to facilitate collaboration with the National catalysis and environmental clean-up operations University of Singapore on a program concerned Email: [email protected] in addition to optoelectronic applications in www.imperial.ac.uk/people/martyn.mclachlan with optimisation of ion yields for the study of materials have been fabricated from materials nanomaterials. David has nearly 150 publications such as Cu, TiO2, Fe2O3, BaTiO3, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3. He is in press and recently received an award for the former Chairman of the IoP Electron Microscopy best paper at EMAS 2007, a paper on FIB SIMS. and Analysis Group and a member of the council He is on the International Committee of the of the Royal Microscopical Society. SIMS conference series and gave an invited talk on FIB SIMS at SIMS 17 (Toronto) in September Email: [email protected] 2009 as well as an invited talk at ISMAS 2009 www.imperial.ac.uk/people/d.mccomb (Hyderabad – November 2009). In addition to his interest in surface analysis, he is interested in educational research and has received four small grants to facilitate work on transferable skills, international students and student exchanges. He has several publications in the educational literature and has given four invited * David became Director of Research and Deputy Head of the talks in this area, most recently at ICMAT 2009. * Bill Lee was Head of the Department of Materials until 31 July 2010 Department of Materials on 1 August 2010
98 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 99 Dr Arash A Mostofi* Dr Alexandra E Porter Dr Rongshan Qin MA | MSci | PhD (Cantab) | MEng | MSc | PhD PhD (Chinese Academy of CPhys | MInstP Sciences)
David was elected to the Council of the Institute of » Senior Lecturer** (RCUK Academic Fellowship) » Lecturer » Senior Lecturer in Steel Processing Physics (IoP) in 2010. He is currently the Chairman » Third Year Co-ordinator » Corus/RAEng Senior Research Fellow Arash is a Lecturer and RCUK Fellow, a position of the IoP Materials and Characterisation group held jointly between the Departments of Alexandra holds an MEng from Oxford University Rongshan Qin joined the Department in November and he is also on the advisory panel of the UK Physics and Materials. He holds a first class (Materials Science), MSc from Imperial College 2009 from Pohang University of Science and Centre for Materials Education. undergraduate degree in Natural Sciences and London in Biomedical Engineering and a PhD from Technology (POSTECH) at South Korea where a PhD in Condensed Matter Theory, both from Cambridge University in Biomedical Materials. he held a Full Research Professorship in Email: [email protected] the University of Cambridge. Before joining Since completing her PhD she has worked as a Computational Metallurgy. After graduating with www.imperial.ac.uk/people/d.mcphail Imperial College London Arash held a prestigious postdoctoral research fellow at the Lawrence PhD from the Institute of Metal Research at the Junior Research Fellowship at Christ’s College, Berkeley National Laboratory (USA) and The Chinese Academy of Sciences he continued his Cambridge, and was Research Associate in the Nanoscience Centre Cambridge in Professor Mark research on electropulsing-metals in the Institute Department of Materials Science and Engineering Welland’s Group. before moving to the UK in 1999. He carried at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. out postdoctoral work at Brunel University and Alexandra’s research uses high resolution electron Cambridge University in alloy processing before His research is dedicated to the development microscopy to visualise interactions between moving to Daresbury Laboratory as a Senior and application of first-principles modelling tools cells and bio- or nano-materials. Her current Scientific Officer in 2003. There he developed the for the theory and simulation of materials. He is interest is to develop novel methodologies to open-source software DL_MESO for simulation of one of the key developers of a new linear-scaling image nanoparticles within cellular compartments complex fluids. He moved to POSTECH for focusing approach for performing quantum-mechanical using novel TEM techniques such as 3D electron on teaching and research in steels in 2006. simulations within density-functional theory, work tomography and energy-filtered TEM. The overall that has resulted in a computer program (ONETEP, goal of this work is to understand the impact His current research topics include materials www.onetep.org) that is able to access system- of synthetic nanoparticles on human health behaviour in electric and magnetic fields, sizes an order of magnitude larger previously and the environment. She is also involved in high temperature reaction fluids, synthesis of possible with conventional approaches. He has applying these techniques to characterise microstructure, mathematic modelling, large scale also worked on novel approaches for constructing interfaces between tissues and biomaterials computation and visualisation. He holds a Tata model Hamiltonians based on first-principles (e.g., hydroxyapatite) at high resolution and to Steel and Royal Academy of Engineering Senior calculations using Wannier functions as an understand ageing and disease of human tissues Research Fellowship, Guest Professorship of optimally compact basis (www.wannier.org). (e.g., Osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s Disease). Wuhan University of Science and Technology, and His work brings to bear the predictive power Alexandra held the Oppenheimer Research membership of the Editorial Board of Materials of first-principles quantum mechanics to more fellowship for physical sciences at Cambridge Science and Technology. realistic systems that have been out of reach thus University and a Junior Research Fellowship at far. His current interests include: the electronic Newhall College, Cambridge. Email: [email protected] structure, optical properties and thermodynamics www.imperial.ac.uk/people/r.qin of semiconducting nanowires for energy Email: [email protected] applications; electrical and optical properties of www.imperial.ac.uk/people/a.porter DNA strands; and the mechanical properties of biomaterials such as amyloid fibrils. Arash is also the Warden of Wilkinson Hall of Residence and is a recipient of the Rector’s Award for Excellence in Pastoral Care (2009).
Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/a.mostofi
* From 1 October 2010 * Joint with Physics ** From 1 October 2010
100 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 101 Dr Jason Riley Dr Mary P Ryan Professor Eduardo Saiz Dr Barbara A Shollock Gutierrez MA | DPhil (Oxon) | FRSC | BSc | MSc | PhD BSc | MSc | DPhil CChem MsC | PhD (Oxon)
» Reader in Nanomaterials Electrochemistry » Reader in Materials Science and Nanotechnology » Professor in Structural Ceramics » Senior Lecturer » Director of Undergraduate Studies » Second Year Co-ordinator » First Year Co-ordinator Eduardo joined the Department in October » MEng Aerospace Materials Co-ordinator Jason joined the Department in October 2006 from Mary joined the Department in 1998 having spent 2009. He received his MsC from the Universidad the School of Chemistry at the University of Bristol three years at Brookhaven National Laboratory de Cantabria (Spain) and his PhD from the Barbara joined the Department in 1991 from where, for almost a decade, he had investigated in the US, first as a postdoctoral researcher and Universidad Autonoma de Madrid in 1992. His Oxford University, where she was both a Rolls- the formation and assembly of nanoparticles on then as staff scientist in the Materials Division. PhD project was carried out at the Instituto de Royce Junior Research Fellow and Rolls-Royce electrode surfaces via a bottom-up approach to Her doctoral work at the University of Manchester Cerámica y Vidrio – CSIC. There he worked in Research Fellow. Prior to completing her DPhil nanoparticle modified electrodes. Prior to his was on the use of in situ atomic resolution the development of ceramic superconducting in Oxford, she worked at AT&T Bell Laboratories appointment as a lecturer at Bristol he worked electrochemical STM to study the formation of thick films. In 1992 he joined Lawrence Berkeley while studying for her MSc in Materials Science as a postdoc at the University of Bath. Here ultra-thin surface oxides on base metals, showing National Laboratory (USA) with a Fulbright and Engineering from Lehigh University where she he undertook investigations on formation and for the first time that these surfaces are crystalline fellowship and remained there as a staff scientist also received her BSc degree. The relationship characterisation of porous silicon, a nanoparticle phases. At Brookhaven she continued to develop in the Materials Science Division until 2009. He between the microstructure, processing and modified electrode prepared by a top-down the use of in situ techniques in electrochemical was also an adjunct professor at the University of properties of metals has been a unifying theme approach. Jason was awarded a MA and DPhil systems, this time with synchrotron radiation, California in San Francisco and an Invited Scientist in her research. Focusing on the early stages from Oriel College, University of Oxford. both absorption and scattering based techniques. at the University of Mons in Belgium. of phase transformations, mainly in metallic alloys. She studies nanoscale precipitation Jason’s research activity concerns the Mary’s current research is in the area of applied Eduardo has authored more than 100 publications reactions using a range of techniques such as preparation, characterisation and applications of electrochemistry with a focus on deposition and holds several US patents. His research conventional and high resolution transmission nanomaterials. Colloid chemistry and templated of novel nanostructures and the study of self- interests include high temperature interfacial electron microscopy and field ion microscopy/ deposition are employed to obtain materials of forming nanocrystalline oxides; as well as phenomena and spreading, the development atom probe analysis. These techniques have been defined dimension. The as-prepared particles degradation and stability issues in nanomaterials. of new ceramic-based composites, in particular applied to a range of alloys including commercial are characterised and then deposited on She is a member of the International Society hierarchical composites with bio-inspired and rapidly quenched aluminium alloys, titanium substrates to yield surface coatings with well of Electrochemistry, the Electrochemical architectures, the study of adhesion between alloys and nickel base superalloys. Apart from defined architecture. The electrochemistry and Society and the UK Institute of Corrosion. dissimilar materials, and the development of new studying the physical metallurgy of these alloys, photoelectrochemistry of electrodes modified materials to support bone tissue engineering. Barbara also investigates the micro-mechanisms using such techniques are investigated. The Email: [email protected] of deformation in them using a range of electron research activity in Jason’s group is supported www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.p.ryan Email: [email protected] microscopy based techniques. At present, by both Research Councils and industrial awards www.imperial.ac.uk/people/e.saiz Barbara is extending her research by applying her from e.g., Hewlett Packard. knowledge to oxidation of nickel base superalloys to elucidate the mechanisms for the formation of Email: [email protected] thermally grown oxides. She has been awarded www.imperial.ac.uk/people/jason.riley an Imperial Elsie Widdowson Fellowship and has also held a TFR Visiting Professorship in Lulea, Sweden.
Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/b.shollock
102 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 103 Dr Stephen J Skinner Dr Yeong-Ah Soh Professor Molly M Stevens* Dr Natalie Stingelin BSc | PhD | FRSC | FIMMM | BS | MS | PhD BPharm | PhD | MRPharmS | PhD FHEA | CSci | CChem FIMMM
» Senior Lecturer » Lecturer » Professor of Biomedical Materials and » Senior Lecturer* » UG Admissions Tutor Regenerative Medicine » Postdoctoral Staff Mentor Prior to her post in the Department, Yeong-Ah Stephen joined the Department in 1998 and was was an associate professor at Dartmouth College Molly joined in 2004 after a period as Postdoctoral Natalie Stingelin (-Stutzmann) studied Materials promoted to Senior Lecturer in 2006. His research and had been a research fellow at University Associate in tissue engineering with Professor Science and Engineering in the Department focuses on the development of new materials for College London and a scientist at NEC Research Robert Langer at MIT. She graduated from Bath of Materials at the Swiss Federal Institute of energy technologies and is primarily concerned Laboratory, USA. She obtained a BS in physics University in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology in Zürich (ETHZ), Switzerland. She with the chemical and physical properties of from Seoul National University, MS in physics obtained a PhD in biophysical investigations of obtained the degree of Engineer in Materials solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes and electrodes, from University of Maryland, College Park, and specific biomolecular interactions and single Science in 1997, and in 2001 completed her including investigation of interstitial oxides and MS and PhD in applied physics from Cornell biomolecule mechanics from the University doctoral studies in the Polymer Technology Group, proton conducting oxides. His work encompasses University. During her studies at the University of Nottingham (2000). Awards include the for which she was awarded the ETH Medal. both the electrical and structural characteristion of Maryland, she received the Ralph D Myers prestigious Conference Science Medal from the From 2001 to 2003, she was a postdoctoral fellow of materials. Award for Graduate Studies for outstanding Royal Pharmaceutical Society (2006), the Tissue in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of academic achievement. In 2007, she was selected and Cell Engineering Society Young Investigator He has extensive experience of in situ high Cambridge, supported by a grant from the Swiss as a Scholarly Resident at Bellagio Study and Award (2006), the Philip Leverhulme Prize for temperature characterisation techniques, National Science Foundation; and in the period of Conference Centre, Rockefeller Foundation. Engineering (2005), the Ronald Belcher Memorial combining X-ray, neutron and synchrotron 2003 to 2005 she conducted research on organic Lecture Award from the Royal Society of Chemistry scattering and spectroscopy, and is currently Her current research focuses on mesoscopic field-effect transistors at the Philips Research (2000) and both the Janssen Prize and the UpJohn developing, with colleagues at neutron phenomena in magnetic systems to exploit new Laboratories, Eindhoven, The Netherlands, funded Prize for academic excellence and research. She scattering facilities, sample environments to materials or spin-based devices, with the goal by the Swiss Federal Office for Education and has also recently been recognised by the TR100, enable combined conductivity and structural of uncovering new physics while simultaneously Science. From 2005 to 2008, Natalie Stingelin built a compilation of the top innovators, under the measurements of new materials. Stephen laying the foundation for new devices exploiting the up her own group, first in the position of Research age of 35, who are transforming technology is particularly interested in relating the electron spin. Her research area ranges from low- Fellow, then Lecturer of Materials at Queen Mary, – and the world with their work. Research in structural characteristics of materials to their dimensional electronic systems in GaAs/AlGaAs University of London. regenerative medicine includes the directed electrochemical properties. He has collaborated heterostructures, low-dimensional magnets, DX differentiation of stem cells, the design of novel In January 2009, Natalie was appointed Lecturer of extensively throughout Europe, Canada and centres in semiconductors, transition metal oxides, bioactive scaffolds and new approaches towards Organic Functional Materials in the Department of Japan on new materials advances and continues quantum criticality, to magnetic memory. She tissue regeneration. She has developed novel Materials, Imperial College London. to develop links with research groups worldwide. specialises in nanofabrication, scanning probe approaches to tissue engineering that have He was a visiting professor at the Universite du microscopy, electrical, magnetic, and structural Her research is supported by grants from led to moves to commercialise the technology Maine, Le Mans, in 2004 and is currently a Royal measurements including X-ray microdiffraction. EPSRC, The Royal Society, The Leverhulme and set-up a clinical trial for bone regeneration Society of Chemistry visiting professor to China. Her work on magnetic oxides (Journal of Applied Trust, the European Commission, The Dutch in humans. She is the co-founder and Chief Further areas of interest include the development Physics 2002, Nature 2002, Science 2007; featured Polymer Institute and industrial partners. Scientific Officer of Bioceramic Therapeutics, a of high temperature electrolysers, solid state in Physics Today and MRS Bulletin) is an example She furthermore benefits from national and spin-out company launched in February 2007 to electrochemical sensors and thermal barrier where combining different techniques was essential international collaborators at the Technical develop nanostructured materials and bioactive coatings. He is deputy them leader for the Energy to understanding grain boundary magnetism and University of Eindhoven, The Netherlands; ETH ceramics for bone and cartilage regeneration Futures Laboratory Fuel Cell Network. electronic phase separation. Her recent studies on Zürich, Switzerland; Technion, Israel; Georgia (www.bioceramictherapeutics.com). In the field chromium films (Nature 2008; featured in Materials Institute of Technology and the National Institute of nanotechnology, current research efforts are in Today) represents a continuation of her work on of Standards, USA. Email: [email protected] exploiting specific biomolecular recognition and www.imperial.ac.uk/people/s.skinner quantum effects in chromium and its alloys (Nature self-assembly mechanisms to create new dynamic Her current research interests encompass the 2002; featured in Physics World) and opens up nano-materials, biosensors and drug delivery broad field of organic functional materials, a possibility of exploiting antiferromagnets in systems. including organic electronics, multifunctional spintronics, where the electron spin rather than the inorganic/organic hybrids and smart, advanced charge is exploited for data storage and processing. Email: [email protected] optical systems based on organic matter. www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.stevens Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/n.stingelin-stutzmann
* Joint with Institute of Biomedical Engineering
104 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 105 Dr Paul Tangney* Dr Luc J Vandeperre Dr Jonathan VM Weaver Dr Mark R Wenman
MSc | PhD MEng | PhD | FIMMM | FHEA BSc | PhD BEng | PhD
» Lecturer (RCUK Academic Fellowship) » Lecturer » Lecturer » British Energy Research Fellow » Senior Tutor » Royal Society University Research Fellow » UG Nuclear Materials Co-ordinator Paul joined Imperial in 2007 from Lawrence » Nuclear Materials MSc Co-ordinator Berkeley Laboratory (LBL). His undergraduate and Luc joined the Department in 2006 from the Jonathan is a lecturer in Polymeric Biomaterials masters degrees in physics were from University University of Cambridge, where he was a and a Royal Society University Research Fellow joined the Department in November 2008 as a College Cork and, in 2002, he received his PhD in postdoctoral research associate. While studying (2010) – positions he holds jointly between the British Energy Research Fellow in Nuclear Fuels. Condensed Matter Theory from the International for his PhD at the Catholic University of Leuven Department of Materials and the Department He obtained a degree in Materials Science School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Trieste. (Belgium), he investigated the electrophoretic Bioengineering. Prior to this he held a Research and Technology (BEng) from the University of His doctoral research was carried out both at deposition of layered ceramic shapes, and was Fellowship at the University of Liverpool, Birmingham between 1996 and 1999 and stayed SISSA and at Princeton University where, in 2001 awarded the 1997 Scientific Prize of the Belgian Department of Chemistry within the Centre for at Birmingham University to carry out a PhD, in and 2002, he was a visiting graduate student in Ceramic Society for his work. Since then, he has Materials Discovery which he moved to having Professor Paul Bowen’s research group, on the the Departments of Chemistry and Geosciences worked in both commercial as well as academic spent two years at Unilever (Port Sunlight, UK) micromechanisms of fracture in the ductile-to- and Princeton Materials Institute. In 2002 Paul environments researching shaping and thermo- working in their Home and Personal Care division. brittle transition region of BCC alloys. Having became a postdoctoral fellow in the Physics mechanical properties of ceramics. He has carried He completed his DPhil at University of Sussex completed his PhD, Mark was appointed as a Department of the University of California at out research on shaping of ceramics and ceramic (sponsored by Cognis) working with Professor Lecturer in the Reactor Engineering Group at the Berkeley and the Material Sciences Division foams, thermal shock, fracture of laminated Steve P Armes. He is co-founder of a start-up Nuclear Department, HMS Sultan, in Gosport. of LBL. In 2004 he joined the Theory Facility of ceramics, fracture of porous brittle materials, and company Hydra Polymers Limited (2007). His main research interests are in the field the Molecular Foundry at LBL as postdoctoral the relation between hardness and deformation His group’s research activities span various of nuclear engineering materials and include fellow. Paul is a lecturer and Research Councils mechanisms. He also designed a device capable aspects of synthetic polymer chemistry, polymer micromechanisms of fracture, stress and strain UK Academic Fellow and is jointly appointed by of thermal compensation of fibre Bragg gratings self-assembly mechanisms, nanoparticle measurement, and finite element modelling from the Departments of Physics and Materials. His for optical data transmission. synthesis, colloidal chemistry, responsive continuum to microscales. He is currently carrying research is theoretical and computational in Luc’s current research spans two themes. The materials and functional polymer-stabilised out research into the modelling of pellet-cladding nature and he has broad interests in materials first theme is thermo-mechanical properties of emulsions. An overarching aim is to understand mechanical interactions in nuclear fuels, the science, physics, chemistry, and related fields. structural ceramics, where he is investigating the fundamental design rules and mechanisms effect of alloying additions and hydrogen on the He generally develops and applies computational ceramics for use in high temperature and ballistic operating in these systems to the point that it performance of zirconium alloy fuel cladding techniques such as density functional theory (DFT) environments as well as design methodologies for is possible retro-design high-level complexity materials and the role of hydrogen on the stress and molecular dynamics to study the electronic ceramics in collaboration with the space industry. and advanced function using simplified, generic corrosion cracking of stainless steels. structure and finite temperature properties of both A second theme is environmental technologies. and viable processes. A focus of his research bulk and nanostructured materials and devices. In this area, he is involved in research into involves translating and applying these functional Paul’s past work has included studies of the Email: [email protected] cements for nuclear waste encapsulation, tailoring materials to regenerative medical challenges. www.imperial.ac.uk/people/m.wenman structural, vibrational, and electronic properties of materials for removal of radionucleide anions from carbon nanotubes and their responses to pressure water, carbon capture and recycling. In 2010, Luc and temperature; the mechanisms for mechanical Email: [email protected] was awarded a Rector’s Award for Excellence in www.imperial.ac.uk/people/j.weaver energy dissipation in nanoscale machinery; the Teaching. structure and dynamics of technologically and geophysically important oxides such as silica Email: [email protected] and MgO; and the dynamics of semiconductors www.imperial.ac.uk/people/l.vandeperre following intense ultrafast laser excitation. At present his research is being partly funded by an EU Marie Curie International Reintegration Grant entitled Understanding materials and devices at the nanoscale using atomistic simulations.
Email: [email protected] www.imperial.ac.uk/people/p.tangney
* Joint with Physics * Joint with Bioengineering
106 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 107 Materials-based university research centres
Interaction between the Department of Materials and other Departments across Imperial is key to the development of our multi and inter-disciplinary research. Some of our collaborations take place through College Institutes and interdepartmental centres and groups, including the Energy Futures Laboratory, the Institute for Security Science and Technology the Centre for Nuclear Engineering (CNE), the London Centre for Nanotechnology (LCN) and the Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBE). Details of these links are given in the following sections.
London Centre for Thomas Young Nanotechnology Centre (TYC) (LCN) The Thomas Young The London Centre Centre (TYC) is an for Nanotechnology alliance of London is a UK-based research groups engaged multidisciplinary enterprise operating at the in the theory and forefront of science and technology. Our purpose is simulation of materials. The participating groups to solve global problems in information processing, are based mainly at Imperial, King’s College and healthcare, energy and environment through the University College London, with some participants application of nanoscience and nanotechnology. also at Queen Mary University London, Royal Founded in 2003, the LCN is a joint venture between Holloway University London and the National University College London and Imperial College Physical Laboratory. London and based at the Bloomsbury and South The TYC runs a programme of events with the aim Kensington sites. of promoting cooperation and excellence in all The LCN occupies a purpose-built eight storey aspects of the theory and simulation of materials. facility in Gordon Street, Bloomsbury (opened It encourages and supports: in 2006) as well as extensive facilities within interactions with external groups, both different departments at South Kensington. The • industrial and academic, through a programme Centre’s experimental research is supported by of TYC seminars, soirées, workshops, Junior leading edge modelling, visualisation and theory Research Fellowships and research visits from through its access to state-of-the-art clean-room, leading academics and industrial partners characterisation, fabrication, manipulation and design laboratories. • graduate education, through lectures, student days and association with the Centres for The Centre has a unique operating model that Doctoral Training accesses and focuses the combined skills of both development of collaborative research projects universities across several key departments; • Chemistry, Physics, Materials, Medicine, Electrical The TYC offers a hospitable and stimulating and Electronic Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, environment for sabbatical visitors to London Chemical Engineering, Biochemical Engineering and or for short term collaborative visits. Seminars Earth Sciences. and discussion forums are focal points within London, with ample time and space for discussion, The LCN also has strong relationships with where coffee can be metabolised into science. the broader nanotechnology and commercial There are annual student days, at which TYC communities and is involved in many major research students present their work to their collaborations. As the world’s only such facility peers and TYC staff, after which prizes are located in the heart of a metropolis, the Centre has awarded. Dissemination of events, activities and superb access to corporate, investment and industrial achievements is done mainly via the TYC website, partners. It is at the forefront of nanotechnology which has recently been completely refurbished training and enjoys a strong media presence around with new content and useful tools for searching educating the public and bringing transparency to the TYC by research topic, location or researcher. this far-reaching and emerging science. Research in the TYC@Imperial is further supported by a Computational Science Support specialist, www.london-nano.com/ Dr James Spencer, who collaborates on research
108 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 109 projects with the TYC staff, helps solve technical, The primary objective of the Nuclear EngD is DIAMOND holds an annual conference and for the energy harvesting clean coal technology and algorithmic and programming problems associated to provide outstanding young nuclear research first two we have won first prize in the student nuclear power. with using computational techniques and provides engineers with intensive, broadly-based training speaking competition; Sunny Phuah in 2009 and Linux support for the TYC workstations. For further in collaboration with industrial companies so that Thorsten Selhorst in 2010. www.imperial.ac.uk/energyfutureslab information contact the current director, Professor they are equipped to take up senior roles within Mike Finnis or go to the website. the nuclear industry. In addition to obtaining a high quality qualification, the research engineers Energy Futures Lab Institute for www.thomasyoungcentre.org are gaining experience of working in an industrial The Energy Futures Lab is Biomedical research and development environment. This four- a major multidisciplinary, Engineering (IBE) year programme involves the student being based cross-faculty research Centre for Nuclear Engineering (CNE) in a UK company. The IBE promotes institute designed to the inter-disciplinary The group exists to provide a forum for The programme comprises four elements: meet broad energy potential in biomedical researchers engaged in the wide spectrum challenges and facilitate a doctoral level research project or portfolio of research at Imperial, of topics relevant to nuclear power. These • the transition to a sustainable energy economy. projects and is an international centre of excellence in researchers are drawn from all Departments Building on the already impressive capabilities at biomedical engineering research. It encourages • a management diploma and Centres at Imperial. In addition, researchers Imperial in key areas, such as energy efficiency, collaboration between engineers, scientists, from other London-based institutions are • taught technical modules fossil fuel decarbonisation, transport, the urban clinicians and medical researchers to tackle major welcome. Greater cross-disciplinary awareness • a professional development programme environment, nuclear energy, electrical networks, challenges in modern healthcare. Using enabling of the research interests and capabilities of power generation, renewable energy technologies, technologies such as bionics, tissue engineering, The research themes being offered are: Group members is helping identify areas for as well as the analysis of energy systems, policy, image analysis and bio-nanotechnology, its collaboration and supporting joint teaching • reactor technology economics and risk, the Lab provides a vehicle, researchers are developing medical devices which activities. The Group also provides an external • waste management and develops programmes, for advancing research enable people to have more vigorous, independent focus, complementary to that provided via specifically aimed at understanding and solving • decommissioning lives despite illness, ageing, and disability. The Departments and Centres, in order that outside wide, cross-cutting energy problems. IBE develops research ‘themes’ to attract major bodies appreciate the depth and breadth of • materials Prime objectives of the Lab are to: funding. These ‘themes’ are managed by the Imperial’s activity in this field. • socio-economic aspects Technology Networks, each headed by a Committee develop and implement a portfolio of major safety systems • drawn from the key researchers in the field from The Centre brings together a number of disciplines • cross-cutting, interdisciplinary research across Imperial. The majority of appointments are including mechanical, chemical and materials programmes in targeted areas of key scientific, jointly funded with other college departments. The engineering, modelling and radio ecology to www.dalton.manchester.ac.uk technological or commercial interest create one of the most comprehensive research IBE also appoints visiting professors from other maximise the impact of energy research and teaching groups dedicated to nuclear • organisations, particularly from overseas, who wish performed within the College by providing engineering and science. to make a significant contribution to the inter- coordination across faculties and departments, disciplinary research activities at Imperial. Imperial has a long history of nuclear research The DIAMOND University Consortium and with external organisations including and teaching, dating back to the post war period. UKERC, the Carbon Trust, industry and IBE is located on four floors of the Bessemer The Decommissioning, Immobilisation and The need to continue and expand the generation Government Building with, space and facilities which integrate Management of Nuclear Wastes for Disposal of nuclear power is now widely recognised as part activities within biomedical engineering. There Consortium (DIAMOND) is a strategic grouping • proactively engage with industry on strategic of the solution to the world’s problem of meeting is laboratory space not only for researchers of over 50 academics from six UK universities energy themes, and develop programmes for rapidly growing energy demands whilst at the permanently attached to the IBE, but other staff (Imperial), Leeds, Loughborough, Manchester, communication and discussion same time protecting the environment. In order from Imperial, PhD students and visiting academics Sheffield and University College London). It provide a focal point for key international to achieve the rapid growth necessary, there has • needing access to specialised facilities during received £4.25 million from EPSRC in 2008 to run relationships and collaborations in energy been a global nuclear renaissance. specific projects. Among the laboratory facilities are 35 research projects in the area of Nuclear Waste research at Imperial specialised spaces for microscopy, image analysis, Storage and Disposal. Seven of these projects • develop innovative ways of working with micropower testing, scanning probe, biotelemetry, Nuclear Engineering Doctorate are based at Imperial and involve a number of business and industry in the energy sector. instrumentation, third generation biomaterials Materials staff (Professors Robin Grimes, Bill Lee, Programme develop highly skilled students trained at the processing, hierarchical materials characterisation Drs Mary Ryan and Luc Vandeperre) as well as Dr • postgraduate level in cross-cutting energy and biophotonics. The IBE also incorporates a A consortium of UK Chris Cheeseman in the Department of Civil and analysis and technologies purpose- built bionanotechnology centre. universities, led by the Environmental Engineering. Professor Molly M Stevens is the Department’s University of Manchester Within the DIAMOND programme there are three While some of the technologies required to enable main IBE contact and is Research Director for in partnership with central research themes: a significant move to more sustainable energy Imperial College systems already exist, others require development Biomedical Materials within the Institute. Professor environment, migration and risk London, offers a • or outright new thinking. Teams in the Department Molly M Stevens is also the current Head of the fully-funded EngD in • decommissioning, legacy and site termination as part of the Energy Futures Lab, are working Musculoskeletal Technology Network at Imperial. Nuclear Engineering, • materials design, development and to address these critical issues and are at the which commenced in performance and the materials activity is co- forefront of energy research in many areas in www.imperial.ac.uk/biomedeng Up to 75 per cent of the EngD will be made up of September 2006. ordinated across the consortium by Professor particular in solid oxide fuel cells, photovoltaics, industrial placements Bill Lee ably supported by Dr Mary Ryan
110 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 111 Centre for Advanced hot press and thermo-mechanical testing Institute for Security Science Technology Materials Characterisation Structural Ceramics equipment by external suppliers has continued, and a freeze-dryer has been created in-house. As one of four Imperial College London Global Within the Department of Materials there is The second year of Thermodynamic database and phase equilibrium Institutes, we promote interdisciplinary working a wide range of facilities for processing and EPSRC funding for the Centre for Advanced software has been purchased. to meet some of the greatest challenges faced by characterising materials. These facilities are Structural Ceramics (CASC) has seen the society. available for use by researchers in both academia In November 2009 the refurbished CASC rooms and industry. Users from other academic completion of staff appointments, occupation Alongside traditional academic departments, were formally opened, with an invited lecture on institutions and industry can also access of new space and progress with setting up new the Institute interfaces with a wide range of The ferroelasticity of ferroelectrics by Professor the facilities and are advised to contact the facilities. Developing an identity and publicising government and business end-users, as well as Dr-Ing. Jürgen Rödel (TU Darmstadt) followed appropriate Research Officer below to discuss the Centre have been major themes. guiding the College’s contribution to international by a reception and tours of the Department and their requirements and to obtain an estimate of security science policy. The three CASC academics are Professor Eduardo the access charges. Saiz Gutierrez, Dr Luc Vandeperre and Dr Finn Individuals, communities, businesses and Electron Microscopy Giuliani, in addition to Professor Bill Lee as government are facing new security challenges in Dr Mahmoud Ardakani Director, Fraser Wigley as Technical Manager and many aspects of everyday life, due to advances Tel: (+44) 020 7594 6739 Gary Stakalls as Technician. Three CASC-funded in technology, globalisation and living in a more Email: [email protected] research staff have been appointed: Dr Suelen interconnected world. Barg, Dr Vineet Bhakhri and Dr Claudia Walter. Surface Analysis The Institute seeks to improve security across a All six CASC-funded PhD studentships are now in Mr Richard Chater range of scales, from protecting the individual to place – three at Imperial and three joint with other Tel: (+44) 020 7594 6740 ensuring the security of whole populations. UK universities: Email: [email protected] • predicting in service thermo-mechanical The Institute brings together scientists and performance of ultra-high temperature engineers at Imperial to develop novel ways of X-ray Diffraction and Thermal Analysis ceramics solving security problems and acts as a portal Mr Richard Sweeney Tel: (+44) 020 7594 6732 • high temperature deformation of TiAlN to a wide range of security-related technologies, including: Email: [email protected] • fatigue of aerospace ceramics biomedical technologies and personal the effect of carbon nanotubes on the sintering • X-ray MicroTomography • healthcare behaviour of ceramics with Professor Michael Mr Richard Hamilton Reece at Queen Mary University of London • data mining (text, speech, vision and web) Tel: (+44) 020 7594 6810 Email: [email protected] • the deformation of transition metal carbides, • large-scale data handling and analytics borides and nitrides with Dr Bill Clegg at the CASC facilities. CASC has also hosted one-day CASC Summer School bayesian statistics for anomaly detection attendees and presenters • research meetings on advanced ceramics (1DRAC) University of Cambridge materials science and on bioceramics. The CASC Steering Group • • preparation and characterisation of novel • CBRNE sensing technologies carbon materials for refractory applications met in July 2010 to review strategic research focus network sciences with Dr Shaowei Zhang at the University of and links with industry. The first CASC Summer • Sheffield School on Ceramics took place in September • machine vision for robotics and surveillance 2010, bringing together twenty attendees from vision and speech processing CASC has hosted a wide range of visitors, outside Imperial with a wide range of backgrounds • including prestigious sabbaticals such as Dick and an even mixture of industrial and academic • bio/behaviour-metrics Bradt (University of Alabama, USA), Martin Harmer experience. Presenters from several European (Lehigh University, USA) and Arthur Heuer (Case and American institutions gave tutorials and www.imperial.ac.uk/securityinstitute Western Reserve University, USA) and longer visits practical demonstrations on current developments by more junior researchers from Spain, Brazil, in ceramic synthesis, processing and mechanical Japan and India. characterisation. CASC academic staff and 28 researchers have Publicity has focussed on staff presenting at and moved into the office space and ceramics lab taking part in discussions at conferences and on created by refurbishment of the old workshop UK and overseas visits, including to a range of area – jointly funded by the College, CASC and the companies. Some memoranda of understanding Department. The high temperature nanoindenter have been signed with prestigious ceramics has moved to the new ceramics lab and is in research centres including the universities of frequent use, as is the server running software Erlangen and Bremen in Germany and Nagoya to model brittle fracture. Thermal analysis Institute of Technology in Japan. An occasional equipment, capable of reaching 2000°C or newsletter is circulated. For more information visit higher, has been installed in a newly-refurbished the CASC website. lab; this equipment complements the existing departmental facility. Construction of a vacuum www.imperial.ac.uk/casc
112 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 113 EPSRC grant. Imperial College London invested technique. 3D reconstruction of the microstructure Glancing angle X-ray diffraction: This technique £0.5 million for the refurbishment of the after Matlab-based image analysis is done using greatly enhances the analysis of thin films by electron microscopy laboratories to provide an SPIERS or AMIRA software packages. reducing the interference from the sample electromagnetically and acoustically shielded substrate and increasing the absorption path of Much of the work of the facility concerns the environment suitable for this state of the art the incident beam within the layer itself. measurement of oxygen mass transport in oxides instrument. This TEM/STEM instrument is fitted for electrochemical applications such as solid High Temperature XRD: Measurements can with a monochromator to deliver spatial/energy oxide fuel cells, zirconia-based oxygen sensors, be made on powdered specimens within the resolution capabilities of 0.14nm/0.5eV (mono membranes for oxygen separation from air temperature range of room temperature to 1100°C. off) and 0.3nm/0.12eV (mono on). With improved and electrolysers. Central to this application of It is also possible to control the atmosphere and stability in the lenses and electronics this powerful SIMS is the isotopic tracer labelling facility and conduct elevated temperature measurements in instrument makes atomic resolution STEM and the Matlab-based modelling routines for the vacuum, oxidising or reducing environments. nano-analytical spectroscopy achievable in a high interpretation of the tracer fraction profile. throughput, multi-user environment. The provision The X-ray Diffraction Facility is run by Mr Richard of an aberration corrector on the imaging lens The Surface Analysis Facility is run by Mr Sweeney, he is able to answer queries on system enables the ultimate in high resolution Richard Chater who is able to answer queries on instrument specifications and XRD analytical imaging to be achieved. instrument specifications and SIMS analytical suitability and methodology. Dr Stephen Skinner It is now possible to apply for Titan time as an suitability and methodology. Dr Sarah Fearn leads the academic research in XRD within the The TITAN Microscope external user via the EPSRC access to equipment has a special reponsibility for the new TofSIMS/ Department. LEIS system. Professor John Kilner and Dr David The Harvey Flower Centre for Electron scheme using the form available on the website. McPhaillead the academic research in SIMS within Microscopy Thermal Analysis www.imperial.ac.uk/materials/facilities/em the Department. Professor Kilner has particular The behaviour of materials as a function of This centre for electron microscopy provides interests in the use of isotopic tracers and SIMS for temperature is investigated in the Thermal modern facilities for advanced materials imaging oxygen mass transport measurements in oxides. Analysis facility, where the major Thermal Analysis and characterisation. The facilities include four Surface Analysis Facility scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and three techniques involving the measurement of mass, The Surface Analysis Facility incorporates SIMS, X-ray Diffraction transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), the temperature, heat flow and dimensions are FIB and optical interferometry and AFM. SIMS latest being the state-of-the-art monochromated A wide range of X-ray diffraction techniques is available. (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) is a vacuum- FEI TITAN 80/300. A recent addition is a FEI Helios available within the Department of Materials for based technique for measuring the number With the exception of dilatometry, where a solid 600 NanoLab dual beam focussed ion beam the investigation of polycrystalline materials, and identity of atoms at and near the surface of specimen is required, typical samples need only system. In addition, the dedicated microscopy team single crystals and thin films. Samples may be materials. The sensitivity of the measurement is be a few mg and can be in bulk, powder or liquid maintain the latest technology in the two sample examined in either bulk powdered form, or in often better than parts per million, and the spatial form. preparation labs, data processing suite and new some cases, liquid. resolution is within the nano-scale. The Facility The facility is equipped with a Netzsch ‘Jupiter’ remote microscopy facility. The facility is equipped with five diffractometers, aims to provide state of the art SIMS analyses for Simultaneous DSC/TGA instrument, a Netzsch two Panalytical X’Pert MPDs and two Panalytical The Electron Microscopy Facility is run by Dr the widest possible range of materials including 402E Dilatometer and a Stanton Redcroft 780 X’Pert MRDs and also a PW1700 series Mahmoud Ardakani with technical support from Dr volatile samples that have to analysed at liquid series, Simultaneous DTA/TGA instrument. All diffractometer system. These instruments are Ecaterina Ware, who are able to answer queries on nitrogen temperatures. The facility has recently of these instruments have a nominal maximum individually configured to enable a variety of instrument specifications and SEM/TEM analytical been expanded to incorporate a Low Energy Ion temperature of 1500°C and experiments can be techniques to be undertaken. suitability and methodology. Professor David Scattering (LEIS) system combined with a time-of- conducted under a variety of atmospheres. McComb, Dr Barbara Shollock, Dr Alexandra Porter, flight (TOF) SIMS system. This system is unique as Phase identification: Identification is aided by The Thermal Analysis Facility is run by Mr Richard Dr Finn Giuliani and Dr Alison Harrison lead the samples can be transferred between techniques ‘X’Pert HighScore Plus search and match software Sweeney and he is able to answer queries on academic research in TEM within the Department. rapidly within UHV conditions. LEIS provides which compares experimental data with standard ultimate sensitivity to measurements of topmost instrument specifications and TA analytical SEMs (Gemini 1525 FEGSEM and JEOL JSM6400) patterns from the ICDD reference database. surface atomic concentration across the periodic suitability and methodology. Dr Stephen Skinner and TEMs (JEOL JEM Fx2000MKII and JEOLJEM table. Texture analysis: By monitoring the variation leads the academic research on TA within the 2010) are fitted with Oxford Instruments ultra-thin of intensity of the diffracted X-ray beam from a Department. window (capable of detecting light element Z>4) The microscope-based optical interferometer specific set of lattice planes, whilst the specimen energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) for provides for the high resolution measurement of is orientated, it is possible to determine both X-ray microanalysis of specimens. SEMs are also surface structure, including the SIMS sputtered the direction and the magnitude of this preferred fitted with the latest fast Nordlys EBSD detectors crater depths. Sample preparation facilities orientation. and associated HKL software for determining grain are available for top atom and molecule layer structure and orientation by scanning a nanosize characterisation by SIMS. Residual stress: By precisely determining the probe over the surface of the sample. inter-planar spacings for crystallites of different Focussed Ion Beam, or FIB-based SIMS is also used orientations it is possible to calculate the residual The FEI TITAN 80/300 is the flagship TEM in for site-specific preparation of thin membranes stress from the measured strain in the lattice. This the facility. The TITAN is a London Centre for for transmission electron microscopy. This method technique offers the advantage of determining Nanotechnology facility, a joint venture between is particularly suitable for composite, macro- residual stress in a specimen without the need to Imperial College London and University College porous or fragile materials. The FIB-based SIMS measure the specimen in an unstressed state. London, and was funded by a £2.4 million is also suitable for the sequential ‘slice and view’
114 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 115 International links
High Resolution Real-Time Microfocal X-ray Image analysis • materials for clean power generation Radiography and Tomography Facility A series of image analysis tools and techniques • modelling X-ray microtomography is a technique which are available for: • carbon capture allows us to obtain geometric information about • visualisation and qualitative observation of The collaborative element of the KAUST a wide range of materials and composites in features relationship has so far involved two rounds of joint three dimensions. It is ideally suited for non- • quantification of sizes and distribution of research projects and the department is currently destructively imaging structures with features features developing a third round of large projects around ranging from 1 to 100 microns because of its • geometric quantification King Abdullah University of Science and the theme of Engineering Interfaces for Energy large penetration depth and range of contrast Applications. over different materials. This 3D imaging gives • meshing for use/comparison in FEM Technology (KAUST) us a great understanding of the 3D structure image registration (multi axis and multi- • King Abdullah University of Science and www.imperial.ac.uk/kaust of these materials. Combined with powerful scale) to allow definitive visualisation of Technology (KAUST) is now established in Saudi image processing techniques, the datasets can transformations Arabia as an international graduate-level research be interpreted to reveal the 3D morphology of The XMT facility is operated and managed by university dedicated to inspiring a new age of different phases present in the system. With Mr Richard Hamilton. Academic research in the scientific achievement that will benefit the region further processing these can be meshed into development and applications of XMT is led by and the world. As an independent and merit- solids or surfaces; allowing them to be used in a Professor Peter D Lee. based institution and one of the best endowed variety of modelling techniques including stress/ universities in the world, KAUST intends to become strain, flow, permeability and heat conduction. a major new contributor to the global network of This facility based in the Department of Materials collaborative research. at Imperial College London comprises two lab IDEA League KAUST opened in September 2009, and the core machines and a range of test facilities that can be In 1999 a memorandum of understanding was campus is located on more than 36 million square used for in situ observation. signed by four major European technological metres on the Red Sea at Thuwal – approximately universities (Imperial College London, Delft 80 kilometres north of Saudi Arabia’s second In situ testing University of Technology, ETH Zurich, Aachen largest city, Jeddah. A series of test rigs are available to allow in situ University RWTH), forming the IDEA League. In 2006 As a graduate-level research University, KAUST will observation under static or dynamic loads and ParisTech joined as fifth member of the League. carry out research into the following four strategic temperatures ranging from sub-zero to 1000°C. Each of the members of the League is considered areas: to be the leading institution for engineering and • static load rig – loads 0-1000N • resources, energy and environment technology in their respective countries. in situ tension/compression (+/-500N) rig with • biosciences and bioengineering optional furnace (room-1000°C) • The League was formed to address the grand materials science and engineering challenges facing Europe in the 21st century. • cold stage (room to -80°C) • applied mathematics and computational These challenges are: radiography tension/compression rigs • • science energy (allowing capture rates to 4Hz depending on • material) The Department has (along with departments • environment in other engineering disciplines at University • healthcare of Cambridge, Stanford University, University • information and communications technology of Texas, Austin, and University of California, (ICT) Berkeley) become an Academic Excellence mobility Alliance (AEA) partner with KAUST. This • partnership includes our assistance in nominating The IDEA League aims to maximise effort in these a number of academic staff for KAUST, designing important topic areas by working in a collaborative a Masters programme in Materials and working manner which encompasses: on collaborative research with KAUST Faculty. • research Professor Neil Alford is the designated KAUST – through the sharing of facilities and Champion with administrative support from research workshops on themed topics Graeme Rae. Since September 2008, a number of KAUST academic visitors have been welcomed to • education the Department of Materials and been involved in – through mutual recognition of degrees, current collaborative KAUST research projects in student interchange joint masters courses the following areas: and joint summer schools • nanotechnologies • innovation – through technology transfer and links functional thin films • with the major European industrial • composites organisations
116 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 117 Current research sponsors
The Department of Materials was active in forming Ma-Jan. The Department of Materials at Imperial Over 120 projects were undertaken by postgraduate research students and the Materials Science Interest Group within the has had close links with NUS for some years, and postdoctoral research staff in 2009–10. The quality of the Department’s research IDEA grouping and was heavily involved in the enjoys close relations with Professor Andrew Wee, second IDEA League summer school ‘Multiscale Dean of Science. Dr Barbara Shollock and Dr Dave has been judged consistently to be of the highest international standard and the Modelling in Materials Science and Engineering’ McPhail have been collaborating with Professor proportion of income from research grants and contracts is one of the highest held in the Eifel Mountains in July of 2007. Many Wee and with Dr Nikolai Yakovlev of Institute of of any UK Materials Department. The concentration and strength of research of the Department’s PhD students have benefitted Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE) on a in science, engineering and medicine gives Imperial College London a unique from the IDEA League student grants allowing PMI2 grant. It should be mentioned that we are them to work at facilities in ETH Zurich and RWTH seeking joint PhD projects (A*STAR) with IMRE. and internationally-distinctive research presence. Generous support for the Aachen for example. Department’s research comes from a wide variety of sources. From industry there At the undergraduate level UROP projects have been set up. Three students worked at NTU in 2010 are donations towards senior academic posts, advanced courses, bursaries, www.idealeague.org and new projects are being put in place for 2011, scholarships and research projects. The Department also gains considerable both at NUS and NTU. support from research councils and charities to undertake research. The National University of Singapore (NUS) and Nanyang Technological www.imperial.ac.uk/international/students/ internationalopportunities University (NTU) The Department of Materials D G is grateful to the organisations (DIAMOND University Consortium), General Electric Company (GE) The Department is developing increasingly close listed below for their support. EPSRC links with the National University of Singapore Our level of research activity German Research Foundation (DFG) (NUS) and Nanyang Technological University Department of Materials, Imperial would not have been possible Government of Thailand (NTU). The collaborations, will in time, involve without their generous College London staff visits, sabbaticals and exchanges, joint contributions. Defence Science and Technology H PhD programs, short visits by postdocs and PhD Laboratory (DSTL) students, UROP projects and MEng placements. Hewlett-Packard Limited A Doctoral Training Account (DTA) At the postgraduate level we are hoping to secure Hydro Aluminium Extrusion Limited PhD students to commence on the Imperial- Aeromet International plc Department of Trade and Industry NTU and Imperial-NUS joint PhD programmes Aerospace Metals Composites (DTI) I in 2011 (see link below). These programmes will Limited (AMC) Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI) offer PhD students the opportunity to get a PhD Imperial College London Alcoa Incorporated qualification from both institutions and to benefit Imperial College Deputy Rector’s Alstom E from the complementary scientific equipment and Award Engineering and Physical Sciences expertise in the two institutions. David McPhail is Aluminium Powder Company (Part Research Council (EPSRC) Institute of Space Technology, the Imperial academic programme manager for the of the Metallurg Corporation) Pakistan (IST) Imperial-NUS joint PhD programme. A number of EC (ONE-P Project) AtlantTICC Alliance visits have been made to Nanyang and NUS, and E.ON International Research in March 2010 a delegation from the Department Atomic Weapons Establishment Initiative K of Materials at Imperial College London spent (AWE) Ericsson Korea Electric Power Corporation two days at Nanyang exploring synergies and A*STAR NSS PhD Scholarship developing links (Imperial team – Professor (KEPCO) European Union (EU) Manish Chhowalla, Dr Stephen Skinner, Dr Mary B King Abdullah University of Science Ryan and Dr Dave McPhail). The Nanyang group is European Union Marie Curie and Technology (KAUST) headed by Professor Freddy Boey and Professor Baxter International (formally Apa Actions, Intra-European Fellowships Knowledge Transfer Networks (KTN) Tech Limited) European Research Council (ERC) Korea Electric Power Company Biotechnology and Biological (KEPCO) Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) F British Coal Utilisation Research F-Bridge Fairfuels (FP7-Projects) L Association Limited (BCURA) Fonds National de la Recherche Laing O’Rourke plc British Heart Foundation Luxembourg Lee Family Scholarship Ford Motor Company C Leverhulme Trust Fundação para a Ciência ea Carnegie Mellon University Tecnologia (FCT) Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Ceres Power
Culham Centre for Fusion Energy Members of the Department of Materials at NTU
118 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 119 M R
Malaysian Government Research Councils UK (RCUK)
Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB) Rolls-Royce plc
Marie Curie Rolls-Royce Fuel Cell Systems Limited (RRFCS) Medical Research Council (MRC) Rolls-Royce UTP (University of Ministry of Defence (MOD) Cambridge) Ministry of Education Singapore Royal Academy of Engineering (MOE) (RAEng)
N Royal Society
Nextek Limited Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
National Council on Science and Royal Thailand Government Technology (CONACYT), Mexico RWE npower National Nuclear Laboratory UK (NNL) S research themes research National Physical Laboratory (NPL) Shell Global Solutions
National Research Council of Schlumberger Foundation Faculty Canada (NRCC) for the Future Program (FFTF)
National Science Foundation (NSF) Special Metals
Natural Science Foundation of Stephen and Anna Hui Scholarship China (NSFC) Strategic Longer and Larger Grants Natural Environment Research (LoLas) Council (NERC) Stryker Corporation Natural Sciences and Engineering Supergen Fuel Cells Consortium Research Council of Canada (NSERC) T Nihon Superior Company Limited Technology Strategy Board (TSB) Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) Tetronics Limited
O U
Oak Ridge National Laboratory United Kingdom Energy Research Centre (UKERC) Ontario Power Generation (OPG) Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Overseas Research Scholarship (ORS) UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI) P W Pilkington Group Limited Westinghouse Electric Company Powerwave Technologies
Pratt and Whitney
Q
Queen’s University Belfast
QinetiQ Group plc
120 Department of Materials Research in Progressprogress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 121 Research in the Department is centred around six core themes:
biomaterials and tissue engineering ceramics and glasses advanced alloys nanotechnology and nanoscale characterisation functional materials theory and simulation of materials
The research teams for Nanotechnology and The research highlights and each theme are: nanoscale characterisation project summaries being undertaken in the Department Professor David W McComb by postgraduate research Biomaterials and tissue Representative micrograph Dr Mary P Ryan students, postdoctoral research engineering staff and other projects as well of Saos-2 cells cultured with Dr Jason Riley as highlighting research of Professor Molly M Stevens** dissolution ions of SR10. Cells Dr David S McPhail particular merit are summarised were immunostained with actin Dr Julian R Jones in this section. Dr Alison C Harrison (red) and vinculin (green). Nuclei Dr Alexandra E Porter Dr Martyn A McLachlan Each sub-section includes a of the cells are counterstained Dr Iain E Dunlop research highlight(s) and a complete list of summaries (in with DAPI Dr Jonathan VM Weaver Functional materials alphabetical order according » Pelin Candarlioglu Professor Neil McN Alford to title) for projects that were Ceramics and glasses undertaken during the 2009–10 Dr Solveig Felton (from 1 January academic year. Professor Bill Lee 2011) Each summary includes Professor Norbert Klein Professor John A Kilner the name of the researcher Professor Alan Atkinson Dr Yeong-Ah Soh performing the work, the name of the supervisor where Professor Manish Chhowalla Dr Sandrine EM Heutz appropriate and the company *** Dr Natalie Stingelin Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez sponsoring the project. Dr Stephen J Skinner Where the name of a Theory and simulation of Dr Luc J Vandeperre sponsoring company has materials been abbreviated the full and tissue engineering biomaterials Dr Finn Giuliani *** company name can be found Professor Mike W Finnis* in the section current research Advanced alloys Professor Robin W Grimes sponsors (pages 119– 120). Dr Peter D Haynes* Professor Peter D Lee Dr Andrew P Horsfield Dr Rongshan Qin Dr Arash A Mostofi* Dr Barbara A Shollock Dr Paul Tangney* Dr David Dye
Dr Christopher M Gourlay
Dr Mark R Wenman
* Joint with the Department of Physics ** Joint with the Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBE) *** Joint with the Department of Mechanical Engineering
122 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 123 project summaries Bioactive glass based cements for medical Research highlight applications Postgraduate research student projects » Researcher: Yann C Fredholm » Supervisors: Professor Robert G Hill (Barts and Hybrid silica- regeneration of that area by mechanical properties based A calcium containing hybrid material for bone The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, releasing dissolution products on both their composition tissue scaffolds Queen Mary University of London) and Professor gelatin scaffolds and providing a template to and their porosity. This means Molly M Stevens » Researcher: Wouter van den Bergh guide new tissue growth. Such that they can be optimised » Sponsor: DTI for human tissue » Supervisors: Dr Julian R Jones and Dr Alexander scaffolds must also restore for a range of tissue types E Porter This project aims to develop new cement regeneration the mechanical function of depending on the mechanical » Sponsor: Department of Materials (Imperial composed of polymer and bioactive glasses. The the tissue. For instance, a properties of the tissue. We College London) project involves formulation development, glass scaffold for bone must be able envisage that these scaffolds structure study, dissolution studies on the glass, » Researchers: Oliver Mahony to transmit the loads that the can be optimised for both hard This work aims to produce a scaffold of covalently and Dr Olga Tsigkou apatite formation in SBF and in vitro cell testing bone is normally subject to. and soft tissue applications. bonded silica and gelatin containing calcium. with osteoblast cells. » Supervisors: Professor Molly Such a scaffold would provide mechanical We have developed new As these materials are a special M Stevens and Dr Julian R support, 3D structural guidance and encourage materials based on a silica- type of composite, termed Bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds using natural Jones bone regeneration by releasing osteogenic gelatin hybrid that show hybrid, they exhibit chemical polymers » Sponsor: EPRSC ions. The major challenge of this work lies in great potential as a platform bonding between the silica and One of the principle aims incorporating calcium into the already promising » Researcher: Oliver Mahony technology for tissue gelatin phases. This nanoscale in biomaterials and tissue silica-gelatin system. The use of gelatin limits the » Supervisors: Dr Julian R Jones and Professor regeneration. Formed into phase interaction is key to the engineering research is to temperature range available for heat treatment Molly M Stevens macroporous scaffolds, high level control of material develop techniques that and necessitates the development of novel » Sponsor: EPSRC (Case Studentship with they support the growth of properties that are observed. enable the generation of approaches using Calcium Phosphate, CME and Repregen Limited) human mesenchymal stem Models of the hybrid scaffolds functional biological tissue other potential calcium sources. Encouraging cells, demonstrating their have been developed to New bioinspired scaffolds have been created to treat diseased or damaged scaffolds have been developed. biocompatibility (figure 2). show the range of mechanical tissue in the human body. that mimic bone’s nanocomposite structure and They exhibit a controllable properties available based One technique is to engineer biomechanical properties. The nanocomposites dissolution profile, which can on the scaffold’s porosity and A novel hybrid material for bone tissue scaffolds are being produced using a new sol-gel process. ‘scaffolds’ (figure 1) that can be be tailored based on their pore interconnect size (both » Researcher: Esther Valliant A polymer network and bioactive and resorbable inserted into the problem area composition. It is important important parameters in » Supervisor: Dr Julian R Jones inorganic network is formed simultaneously, in the body and stimulate the to control the degradation of scaffold design). These models » Sponsors: Department of Materials (Imperial creating interlocking inorganic and organic the scaffold in the body as, enable the engineer and College London), NSERC networks. Gelatin is used as an enzymatically ideally, this can be engineered surgeon to specify the precise degradable polymer that mimics collagen. The to match the rate of new tissue parameters achievable by the Tissue engineering scaffolds encourage the inorganic phase provides compressive strength, regeneration. Hence, over time, scaffold, before the scaffold body’s natural repair mechanisms by providing bone bonding and delivers Si and Ca ions that are new natural tissue should has even been synthesised temporary support, encouraging cell attachment, known to stimulate bone cells to produce new occupy the area once filled by (figure 3). signaling differentiation and degrading at a rate bone (osteogenesis). The polymer phase provides the scaffold. These scaffolds suitable for new tissue formation. A promising toughness. The key to success of these materials also exhibit a wide range of material is a hybrid material of bioactive glass is covalently bond of the inorganic to the organic. and polymer where the two components are This has been achieved using a coupling agent. 3 covalently bonded together. The aim is to produce A combination of a sol-gel foaming process and an inorganic/organic hybrid using poly(γ-glutamic freeze drying has produced porous scaffolds acid) (PGA) and 70S30C glass. The monomer with interconnected pore networks for tissue unit of γ-PGA is a naturally produced protein and engineering applications. The degradation rate this polymer is safe for use in the body. Covalent of the scaffold can be tailored by controlling the crosslinks between the two phases produce a amount of coupling agent used. Importantly, material with superior mechanical properties and the inorganic degrades at a similar rate to the dissolution performance over existing glasses polymer. Mechanical properties can be varied from while maintaining bioactivity. One of the greatest flexible to stiff by changing the polymer content. challenges in this sol-gel system is to successfully incorporate calcium, this has been achieved by changing the chemistry of the polymer. Foamed scaffolds have been developed that provide a template suitable for cell ingrowth.
1 2
124 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 125 Bio-inorganic nanomaterials Cell response to defined nanopatterns of produce porous, interconnected scaffolds from and infiltration. In addition, the morphological chemistry and topography varying compositions of melt derived glass. The similarities between the nanofibres scaffold and » Researcher: Piotr Gryko challenge to foaming these structures has been the ECM are believed to improve cellular response » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens » Researcher: Vanessa LaPointe the extremely short pouring window, leading to and overall biocompatibility. Electrospun scaffolds » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens foam collapse or the premature setting of the are being characterised using scanning electron » Sponsors: Self-funded, ORS The ability to direct the assembly of inorganic polymer. This has been eliminated by the removal microscopy to determine morphology as well nanoparticles has received growing interest in Cells respond to nanotopographical cues, of the pouring process altogether, giving samples as extensive cell culture studies to determine the creation of new nanotechnology devices. resulting in diverse cell behaviour from changes that are highly interconnected with homogenous scaffold biocompatibility and cell response. In The development of new methods to control in cell adhesion to regulation of gene expression. pore sizes in the desired range of 100-400µm. addition, mechanical characterisation of the nanoparticle assembly may also impact on certain Monolayer-protected metal nanoparticle Varying the compositions used has also led to electrospun fibres will be performed. applications in medical and engineering science (MPMN) surfaces have controlled chemistry and the elimination of unwanted potassium sulphate such as the generation of novel tunable and/ nanotopography but varying surface energy and surface crystals formed between the glass and the Elemental speciation analysis of food-related and or switchable materials. In particular, the ability subnanometre domains in their monolayer shell. polymer initiator. environmental samples to dynamically assemble and dis-assemble such The aim of this project is to use MPMN surfaces » Researcher: Sutthinun Taebunpakul structures under physiologically accessible to improve our fundamental understanding of Characterisation of heart valve related » Supervisors: Professors Kym E Jarvis (Faculty of environmental conditions, as triggered for how embryonic stem cells (ESCs) interact with mineralisation using bio-raman micro- Natural Sciences), Susan J Parry, (Department example by changes in pH or enzymes would be nanostructured surfaces. This project involves spectroscopy and supporting techniques valuable for materials to be utilized for sensing in surface characterisation, cell culture, and of Earth Science and Engineering) Professor Bill vivo and drug delivery. This work involves using quantification of cell response. » Researcher: Kristy Cloyd Lee and Dr Heidi Goenaga-Infante, (Micro and de novo designed small peptide sequences that » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens Trace Analysis Centre) » Sponsor: British Heart Foundation » Sponsor: Royal Thailand Government can specifically self-assemble to form peptide- Cellular response to sub-micron bioactive glass nanoparticle networks. The stability of the particles Heart valves are remarkable in their ability to Elemental speciation analysis has received an assembled peptides can be tuned by varying the direct unidirectional blood flow through the heart increasing interest over the last decade since » Researcher: Sheyda Labbaf sequence. The goal of this work is to generate new while enduring incredible mechanical loads and the determination of total concentration is not » Supervisor: Dr Julian R Jones and Dr Alexandra nano-assembled materials that can be dynamically cyclic deformation. When these valves become sufficient for gaining insights into its actual E Porter assembled and disassembled in response to small calcified, particularly in the aortic valve they impact on the surroundings and human health. » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) changes in environmental stimuli such as pH or become thick, stiff, and occasionally leaflets fuse Information on the distribution of metal(loid) enzymes or other small molecules. Bioactive glasses bond to bone and degrade in together so their ability to perform is hindered. species in environmental and food-related the body. There is interest in using sub-micron This disruption results in the heart being forced samples is required to assess environmental Cartilage tissue engineering and nanoparticles as injectables for therapeutic to work harder and the patient suffering. The impact and risks associated with human applications. Bioactive glass implants also have tendency of some heart valves to calcify is an consumption. Current trends in speciation analysis » Researcher: Erh-Hsuin Lim high potential for bone repair. It is therefore interesting biological phenomenon as well as are being oriented to bioinorganic applications, » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens important to assess how stem cells behave in a pertinent medical concern. The objective of particularly to the investigation of metal species » Sponsor: Self-funded the presence of small bioactive glass particles, my project is to investigate the mineralisation with bio-induced biomolecules such as organic This project is engineering a bioactive, biomimetic which could have been injected into the body or process of heart valves, in vitro and in vivo, using acids, proteins, sugars or DNA fragments. This and biocompatible scaffold for cartilage tissue generated by wear of larger implants. Spherical Bio-Raman micro-spectroscopy and conventional project is developing a method for extracting regeneration. The design of the scaffold is 3D in sub-micron bioactive glass particles have been techniques such as calcium staining, FTIR, PCR, and detecting elemental species in metal- structure. Scaffolds are being produced using synthesised and characterised. High resolution SEM EDX. This characterisation will enable the accumulating plants exposed to heavy metals electro-spinning and 3D printing techniques. microscopy is being used to investigate cell/ comparison of the matrix composing deposited using Laboratory of Government Chemists Limited These scaffolds are designed to exhibit material interactions. Particles with diameters calcified nodules in valves to bone and other (LGC)’s expertise and facilities for speciation work. topographical features on the nano- and micro- smaller than 250 nm were taken up by adult stem mineral species. Hopefully this insight will help The uptake of Se, As and Hg in plants is being scale to influence cell adhesion and migration. cells but were not found to affect cell behaviour. unravel some of the mechanisms underlying heart examined using a combination of chromatography Scaffolds are being characterised with scanning valve calcification, and help progress towards with ICP-MS and organic mass spectrometry. electron microscopy to assess porosity and Characterisation of gel-cast melt-derived bioactive future replacement or repair options. morphology. This has a direct impact on the glass scaffolds in bone regeneration Engineering novel implants with modified perfusion, cell migration and tissue integration. Electrospinning of photocrosslinked fibrous biomolecule coatings » Researcher: Hok Man Tang In addition, the scaffolds will be subjected to scaffold for tissue engineering standard mechanical testing with and without » Supervisors: Dr Julian R Jones and Professor » Researcher: Pinyuan Tian immersion in simulated body fluid. Peter D Lee » Researcher: Farina Muhamad » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens » Sponsor: Department of Materials (Imperial » Sponsor: Malaysian Government College London) Bioactive glasses have the ability to bond to bone while stimulating its growth as it degrades in vivo. This project involves engineering a bioactive, Titanium (Ti) implants have been widely used to Scaffolds synthesized from these compositions biomimetic and biocompatible scaffold using replace, support or enhance missing or damaged can also mechanically support the bone defect electrospinning technique. The technique is able bones because of their superior properties, site as well as acting as a three dimensional to create ECM analogue scaffolds composed such as high mechanical strength, outstanding template for cell ingrowth and attachment. We of nanoscale fibres, which create high surface corrosion resistance, and its biocompatability. Ti are utilising the gel-casting foaming method to area to volume ratio to support cell growth implant surface characteristics such as surface
126 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 127 (bio)chemistry are believed to determine new Fabrication, physical and in vitro characterisation The calculated permeability was compared to fabrication process will be tested and the best way bone formation at the implant surface. In order of nanostructured porous bioactive glass/polymer experimental results and values of permeability of of incorporation of the BG in the scaffold will be to obtain early and strong implant fixation in the composite scaffolds for hard tissue engineering human bone published in previous literatures. The studied. Toxicity and biological activity of the final surrounding bone tissue, implant surface (bio) applications agreement between the experimental results and scaffold will then be tested in vitro. chemical modification which uses critical organic the numerical values indicates the suitability of » Researcher: Darmawati Yunos components of bone, such as bone growth factors the material for its orthopaedic applications. » Supervisor: Professor Aldo R Boccaccini Investigation into the effects of material selection and enzymes, which stimulate bone formation and (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) and topographical features in scaffold design for enhance bone mineralisation, are of particular » Sponsor: Malaysian Government High phosphate strontium containing bioactive the tissue engineering of cartilage interest. The aim is to develop novel Ti implants glass coatings for bone tissue engineering incorporating modified biomolecule coatings to In this project, inorganic fillers such as bioactive » Researcher: Juling Ong improve functionality and biological efficiency. glass particles or titanium oxide nanoparticles » Researcher: Nasrin Lotfibakhshaiesh » Supervisors: Professor Robert G Hill (Barts and Two biomolecules were chose: a peptide derived are being added to optimise the mechanical » Supervisors: Professor Molly M Stevens and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, from bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) which properties of the polymer matrix as well as to Professor Robert G Hill (Barts and The London Queen Mary University of London) and Professor induces bone formation; an engineered enzyme increase tissue integration and bioactivity of the School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary Molly M Stevens alkaline phosphatase (ALP) which enhances scaffolds. Moreover strategies for the modification University London) » Sponsor: Self-funded » Sponsor: Self-funded mineral deposition. Both biomolecules were of the topography and chemistry of the scaffolds Autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT) modified by His-tag, a sequence of six histidine surfaces are being investigated to enhance cell Ti6Al4V alloys are bioinert and elicit fibrous to regenerate articular cartilage defects has residues, which control over biomolecule attachment and proliferation upon cell seeding. encapsulation when implanted into bone, as hip many potential advantages over conventional orientation and expose the active sites of We are: or knee prostheses. This project is designing treatments such as total joint replacement. biomolecules. Ti implants with BMPs peptide and • Fabricating 3D porous composite scaffolds and developing novel strontium (Sr) containing However, the harvesting and in vitro expansion ALP coatings have been developed to improve based on Bioactive glass/polymer bioactive glasses with thermal expansion of human chondrocytes is associated with de- implant fixation in the bone tissue. and Bioglass/Polymer/Titanium oxide coefficients matched to the alloy that can be differentiation to a fibroblastic phenotype. This is nanoparticles with or without carbon nanotube sintered to form coherent tightly bonded coatings, characterised by an abnormal pattern of collagen Enzyme-responsive quantum dot-peptide additions. without crystallisation occurring. Bioactive expression and decreased GAG production. conjugates for biomarker detection and • Developing methods for functionalisation of glasses form bone mineral on their surface in This project is examining how human primary evaluation the surface of 3D porous scaffolds. physiological fluids and integrate and bond chondrocytes respond in vitro, to the scaffold with bone tissue. Strontium actively stimulates material as well as its microscopic architecture » Researcher: Stuart Lowe Characterising the physical and mechanical • the bone forming cells and inhibits the bone and topography. Cell culture experiments, » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens properties of the porous composite scaffolds. resorbing cells. Successful coatings containing involving studies using human primary » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) Determining the in vitro properties of the porous varying proportions of strontium and phosphate chondrocytes were cultured on the different Many disease states are characterised by composite scaffolds. have been produced and we will investigate the substrates. Cell adhesion and proliferation on overexpression or abnormal function of enzymes response of bone cells to these bioactive glasses. the different substrates has been measured and (biomarkers). Semiconductor nanoparticles Flow and mechanical behaviours of porous Then the osseo-integration of the high phosphate genomic and proteomic expression analysed. (Quantum Dots – QDs) with a CdSe/ZnS core- implants in vitro and in vivo: simulation and in Sr containing BG coating will compare with plasma Using an electrospinning technique we fabricated shell structure and size-dependent luminescence situ observation sprayed hydroxyapatite in vivo. fibrous mats of these polymers. These fibrous can be functionalised with biomolecules in scaffolds were characterised prior to further » Researcher: Ziyu Zhang order to achieve highly sensitive enzyme cell studies examining chondrocyte functional » Supervisors: Professor Peter D Lee and Dr Julian Hypoxia-mimicking materials for skeletal tissue detection. Designer peptides that mimic natural phenotype. R Jones engineering substrates are modified by the target enzyme. » Sponsors: Self Funded, Stryker Corporation » Researcher: Maria Manuel Azevedo The QD-peptide conjugates are then formed via Multifunctional Bioglass® based composite » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens thermodynamically-driven self assembly between Joint replacement implants require good fixation scaffolds for bone tissue engineering hexahistidine sequences contained within the into host tissue. Bone fixation devices are » Sponsor: FCT » Researcher: Phillipa Newby peptide sequence and the ZnS surface of the expected to stimulate bone in-growth to help This project is developing a hypoxia stimulating » Supervisor: Professor Aldo R Boccaccini QDs. Finally, dye-labelled antibodies recognise implants attach to native tissue. Titanium(Ti) biomaterial to be used in cartilage and bone tissue (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) and and bind to the modified site, which produces a porous foams produced by selective laser engineering. A series of Bioactive Glasses (BG) Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez quantifiable signal via FRET (Forster Resonance melting(SLM) technique are promising fixation will be produced with increasing concentrations of » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) Energy Transfer). Enzymes under study include devices in orthopaedic applications. These cobalt ions, as cobalt is known to mimic a hypoxic p300 Histone Acetyltransferase and HER2 kinase, scaffolds should possess sufficient permeability environment. These BGs are being characterised Bioactive glass scaffolds have drawn a lot of and detection sensitivities in the nM range have to allow for vascular invasion, integration with and their effect on cell growth and viability and attention in recent years in the field of bone been recorded. the host tissue and also satisfy the transport hypoxia pathway stimulation tested. The effect tissue engineering as they provide suitable 3D requirements of remodelling bone. We are using of the BG in cell differentiation will then be substrates that promote new bone growth. These X-ray microtomography(µCT) to obtain the tested using stem cells from adult and embryonic scaffolds support osteoblast cell attachment, three dimensional(3D) structure of Ti scaffolds sources (human periosteal stem cells, human proliferation and differentiation, and they exhibit with different levels of randomness in structure mesenchymal stem cells and mouse embryonic adequate mechanical properties to support the design (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%). A discretized stem cells). The BG will then be incorporated in a surrounding bone tissue. With post-operative computational fluid dynamics model was scaffold that can be implanted in the body. Before infections and implant rejection a concern, produced to predict the permeability of scaffolds. this, the stability of the BG during the scaffold the ideal scaffold implant would be one that
128 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 129 incorporates an antibacterial element to help estimated national healthcare costs in excess A key step for bone regeneration is to have a synthesis, purified, and incorporated into the to prevent infections and thus reducing post of $400 billion annually for patients suffering scaffold that releases calcium at a controlled rate. scaffolds. Different human cell types (Osteoblasts, operative care and improving the patient’s end-stage organ failure or tissue loss. By using 3D Calcium must be incorporated at low temperatures Chondrocytes and Periosteal cells will be cultured recovery time. Advanced scaffolds should also scaffolds, the scientific field of tissue engineering in the sol-gel process. The chemistry of the sol-gel with these scaffolds, and cell differentiation promote angiogenesis and blood vessel formation can help enhance healing processes for damaged process has been optimised, employing novel examined so that we can assess the clinical upon implantation. This project concentrates on body parts. Well-known for its bioactivity and calcium alkoxide precursors. Important interactions applicability of the materials. developing multifunctional scaffolds based on osteoconductivity, 45S5 Bioglass® is a very with the Universities of Warwick, (solid state NMR) Bioglass® derived foams. One approach is the convenient material to fabricate 3D scaffolds for and Kent (X-ray diffraction) have shown that the Novel bioactive hydrogel scaffolds for tissue introduction of antibacterial agents into the base bone tissue engineering. The present research calcium alkoxide successfully incorporates calcium engineering bioactive glass-ceramic structure. This is being project is focused on developing multifunctional into the silica network, which has allowed the done in a number of ways, including introducing scaffolds combining drug delivery capability developed of calcium containing poly-γ-glutamic » Researcher: Elsie Place metal ions directly into the scaffold structure, and bioactivity in order to fight infections during acid hybrids. » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens doping polymeric coatings with therapeutic drugs or after operation. In addition, nanoscaled » Sponsor: EPSRC (e.g. antibiotics) or incorporating metal ions into topography is being incorporated to enhance cell Nanometrology of the bone-silicon hydroxyapatite The project involves establishing technology biodegradable polymer coatings. attachment and proliferation. In particular, we are interface based on the bio-inspired engineering of novel investigating the processing and characterisation In current work, silver and copper ions are being bioactive scaffolds that can be utilised in the tissue of novel P(3HB) microsphere/45S5 Bioglass®- » Researcher: Donovan Nightingale introduced into the scaffold surface through a engineering of bone and cartilage. The scaffolds based composite scaffolds exhibiting potential » Supervisors: Dr Alexandra E Porter and Dr molten salt ion exchange process. These ions both will provide unique and much improved biomimetic for drug delivery. 45S5 Bioglass®-based glass- Chaman L Chander (Shire Pharmaceutical) show antibacterial properties and, in addition, in vitro models through which to study directed ceramic scaffolds with high interconnected » Sponsors: EPSRC (CASE) with Baxter copper ions may have angiogenic effects, which differentiation of stem cells to specific lineages. porosity were produced using the foam-replication International (formerly Apa Tech Limited) is another aspect being investigated in this Cell adhesion motifs are being incorporated in technique, and a solid-oil-in-water emulsion project. Other possible therapeutic ions such We are establishing mechanisms by which silicon physiologically relevant presentations, as will solvent extraction/evaporation technique was as gallium are being investigated in this regard. increases bone quality around porous silicon growth factors to promote cell migration and used to fabricate P(3HB) microspheres (size < 2 Polymer coatings onto the scaffolds are being hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) bone grafts which are differentiation. Mechanical characterisation of the μm). A simple slurry-dipping method, using a 1 wt developed with the double function of providing being developed by Baxter for intevertebral disc scaffolds is being performed as are cell culture % suspension of P(3HB) microspheres in water, a carrier for therapeutic drugs, e.g. antibiotics, replacement. We are using a combination of experiments to determine material toxicity and cell dispersed by an ultrasonic bath, was used to coat and also to improve the scaffold mechanical analytical electron microscopy and focused ion proliferation and differentiation. the scaffold, producing a uniform microsphere- properties by developing bioactive glass-polymer beam milling techniques to elucidate how silicon coating throughout the 3D scaffold structure. interpenetrating networks. The two polymers modifies the formation of collagen around Si-HA Porous melt-derived bioactive glass scaffolds for The resulting composite scaffolds have higher that this project concentrates on in particular, implants. We are also developing cryo-preparation bone regeneration compressive strength and surface roughness are gelatin and poly(DL-lactide) (PDLLA). Several techniques to map the structure and chemistry of (given by hydroxyapatite crystal formation on » Researcher: Yunxie (Zoe) Wu layers of the polymer are deposited onto the the collagen fibrils implant surface. the microspheres in contact with SBF). Results » Supervisors: Dr Julian R Jones and Professor scaffold by dipping the scaffold into tailored so far show that the scaffold also maintains the Robert G Hill (Barts and The London School of solutions containing the polymer. Further tests Novel bioactive nanofibre scaffolds for tissue high bioactivity typical of a silicate glass-ceramic Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of are being carried out to evaluate the ion and drug engineering derived from Bioglass®. Its drug delivery ability London) release behavior of the scaffolds in vitro, including using gentamicyn and other relevant therapeutic » Researcher: Jessica May » Sponsor: Self-funded the assessment of the biological performance of drugs is under investigation. » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens the novel scaffolds in cell culture conditions. The Melt-derived bioactiave glasses have been used » Sponsors: Self-funded, ORS overall objective of the project is to develop new clinically as bone repair materials and synthetic Bioglass® -derived glass-ceramic scaffolds with Nanocomposite scaffolds for bone regeneration Successful tissue engineering requires both cell bone grafts for 20 years. Due to their ability to bond multifunctional properties (antibacterial, antibiotic » Researcher: Bobo Yu culturing techniques and the manufacturing of to bone, to resorb in the body and to stimulate delivery, angiogenic) and enhanced mechanical » Supervisor: Dr Julian R Jones biologically-active materials that mimic the extra- new bone growth by gene activation, it is desirable properties. » Sponsors: Self-funded, The Royal Society cellular matrix (ECM). The nanoscale structure to develop a 3D porous bioactive glass scaffold. of the ECM in the body provides a natural web of The scaffold should have a fully interconnected Bone is a natural nano-composite of collagen Multifunctional P(3HB) microsphere/45S5 intricate nanofibres to support cells and present porous network with aperture diameters in (polymer) and mineral (ceramic). The aim of this Bioglass®-based composite scaffolds for bone an instructive background to guide their behaviour. excess of 100µm if they are to be suitable for project is to design a scaffold that mimics both tissue engineering This project is aimed at the nanoengineering of bone regeneration. It has not been possible to the structure and properties of bone. Sol-gel novel 3D bioactive scaffolds for tissue engineering. produce porous scaffolds that remain glassy from » Researcher: Decheng Meng derived bioactive glasses can be foamed to Synthetic and biological composite polymer fibres the commercial Bioglass® composition because » Supervisors: Professor Peter D Lee and produce porous bioactive glass scaffolds that are being produced via electrospinning, a method Bioglass® crystallises during sintering. We have Professor Aldo R Boccaccini (University of bond to bone and stimulate new bone growth in currently focused on artificial polymer studies tailored the glass composition so that it will sinter Erlangen-Nuremberg) 3D. However, toughness of the scaffolds is too low that lack the key molecules for cell adhesion. In a without crystallising. This project used foaming » Sponsor: Self-funded for load bearing applications. We are improving novel approach, both synthetic polymers and novel technology to develop the first melt-derived the toughness of the scaffolds by introducing a The treatment of organ and tissue failures biologically inspired motifs are being combined for bioactive glass scaffolds that have a pore network bioresorbable polymer to the sol-gel process so accounts for between 40 and 90 million hospital improved cellular integration into the scaffolds with similar to cancellous bone and high compressive that polymer chains form at the same rate as the days each year in the US alone, resulting in unparalleled biological activity. Bioactive peptides strength. glass network to obtain a nano-scale composite. are being produced using solid phase peptide
130 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 131 Quantification of complex porosity and the effect Studying new bioactive glass compositions for The influence of substrate stiffness on cell properties of engineered bone. We are examining of bioreactor conditions on bioactive scaffolds for bone tissue engineering signalling the ultrastructure of the bone-like tissues bone regeneration formed from the MSCs and ESCs, compare to » Researcher: Pelin Candarlioglu » Researcher: Benjamin White osteoblasts (bone forming cells) by TEM based » Researcher: Sheng Yue » Supervisors: Professor Molly M Stevens and » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens techniques. MSCs produced a bone like structure » Supervisors: Dr Julian R Jones and Professor Professor Tony Cass (Institute of Biomedical » Sponsor: Department of Materials (Imperial similar to osteoblasts, while ESCs produced a Peter D Lee Engineering) College London) less bone-like structure which lacked of mineral- » Sponsors: Self-funded, The Leverhulme Trust » Sponsor: Schlumberger Foundation Faculty for Cells grown in vitro for biological studies are collagen fibrils association at nano scale. We and Stryker Corporation the Future Program (FFTF) typically cultured on plastic substrates that are also study the intracellular mineralisation This project is investigating the properties of novel Bioactive glasses have been widely used in bone much stiffer than the extracellular environments including the involvement of mitochondria in bioactive templates (scaffolds) that will be used to tissue engineering due to their osteoconductive encountered in vivo. This is an important mineralisation process, which is still controversial regenerate damaged bone to its original function. and osteoinductive properties. Growing observation as it has been demonstrated and not fully understood. The matrix vesicle A bioreactor system has been devised that has research in this field allows experiments on the that the physical and material properties of mediated mineralisation was observed in controllable fluid flow though the scaffolds. composition of bioglasses for different purposes a cell’s environment alone can affect cellular all three cell types. Mitochondria contained X-ray microtomography (µCT) has been used to ranging from bone void fillers to titanium alloy behaviour. For example, adult stem cells grown calcium phosphate particles during formation obtain 3D images of the scaffolds as a function coatings. The aim of this project is to investigate in identical conditions on matrices corresponding of mineralised tissues. We are examining of time. New 3D image analysis techniques have the effect of Strontium substitution on two to the stiffness of bone or brain have been how the mitochondria transport calcium and been developed to quantify the pore networks. different bioglass types aimed to be used as found to preferentially differentiate towards phosphate ions to extracellular matrix. Multistep procedures for the analysis of tortuous scaffold or coating material. Because strontium osteogenicor neuronal lineages respectively. and irregular pore networks have been devised. has been known for its osteoblast stimulating The detailed mechanisms behind these effects 3D characterisation and optimisation of bioactive The µCT technique will also be developed to and osteoclast down regulating properties, this are still largely unknown but are of considerable scaffolds for bone regeneration quantify bioactive mineral formation throughout project aims to enhance the osteogenic properties interest to bioengineering as they may permit the pore network. The mechanical properties of of bioactive glasses leading to the development the rational design of biomaterials capable of » Researchers: Sheng Yue and Ziyu Zhang the scaffolds must also be optimised if they are to of more biocompatible materials for bone tissue precisely directing cell fate. This project aims to » Supervisors: Dr Julian R Jones and Professor be implanted into people. engineering purposes. elucidate such mechanisms by understanding Peter D Lee how atypical mammalian cell signalling » Sponsors: Self funded, Stryker Corporation Self assembled β-sheet peptide poly (γ-glutamic Surface sensitive techniques for quantitative pathway (Wnt/beta-catenin) is modified as a Tissue engineering is a strategy for stimulating acid) hydrogels chemical analysis of engineered bio-nano result of growing cells on different substrate the body’s own regenerative mechanisms to interfaces stiffnesses. To achieve this, polyacrylamide gels heal tissue. One way this can be done is to use » Researcher: David Clarke are fabricated with Young’s moduli spanning a porous scaffolds as 3D supports for tissue growth. » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens » Researcher: Nia Bell physiologically relevant range and characterised To design an ideal scaffold, it is imperative to » Sponsors: Department of Materials and » Supervisors: Professor Molly M Stevens and Dr using AFM. The gels are coated with a uniform be able to quantify the pore sizes and more Department of Bioengineering (Imperial College Alex Shard (National Physical Laboratory) layer of collagen to permit cell attachment importantly the interconnects between the pores. London) » Sponsors: EPSRC and NPL and cell behaviour is studied using modern Pores must be sufficiently connected to allow Tissue engineering strategies typically involve Nanostructuring and functionalising biomaterial biological techniques. To date, differences in cell migration, fluid flow and tissue growth. X-ray the use of a bio-mimetic scaffold carrier material surfaces are accepted ways of eliciting specific intracellular localisation patterns of key signalling micro-computer tomography (µCT) has become such as polymer and peptide hydrogels or responses from cells. For meaningful conclusions molecules have been successfully detected a popular tool for obtaining 3D images of tissue nanofibrous polymer scaffolds. These materials regarding the effect of surface chemistry on as a function of varying substrate stiffness. scaffolds, however images are only qualitative. In provide mechanical support for cells and can be cellular behaviour, spatially resolved, quantitative this project, novel 3D image analysis techniques combined with bioactive moieties to achieve a measurements of the surface topography and Ultrastructure comparison of bone-like tissue have been developed providing a full quantitative desired cellular response. However, these scaffold chemistry are of the greatest importance. We are cultured from mouse primary osteoblast, characterisation of the pore networks, including materials have many disadvantages; polymer evaluating the suitability of the surface sensitive mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic stem cells the pore diameter and the interconnect length hydrogels are often fabricated from unnatural techniques X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy distributions and flow properties. The techniques » Researcher: Suwimon Boonrungsiman monomers, peptide hydrogels suffer from quick (XPS) and Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass developed are being used to optimise scaffolds » Supervisors: Professor Molly M Stevens, Dr degradation rates and fail at strains exerted on Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) for looking at model produced by foaming sol-gel derived bioactive Alexandra E Porter and Professor David W them by a cellular environment, and polymer and actual biomaterial surfaces, concentrating glasses, which have the potential to fulfil the McComb fibres are difficult to incorporate or graft with on examples with significant nanotopography. criteria for an ideal scaffold for bone tissue » Sponsor: Thai Government biomolecules. A promising self-assembled β-sheet Geometrical models are being used to correct for engineering. µCT images have been obtained from peptide polymer hybrid hydrogel offers a novel topography induced artefacts in the XPS data and Embryonic stem cells (ESC) and mesenchymal scaffolds with different pore structures. The images and alternative approach, having the ability to suitable flat control samples are used to alleviate stem cells (MSC) have been proposed as cell were thresholded and three algorithms were easily encorporate cells and biomolecules. Also, the decrease in mass resolution in ToF-SIMS data sources for bone tissue engineering due to their applied in 3D to identify pores and interconnects being designed to gel through self assembly, due to sample topography. ability to form mineralised, bone-like nodules and to obtain pore size distributions. The µCT data they can be used as an injectable system and in vitro. However, more insight can be gained were then input into models to predict mechanical with predicted high failure strain, makes them an by comparing the structure, chemistry and properties and permeability as a function of the excellent candidate for many tissue engineering organisation of bone produced by each cell type. pore network. Such predictions will be useful applications. This is critical to establish as any variations in for optimising bioreactor conditions for tissue these parameters would affect the mechanical engineering applications. These techniques would
132 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 133 be suitable for many other types of tissue scaffold Bioactive glass and bone cells than synthetic polyesters, such as the widely Engineering of mesoporous microspheres for and may be used as a standard technique for used polylactide (PLA). Moreover, the presence biomaterials applications » Researcher: Dr Eileen Gentleman scaffold characterisation throughout the field of of carboxyl groups, known for promoting » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens » Researcher: Dr Lijun Ji biomaterials. mineralisation, makes γ-PGA a promising » Sponsor: EPSRC » Supervisors: Professor Molly M Stevens, Dr candidate for bone tissue engineering purposes. Alexandra E Porter and Dr Julian R Jones The aim of this project is to investigate how The high water solubility of γ-PGA is overcome by » Sponsor: KAUST Research assistants and postdoctoral degradable bioactive glass-based cements affect esterification of the side groups, and the modified research associate projects bone cells. Bioactive glasses stimulate bone cells γ-PGA is shaped by electrospinning into ultrathin The aim of the proposed project is to engineer via both surface interactions and through their fibres that mimic the 3D fibre network of the and characterise new composite microspheres Angiogenic potential of bioactive glass for tissue dissolution ions. We are therefore examining how extracellular matrix. of mesoporous sol-gel produced silica bioactive engineering scaffolds these factors affect osteoblasts by measuring glass. These mesoporous bioactive glass their ability to create bone, and osteoclasts by Cellular response and angiogenesis in bioactive microspheres are tested as novel biomaterials » Researcher: Dr Lutz-Christian Gerhardt quantifying their bone resorbing capabilities. This scaffolds for their ability to carry and transport multiple » Supervisors: Professor Aldo R Boccaccini project utilises techniques from the fields of cell therapeutic or diagnostic agents past the (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg), Professor and molecular biology and tissue engineering and » Researcher: Dr Olga Tsigkou body’s biological defenses and control their Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez, Dr Tahera Ansari should aid in furthering our understanding of the » Supervisors: Dr Julian R Jones and Professor release at designated targets such as cancer (Northwick Park Institute for Medical Research, factors that stimulate bone cells when they come Molly M Stevens cells. Drug targeting and controlled release is Harrow), Dr Simon Gabe (St Mark’s Hospital, in contact with biomaterials. » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Grant) an active area of research due to the serious Harrow) and Professor Iman Roqan (KAUST, Bioactive glasses have the potential to be able side effects associated with systemic and Saudi Arabia) Bioactive microscaffolds for tissue engineering to regenerate diseased or damaged bone to its unlocalised presentation of potent drugs such » Sponsor: KAUST healthy form. Bone can regenerate itself if the as chemotherapeutics for the treatment of » Researcher: Dr Luis Rojo Del Olmo This project focuses on the fabrication, defect is small, but it needs a temporary template cancer. Controlled drug delivery can potentially » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens characterisation and histological/immuno- (scaffold) if the defect is large. Bioactive glass deliver drugs directly to the target cells thus » Sponsors: Strategic Longer and Larger Grants histochemical assessment of resorbable poly(D, L scaffolds have previously been developed by Dr improving efficiency and avoiding side-effects. The (LoLas) and BBSRC lactide) (PDLLA)/bioactive glass (45S5 Bioglass®) Jones’ team. It is important to assess how the projectinvolves three main parts: composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering The project pertains to the field of regenerative material properties (pore size, degradation rate • preparation of composite mesoporous applications. In particular, the potential of medicine and is focused on the preparation etc.) affect cellular response. An important cell bioactive glass microspheres nano-sized (30–40 nm) and conventional, of bioactive polymeric matrix of alginate and type to investigate is adult mesenchymal stem • state of the art TEM and FIB-SEM micron-sized (1-20 µm) bioactive glass particles active precursors of tissue regeneration such as cells (MSCs) harvested from human bone marrow. characterisation of the structure of composite to stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor extracellular matrix components, growth factors These cells are responsible for bone repair in the microspheres (VEGF) is being investigated in detail. Cell culture and others, for their application in skeletal tissue body. How the materials affect the differentiation state of the art TEM and FIB-SEM experiments on bioactive glass coatings showed regeneration. We aim to carry out the preparation pathway of the cells is being investigated. The • characterisation of the protein/material that the ionic dissolution products from 45S5 of the scaffolds following well designed protocols project also involves investigating how the interface to elucidate the factors that govern Bioglass® stimulated VEGF secretion over a to achieve chemically modified alginates with a cells can be grown and kept alive throughout the drug delivery efficiency of mesoporous limited particle concentration range (< 1.5 mg/ view to function as bioactive matrixes for specific the scaffold structure. Methods of culturing bioactive glass microspheres cm2). On this basis, PDLLA/Bioglass® scaffolds cells such as stem cells, chondrocytes and endothelial cells (responsible for blood vessel were produced using bioactive glass particles osteoblasts and vehicles for different signalling growth) with the MSCs have been developed as reinforcing and functional filler (5–20 wt.%). factors able to promote and enhance the induction to assess how the MSCs can stimulate the Plastics from sugars: the preparation, processing Porous 3D composite scaffolds with porosities and development of new skeletal tissue. endothelial cells to produce blood vessels. Glass and properties of compostable polymers from between 79 and 94 per cent were fabricated using scaffolds are suitable for certain defect sites in lignocellulosic biomass a modified sugar-template particulate leaching Cell therapy using stem cells and biomimetic the body (those under compressive loads) but » Researcher: Dr Min Tang method. The prepared scaffolds demonstrated biodegradable nanostructured materials are not suitable for sites that are under cyclic » Supervisors: Dr Charlotte Williams (Department sufficient mechanical strength for implantation in loads as the glass is brittle. We are developing of Chemistry) and Professor Molly M Stevens » Researchers: Dr Cristina Gentilini and animal models at non-load bearing sites. In vivo novel nanocomposite scaffolds that combine » Sponsor: EPSRC experiments on rats are currently underway to Yixiang Dong all the benefits of the bioactive glass scaffolds determine the cellularisation (tissue in-growth, » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens with toughness. As these are new materials, The project is exploring home-compostable blood vessel formation) and integration of the » Sponsor: Technology Strategy Board cell viability (toxicity of the materials) must be plastics which derive from renewable (but inexpensive) resources for commodity scaffolds into the immediate adjacent tissue Aim of the project is to prepare biomimetic assessed. Cellular response pathways will then applications (packaging). Such materials are at the implantation site. Advanced functional nanofibers composited with bioactive glasses as be investigated and the results fed back into also of great interest for medical applications, bioactive glass scaffolds showing osteogenic and scaffolds for bone-cartilage tissue regeneration. materials design. provided they degrade to metabolites. The angiogenic properties, i.e. the ability of becoming Differentiated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is to project focuses on the polymerisation of tightly bound to the host tissue, mineralised and be seeded on the scaffolds for implantation. vascularised, represent an attractive solution carbohydrates, derived from lignocellulosic for the regeneration of complex tissue structure The fibrous scaffolds are fabricated by using biomass, to give highly functionalised and rapidly defects, for example at soft-hard tissue interfaces poly-(γ-glutamic acid) - γ-PGA - a biocompatible, degradable plastics. Lignocellulosic biomass (e.g. tendon-bone interface). enzyme-degradable, naturally occurring derives primarily from non-food crops such as polymer, which is more resistant to hydrolysis fast growing trees (e.g. poplar or willow) or from
134 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 135 grasses (e.g. switch grass). Specifically, the Microscopy (SEM), Differential Thermal Analysis contrast agents in tumour tomography as well feedstocks will be D-glucose, a carbohydrate (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The as heat sources for tumour thermal ablation derived from both cellulose and hemicelluloses, elemental analysis and backscattered SEM therapy. which in turn constitute 55–85 per cent of the imaging show that the sol-gel method has plant mass. Such carbohydrates are highly produced materials of high chemical homogeneity. Synthetic superantibodies – bioinspired attractive feedstocks for chemicals production The composite materials exhibited a high engineering of artificial receptor structures as they are abundant, inexpensive and highly bioactive behaviour through the development functionalised. They are also cost competitive of a carbonate hydroxyapatite layer on their Researcher: Dr Heiko Andresen with common petrochemicals and solvents. The surface after three days of immersion in SBF. The Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens plastics prepared in the proposal are 100 per new glass-ceramic and the composite materials Sponsors: European Commission (Marie Curie cent degradable and compostable, ultimately have potential application in dental restorations Fellowship), German Research Foundation (DFG) they are broken down in soil or in the body to and they are expected to exhibit better control At the intersection of molecular biotechnology give naturally occurring by-products. The new of composition, microstructure and properties and materials science, the project provides an materials are targeted for use in a variety of than equivalent materials fabricated by melting innovative scientific and experimental concept applications, including being used in compostable processes due to the intrinsic advantage of to transfer biomolecular recognition into non- packaging, in particular they will facilitate the the sol-gel method for the synthesis of highly biological materials. We aim to converge the disposal and home-composting profile of currently homogeneous multiphase materials. benefits of natural biorecognition with those commercial degradable plastics. Furthermore, the of a synthetic approach to provide a new class degradation of the new materials will be exploited Rationally designed hydrogels for drug delivery of bioactive affinity materials with potential for specialised medical applications. Specifically, applications applications in biosensing, diagnostics, and we will study the use of the polymers as scaffolds target drug delivery. The bioinspired approach » Researcher: Dr Caterina Minelli in tissue regeneration; the key advantage of the is modelled on the antibody binding site whose » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens new materials are the unusual physical properties binding capacity is the result of a defined » Sponsor: European Union Marie Curie Actions they display and the ability to fully degrade them three-dimensional structure in which loops in the body. One of the main causes of adverse effects in of polypeptides cooperatively interact with patients undertaking chemotherapy is that the antigen through specific biomolecular anticancer drugs spread randomly throughout interactions. We use a combination of modern Other projects the body, attacking healthy tissues as well biomolecular and bioanalytical techniques to as malignant ones. The encapsulation of identify peptides within these structures that Novel bioactive glass-ceramic composites for antitumour drugs in engineered systems is a are pivotal for the interaction with the antigen, dental restorations promising strategy, although specific tumour and synthetically mimic these peptides whilst targeting and multifunctionalities of the drug maintaining their biological function. Affinity » Researcher: Dr Xanthippi Chatzistavrou carriers are highly desired for the development driven self-assembly between these peptides and » Supervisor: Professor Aldo R Boccaccini of innovative therapies. We propose novel drug their specific antigen is used to produce templates (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) delivery systems based on highly engineered for a subsequent molecular imprinting process, » Sponsors: European Union Marie Curie Actions, nano-materials. The carriers consist of composite resulting in a site-specific integration of peptides Intra-European Fellowships hydrogels made of protein-resistant polymer into the structural backbone of a molecularly There is continuous need for carrying out molecules cross linked together by rationally imprinted polymer. The project thus encompasses further research in the field of glass-ceramics for designed peptideable to assemble in biological an interdisciplinary approach to accomplish the dental applications, which must attain stringent environments and disassemble in response to first instance of a biohybrid, yet fully synthetic properties. The aim is to develop materials with exact environmental stimuli such as temperature three dimensional recognition element – a desired mechanical properties and bioactive and pH changes. The peptide coils exhibit gold synthetic antibody. In particular, we hypothesise function, since the current restorative dental nanorods or nanoshells at their free ends, which that it will be possible to rationally engineer materials are biocompatible but they do not increase their temperature when irradiated with recognition elements with tailored affinities to exhibit bioactive behaviour. The sol-gel process near-infrared light. Thanks to their innovative create structures with new properties that can involves synthesis of materials by exploiting the design and the attractive chemical and physical outperform naturally derived antibodies. transition of a system from the liquid phase to properties of their components, these drug a porous solid allowing the fabrication of new carriers possess notable properties: inorganic materials with controlled mictrostructure • the drug is delivered specifically into tumours and properties. In this project a new glass-ceramic by means of the enhanced permeability of the in the system SiO2-Al2O3-K2P-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 is tumoral vascular system to nano-sized beads synthesized by sol-gel and composite materials the drug release is triggered on demand or are being fabricated combining this new glass- • occurring in response to exact local conditions ceramic with the well known sol-gel bioactive (i.e. lower pH of the tumoral tissue with respect glass 58S. The characterisation of the fabricated to blood) materials is performed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron • the gold nanoshells and nanorods act as
136 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 137 Dendritic microstructure on the
surface of a 20 vol% SiC/HfB2/2
wt% LaB6 composite that has been heated above ~2700°C by a laser ceramics and glasses » Dr Doni Daniel
138 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 139 project summaries Atomic scale simulation of fission product Research highlight interactions with nuclear materials Postgraduate research student projects » Researcher: Donat JM Fatet » Supervisor: Professor Robin W Grimes Determination of Enhancing the oxide ionic To probe the effect of the Atomic scale modelling of phosphate mineral » Funding: EPSRC (DTA) conductivity of fuel cell interfaces of these multilayer phases The storage of spent Magnox fuel pins in water the composition electrolytes is a challenge structures differential strain » Researcher: Eleanor Jay has resulted in an estimated 2,000m3 of irradiated that has resulted in the use has been investigated in and interfacial » Supervisor: Professor Robin W Grimes magnesium Corroded Magnox Sludge (CMS – of substituting ions in a systems based on YSZ/CeO 2 » Sponsors: EPSRC (DTA), AWE containing mostly brucite) in the United Kingdom. characteristics host matrix, such as yttria in complimenting the initial It is important to better understand this waste and of multilayer ZrO2 (YSZ) producing mobile studies of the SDC/CeO2 films. One of the 6a cation sites of the β-tricalcium its interaction with its current environment in order oxygen vacancies. Whilst this The structure of the multilayer phosphate structure has previously been to form an effective and safe disposal strategy. heterostructured increases the ionic conductivity films has been investigated described as half occupied. Classical static This project is concerned with creating an atomic oxides as potential the effect does not extend by TOF-SIMS to trace the lattice techniques are used to model the different scale model of brucite’s surface energies using pair from high temperatures to reproducibility and consistency configurations that the Ca ions can exhibit over potential methods. Both surface and attachment o high performance the lower (~500 C) regime of the layers through the these Ca(4) 6a sites. All possible configurations energies were derived for low index surfaces, solid oxide fuel that would dramatically depth of the film. From figure in the single primitive unit cell and a hexagonal and wulff diagrams of the resulting growth and alter fuel cell technology. 2 it is clear that the Y and Zr supercell (3h11) have been generated, along Figure 1: Section of equilibrium morphologies were drawn. The lowest cell electrolytes An alternative approach signals coincide exactly and with configurationally averaged structures, that SDC/CeO2 multilayer energy surfaces were calculated to be {0001} (the + sample in bright and to enhancing performance alternate with the CeO signal, exhibits experimentally reported R3c symmetry. basal plane family) and {10¯10} (the prismatic dark field (HAADF) STEM has been proposed indicating that there is minimal The lowest energy configuration of the primitive plane family). Calculated Wulff diagrams show perpendicular to growth » Researcher: Stuart Cook manipulating interfacial interdiffusion between the cell exhibits R3 symmetry. Conversely, the lowest platelet morphologies due to the dominance of the direction. » Supervisor: Professor John A effects by the development of layers. It is also apparent energy configurations derived from the hexagonal basal plane and are in agreement with available Figure 2: ToF-SIMS Kilner multilayered heterostructures. that the interfaces between supercell cell, which are considerably more depth profile through micrographs of the brucite in situ. The results also » Sponsors: EPSRC (DTA), Oak Significant claims have the compositionally different stable than those computed previously, exhibit 12 YSZ/CeO2 multilayer Ridge National Laboratory predict angled surfaces on the edges of the basal heterostructures been attributed to such layers are sharp. Further P31 and P32 symmetries, which are isomorphic planes, these suggested appearances however highlighting the structures but there is little information on the consistency supergroups of R3c. The implication of these are too small to be confirmed by the micrographs. periodicity of the layers. direct evidence of enhanced of the layers is achieved from simulations is discussed in terms of refined Further work will focus on studying the stability Figure 3: Reconstruction ionic mobility in these oxide a reconstruction of the depth structural models of the material. of these surfaces in their aqueous environment of the Y and Zr mass structures. To probe these profile through the multilayer spectrum signals from the Mixed crystalline phase composite ceramics and finding the mechanisms for the adsorption of potential enhancements structure highlighting the TOF-SIMS depth profile in offer the possibility of partitioning defect species radionuclides onto the surfaces. in a technologically distribution of Y+, Zr+ and the YSZ/CeO2 multilayer between the phases as well as occupancy of structure and (right) relevant materials system CeO+, figure 3. The ability to + specific sites within a given phase. Here we Cathode materials for low temperature protonic Reconstruction of CeO heterostructures of Ce1-xSmxO2-d distinguish individual layers in a depth profile viewed use atomic scale simulations to study the site oxide fuel cells (SDC)/CeO2 were prepared by and differentiate oxygen-16 and perpendicular to sputter/ preference of an extensive range of divalent PLD with each layer ~20nm oxygen-18 isotopes allows the » Researcher: Matthew Sharp growth directions. and trivalent substitutional ions across the five in thickness. High quality thin direct study of oxygen diffusion » Supervisor: Professor John A Kilner cation sites in β-tricalcium phosphate (β -TCP) films of these structures were behaviour in different regions » Sponsor: EPSRC (Supergen Fuel Cells Consortium and the two cations sites in fluorapatite (FAp). 1 obtained as shown in figure 1. using an isotope exchange Project Studentship) This study indicates that in β -TCP small dopant technique. species occupy the smaller of the five cation Fuel cell technologies are largely defined by their sites and vice versa. Conversely, in FAp, small temperature of operation. Of the many types divalent species occupy the nominally larger available, fuel cells have shown promise for a Ca(1) site while larger cations occupy the Ca(2) wide variety of applications, from automotive to site. Partition energies between the two phases combined heat and power devices. As with most indicate that divalent species strongly segregate emerging technologies, there is scope for further to β -TCP as do Al3+ and Ga3+, whereas all other development. Within the wide range of operating (larger) trivalent ions exhibit little preference. temperatures for fuel cells, a temperature gap We are also looking at Molecular dynamics exists between proton exchange membrane fuel of radiation damage across both β-tricalcium cells (PEMFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). phosphate and fluorapatite. Furthermore, fluorine This collaborative project seeks to develop a hybrid migration in fluorapatite has very poorly defined type PEMFC/SOFC capable of operating within this migration mechanisms so this is currently being temperature window (200 – 500°C). Filling this gap investigated using molecular dynamics. will allow for improvements in existing technologies as well as introducing new potential technologies. Work at Imperial is focussed on developing a 2 3 suitable cathode for the proposed fuel cell.
140 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 141 Chromium poisoning of LSCF cathode in SOFCs ponds. This phenomenon is characterised by the follow amorphous phase separation and the Development of novel low pH cement systems for preferential segregation of alloying elements of early stages of nanocrystallisation. A range of encapsulation of wastes containing aluminium » Researcher: Soo-Na Lee varying diffusivity into the point defects that are fluorapatite glass-ceramic compositions are » Supervisors: Professor Alan Atkinson and » Researcher: Tingting Zhang created by neutron-clad collision – a condition also being investigated including calcium fluorapatite, Professor John A Kilner » Supervisors: Dr Christopher R Cheeseman commonly termed radiation-induced segregation. strontium fluorapatite, and mixed calcium/ » Sponsor: Self-funded (Department of Civil and Environmental The result is decreased corrosion resistance due strontium fluorapatites. Applications of these Engineering) and Dr Luc J Vandeperre The long operation time of SOFCs leads to a to inadequate chromium-oxide protection against materials include medical and dental ceramics, » Sponsor: EPSRC (DIAMOND Consortium Project constant reduction in efficiency over time due to the electrochemical interactions in corrosive agents. laser materials and matrices for radioactive waste Studentship) degradations of internal materials. The degradation In the wet ponds where spent fuels are stored, the entrapment. phenomena involve internal factors such chemical/ corrosion observed at trace concentrations (ppm) There is a considerable amount of nuclear waste microstructural change over time or external of anions is a concern. Throughout active-specimen Deposition and characterisation of layered in the UK, generated either during the lifetime of factors, such as operational condition or foreign is difficult to access for many common corrosion Ruddlesden-Popper Phases for solid oxide fuel cell existing nuclear power plants or more recently elements in the atmosphere. Chromium poisoning analyses. Thermal sensitisation, however, is a cathodes during decommissioning of nuclear installations. is one of the external factors that accelerate non-active alternative that could produce discrete Encapsulation in cements has been proven to degradation at the cathode side of SOFCs. As levels of grain boundary chromium-depletion » Researcher: Kuan-Ting Wu be a viable option for some of the wastes and a the durability of a fuel cell system is the most through the formation of chromium-rich carbide » Supervisor: Dr Stephen J Skinner and Dr Yeong-Ah good record of treatment and containment for important factor in commercialising, it challenges precipitates as a function of heating temperature Soh a range of wastes has been accrued over the the understanding of any factors that would reduce and time. The objectives of this work are to quantify » Sponsor: Self-funded years. In the first instance the cement provides the lifetime of a SOFC. Chromium-containing volatile the corrosion potential of the thermally-sensitised Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) type oxides, formulated a barrier to the escape of any radioactive or vapours and scales of oxides are formed from 20Cr/25Ni/Nb steel in trace aqueous electrolytes otherwise harmful species by encasing the waste An+1MnO3n+1, typically with A = La, Pr, Nd and metal components at the cathode sides of cells at and compare our measurements to selected M = Ni, Co, have recently been suggested as in a material with low permeability. Additionally, high SOFC operating temperature, which leads to active-samples, performed at the UK’s National promising candidates for solid oxide fuel cell the nature of the chemical reactions taking place performance degradation. Many studies have been Nuclear Laboratory (NNL) facilities, in order to during the hardening of cement pastes offer the (SOFC) cathodes. Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n = 1, 2 and 3) is a carried out to investigate the mechanisms, factors account for the characteristic differences in grain type of layered mixed ionic-electronic conductor potential in some cases of effectively immobilising that increase chromium poisoning and prevention boundary chromium-depletion mechanisms. To them by incorporating into the newly-forming (MIEC) and composed of n consecutive LaNiO3 methods. However, the direct relationship between date, transmission electron microscope analysis perovskite blocks, alternating with LaO rock-salt cement phases. A key cement formulation for the amount of chromium and the degree of on Focus Ion Beam (FIB) specimens prepared from blocks. Previous research has demonstrated the industry in the past has been Portland performance degradation of a cathode has not been the annealed (1050°C for 2 hours, furnace cooled) that a very high ionic conductivity is obtained cement with addition of blast furnace slag. It is investigated in depth. and non-annealed AGR fuel cladding showed recognised, however, that the availability of a for La2NiO4 but performance is limited by its consistent grain-grain boundary compositions in electronic conductivity. Thus, the higher order RP range of cementitious binders to allow tailored both types – averaging 20.4±0.2%wt chromium, matching of binder and waste, will enhance the Correlating microstructure and mechanical phases La3Ni2O7 and La4Ni3O10 respectively, are of properties of hot pressed SiC 53.6±0.1%wt iron and 26.0±0.2%wt nickel – but interest for use as SOFC cathodes owing to their ability to effectively treat all waste. Hence there the non-annealed cladding exhibited a 10.3±0.2% superior electrical conductivity, and good chemical has been a considerable effort in evaluating » Researcher: Naeem Ur-Rehman chromium depletion at the grain boundaries. and thermomechanical stability in operation at the potential of existing alternative cement » Supervisors: Dr Luc J Vandeperre and Professor The effect of electrolyte concentrations on the intermediate temperature (500~700°C). formulations such as calcium aluminate cements, Bill Lee non-annealed cladding is tested using the anodic magnesium and calcium phosphate cements, » Sponsors: EPSRC (Project Studentship), DSTL polarisation method, measuring +1.60V (more The purpose of this project is to synthesize dense calcium sulphoaluminate cements, alkali activated La Ni O and La Ni O polycrystalline films or We are investigating the relationship between the noble) and +0.70V, with respect to Ag|AgCl 3 2 7 4 3 10 systems and geopolymers. The work presented epitaxial films of different orientations using processing, microstructure and properties of hot reference electrode, in 0.001M (lower chloride here aims to take advantage of recently proposed pulsed laser deposition (PLD) by either using pressed SiC. Particular attention is being paid to concentration) and 0.01M, respectively. alternative cement system based on the hydration different substrates or varying the deposition determining how specific microstructural features of MgO as a starting point for developing cements conditions, to study the variation in properties affect SiC’s response to both quasi-static and Crystallisation studies of fluorapatite glass- with a lower pH because the high pH in Portland by substrate-induced strain. Also, a series of impact loading. ceramics cement based cements is likely to hamper the electrical and electrochemical measurements will passivation of corrosion of some metals present in » Researcher: Adam Calver be executed in order to obtain transport coefficients nuclear waste. The model material in the project Corrosion of spent advance gas reactor (AGR) fuel » Supervisor: Professor Robert G Hill (Queen Mary, including diffusion coefficients and rate constants, is aluminium as its normal passive corrosion cladding in trace aqueous electrolyte environments University of London) representing cell performance and including behaviour is predicted to be in the pH 4-10 range. » Researcher: Chin Heng Phuah » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) electrical anisotropy measurements. Initial work has focused on formulating a simple » Supervisors: Professor Bill Lee and Dr Mary P We are investigating phase development in To achieve this, the ionic and electronic conductivity cement system from reliable sources of raw Ryan fluorapatite glass-ceramics using a combination will be determined via DC measurement and AC materials, and optimising the pH. Further work » Sponsors: EPSRC (DIAMOND Consortium Project of: solid state nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray impedance spectroscopy and tracer experiments has then been carried out to characterise the Studentship) powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron will be performed to examine the oxygen isotopic new binders and a study of the interaction with aluminium metal has been instigated. The results Grain boundary chromium-depletion in the spent microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and exchange and distribution via the isotope exchange are compared to the Portland cement/blast furnce advance gas-cooled reactor (AGR) fuel cladding, differential thermal analysis. These techniques depth profile (IEDP) method. slag composite cement to evaluate the level of made of austenitic stainless steel 20Cr/25Ni/Nb, are being combined with real time neutron improvements that could be achieved with the is a microstructural defect that adversely impacts diffraction to follow crystallisation at temperature new binder. on aqueous corrosion in the interim wet storage and real time small angle neutron scattering to
142 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 143 Development of ultra-high temperature non- Engineering nanocomposites for solid oxide fuel losses, their applications are expected to expand Glass and glass-ceramic matrix composites with oxide ceramics for thermal protection systems in cells enormously, notably in optics and architecture. carbon nanotube, ceramic fibres and nanoparticle aerospace applications This is the motivation for the development inclusions » Researcher: Ying An of unidirectional composites in the systems » Researcher: Emily G Eakins » Supervisors: Professor David W McComb and » Researcher: Bo Pang NextelTM fibre/soda-lime silicate glass and » Supervisor: Professor Bill Lee Dr Stephen J Skinner » Supervisors: Dr David S McPhail and Professor Saphikon® fibre/borosilicate glass. The » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) » Sponsor: ORS Aldo R Boccaccini (University of Erlangen- processing technique comprises heat-treatment Nuremberg) Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are electrochemical of fibres ‘sandwiched’ between glass slides. » Sponsor: Self-funded have received significant interest in recent conversion devices that produce electricity directly The introduction of interfacial oxide layers is years because of the drive to produce thermal from a fuel. Their high efficiencies with, depending also being investigated, for modifying the fibre/ This project is developing novel glass and protection systems (TPSs) and other components on the choice of fuel, low (hydrocarbons) or zero matrix bonding, to provide adequate bonding glass-ceramic matrix composites reinforced
for hypersonic aerospace vehicles. Most of the (hydrogen) CO2 emissions highlight SOFCs as that favours fibre pull-out and debonding. Small with ceramic fibres and nanoparticles exhibiting thermal protection materials used on the leading one of the most promising energy generation decreases in the total light transmittance (up to improved mechanical strength, fracture toughness edge of the space shuttle orbiter are SiC/C- systems for future energy generation. Generally 20 per cent) upon introduction of fibres indicate and impact resistance. The possibility of using based, which are subject to massive ablation SOFCs consist of three components, an oxide ion- that the composites are promising materials for carbon nanotubes as reinforcing elements in due to evaporation at elevated temperature. conducting electrolyte, an anode and a cathode. use in optomechanical applications. Mechanical glass-ceramic matrices for applications not Unfortunately, large, blunt leading edges reduce However, currently the performance of SOFCs and interfacial properties of the composites are requiring optical transparency is being explored. vehicle manoeuvrability. Therefore, modern is mainly constrained by cathode performance. currently being investigated. The programme will includes: selection of designs for hypersonic vehicles incorporate In order to improve the performance, the appropriate fibres, nanoparticles and glass sharp leading edges to increase aerodynamic electrochemical processes occurring at the Fundamental mechanisms for thermal and glass-ceramic matrices; characterisation performance, but require materials capable cathode have to be considered: these are the conductivity complex oxide with high temperature of the starting materials; study of the sintering 2- of operating in oxidizing atmospheres at catalytic dissociation of O2 to O , the transport applications densification behaviour of glass matrices and temperatures over 1700°C. Zr- and Hf-based of the ionic species to the electrolyte surface and of composites; and mechanical and optical diborides with SiC reinforcement have sufficient the charge transfer. A further requirement of the » Researcher: Haiming Lu characterisation of the fabricated composites. In strength and oxidation resistance at high cathode structure is that porosity is essential » Supervisor: Professor Robin W Grimes addition, we will assess possible coating materials temperature for leading edge applications. In this to the gas diffusion from the atmosphere to the » Sponsor: EPSRC (NSF Project Studentship) to optimise the interface strength between fibres study ZrB2-SiC UHTCs have been produced by reaction site. In this project, colloidal crystal Materials with low thermal conductivity at high and matrix. To obtain translucent properties, hot pressing and spark plasma sintering (SPS). templating is used to fabricate the novel 3D temperature are crucial to the development the composite constituents are chosen to be The compositions contain 5, 10, 15 and 20 vol% ordered macroporous (3DOM) composite cathode. of higher energy efficiency engines for power optically and thermally compatible, i.e. they will α-SiC. The ceramics are currently undergoing This technique is believed to increase the length generation and transport. The focus of this project exhibit matched refractive indices and thermal nanoscale characterisation by transmission of the catalytically active triple-phase boundary, is the rapid discovery of oxide materials with expansion coefficients. Moreover elimination of electron microscopy (TEM) to characterise improve the ionic conductivity and facilitate the exceptionally low thermal conductivity at high residual porosity will be a target of the project dislocations, planar defects and grain boundary gas diffusion. Using yttrium stabilised zirconia temperatures by combining methods of atomistic to achieve optically transparent composites. In phases. This analysis will allow determination of (YSZ) and lanthanum strontium manganite simulation, crystal-chemistry based exploration a parallel investigation transparent composites the effect of SiC content and production technique (LSM) as the electrolyte and cathode materials of multi-component oxides, and experimental will be produced by exploiting the transparent on the micro-and nanostructure. In addition, the respectively, the 3DOM composite cathode validation carried out by our collaborators in the US. window concept, e.g., using low volume fraction of microstructural evolution during oxidation is being is prepared and further characterised. The In tackling this research we address fundamental continuous fibres in different orientations. analysed. Hot pressed UHTCs have undergone decomposition process and shrinkage mechanism questions: oxidation at 1500°C and 1700°C and will be of the oxide thin film during sintering is also How can we identify a rational scientific Glass ceramic matrix composites containing analysed by TEM and focused ion beam-secondary investigated. • and efficient means of searching for oxide carbon nanotubes ion mass spectrometry (FIB-SIMS). When UHTCs compositions that have low thermal » Researcher: Tayyab Subhani are oxidised, distinctive oxide layers are formed Fabrication and characterisation of optically conductivity at high temperature? » Supervisors: Professor Aldo R Boccaccini, comprising columnar ZrO2 grains, spherical ZrO2 transparent oxide fibre reinforced glass matrix Can new insights be gained from atomistic (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg), Professor grains and a surface glass containing mainly B2O3 composites • simulations as to the underlying mechanisms Bill Lee and Dr Milo SP Shaffer (Department of and SiO2. The glass protects the bulk material from further oxidation and therefore knowledge » Researcher: Deborah D Silva of heat propagation in structures that leads to Chemistry) of the glass stability is essential for increasing the » Supervisors: Professor Aldo R Boccaccini low thermal conductivity? » Sponsors: IST, Pakistan (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) and oxidation resistance of these UHTCs. • To what degree does anisotropic thermal Due to their attractive physical and mechanical Professor Bill Lee conductivity depend on crystallographic properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are » Sponsor: European Union Marie Curie Fellowship anisotropy and how does the anisotropy ratio candidate for use as reinforcement elements Incorporation of stiff and strong ceramic fibres depend on temperature? in inorganic matrices. The aim is to fabricate into brittle glass matrices has been shown to • Is there a correlation between the thermal nanocomposites exhibiting improved functional increase the mechanical strength, toughness, conductivity of an oxide and other physical and mechanical properties. Significant research impact strength and thermal shock resistance characteristics, in particular Raman spectra and has been focussed in the field of CNT-ceramic of glasses. If the mechanical properties and elastic modulus? matrix composites; however, little attention has structural integrity of the matrices can be been paid to explore the enhancement in the improved without significantly transparency mechanical and functional properties of silicate
144 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 145 glasses by the incorporation of these novel College London and other Institutions within between standard TiN and TiAlN. We have shown most practical ones exhibit nonlinear behaviours. nanofibres as reinforcement. In the present Europe, including the University of Warwick and that the mechanical properties of TiN single In order to obtain deeper comprehension of research, CNTs in different volume fractions and instrument manufacturers in Germany and France. crystal material were strongly influenced by the oxygen reduction processes occurred on of different dimensions (length and diameter) However, other surface analysis techniques, such the increase in temperature. The hardness and the cathode/electrolyte interface in Solid Oxide are being used in silicate glass matrices. as XPS, SEM, etc., will be used to cross-check and elastic modulus dropped from 21 GPa and 450 Fuel Cells (SOFC), nonlinear EIS (NLEIS) is being Special attention is paid to the dispersion and calibrate the SIMS data. GPa respectively, at room temperature to only developed in this work. By simultaneously uniform distribution of CNTs in the matrix by the 11 GPa and 350 GPa at 350 C° when measured recording higher order harmonic responses to optimisation of colloidal mixing techniques, which Growth of carbon nanotubes in oxide-carbon on the (001) crystal facet. The deformation large external ac excitations, nonlinear information will be followed by the densification of composites refractories mechanism seemed unaffected by the increase in is acquired experimentally and compared to by hot-pressing and spark plasma sintering. The temperature, with slip occurring along the {011} theoretical simulation results. Various theoretical manufactured nanocomposites are characterised » Researcher: Rafael G de Sa crystallographic planes at every temperature. This models which predict exactly the same EIS » Supervisor: Professor Bill Lee • microscopically by SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR is the first time high temperature nanoindentation responses, can then be distinguished and verified » Sponsor: Department of Materials has been used to measure the properties of this with NLEIS. The microstructures of the cathode/ mechanically by measuring hardness, impact • class of materials. The high temperature testing of electrolyte interface are also being investigated by resistance, Young’s modulus, fracture strength Incorporation of CNTs in oxide composite TiAlN is still ongoing. microscopy techniques in the later stages of this and fracture toughness systems by traditional mixing and dispersion techniques does not yield optimally dispersed work to understand their influences on oxygen Functional properties including thermal and CNTs. The objective of this research is to develop In situ dissolution measurements of CeO, PuO reduction mechanisms and SOFC efficiency. electrical conductivity will be measured as 2 2 an alternative approach to incorporate CNTs and UO thin films using XAS spectroscopy and well. Finally, the possible mechanisms involved 2 in such systems by growing them inside the AFM Investigation of perovskite related La NiO in the improvement in fracture toughness by 2 4+δ porous structure of the composite using a electrodes and novel electrolytes for solid oxide incorporation of CNTs in brittle matrices are being » Researcher: John F O’Neill catalyst-assisted chemical vapour infiltration electrolysis cells (SOECs) investigated and the true toughening effect » Supervisors: Professor Bill Lee and Dr Mary P (CA-CVI) technique. The CA-CVI technique of CNTs are being explored. The quantitative Ryan » Researcher: Lydia Fawcett consists of a catalyst-impregnated porous assessment of toughness improvement as » Sponsor: EPSRC (DIAMOND Consortium Project » Supervisors: Dr Stephen J Skinner and Professor substrate being subjected to a carbon-containing function of CNT content and aspect ratio is being Studentship) John A Kilner gaseous feedstock under vacuum and at high established by an analytical approach. » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) temperatures. Upon reaction of the gas with the The project aims to develop mechanistic catalyst, CNTs are produced. CNTs have been understanding of the dissolution mechanisms High temperature steam electrolysis is a Glass corrosion: parameter estimation in reaction incorporated into the ceramic matrix and the of CeO2, UO2 and PuO2 which are of interest to promising method for producing hydrogen for fuel diffusion problems involving ionic species with optimum catalyst and operational conditions the storage and disposal of spent nuclear fuel. cells, with low carbon emissions when used in limited data determined. Microstructural analysis reveals This is achieved through a variety of techniques: conjunction with renewable power sources. Solid » Researcher: Xin T Yang that bundles of multi-wall CNTs have grown from Firstly, the development of CeO2 and UO2/PuO2 Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) are receiving » Supervisors: Dr Paul Tangney and Professor the catalyst sites with higher density of CNTs thin films which are then used to measure in situ attention due to their ability to run in ‘reverse’ Bill Lee found inside the pores than on the surface of the the dissolution kinetics in simulated groundwater. as Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs). The aim of this » Sponsors: EPSRC (KTN Industrial Mathematics), powder. Catalyst precursors have been deposited Fluorescence XAS is used to monitor the thickness project is to investigate the oxygen conducting Pilkington Group Limited in porous composites and growth of CNTs of the film when in is in contact with a liquid electrolytes Sc2O3-1%CeO2–ZrO2 (ScCeSZ) and inside the pores is by the CA-CVI technique. The and as the film thickness decreases so does La0.82Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.21O3 (LSGM). Both these Many problems in the manufacture and use of infiltrated composite materials showed improved the intensity of the XAS signal, the technique is materials have been shown to perform well as glass are associated with the thermally activated properties and slag resistance compared to also sensitive the oxidation state of the Ce, U or SOFC electrolytes and this project aims to study diffusion of ionic species and resultant redox current commercial systems. Pu in the film and can thus provide information them as SOEC materials. The K2NiO4–type material reactions at the diffusion interface between on stoichiomery. This technique has been used La2NiO4 is to be studied as an electrode material in species with different oxidation states. This High temperature deformation of age hardening successfully on CeO2 at Diamond Light Source and conjunction with ScCeSZ and LSGM. K2NiO4-type applies to all types of glass, including ancient coatings will be applied on PuO2 and UO2 films at ANKA. materials are promising electrode materials due ‘museum’ glass of historical significance, modern The CeO2 films will be further analysed using in to their mixed ionic and electronic conductivity, float glass and novel glasses used for the » Researcher: Constantin Ciprian Ciurea situ AFM to determine the mode of dissolution. conducting oxygen ions via interstitials thereby encapsulation and long term storage of nuclear » Supervisors: Dr Finn Giuliani and Professor allowing oxygen excess. Optimisation of electrode waste. Research at Imperial has shown that Neil McN Alford Investigation of the oxygen cathode of SOFC by synthesis and deposition will be carried out and dynamic SIMS (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) nonlinear EIS electrode performance will be studied through can produce accurate and well defined depth Traditional materials become softer as they are symmetrical and three electrode cell testing. profiles of the relevant ionic species in glass. » Researcher: Ning Xu heated. We are studying a recently developed Reactions between electrode and electrolyte will These profiles are rich in information and » Supervisors: Dr Jason Riley, Professor John A class of materials which are thought to increase be investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and represent a classic example of a mathematical Kilner and Professor David W McComb their strength at high temperature. Initial work Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS). ‘inverse problem’. This project is to working back » Sponsors: Stephen and Anna Hui Fellowship centres on the TiAlN system with further work from the depth profiles to elucidate the detail of involving other systems, to indentify the next Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) the ionic diffusion processes and redox reactions generation of high temperature structural is regarded as a reliable technique to investigate that produced them. The primary focus of the coatings. Particular emphasis is placed on solid-solid, solid-liquid interfaces involving experimental work is on the SIMS technique understanding the changes in deformation electronic, ionic and/or dielectric conductivity. using state-of-the-art instruments at Imperial behaviour with temperature on the nano scale However, it assumes the system is linear whilst
146 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 147 Ionic mobility in superstructured oxides water and then through thermal conversion also New materials from extruded plastic paper is the high pH of the solutiongenerated during for long term storage. Layered double hydroxides laminates PC/BFS hydration as this can cause corrosion » Researcher: David Bayliss (LDH) consist of positively charged metal hydroxide reactions with components in the waste. The » Supervisor: Dr Stephen J Skinner » Researcher: Jonathan Mitchell sheets intercalated with charge balancing anions. objective of this research is to develop novel » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) » Supervisors: Dr Christopher R Cheeseman These materials can be synthesized over a broad geopolymers to be used for the encapsulation/ (Department of Civil and Environmental Recent investigations have highlighted fast ionic compositional range so that the composition immobilisation of problematic radioactive wastes. Engineering), Dr Luc J Vandeperre and Professor conduction in the CeNbO material at relatively can be tailored to that of a suitable ceramic Metakaolin is being used as the aluminosilicate 4+δ Aldo R Boccaccini, (University of Erlangen- low temperatures. Indeed the conductivity is phase, which can incorporate the radionuclide and the aim is to synthesise low pH geopolymer Nuremberg) significant at relatively low temperatures <( in its crystal structure. The project aims to prove systems with appropriate rheology and setting o » Sponsors: EPSRC, KTN and Nextek Limited 750 C) and at these low temperatures CeNbO4+δ this concept by applying it to the capture and properties. Initial experiments are encapsulating - adopts a monoclinic polymorph. Previous immobilisation of pertechnetate, TcO4 . The choice The project aims to establish viable routes for aluminium metal and the research will fully
studies suggest that CeNbO4+δ forms as a of pertechnetate is motivated by the fact that it incorporating laminated waste materials into characterise and understand these geopolymers superstructure at lower temperatures and the is known that the separation method in use for useful products. Examples of wastes being and the reactions occurring with encapsulated crystallography of the superstructure changes technetium today cannot prevent remobilisation of considered include paper plastic laminates, surrogate waste materials. - with oxygen content. This is a remarkable finding, TcO 4 into the pore water of the cement increasing plastic fibre residues from paper mills, carpet that in a complex monoclinic oxide, the ionic its potential escape to the biosphere from any fibres, automotive shredder residue (ASR) Predicting in service thermo-mechanical conductivity is comparable with the current geological repository. Layered double hydroxides and waste electronic and electrical equipment performance of ultra-high temperature ceramics state-of-the-art oxides. These features raise the with a typical composition (WEEE). The approach consists of combining possibility of extending the range of materials these waste streams with polymer sources, » Researcher: Jianye Wang Ca Al0.15Fe (OH) (NO -) .nH O were produced currently considered as ion conductors to much 0.7 0.15 2 3 0.3 2 some also from recycling, to produce composite » Supervisors: Dr Luc J Vandeperre, Professor Neil by co-precipitation from nitrate solutions and more complex structures. To achieve this it is materials and products. The research focuses on McN Alford and Dr Finn Giuliani furthermore that nitrate ions can be exchanged essential that a correlation between conductivity the processing to ensure a good distribution of » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) for chloride and carbonate ions by simple ion and superstructure is identified. In the case of the shredded waste to allow it to act as fillers and exchange in solution. It has been shown that these Ceramics such as the carbides and di-borides CeNbO this will require the crystallography reinforcements and on the alteration of the bond 4+δ materials can be converted into Brownmillerite of zirconium and hafnium remain solid up to of the superstructure to be determined. Initial between the fibrous waste and the polymer matrix Ca (Al,Fe) O by heating at relatively low temperatures in excess of 3000 K, which makes investigation has suggested a facile pathway for 2 2 5 to yield desirable properties. Initial trials suggest temperature (400°C). The feasibility of the concept these materials frontrunners for selected oxygen mobility, but this has yet to be verified. In that competitive products should be possible. has therefore been established and the efficiency components in a new generation of more this project we are using an array of techniques to of these materials for the capture of ReO - will be manoeuvrable spacecrafts. Recent research fully characterise the CeNbO material including 4 4+δ investigated. Novel metakaolin-derived geopolymer binders for worldwide has been focussed on developing development of synthetic methods, diffraction radioactive wastes processing routes for these materials and and spectroscopy, both in situ and ex situ. An improving the resistance to oxidation. Despite Mixed conductors for oxygen separation devices in » Researcher: Carsten Kuenzel initial task will be to investigate the relationship the fact that the resistance to thermal shock carbon capture and storage systems » Supervisors: Dr Christopher R Cheeseman between valence and superstructure – are the and to high stresses at temperature is crucial 3+ 4+ (Department of Civil and Environmental Ce and Ce ions ordered over a relatively long » Researcher: John Druce for the applications, very little is known about Engineering) and Professor Aldo R Boccaccini, range. It will then be possible to correlate this » Supervisor: Professor John A Kilner the mechanical and thermal properties of these (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) structural data with conductivity and hence with » Sponsors: UKERC, NERC materials at elevated temperature. The project » Sponsor: EPSRC (DIAMOND Consortium Project structural transitions within the oxide. Finally to aims to investigate in a systematic the variation One method to simplify the process of CO capture Studentship) confirm the hypothesis of enhanced conductivity 2 of the mechanical (stiffness, strength, toughness, is to fire the hydrocarbon fuel with oxygen, in superstuctured oxides, we are investigating Geopolymers are novel synthetic binders sub-critical crack growth, fatigue) and thermal removing the necessity of separating nitrogen from further systems through substitution of the parent produced by the reactions occurring between (thermal expansion, thermal conductivity) the exhaust gas, however the onsite production oxide and development of alternative oxides. aluminosilicates and an activating solution, properties with temperature of the virgin materials of oxygen by cryogenic methods is expensive typically a mix of alkali hydroxide and alkali and of the oxide layers that form so that the and there is thus a need for an alternative Materials for integrated immobilisation and silicate. The properties of geopolymers such as performance of these materials at temperature method for the separation of pure oxygen from capture of aqueous radionuclides strength, durability, acid resistance and density can be modelled. air. Mixed conducting ceramic membranes offer can be comparable to those of ceramics and » Researcher: Jonathan Phillips the possibility of cheaper and much simpler concrete, and therefore they have potential to » Supervisors: Dr Luc J Vandeperre and Professor oxygen separation devices, however the materials Processing and high temperature properties of be used in the encapsulation/immobilisation Robin W Grimes requirements are extremely demanding and as MAX phases of radioactive and hazardous wastes, and in a » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Grant) yet no suitable material has been discovered. wide range of other applications. The UK nuclear » Researcher: Bai Cui This project is developing mixed conducting oxide In nuclear waste management radionuclide power industry has a major issue with the » Supervisor: Professor Bill Lee materials which are chemically and mechanically ions need to be separated from aqueous waste disposal of the radioactive wastes remaining from » Sponsor: Lee Family Scholarship stable at high temperatures and able to support streams. Existing methods use precipitation and decommissioning of Magnox reactors. One of the high permeation fluxes of oxygen. One of the key MAX phases are a structurally related family of ion exchange membranes and subsequently major problematic wastes contains a complex techniques being used is 18O isotope exchange layered ternary carbides and nitrides with the immobilise the radionuclides in cement. In this mix of aluminium metal, Magnox swarf, graphite followed by high resolution SIMS depth profiling to general formula Mn+1AXn. These materials have a project, a more integrated approach is being and uranium. A blend of Portland cement (PC) measure the kinetic parameters which determine unique combination of properties of metals and explored in which layered double hydroxides are and blast furnace slag (BFS) is currently being the oxygen permeability of candidate materials. ceramics. This project is examining the crystal first used for separating the radionuclides from considered as an encapsulating matrix. A concern chemistry and processing of ceramics in this
148 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 149 system with the aim of developing improved this way are not known. In this project, atomic gadolinium doped cerium oxide (CGO) has shown Atomistic simulation of anisotropic ionic oxidation and thermomechanical properties. scale computer simulation is being used to some of the highest ionic conductivities. The conductors Spark Plasma Sintering is being used to investigate the role of Cr and Al by identifying main problem in using CGO relates to its relatively » Researcher: Dr Alexander Chroneos generate small M AX ceramic samples. They where these elements reside in the fuel, the extent poor densification behaviour at temperatures low n+1 n » Supervisors: Professor John A Kilner and are characterised in terms of density, hardness, to which they segregate to grain boundaries and enough to be sintered onto metallic supports. Professor Robin W Grimes toughness, microstructure and electronic their influence on mechanical properties. The The introduction of a sintering aid, usually a » Sponsor: EPSRC (Platform grant) properties. High-temperature oxidation testing data generated will be important input to the low concentration of a given transition metal is carried out to understand the oxidation Westinghouse fuel performance code STAV. oxide (TMO), has been shown to improve the This work is investigating the diffusion and stability mechanism, with the aim of finding an approach of densification behaviour without effecting the of defects in Ruddlesden-Popper and double improving the limited oxidation resistance. The atomic structure of glass–crystal interfaces conductivity deleteriously. The aim of this perovskite oxides. These oxide materials will be project is to examine both the effects of low level considered for application as fuel cell cathodes. The » Researcher: Thorsten Stechert Selection and optimisation of radiation detector TMO doping on the densification and electrical research focuses on the study of the anisotropic » Supervisor: Professor Robin W Grimes materials performance of CGO and the effects of additional oxygen ion conductivity in layered oxides using » Sponsors: NDA, EPSRC (DIAMOND Consortium impurity elements which can be introduced from computer simulation. Atomic scale simulation (such » Researcher: Ankoor Patel Project Studentship) the stainless steel supports. as molecular dynamics) has the ability to provide » Supervisor: Professor Robin W Grimes The vitrification of high level nuclear waste (HLW) detailed information associated with the oxygen » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) is a suitable way to tackle the UK’s stockpile of diffusion mechanisms that can be used in synergy To enhance capabilities for the reliable detection nuclear waste from power generation, thanks Research assistants and postdoctoral with experimental results to provide a detailed of nuclear material, new and improved scintillator to its ability to physically immobilise a wide research associate projects model of defect processes in these materials. materials for radiation detection are being compositional range of waste at high waste identified through a combination of experiments loadings. However, due to the variability in Advanced SOFC technologies for low carbon, Carbon capture with desalination by-products that probe local defect environment and atomic the waste stream composition, and process energy efficient and affordable power » Researcher: Dr Maurizio Tarzia scale defect modelling. The following systems are limitations, the presence of insoluble crystalline » Researchers: Dr Andrey V Berenov and » Supervisors: Dr Luc J Vandeperre and Mr Fraser being investigated systematically as a function of phases within the glass melt cannot be avoided. Dr Sanghamitra Mukhopadhyay Wigley composition: the activated rare earth containing The aim is to develop a better understanding of » Supervisors: Professor Alan Atkinson and » Sponsor: KAUST RE O bixbyite oxides, divalent doped REAlO the processes occurring along these glass-crystal 2 3 3 Professor Mike W Finnis perovskites, rare earth activated garnet oxides interfaces, particularly the distribution of network- This short project aims to determine the » Sponsors: EPSRC, RRFCS RE3Al5O12 and activated rare earth tri-halides. The modifying alkalis and the extent of segregation of feasibility of capturing carbon with the residues integration of atomic scale simulation, single radionuclides to the interfacial regions. Molecular Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have the potential of desalination of water. The study is focussed crystal growth and experimental characterisation Dynamics Simulations are being used to simulate to greatly reduce carbon emissions in electricity on two practical questions. Firstly whether the will allow optimisation of materials, where and investigate these processes. Model glasses generation because of their high conversion residues, or magnesium hydroxide obtained by historically improvements have been empirical. have been developed suitable for studying glass- efficiency and suitability for distributed treating the residues, should be carbonated. crystal interfaces. generation. This research is part of a large Secondly, determining whether it is better to feed Simulation of atomic scale processes in ADOPT collaborative project tackling the critical fuel cell the material in with the fuel merely for capturing fuel The effect of transition metal oxide doping on issues of system cost and lifetime, including cell CO2 or to use the post-combustion flue gas as a ceria based electrolyte materials and stack cost, power density and affordability source of CO2 for carbonation as a way to produce Researcher: Simon Middleburgh of a 1MW SOFC stationary power generation unit. construction products. To date work has mainly Supervisor: Professor Robin W Grimes » Researcher: Samuel Taub Imperial’s contribution is developing new low-cost focussed on post-combustion carbonation of Sponsor: Westinghouse Electric Company » Supervisors: Professor Alan Atkinson and materials and geometries that are fundamental to magnesium hydroxide, the route with the highest Professor John A Kilner Conventional polycrystalline ceramic nuclear fuels the realisation of competitive fuel cells and stacks. potential for valorisation. The conditions for » Sponsor: Ceres Power (CASE Award) need to accommodate the enormous range of This involves using theoretical modelling at the carbonation were estimated theoretically and fission products that are continuously generated Yttria-stabilised zirconia has been the traditional atomistic level to identify promising new materials confirmed by an experimental study. By comparing during operation. Of specific concern is the choice of electrolyte material for use in solid with the appropriate electronic properties. with the gas evolution from acid digestion of grain size since fission products formed within a oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to its high mechanical These are then synthesised and characterised the magnesium carbonate, it is shown that in grain either remain trapped within the lattice or and chemical stability over a wide range of in detail and finally the most promising ones are contrast to for example CaO carbonation, the migrate to grain boundaries only slowly. Once at temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. being evaluated in the RRFCS fuel cell structure. weight changes that occur during treatment are grain boundaries fission products can migrate The operating temperature of this fuel cell is This project is part of a UK consortium led by not a good indicator of the extent of carbonation much more rapidly. Recently Westinghouse have however considered too high for use in anything RRFCS with the overall aim of demonstrating a due to the competition between a weight loss developed a new fuel called ADOPT that has but integrated gas turbine power generators. For pressurised commercially viable solid oxide fuel due to dehydroxylation and the weight gain by a larger grain size and hence the potential to small scale power generation, there has been a cell. The role of Imperial is to research new oxide carbonation. Extensive carbonation (35wt% contain fission products for much longer. The recent impetus to lower the operating temperature materials with high electrical conductivity that of the final product) of Mg(OH)2 is possible by improved grain size exhibited by the ADOPT fuel to between 500-750°C thus enabling the use of could be use to collect current from the cells. carbonation at 350°C, that is at a temperature is facilitated by additions of Cr and Al, however, cheaper and more robust stainless steel supports. This is done through a combination of atomistic just below the decomposition temperature of the reasons why Cr and Al additions work in Within this operating temperature range, simulation and experimental investigations. the carbonate estimated at 400°C. In further work magnesium hydroxide/dried brines are being added to a range of coals and then fired in air-firing and oxy-firing conditions in a specially
150 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 151 built entrained flow reactor which will simulate Isotopic Exchange followed by Secondary Ion Radiation damage and gas accumulation in properties of these materials under oxidising and the conditions existing in a coal-fired plant. Depth Profiling techniques have been used to nuclear ceramics reducing conditions, comparable to those found To complete the slipstream carbonation task measure oxygen tracer diffusion and exchange in a fuel cell anode environment under normal » Researcher: Dr Matthew Gilbert investigations are exploring various routes of parameters of promising cathode materials such operating conditions. » Supervisor: Professor Bill Lee carbonation for brines. It is expected that wet as Ba Sr Co Fe O (BSCF), La Sr CoO 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.2 y 0.6 0.4 3 » Sponsor: EPSRC (DIAMOND Consortium Project routes will be most efficient. (LSC) and Sm Sr CoO (SSC). Fundamental 0.5 0.5 3-δ Studentship) Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) for parameters of oxygen transport in ceramic aerospace applications Constrained sintering of fuel cell electrolytes materials have been correlated with the results Pu finishing produces a finely divided oxide of chemical diffusion studies and electrochemical which is an excellent starting material for ceramic » Researcher: Dr Doni J Daniel » Researchers: Dr Jung-Sik Kim and Dr Xin Wang measurements. fabrication. Together with the precise crystallo- » Supervisor: Professor Bill Lee » Supervisor: Professor Alan Atkinson chemical understanding of incorporation afforded » Sponsor: DSTL » Sponsor: EPSRC (Supergen Fuel Cell Consortium by single phase ceramic compositions, this allows Project Studentship) Design of new engineered oxide thin films with Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTC) including the development of tailored ceramic formulations tailored properties ‘engineered oxides’ ZrB2–SiC and HfB2–SiC are being developed. We have built a laser-based optical dilatomer for both waste-forms and fuels. In this project, Varying the SiC content has given added flexibility » Researcher: Dr Mónica Burriel to measure the sintering kinetics of thin films. two candidate waste-forms, zirconolite (CaZrTi2O7) in optimising specific microstructural designs: » Supervisor: Professor John A Kilner We have successfully measured the sintering and perovskite (CaTiO3), and a candidate IMF, adjusting the SiC content in ZrB and HfB matrices » Sponsor: Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship 2 2 kinetics of electrolyte thin films and identified Y-stabilised zirconia (Zr,Y)O2, have been doped has proved beneficial for improving oxidation and that the substrate constraint resulted in a delay of The focus of the project is development of SOFC with Nd as an inactive analogue for Pu. These ablation resistance, without being detrimental densification of structure by 200°C. We developed cathode materials offering low polarization losses materials have then been externally irradiated to high-temperature stability. Significant a novel ‘substrate creep’ method to measure using He+ and Kr+ ions, both separately and in and long-term stability at intermediate SOFC improvements in oxidation resistance of ZrB2 real time stressin the films during sintering. The combination, to simulate the effects of radiation operating temperatures (IT-SOFC). This is being (HfB2)-based UHTC below 1600°C have been stress inpartially stabilised zirconiafilms was achieved by improving our understanding of the damage and fission gas production within these achieved by the formation of silica glass layer measured to be 1-3 MPa, varying with sintering basic mechanisms controlling oxygen reduction materials. FIB sections of these irradiated samples with low oxygen permeability, which provides an temperature and porosity. The maximum stress and the ionic and the electronic transport are being characterised by TEM to assess the efficacious protective oxidation barrier. However, was found to occur at relatively low temperature properties. Several very promising MIEC (mixed formation of defects, gas bubbles and the degree silicates become non-protective at higher and high porosity, which indicates the initiation ionic and electronic) ceramic materials from both of amorphisation within these candidate materials temperatures, especially above 2000°C, because and formation of defects are more likely to occur the Ruddlesden-Popper family and the layered and so understand the impact of radiation of active oxidation and evaporation. Although at early stage of sintering. The microstructure cobaltite family will be studied as single crystals, damage and noble gas accommodation on the great efforts have been made in this aspect, no of the zirconia electrolyte films was found to be as thin films and as polycrystalline electrodes. The mechanical, structural and physical properties of effective approach has been reported up to now to aisotropic, with elongated pores preferentially experimental work carried out to date has been these ceramics. This is being further supported improve the oxidation resistance. In this project, a oriented in perpendicular to the film plane. It focused in several different material systems: by Monte Carlo TRIM calculations of the series of complex UHTC are being investigated and has also been found that the larger defects tend displacements per atom, formed as a result of the (La,Sr)NiO4 single crystals, La2NiO4 NdBaCo2O5+δ the aim of this research is to form a third phase to have larger elongation and more preferential ion bombardment, and the depth of ion diffusion and GdBaCo2O5+δ epitaxial films, and PrBaCo2O5+δ refractory material, i.e., rare earth zirconates orientation. This indicates that in order to produce within the materials. and (La,Pr,Ba,Sr)(Fe,Co)O3 polycrystal materials. such as Re2Zr2O7 or Re4Zr3O12, by reacting with leak-free electrolyte, to eliminate the larger X-ray scattering techniques, through crystal ZrO2 during oxidation process. These rare earth defects (>2 mircons) are the most important issue. truncation rod (CTR) experiments, have been Redox stable anode materials zirconates generally have pyrochlore structure used for the first time to probe the atomic surface whose melting point is above 2000°C. This project » Researcher: Dr Denis J Cumming Demonstration of SOFC stack technology for structure and reconstruction/relaxation of (La,Sr) is also examining densification of complex UHTC » Supervisor: Professor John A Kilner operation at 600oC (SOFC600) NiO single crystals and epitaxial thin films. In system to near theoretical density using the SPS 4 » Sponsor: Ceres Power addition, these structural models have been technique for improved mechanical properties » Researcher: Dr Andrey V Berenov complemented and correlated with elemental A current problem with Solid Oxide Fuel Cells is and oxidation resistance. Oxidation studies have » Supervisors: Professor Alan Atkinson and characterisation data of the outermost surface the stability and activity of the anode materials been carried out and the oxidation mechanisms Professor John A Kilner layer obtained by Low Energy Ion Scattering used. Conventional SOFC’s use a cermet investigated. » Sponsor: European Union (LEIS) measurements. We have also measured the consisting of the active Ni metal combined This project is developing the stack components oxygen ion transport of several of these promising with the electrolyte of choice, usually a doped for the operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) MIEC materials by high resolution isotopic zirconia or ceria. These cermets have problems Other projects systems at 600oC. Reducing the operating imaging/depth profiling and Time-of-Flight-SIMS in operation associated with the sintering of the temperature will have a great impact on the (ToF-SIMS). Ni metal at the operating temperatures and the Micro-solid oxide fuel cells cost and lifetime of SOFC thus facilitating the resistance of the anodes to what is known as commercialisation of the SOFC technology for redox cycling when the Ni is essentially oxidised » Researcher: Neil J Simrick combined heat and power generation. The overall and reduced. Many groups have sought to find » Supervisors: Professor Alan Atkinson and objective of Imperial’s part of the project is to a way round this by using mixed conducting Professor John A Kilner understand the electrochemical performance of oxide ceramics as anode materials. These tend » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) cathode materials (e.g., Area Specific Resistance to be n-type conducting complex oxides with the There is increasing interest in the potential (ASR) in terms of the basic properties of the perovskite or related structures. This project is for the use of small (e.g. less than 50 W) fuel ceramics (e.g., oxygen tracer diffusion coefficient investigating doped titanate materials for use as cells to replace rechargeable batteries in many and surface exchange reaction constant). anode materials and deals with the basic electrical applications in which long operating times and
152 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 153 light weight are at a premium (e.g., note book performance, materials, manufacturing and a bioactive surface around the margins of fixed The interactions of coal-biomass ash with computers, telecoms). Solid oxide fuel cells system simplicity, especially with regard to restorations which could lead to periodontal supercritical boiler materials (SOFCs) have a strong advantage because they running on practical carbon-containing fuels). tissue attachment, providing complete sealing » Investigator: Fraser Wigley can operate on a range of fuels, such as ethanol. of the marginal gap between tooth and the fixed Through this platform grant (which began in March » Sponsor: BCURA This project is to develop and evaluate the prosthesis. Two types of composite materials 2008), the SOFC team at Imperial College London fabrication methods that would be used in the were fabricated with four different proportions of Supercritical boiler technology, which will provide aims to build on its past success in this field and manufacture of such devices, such as micro- the constituents selected in each case. The first an important means of reducing carbon dioxide explore new directions to address some of the patterned electrode structures and supported group (Comp1) concerns composite materials of emissions from pulverised coal-fired power fundamental issues underlying the problems of electrolyte membranes and characterise their bioactive glass 58S with a commercial high fusing stations, involves new alloys. These alloys, performance and durability of SOFCs. The most performance. Silver thin films were deposited dental porcelain, while the second group (Comp2) engineered to provide improved strength and promising avenues will then be expanded into using evaporation techniques onto single crystal contains composite materials of bioactive glass creep resistance at temperatures above 700°C, larger individual research projects outside the yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ) substrates of a 58S with a new glass-ceramic in the system SiO - are based on advanced steels and nickel alloys. Platform. 2 defined orientation. They were then annealed in Al2O3-K2P-Na2O-CaO-P2O5 fabricated using the Previous work on the characterisation of the air between 250°C and 550°C, where the resulting We are building an enhanced capability with which sol-gel method. The microstructural properties tubeside layers of coal ash deposits has shown microstructures shown were investigated using to explore new opportunities for future research of the fabricated composites before and after that the interaction between iron-rich ash particles scanning electron microscopy and quantified that will ultimately lead to SOFCs with improved the application of specific thermal treatments and boiler tubes is important in initiating a using image analysis techniques. The Ag films performance and durability and also new devices. were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) deposit. This project investigates the interaction of de-wet via the formation of voids at the film/ We will also spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy coal-biomass ash with different tube alloys under substrate interface and at the film surface, • build a capability for multi-scale integrated (SEM), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and relevant conditions. Increased metal temperatures uncovering the YSZ substrate. Void growth then modelling (atoms to systems) and specifically X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Heat treated during supercritical combustion will cause proceeded to an interconnected Ag network and to incorporate thermodynamic modelling of samples of each composite in form of cylindrical depositing ash particles to transform more rapidly, resulted in the equilibrium state of isolated Ag materials disks were immersed in Simulated Body producing deposits with lower melt viscosities and islands. The de-wetting is a function of a number Fluid (SBF) and their bioactive behaviour was different phase equilibria. The deposition and the investigate a range of new functional materials of parameters including, film thickness, anneal • investigated. After heat treatment increased of removal of boiler slags, and their potential impact and micro- or nano- structures temperature and anneal duration. crystallinity and growth of new crystalline phases on corrosion, are being investigated. • develop new techniques for in situ diagnostics were observed (wollastonite, calcium silicate and of cell reactions and for the characterisation New research directions for solid oxide fuel cell sodium calcium aluminum silicate are the new of microstructure and transport properties of science and engineering crystal phases). SOFC materials » Investigators: Professor Alan Atkinson, • apply these techniques to develop a framework Oxyfuel combustion – academic programme for Professor John A Kilner, Dr Stephen J Skinner and for understanding the durability (ageing) and the UK (OxyCAP) Professor Nigel P Brandon (Department of Earth thermo-mechanical (thermal cycling, redox Science and Engineering) cycling) degradation of SOFCs and the use of » Investigators: Dr Andreas M Kempf (Department » Sponsor: EPSRC (Platform grant) other fuels, such as bio-ethanol and coal of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London), Dr Paul S Fennell (Department of The efficient generation of electrical power is a explore other SOFC-related devices such as • Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London) high priority for the developed world to reduce micro-engineered SOFCs, electrolysers, gas and Mr Fraser Wigley emissions of carbon dioxide and thus mitigate separators and polygeneration » Sponsor: EPSRC the effects of global warming. Fuel cells offer • expand international collaboration through the promise of increased generation efficiency bilateral staff secondments to laboratories in Oxyfuel combustion is a promising mechanism in applications encompassing large (> 1MW) Europe, USA and Japan and build links with for incorporating carbon capture into the next stationary electrical power, small (< 10 kW), India, China, Singapore, Korea and Brazil. generation of coal-fired power stations. This Combined Heat and Power units for applications project funds collaborative research at several UK such as domestic use, and transport (road universities on issues that have arisen during the Novel bioactive glass-ceramic composites for vehicles, ships, trains and aircraft). Of the many development of oxyfuel combustion at rig scale, dental restorations fuel cell types, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) to contribute towards the implementation of have the greatest flexibility in fuel type. They can » Researcher: Dr Xanthippi Chatzistavrou oxyfuel combustion at full scale. The activities at work efficiently with existing hydrocarbon fossil » Supervisor: Professor Aldo R Boccaccini Imperial include characterisation of the inorganic fuels and carbon-neutral alternatives (such as (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) components in coal and their combustion bio-ethanol) and in addition they are easily fuelled » Sponsors: European Marie Curie Actions, Intra- products, to investigate their behaviour under this by hydrogen, compatible with the introduction of European Fellowships new combustion process. the hydrogen economy. There is strong research The sol-gel process has been applied for the and development interest in SOFCs world wide synthesis of bioactive composite materials with and the companies developing them have potential use in dental restorations. The current achieved impressive technical success. However, restorative dental materials are biocompatible commercialisation on a large scale remains but they do not exhibit bioactive behaviour. elusive and the key barriers are recognised to The novel composite materials aim to provide be durability and cost (to which contribute:
154 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 155 3D simulation of microstructure alloys advanced formation and remelting in vacuum arc remelting process » Lang Yuan
156 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 157 project summaries A study of the anaerobic corrosion of carbon steel Research highlight in a canadian used nuclear fuel repository Postgraduate research student projects » Researcher: Gloria Kwong » Supervisor: Dr Mary P Ryan Figure 1: P2R experimental In situ synchrotron of defects such as porosity from -40 to 1000°C. (Note, A computational approach for tailoring the » Sponsor: OPG rig for real-time and hot tears, remains an working with Drs O’Sullivan growth kinetics of secondary phase formation in tomographic observations The Canadian nuclear waste management concept characterisation of issue when casting these and Fenton it was also used to aluminium alloys whilst applying controlled envisages using steel as a primary engineered components. Determining how quantify permafrost formation, thermal, loading, or defect evolution in » Researcher: Chedtha Puncreobutr barrier for isolating nuclear waste in the deep displacement cycles, these potential defects form while with Dr Julian Jones it was » Supervisor: Professor Peter D Lee geological repositories (DGR). Steel corrosion showing the rig on Al alloys has always been a challenge used for quantifying the latest » Sponsors: Department of Materials (Imperial in the anticipated repository environments have Beamline I12 at Diamond at the high temperatures and biomaterials.) Light Source, and a College London), Government of Thailand been studied but mostly focused in two main reactive environments involved zoomed schematic of » Researcher: Richard Hamilton One key area now getting areas: bespoke furnace for in alloy casting. However, Aluminium alloys have a high strength-to-weight » Investigator: Professor Peter increasing attention in steel corrosion in aerobic or oxygen containing controlled cooling. the advent of high brilliance ratio, good ductility, castability, and machinability • D Lee advanced alloys is the return environments (both in vapour and liquid Figure 2: 3D rendering synchrotron sources, this is and are therefore used worldwide in many » Sponsor: EPSRC to the addition of particulate, phases) of the near final hot- now possible not only in real applications such as automotive components and especially nano-particulate. tearing of (a) Al15Cu vs Obtaining the optimum time, but with quantitative aircraft structures. Aluminium recycling is also • steel corrosion in anaerobic, solution However, the influence of (b) Al15Cu-9.6wt%MMC properties from advanced characterisation of the considered a well-developed and mature process. environment shows a qualitative particulate additions on alloys requires not only structural morphology and However, iron uptake occurring during aluminium The corrosion behaviour of steel in a humid (but difference, while the defect formation is not well quantified evolution of the design of the final crystallography in 3D. This recycling can alter alloy castability while limiting not submerged), anaerobic or anoxic environment, known. As a starting point, (c) the internal damage microstructure, but also quantification is providing the fatigue life of the final component because have very limited reported corrosion data. experiments were performed volume fraction and low cost processing routes significant new insight into the of large Fe-rich intermetallic formation. To surface connected on an Al15Cu alloy with and This study aims to improve the existing knowledge that provide the minimum mechanisms controlling defect better understand these intermetallics, in situ cracking elucidates the without the additions of Al2O3 of anaerobic, unsaturated corrosion of carbon introduction of potential formation based, and how their synchrotron X-ray radiography was performed on different mechanisms particulate. The resulting hot- steel. Atmosphere corrosion testing has been operating. defects. Casting is still one morphology affects component an Al-7.5Si-3.5Cu-Fe(%wt.) alloy for two Fe levels tearing behaviour at 560°C conducted on carbon steel wires in anoxic of the most effective routes performance. (0.4 and 0.8 wt.% Fe) and for different cooling (fs=0.75) is shown in figure atmospheres in 30, 50 and 70°C, over a wide for producting geometrically rates. The intermetallic growth was quantified In order to directly observe 2. Without particulate the range of relative humidity (RH), with and without complex components in a using image analysis. Nucleation temperatures the formation of such defects, damage occurs both in the NaCl contamination of the wire surfaces. In range of alloys, offering both were estimated by extrapolating growth back to a special rig was designed at centre of the gage length, and parallel with the corrosion experiments, surface cost and design advantages as zero size. The results illustrate that nucleation of Imperial and used at Beamline well away, as liquid is drawn analyses are performed to determine the nature compared to thermomechanical the β-intermetallics is a function of both Fe level I12 at DIAMOND Light Source towards the centre to feed of the surface oxides present, in particular to look processing routes. Through the and cooling rate. The β-intermetallics nucleate (see figure 1). This bespoke strain evolution. However, the for the formation of magnetite (Fe O ). Techniques use of advanced aluminium between α–Al dendrites and grow rapidly until 3 4 piece of equipment has can MMC at the same temperature employed include scanning electron microscopy alloys, it is hoped a 10 per they impinge on surrounding α–Al dendrites. apply controlled tensile, has a completely different coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/ cent reduction in vehicle As the cooling rate increases, finer and closer or compressive, specimen behaviour. The particles clog EDX) to determine the structure of the corrosion weight could be obtained, packed α-Al grains form, limiting intermetallic loading over the range ±1‑500 up the interdendritic liquid product films, (i) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with a concomitant reduction plate growth. This result agrees well with both N with extension in the range regions, preventing liquid (XPS) to identify the chemical composition of the of 6-8 percent in greenhouse previous in situ synchrotron X-ray experiments ±0-150 mm and stepped or feeding, increasing the load, film, and (iii) Raman and Fourier transform infrared gas emissions, resulting in and metallography results. The three dimensional continuous specimen rotation but reducing the elongation spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyse the molecules significant and immediate evolution of porosity was also studied via high over ±0‑360° at speeds up to to failure. The failure is also present in the oxide. The results will be used in environmental speed synchrotron X-ray tomography in a W319 1Hz. The encoded accuracy much more brittle, even though assessing the performance of carbon steel during benefits. alloy, Al–7.5Si–3.5Cu–1.2Fe (wt.%), at a cooling 1 for load was 0.1 N, 200 nm there is less primary phase. the anoxic, unsaturated phase of a repository in However, the rate of 0.4°C/s. The morphology evolution for extension, and 0.001º for These new insights gained from Canadian sedimentary rock. occurrence and growth rate of pores were quantified. The rotation, all at temperature synchrotron in situ observation interaction of the pores with the developing can be used to help optimise iron intermetallics was also examined via XMT Atomistic simulation of hydrogen in zirconium and the materials behaviour during 2 experiments. The result indicates that the zirconium alloys processing and hence reduce propagation of pores is constrained by the component weight, with direct » Researcher: Simon Lumley surrounding intermetallics, leading to the tortuous benefits on reduced emissions » Supervisors: Dr Mark R Wenman and Professor shape of the final pores. in transport and energy Robin W Grimes applications. » Sponsor: MoD (HMS Sultan) Zirconium is an important material in the nuclear industry and is used in fuel cladding alloys due to its adequate thermal and mechanical properties, high corrosion resistance and low thermal neutron capture cross-section. The
158 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 159 material is subject to corrosion while in an broad range of compositions using synchrotron the result is a fuel pin failure. PCI mechanisms use in situ synchrotron and neutron diffraction, aqueous environment and can become brittle diffraction and diffusion multiples. In addition, are still not well understood and the mechanism EBSD, FIB and TEM to characterise the operative due to the uptake of hydrogen, possibly leading micromechanical and atomistic modelling will be of crack growth is a particular unknown in AGRs. deformation mechanisms around cracks, the to cladding failure by mechanisms such as used to develop insight into the alloy design and The project uses the latest methods of finite evolution of texture during processing and EPSRC delayed hydride cracking. Although this system into the underlying science of the transformations, element modelling at both the continuum and modelling to model the polycrystal behaviour. has been examined empirically, there is still which are not well understood. microscales in 2D and 3D to model PCI for both disagreement about some of the mechanisms reactor systems. The aim is to improve the current Microstructure formation and soldering in binary behind hydride precipitation. An investigation Deformation mechanisms of twinning steels British Energy fuel code ENIGMA and its predictive Sn-Ni alloys using atomistic simulation to investigate the capability of PCI. behaviour of hydrogen in a zirconium alloy » Researcher: Khandaker M Rahman » Researcher: Sergey Belyakov » Supervisor: Dr David Dye » Supervisors: Dr Christopher M Gourlay and could potentially lead to better prediction of High-temperature oxidation of thermal barrier » Sponsor: EPSRC (Industrial Case) Professor David W McComb hydride related failures, or alternative fuel systems on nickel-base superalloy » Sponsor: Nihon Superior Company Limited cladding alloys with improved performance. A The continuing need for engineering alloys which » Researcher: Jinesung Jung density functional theory based investigation is combine high strength and ductility has focussed As a result of environmental issues and » Supervisors: Dr Barbara A Shollock and Dr David currently being used to examine how hydrogen attention onto a range of austenitic steels consequent legislation, lead-free electronics S McPhail solubility is effected by stress and how it is which exhibit the formation of mechanical twins manufacturing has become a global trend. The aim » Sponsors: KEPCO effected by the presence of alloying agents. during deformation. This study is interested in of this project is to develop the understanding of understanding and characterising the twinning Advances in gas turbine efficiency demand microstructure formation during the solidification Extrusion of Zr-2.5Nb for pressure tube process in these steels and identifying how this higher operating temperatures, approaching or and soldering of binary Sn-Ni alloys and to applications is affected by alloying additions, deformation exceeding the melting point of the nickel-base build a foundation for the understanding of the temperature and strain rate. The twinning superalloys in the turbine. To use the alloys commercial ternary Sn-Cu-Ni solder system. The » Researcher: Konstantinos Alevizos process will be examined and characterised in these conditions, thermal barrier systems project focuses on metastable phase formation » Supervisors: Dr David Dye, Professor Richard J using a range on techniques including EBSD, (TBCs) that reduce the blade temperature and during solidification and reflow soldering. The Dashwood (University of Warwick) and Dr Martin TEM and mechanical loading experiments. inhibit oxidation and corrosion are used. This phases, their orientation relationships and growth Jackson (University of Sheffield) Micromechanical behaviour and texture evolution research is investigating the thermally induced are being studied by electron microscopy (FEG- » Sponsor: European Union Marie Curie Fellowship during deformation will be investigated using in microsturctural changes of the base superalloy, SEM, EDX-SEM, EBSD), optical microscopy and The creep performance of Zr-2.5Nb is a sensitive situ X-ray synchrotron diffraction (SXRD) loading the bond coat, the reaction zone and the thermally thermal analysis. The aims are to understand the function of both its texture and microstructure. experiments. Experimental observations will also growth oxide. In addition, the oxygen transport sequence and kinetics of microstructure formation In this project, model extrusions of Zr-2.5Nb are be compared to those predicted by VPSC and mechanism for growth of the thermally grown and the origins of metastability in this system. being performed with the aim of optimising the EPSC models. oxide is studied using a two-stage oxidation texture and microstructure to maximise creep experiment after which the location of oxygen Modelling the melt and breeze behaviour performance. An auxilliary programme of Al tube Modelling of pellet clad interactions in AGR and and its depth profile is determined using of materials for the next generation of high extrusions and isothermal compression testing PWR nuclear fuels secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). In temperature reference standard will be performed. Finite element models are addition, the microstructure is examined using being used to predict the metal flow, adiabatic » Researcher: Rizgar Mella electron microscopy. By integrating data from this » Researcher: Zohaib Malik heating and strain path within the material, and » Supervisor: Dr Mark R Wenman combination of characterisation techniques, a » Supervisors: Professor Peter D Lee and Dr R these will be linked to models for the texture and » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) fuller understanding of these thermal protections Lowe (National Physical Laboratory) » Sponsor: EPSRC (Case Studentship with NPL) microstructure development. The integrity of nuclear fuel is paramount to the systems is being developed. continued safe operation of nuclear reactors. In This project is explaining the melt behaviour Combinatorial development of high temperature the UK British Energy operate both the advanced Fundamentals of deformation and cracking in of metal-carbon binary eutectic alloys with shape memory alloys gas cooled reactor (AGR) type and a pressurised zirconium alloys melt temperatures up to 250°C. These alloys water reactor (PWR). Whilst very different in are attracting increasing interest as reference » Researcher: Mohammed Abdul Azeem » Researcher: Christabel Evans operating conditions both types of reactor can standards based on their eutectic temperature. » Supervisors: Dr David Dye, Professor Richard J » Supervisor: Dr David Dye experience fuel pin failures from time-to-time. One It is expected they will be formally accepted as Dashwood (University of Warwick) and Professor » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) mechanism common to both types of reactor is standards following the proposed redefinition Trevor C Lindley known as pellet clad interactions (PCI). This can Zirconium alloys are of great interest in civil of the kelvin in ~2012. We are applying » Funding: UKIERI, Imperial College London be in many forms but the basic failure mechanism nuclear applications because of their use in and developing improved macroscopic and Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have great potential arises due to the interaction between the ceramic in-core structural components due to their low microscopic models of diffusion in eutectic alloys. to replace conventional electro-mechanical UO2 fuel pellets and the metallic cladding material neutron adsorbtion cross-sections. However, These are being validated against experimental and hydraulic actuators in a broad range of of the fuel pin, at high temperatures. The clad is a cracking is frequently observed, often leading melt data and assessed microstructure. The applications, particularly in gas turbines. However, stainless steel for the AGR system and Zircaloy, a to fuel can failures and the contamination relative importance of microstructure, impurities the temperature range of the transformations zirconium alloy, for the PWR. Many factors play a of the core with fission products, increasing and thermal environment will be assessed. is currently quite restricted and it is of interest role in these interactions including temperature, decommisioning costs and effort. The deformation to develop SMAs with higher transformation irradiation, differential thermal expansion of the mechanisms that operate during crack growth temperatures. In this project, we are collaborating materials and clad-pellet bonding. The result can and the effect of oxide and texture on these are with the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore sometimes be cracks which develop in the clad not well characterised, which inhibits our ability to use the combinatorial approach to test a material. If these cracks penetrate the clad wall to reliably life these components. The project will
160 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 161 New materials for long life flare tips of these interstitial elements compromises the most significant on the first roll vanes which equilibrium phases, thereby providing a potential mechanical properties of the alloy, this is limiting revealed various bands of colours on the surface mechanisms to optimise the microstructure of a » Researcher: Sobhan Abolghasemi their use in aerospace and medical sectors. of TBCs. Fifteen serviced-retrieved roll one nozzle component. The current understanding of these » Supervisors: Professor Peter D Lee and guild vanes are being examined for surface transformations is unsatisfactory, and further Professor Trevor C Lindley In an effort to reduce interstitial levels, chemical contaminations. research into the mechanisms, crystallography, » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) chemical methods of removing excess oxygen and response to service conditions (temperature, from titanium powder and titanium parts, The discolorations found on these vanes are Flare tips are part of an oil and gas platform’s stress, strain rate etc.) is required to enable such as treatment with de-oxidants, are being a result of various oxide depositions on the essential safety system, allowing for the safe widespread application. investigated. To make the aim of producing surface and the colours vary from brown, red, disposal of hydrocarbons in the event of an low cost components for the medical and black to green. The deposition mechanism The nature of diffusionless transformations can emergency. Flare systems are increasingly aerospace sectors, low cost processing routes of these surface contaminants is similar to make traditional post mortem type analysis operated at low gas flow rates to meet are being developed and this project is also calcium-magnesium alumino silicate (CMAS), very difficult to interpret, and therefore, it is environmental regulations; an operating regime investigating metal injection moulding (MIM) yet the chemical compositions are different. desirable to study these materials in situ, using that increases the time that the flame impinges on route for titanium alloy parts and developing This project is elucidating the allocation techniques capable of direct observation of the the tip, thus increasing its operating temperature a low-contamination binder system for MIM. of these chemical deposits with respect to phase changes. The low divergence and extremely and decreasing the lifetime. Extending flare tip various regional TBC surface temperatures narrow peak profiles acquired from high energy life will have a significant impact on both safety using phase and Ellingham diagrams. X-ray diffraction using synchrotron sources, and maintenance costs. A potential failure Strain localisation in partially solid alloys has been shown to be a realistic way to study involves a material degradation process based » Researcher: Kristina M Kareh these transformations in far greater detail than on a high temperature creep-fatigue-oxidation Ti-64 deformation » Supervisors: Dr Christopher M Gourlay and possible with laboratory techniques. Such high interactive mechanism which is thought to Professor Peter D Lee » Researcher: Jonnathan Warwick quality data provides an excellent framework promote local grain boundary embrittlement of » Sponsors: EPSRC, Hydro Aluminium Extrusion » Supervisors: Dr David Dye and Professor Richard around which more traditional techniques, such the metallic alloys. A Thermomechanical Index of Limited J Dashwood (University of Warwick) as electron microscopy and texture analysis, can alloy behaviour is being developed to optimise » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) be employed. This project works with industrial the selection of alloys for potential flare tip use. In processes such as the high-pressure die casting partners to understand the propagation and Flare tip metal temperatures are measured using of automotive parts, alloys are severely deformed This project is part of an EPSRC programme in influence of diffusionless transformations during thermo-imaging techniques. Knowledge of the as they solidify. Severely deforming alloys in collaboration with Rolls-Royce and the universities service like conditions, with a view to enable the actual operating temperature range will allow the partially solid state, however, is frequently of Manchester, Birmingham, Oxford and Swansea. application of self actuating dynamic components. a more robust analysis of the alloy behaviour accompanied by defects such as positive The service performance of Ti-64 plate used in by removing the simplifying assumptions macrosegregation bands and porosity bands that aero-engine fan blade applications is sensitive that have been made to date. The thermo- limit the use of the parts produced. to the microstructure and texture produced Crystal packing and dendrite coherency in during rolling. In this project, the evolution of equiaxed solidification mechanical models will be extended to include The overall aim of this project is to quantify and microtexture and texture is being examined, with a local embrittlement processes, including the understand strain localisation in the mushy zone via » Researcher: Dr Lang Yuan role of oxidation behaviour (particularly at grain particular focus on the variant selection problem. three-dimensional characterisation of shear- » Supervisor: Dr Christopher M Gourlay boundaries), processes that are presently poorly • The effects on final performance will also be induced macrosegregation » Sponsor: EPSRC understood. The kinetics of high temperature studied. oxidation of Inconel 625, the 700 series and • investigation of the onset and propagation of This project is using the Discrete Element Method other alloys designed for high temperature semi-solid shear banding using in situ imaging (DEM), a simulation tool developed for granular oxidation resistance will be studied using This will allow a better understanding of defect Research assistants and postdoctoral mechanics, to explore the mechanical transitions optical and electron microscopic techniques. formation in processing routes where the alloys research associate projects that occur during the equiaxed solidification of An understanding the materials issues involved are deformed when semi-solid, which can then be Al casting alloys. Crystal morphologies ranging and a development of improved solutions will optimised. This study uses microtomography for Characterisation of diffusionless transformations from near-globular to highly-branched equiaxed enable platform operators to develop a risk-based three-dimensional in situ imaging; radiography dendritic are simulated in 2D. Particular focus is » Researcher: Dr Nicholas G Jones inspection strategy for flare tips. and optical microscopy are used for two- being given to understanding how the complex » Supervisor: Dr David Dye dimensional imaging. geometry of equiaxed dendrites influences crystal » Sponsor: EPSRC packing and force transmission through the crystal Novel routes to titanium component processing The exploitation of diffusionless transformations assemblies. The project is also comparing the TBC surface chemical contamination on service- » Researcher: Benjamin Moorhouse in engineering materials such as steels, titanium simulation results with in situ imaging of packing retrieved industrial gas turbine engines » Supervisor: Dr Barbara A Shollock alloys and nickel titanium based shape memory and deformation in semi-solid alloys using » Sponsor: EPSRC (Industrial Case with QinetiQ) » Researcher: Steven SY Feng alloys, is an area of materials science with synchrotron X-ray radiography. » Supervisors: Dr Mary P Ryan and Dr Barbara A great potential. Such transformations offer the The use of titanium in healthcare and aerospace Shollock possibility of dynamic components, capable of applications constantly increases, but applications » Sponsor: RWE npower reacting to their service conditions for enhanced are sometimes limited due to cost. Titanium performance, e.g. in more electric aero-engines powder offers a very effective route manufacturing RWE npower’s modern combined cycle gas turbine and to achieve greater control over aerodynamic low cost components; however, new cheaper (CCGT) power plant in Didcot UK, has reported surfaces at a low weight penalty. Other powders tend to be high in oxygen. Further heavy surface chemical contamination on their diffusionless structures, such as athermal omega processing of the powder tends to increase oxygen thermal barrier coating (TBC) coated nozzle guide in Ti alloys, can be used as nucleation sites for and carbon contents even further. The high levels vanes and blades. Chemical deposits found were
162 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 163 Metallic materials for enhanced ballistic AECL, Carnegie Mellon University, GE, Pratt and Other projects of deformation in these materials. The project protection Whitney, LANL, NPL, NRCC, QinetiQ, Rolls-Royce also focuses on the rheology directly related UTP (University of Cambridge), Rolls-Royce plc, Characterisation of wear mechanism and surface to metal casting processes. During processes » Researchers: Dr Nicholas G Jones and Special Metals functionality of rolling/sliding elements such as high-pressure die casting, the alloy is Khandaker Rahman deformed throughout solidification so that loads » Supervisor: Dr David Dye This project provides the infrastructural support » Researcher: Dr Hande Cote act on solid-liquid microstructures ranging from » Sponsors: QinetiQ, MOD required to fully integrate the research in the » Supervisor: Dr Barbara A Shollock dilute suspensions to cohesive solid skeletons Materials Processing and Performance Centre in » Sponsors: Marie Curie (Project Grant), EPSRC This project involves the evaluation of the saturated with liquid. As well as determining the Department of Materials on high strain rate and impact behaviour of three Rolling and sliding element bearings and gears how the alloy enters the mould during casting, novel metallic materials that employ shear • modelling the processing of existing and will eventually fail as a result of a surface fatigue rheology also causes casting defects and the transformations to adsorb energy during developing materials to predict microstructure, phenomenon. Micropitting is a form of surface current understanding of mush rheology is deformation events, such as automotive • alloy/process development of advanced and contact fatigue encountered in bearings and insufficient to predict and control these defects crashes and blast events. It involves alloy developing engineering materials gears, under lubricating conditions, which leads to accurately. The project will explore defects such as development, optimisation and supply chain • development of constitutive equations to their premature failure. Numerous investigations macrosegregation, porosity and cracking within a demonstration as well as determination of the represent service behaviour on micropitting have been carried out during the granular framework, and link these findings with underlying deformation mechanisms and their last decade but its underlying mechanism is still observations in industrial castings. This is leading to an integrated microstructure- sensitivity to strain rate and strain path, using not fully understood. Since the phenomenon is explicit modelling approach to alloy and process in situ synchrotron diffraction to understand the an interdisciplinary subject, it is unpredictable development for performance. The models cover Reducing emissions by exploiting field-induced evolution of the phase assemblage and texture and difficult to control. Its complexity is due the entire cycle of design, synthesis, processing martensitic transformations and the variation in intergranular elastic strains as to the numerous factors of influence involved; and life assessment. A key feature is of developing well as post hoc transmission electron microscopy. lubrication chemistry, environmental factors, » Investigator: Dr David Dye continuity between the different models, nature of materials, surface finishes and loadings. » Sponsor: EPSRC (Leadership Fellowship) process and characterisation developments Micromechanics and phase transformations in so that a co-ordinated research programme, This project is in collaboration with the Mechanical The aim of the fellowship is to develop the welded steel joints rather than a series of individual projects. A Engineering Department and aims to identify the analysis tools to design and use materials that exploit stress- and electromagnetic field-affected » Researcher: Dr Miloslav Beres quantitative description of microstructure is an major factors that cause micropitting in steels. phase transformations. This area extends from » Supervisors: Dr David Dye and Dr Noel P O’Dowd explicit outcome of our process models and is Factors under investigation include the effects bainite and martensite in steels to the variant (Department of Mechanical Engineering) also a critical input to the performance models, of antiwear additives, friction modifying agents selection problem during the beta->alpha » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) producing a clear link between the alloy/process under a range of tribological conditions. Various route and performance which allows optimisation. analysis techniques such as transmission electron transformation in titanium and zirconium alloys, During the automated arc welding of ship steel This research consists of both model development microscopy (STEM-EELS), X-ray photoelectron from omega superelasticity in the beta-Ti alloy joints, phase transformations play a major and critical experimental measurement. The spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy GUM metal to NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) part in determining the final residual stress Centre is also well equipped to complement (AFM) are used to study the surface and near- and ferromagnetic SMAs. In the component state. Previously, the transformation strain the modelling with pilot-scale experiments and surface of the tribofilm and tribo-altered layer are context, conventional SMAs rely on a temperature has been modelled using only a volume strain advanced characterisation activities. The research used to gain insight into the wear mechanisms. change to provide actuation, which is achieved approximation, but the actual transformation programme addresses a range of processes either passively in response to the environment process is dominated by shear strain and or by heating/cooling using bleed air, resistance including solidification, thermo-mechanical Granular rheology of partially solidified alloys variant selection of the precipitating phase. heating or heating filaments. Ferromagnetic SMAs processing, reaction synthesis, joining and and defect formation in advanced metal casting This project is concerned with kinetic and use an electromagnetic field, which allows much superplastic forming. In the course of recent work processes micro-mechanical modelling of the precipitation a number of instrumented test rigs have been faster switching, for example in a pump or to process, in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction built, including directional solidification/single » Investigator: Dr Christopher M Gourlay improve flow control. While the crystallography of (XRD) measurements at the ESRF of the crystal furnaces, an instrumented extrusion press, » Sponsors: RAEng/EPSRC Research Fellowship these transformations is well understood, models transformation under temperature and load, are not generally available for the micromechanics reaction synthesis cells, electroreduction cells, This project uses the principles of granular coupled through to the modelling of welding that can be incorporated into Finite Element an MMC squeeze-casting unit, rolling apparatus materials to explore the mechanics of partially and measurement of the welded stress (FE) descriptions of component behaviour used and small ingot production facilities. The solid alloys. Granular materials are simply the state using neutron diffraction at ISIS. by designers. In addition, whilst these systems modelling techniques used include continuum, disordered assemblies of macroscopic particles are clearly tractable to atomistic approaches, cellular automata, phase field, self-consistent we encounter everyday, from the soils under our atomistic modeling is still too immature to reliably Microstructure-explicit modelling and and isokinetic finite element thermomechanical feet to the salt on the kitchen table; however, the design new alloys without experimental support; characterisation for the rapid exploitation of analysis and continuum damage mechanics. mechanics of granular materials can be complex, however approaches such as density functional materials These are usually implemented as routines that emerging from mechanical interactions between theory (DFT) can enable insight into alloy design can be coupled into commercial codes, for ease of the discrete particles which are often unrelated » Researcher: Richard Hamilton approaches to be developed. A subsidiary aim is knowledge transfer. to the mechanics of the particles themselves. The » Supervisors: Professor Peter D Lee, Professor to start to bridge the gap to the DFT community. goal of the project is to incorporate partially solid Richard J Dashwood (University of Warwick) and In conventional alloys the problem is often alloy deformation into a broad liquid-saturated Dr David Dye complicated by a diffusional component to granular framework. The research will include » Sponsors: EPSRC, Aeromet International, Alcoa, the transformation, or nucleation may be the novel direct observation techniques enabling Alstom, Aluminium Powder Company (Part limiting step. However, we have recently shown us to prove and quantify the micromechanics of the Metallurg Corporation), AMC Limited, clearly that applied stress can bias variant
164 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 165 selection, leading to the production of mono- variant transformed beta grains in Ti-6246, with consequent effects on properties. The ability to model variant selection in diffusionless transformations, such as in martensite in steels, omega in Ti and Zr, and in (f)SMAs will be a prerequisite to modelling the more complicated problem in Ti-64 and Ti-6246. Industrially, the major goal of the fellowship is to build a capability to model such transformations and to design alloys exploiting them for use in aerospace, automotive and power applications, with QinetiQ, Rolls-Royce, Timet, Corus and DSTL.
Smart materials: development of high temperature shape memory alloys for environmentally-friendly aero-engines
» Investigator: Dr David Dye » Sponsors: UKIERI, Rolls-Royce plc SEM image of ordered nanoporous Shape memory alloys (SMAs) exhibit reversible silver (scale bar = 0.5µm). This shape changes with temperature, the actuation image was selected for the front strain being produced by a martensitic phase cover of the December 2009 issue transformation. The current leading system is of the new RSC nanoscience near-equiatomic NiTi, where the transformation temperature can be manipulated from journal Nanoscale approximately 150°C to around 180°C, with a » Rong Zhu practical upper limit in application of ~80°C. This project is developing high temperature (600 K) shape memory alloys (SMA’s), which will be of great benefit for gas turbines, e.g., lightweight passive actuators for variable stator vanes. The resultant engine weight reductions will allow continuing reductions in aerospace-related CO2 emissions. The global research team assembled for this project brings together complementary skills in diffusion, micromechanical testing and fatigue (Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay), and in diffraction studies, SMAs, micromechanical and atomistic modelling (Imperial College London). The synergy between these domains of expertise is allowing us to rapidly develop new alloys more effectively than the individual groups alone. nanotechnology and nanoscale characterisation nanotechnology
166 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 167
Research highlights
Correlation of The aim of this project A hybrid complimentary peptide and Figure 1: Typical results is to correlate these two causes aggregation of the from the assay. The electron and X-ray spectroscopic techniques on a nanoparticle- AuNPs. This aggregation in turn initial absorption variety of nanoscale systems. causes a dramatic colour shift spectrum (dashed) spectroscopies in liposome assay corresponds to a One such system is the of the solution that can be read visibly red solution. nanoscale systems nanoparticulate wear debris for measuring out by eye. The flexibility of this As the nanoparticles generated by cobalt-chromium phospholipase system has been demonstrated aggregate, the color of metal-on-metal (MOM) hip by the incorporation of a the solution changes » Researcher: Angela Goode replacements. Debris particles activity range of biologically-relevant over time to blue, » Supervisors: Dr Mary P Ryan, indicating the activity of may be associated with (a) molecules into the liposomes, phospholipase enzyme. Professor David W McComb local inflammatory response including cholesterol, charged and Dr Alexandra E Porter » Researcher: Dr Morgan Figure 2: A schematic and (b) white blood cell DNA lipids and protein-resistant illustration of how » Sponsor: EPSRC Mager damage and experimentally polymers. We have also shown the assay works. Electron energy loss induced sarcomas linked » Supervisor: Professor Molly the applicability for high- Enzyme activity spectroscopy (EELS) in the to carcinogenic hexavalent M Stevens throughput drug screening causes the liposomes to break, releasing a scanning transmission electron chromium. Figure 1 a-c shows » Sponsor: European Research by showing that this assay Council (ERC) contained peptide. This microscope (STEM) uses correlated X-ray and electron can quantify the effect of a peptide then causes the inelastic scattering of an microscopy images of debris For diagnostic and drug phospholipase inhibitor. aggregation of the gold electron probe by a sample to particles in periprosthetic development purposes, it is nanoparticles. obtain chemical information. tissue from patients with failed often necessary to determine The amount of energy that MOM hips. Figure 1d shows a the concentration or activity is lost by the fast probe chemical speciation map of the of enzymes. Ideally, any electrons is characteristic of metal particles calculated from detection method will be 1 elemental composition, as XAS data. These complimentary rapid and sensitive, but these well as coordination number methodologies provide factors must be accompanied Figure 1: Wear debris and oxidation state. Scanning spatially resolved quantitative by a high degree of specificity found in the tissue of transmission X-ray microscopy information on the oxidation to prevent false positives. a patient with a failed (STXM) is a complementary state and coordination One class of enzymes that is MOM hip, imaged technique in which a environment of the wear debris. particularly challenging to in a STXM (a), using measure is the phospholipase bright field TEM (b) monochromatic X-ray probe and HAADF-STEM (c). is scanned across a sample, family, since members respond A chemical map of the and the X-ray absorption (XAS) to the nano-scale spatial debris was calculated at each point is recorded in organisation of their molecular from XAS spectra, and an absorption image. The substrate. These enzymes shows two types of information obtained is degrade and remodel the cell particles: diffuse debris containing mainly Cr3+ analogous to an EELS spectrum membrane and are involved (in green) and denser image, but with different spatial in a wide range of biological 2 particles containing and energy resolutions, and processes and diseases. We metallic Cr and Co, as different damage properties. have developed an assay that well as Cr3+ (d). addresses the difficulties of phospholipase measurement
1 by taking advantage of the membrane-mimicking properties of liposomes and the unique optical properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). We first functionalise the AuNPs with a synthetic peptide, then incorporate a complimentary peptide inside the liposomes. When the phospholipase degrades the lipids comprising the liposome, it releases the
168 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 169 project summaries nanoparticles have been capped with a 25nm layer the EELS detector whilst inelastically scattered temperature processing routes for ZnO deposition of silica to reduce toxicity and are in the process of electrons are often hidden in the background that will open up compatibility with growth of h-PV Bio responsive nanomaterials being bound to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) spectral noise. An electrostatic fast beam switch devices on lightweight flexible substrates. » Researcher: John Dick which will be used as the fluorescent marker in an (FBS) uses rapid beam blanking to avoid saturation » Supervisor: Professor Molly M Stevens antibody based sensor. of the detector and allows a large intensity range to Fabrication and characterisation of quantum dot » Sponsor: Self-funded be collected with a high detector quantum efficiency sensitised photoanodes Correlation of electron and X-ray tomography of (DQE). More importantly, the FBS uses the same The detection of elevated levels of protease » Researcher: Lauren King porous materials optical conditions for each type of signal which enzymes associated with disease is an enticing is essential for quantification studies. The aim of » Supervisor: Dr Jason Riley approach to early diagnosis. The use of » Researcher: Farid Tariq this research is to combine full quantification of » Sponsors: EPSRC nanoparticles has created the potential for a » Supervisors: Professor David W McComb and EELS with the high spatial resolution of the Titan Cadmium selenide quantum dots (CdSe QD) simple, portable and highly sensitive technique for Professor Peter D Lee scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) have been utilised as light harvesting assemblies this detection. This system works by functionalising » Sponsor: Shell Global Solutions to perform quantitative analysis on the atomic scale. on photoanodes for application in quantum nanoparticles with designer peptide strands X-ray micro-tomography (XMT) is a branch of X-ray dot sensitised solar cells. Following literature constructed to associate with protease enzymes. microscopy that can achieve a spatial resolution Degradation behaviour of nanocrystalline metals methodologies, a titanium dioxide thin film is There are currently two types of nanoparticle of <1μm. A series of projection images are used prepared on conductive glass and a bifunctional systems being developed in this research. The first » Researcher: Julio Cesar Aguiler Virgen to calculate a 3D reconstruction of an object. linker molecule is utilised to connect the QDs to the system uses gold nanoparticle aggregated systems » Supervisors: Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor Trevor For medical use it is often termed a CAT-scan or surface of the TiO . Studies have been conducted to to detect protease enzymes through a colorimetric C Lindley 2 Computed Axial Tomography. Tomography has determine the influence of the washing procedure assay. The protease enzymes can be detected by a » Sponsor: National Council on Science and also found many applications in materials science on the degree of sensitisation of the photoanodes simple colour change of the nanoparticle mixture Technology (CONACYT), Mexico and is not limited to just X-ray energies – it can be by the QDs. It has preliminarily been observed that when they are present. The colour change is applied to any wavelength, including accelerated Nanocrystalline metals offer dramatic the greater the number of washing cycles the QD monitored and quantified through use of a UV-vis electrons. Although electron tomography is used improvements in mechanical properties over solution is subjected to, the greater the colouration spectrophotometer. Semi-conductive nanoparticles to study non-crystalline samples, especially in their bulk counterparts. The improvements due (and hence sensitisation) of the photoanode. known as quantum dots are used in the second biological research, in most materials science to the grain size reduction are well known but Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) measurements system. Quantum dots produce a strong narrow applications diffraction by the sample results in little attention has been paid to the long term have quantitatively confirmed this observation. photoluminescent emission spectrum when they angular dependent contrast that makes the 3D stability of these materials and the role that a large We aim to determine the influence of the washing are excited by UV-light. This signal is quenched reconstruction impossible to calculate. However, volume fraction of grain boundaries may play in procedure on photocurrent measurements and when they are functionalised by our designer in scanning transmission electron microscopy degradation processes. This project is assessing hence optimise the sensitisation of the photoanode peptide strands. When these peptide functionalised (STEM) it is possible to use an annular detector the electrochemical and thermal oxidation for future studies. Once systematic optimisation of quantum dots are exposed to the protease enzyme that collects only electrons scattered to high angles behaviour of nanocrystalline Ni and Co and the electrochemistry and design of the photoanode of interest, their photoluminescent signal returns. (Rutherford scattering). Using this incoherent coupling this to changes in mechanical properties has been achieved, the ultimate aim of the project This change is easily detected and quantified using imaging mode it is possible to collect tilt series and susceptibility to cracking. is to introduce the system into a ‘tandem solar cell’ a spectrofluorometer. Currently, we are creating a from crystalline samples and calculate 3D working in collaboration with Loughborough and multiplexed detection assay that can detect two reconstructions. The resolution of STEM electron Bristol Universities. distinct proteases simultaneously using a single Development of model hybrid solar cells tomography is in the range 1-5nm. In this project nanoparticle mixture. » Researcher: Joseph Franklin we are utilising both methods to investigate Formation of magnetically-doped ZnO » Supervisors: Dr Martyn A McLachlan and Dr Mary the imaging of multi-scale porosity materials nanostructures by solution deposition processes Cadmium selenide nanoparticles for antibody- for catalytic applications. The chemical and P Ryan based sensors morphological features of these hierarchical porous » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) » Researcher: Carrina Turner » Supervisor: Dr Mary P Ryan » Researcher: Christopher R Smith (In collaboration structures will be quantified and related to their Inorganic-Organic hybrid photovoltaic (h-PV) » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) with the University of Bristol, Cardiff University potential performance in different applications. devices are a realistic prospect for the long-term and Kings College London) development of entirely solution processable, The electrodeposition of 1D ZnO nanorod arrays » Supervisor: Dr Jason Riley Counting atoms scalable devices on rigid and flexible substrates. occurs by a so-called self-triggered assembly. The » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) Progress made towards realising h-PV technologies resultant nucleation and growth is anisotropic » Researcher: Harriet Boswell has however been slow; the devices prepared thus along the c-axis (002) direction. Our recent work This project focuses on the development of an » Supervisor: Professor David W McComb far demonstrate poor conversion efficiencies. To has elucidated the mechanisms of this process intelligent wound dressing capable of producing » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) investigate the origins of the limited performance for single phase material. Appropriately doped instantaneous analysis of bacterial load and Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is an we are creating model planar systems to study ZnO is a dilute magnetic semiconductor showing species detection in a chronic wound. In recent analytical microscopy technique which measures the influence of device architecture, processing room temperature ferromagnetism. It has potential years binary II-VI nanoparticles have been the energy lost by electrons that have been conditions, layer thickness and electronic applications therefore in spin manipulating of intense interest due to their wide range of inelastically scattered as they interact with a thin properties on device performance. In this project devices. In this work we will attempt to produce electrical and optical properties and the fact that sample. It yields information on composition and the method of choice for metal oxide (ZnO) magnetically doped material whilst maintaining the these can be tuned by changing the size and electronic structure but quantification of this deposition is pulsed laser deposition (PLD), a critical nanostructured morphology. shape of the nanoparticles. Cadmium selenide information is challenging due to the large dynamic technique that offers control of film thickness, has been produced by a facile, air free technique range of the output spectra. Electrons which have crystallinity, stoichiometry and roughness. Of and tuned to give an absorbance ~540nm. These lost zero (or very small amounts) of energy saturate particular interest is the development of low
170 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 171 Imaging alzheimer’s plaques inside cells using a In situ electrical biasing of novel nanostructures in ligand composition or metallic core size, phase- nanoparticles of TiO2 anatase and investigating the Se-labelling strategy the TEM separated domains as small as five angstroms size dependence by comparing the results obtained can form. Due to their small size, these unique for the bulk case and density-functional theory » Researcher: Eva McGuire » Researcher: Sadegh Yazdi subnanometre-ordered domains interact with (DFT) simulations. » Supervisors: Dr Alexandra E Porter, Professor » Supervisors: Professor David W McComb and the molecular environment in novel ways. In this David W McComb and Professor Chris M Dobson Dr Alison C Harrison project, surfaces are being developed based on a (University of Cambridge) » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) Multisegmented nanorods for optical applications series of gold nanoparticles coated with mixtures » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) The need for mapping the electrostatic potential of octanethiol (hydrophobic) and mercaptohexanol » Researcher: Alice Orsi We have employed a novel method for imaging at high special resolution in 2D and 3D has been (hydrophilic) ligands of varying ratios. The mixed » Supervisor: Dr Jason Riley the plaques associated with Alzheimer’s disease highlighted recently in The International Technology ligand domains align into parallel hydrophobic and » Sponsors: Hewlett-Packard inside human cells to investigate the underlying Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). The aim of hydrophilic ripples that encircle the nanaoparticle Nanorods made of alternate conductive mechanisms of the disease. A feature common this project is to examine the electrostatic potential metallic cores. These surfaces are used as and dielectric segments (multisegmented to the brains of all Alzheimer’s patients is the within the nanoscale semiconductor devices model system to explore the effects of surface nanorods) may exhibit enhanced response presence of insoluble plaques, the main constituent under working conditions in the TEM. Advanced properties (chemistry, wettability and surface to light and improve the definition of optical of which is the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide. The electron microscopy techniques including electron energy) on protein adsorption and cell behaviour displays. Multisegmented nanorods can be aggregation of this peptide has previously been holography and tomography are involved in this (cell attachment, morphology, metabolic activity, achieved by changing the solution composition studied in detail and it has been established that project in order to achieve the spatial resolution and cytotoxicity) for applications in the medical and the amplitude of the current during the while the mature amyloid fibrils are not particularly specified by ITRS. Electron holography is a field, biochips, bioassays etc. The knowledge thus electrodeposition process into a porous aluminium toxic the precursors or early aggregates show high promising technique for achieving high resolution gained from this study will not only enhance our template. The solution determines the composition levels of toxicity. The reasons for this difference in electrostatic potential mapping. However, there ability to understand changes in cellular behaviour of the segment while the value and the duration toxicity and the underlying mechanisms by which are still important issues, in particular artifacts induced by nano-scaled structures, but also aid in of the current applied control the length of the these disease-related protein aggregates cause appearing during TEM sample preparation make the further development of emerging technologies segment. When using anodised aluminium as cell death are not yet well understood because the interpretation of the holograms challenging intended for biological environments. a template in order to allow the deposition of major difficulties arise when imaging the carbon- and limiting the resolution. To minimise these the ions from the solution inside the pores, the rich protein aggregates in a carbon-rich cellular artifacts, a state-of-the-art dual beam workstation Size effects in nanoscale dielectric materials bottom of the pores needs to be opened; any environment due to a lack of contrast. Previous (FIB/SEM) is being used at low voltages to develop remaining aluminium oxide layer at the end of » Researcher: Emanuela Liberti strategies for overcoming this lack of contrast a protocol for the formation of site-specific the pore works as a resistive layer and disturbs » Supervisors: Professor David W McComb and have relied upon stains or tags that are either TEM sections. These sections are being studied the deposition. Reduction of anodisation the Professor Milo SP Shaffer (Department of invasive or unreliable. The naturally occurring using electron holography and tomography in a voltage was chosen as the method to remove Chemistry) sulphur atom in a fragment of the Aβ peptide has contemporary electron microscope equipped with the layer. The preliminary results show that there » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) been replaced with a selenium atom, a heavier a monochromator and an aberration corrector, are some advantages in using an exponential element in the same group of the periodic table and for electrically biasing the samples a bespoke The electronic properties of materials change decrease of this voltage after a constant voltage of elements. Cells exposed to these selenium- sample holder is being used. substantially when size and shape are reduced anodisation instead of a linear decrease. labelled aggregates have been examined using to the nanometre scale. In this project we high angle annular dark field scanning transmission Investigations of monolayer protected metal focus on the size dependence of the dielectric Nanomaterials for hybrid photovoltaic applications electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) so that an nanoparticle systems and their biological function in nanostructured dielectric materials. image is generated using electrons that are interactions The aim is to measure the dielectric function of » Researcher: Jonathan Downing scattered to relatively high angles. The resulting novel semiconducting nanoscale systems using » Supervisor: Dr Martyn A McLachlan » Researcher: Mathew Hembury image intensity is approximately proportional to electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in » Sponsors: Department of Materials (Imperial » Supervisors: Professor Molly M Stevens and the square of the atomic number of the element the scanning transmission electron microscope College London), Energy Futures Lab Centre for Dr Alexandra E Porter in the sample. HAADF-STEM tomography volumes (STEM), which provides sub-nanometre spatial Doctoral Training (Imperial College London), » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) are generated by taking images at incremental resolution. Using the STEM-EELS approach EPSRC (DTA) tilt angles which are then reconstructed using Nanostructuring of materials can create novel allows to combine atomic resolution imaging There is increasing interest in the development weighted back projection to create a three- materials with unique properties in terms of with EEL spectroscopy and thus to probe the of low-cost, solution processable photovoltaic dimensional volume. While the non-toxic mature topography, chemistry, and surface energy. dielectric function locally while stepping a sub- devices. Hybrid cells, which feature nanostructured fibrils are observed in cell lysosomes and This is of particular interest considering many nanometre probe across the sample. However, organic-inorganic interfaces, have the potential associated with the cell membrane the highly biological processes occur at the nano-scale i.e., in the case of anisotropic materials, size effects to achieve improved efficiency whilst minimising toxic early aggregates are observed in the cell interactions between cells, proteins, and native in dielectrics become difficult to interpret. This both material and processing costs. The metal cytoplasm and in the cell nucleus suggesting extracellular matrix (ECM). This project focuses on is because the convergence of the STEM probe oxide, ZnO is of specific importance for its a different pathway into the cell which may be the development, characterisation, and biological and the collection geometry used in STEM-EELS numerous morphologies and high electron mobility. associated with the difference in toxicity. assessment of novel multi-layered monolayer are such that a mixture of the components of the Furthermore, solution processing permits the protected metal nanoparticle (MPMN) surfaces. dielectric tensor is found in the EEL spectrum. In formation of ZnO nanostructures with feature These ligand-coated metal nanoparticles are this work, the attempt is to measure each tensor sizes ranging from a few nanometres to tens of supramolecular assemblies of 2D monolayers component using orientation dependent EELS that microns over large areas. For organic materials, (ligand shells) wrapped around 3D metallic allows selecting an unambiguous direction of the and in particular poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT), cores have potential applications in fields momentum transferred to the specimen. Currently, excellent hole transport properties are combined ranging from biology to electronics. By varying we are studying nanoplatelets, nanorods and
172 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 173 with strong light-absorption. Compatibility with New routes to optimised multiferroics using 3D electron tomography. The long term interfaces in the gate stack are being studied. solution processing is well documented for this fate of f-CNTs is being investigated using high We are characterising powder samples of hafnia Researcher: Liam J Spillane material. Our research primarily investigates the resolution TEM to analyse whether the f-CNTs are and hafnium silicate prepared via a sol-gel route Supervisor: Professor David W McComb construction of a well defined nanostructured ZnO trafficked intracellularly and whether they are using ambient and high-temperature X-ray Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) template. This is then used to investigate polymer stable inside cells and also in vivo. A coarse grained diffraction (HTXRD), thermal analysis and TEM processing methods. Of specific interest is the Many materials which are used in sensor and molecular dynamics simulation of the entry and imaging. It is hoped that these results will help effect of polymer viscosity and molecular weight on data storage technology use effects associated exit mechanism of functionalised f-CNTs in the lipid us better understand the deposition of the high-k nanostructure filling and device performance. with the alignment of atomic electric or magnetic bilayer will be performed comparing the effect of layer and the effects of subsequent processing. moments. There are fundamental reasons for charge on the uptake of f-CNTs. These samples will undergo further TEM analysis Nanostructured materials for SERS-active thinking that materials should either have electric particularly making use of electron energy-loss substrates order (called ferroelectric order) or magnetic Using surface enhanced raman scattering for single spectroscopy (EELS). By modelling these EELS order (called ferromagnetic order), but not both. molecule detection edges and comparing with experiment a bulk » Researcher: Johann Boleininger However certain materials, called multiferroics, standard can be set. These standards will assist » Supervisors: Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor David break this rule and do show both effects, and » Researcher: Michael Cecchini in the analysis of the interfaces in the thin film W McComb therefore have some rather intriguing properties. » Supervisors: Professor David W McComb, Dr Tim samples studied at the University of Glasgow. » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) Ferromagnetic order can then be controlled Albrecht (Department of Chemistry) and Dr Joshua B Edel (Institute of Biomedical Engineering) This project focuses on the generation of Surface by an electric field, or ferroelectric order can Cytotoxicity of ZnO nanowires using a correlative » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) active be controlled by a magnetic field. This could microscopy strategy nanostructured substrates by electrodepostion. have a revolutionary effect on sensors and data Great interest has been shown in single molecule » Researcher: Dr Karin Muller Three-dimensionally ordered porous films will be storage applications, but multiferroics are poorly detection as it can be applied towards a wide range » Supervisors: Dr Mary P Ryan and Dr Alexandra E prepared from Ag, Au, Cu plating solutions and the understood. This project is an interdisciplinary of applications including those in drug discovery, Porter effect of film and deposition parameters on the collaboration (Physics, Chemistry, Materials) genetics, and pharmacology. To be of significant » Sponsor: KAUST spectroscopic enhancement will be determined. between Oxford, UCL and Imperial College London, use, it is crucial therefore to use techniques that Subsequent more advanced surfaces based on which is using combination of experimental are non-destructive and require little to no sample The current debate about the safety of multilayers, alloys and hierarchical porosity are techniques to solve this problem. By using preparation. The aim of this project is to use nanomaterials and their impact on both human being developed. Complementary modelling of the this combination of state-of-the-art methods, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) health and the environment has been fuelled electromagnetic enhancement is being carried out. neutrons, X-rays, muons, magnetometry, towards detecting single molecules as they traverse by a lack in fundamental understanding of the magnetodielectric measurements and electron through a solid state nanopore. Using a solid state interaction of nanoparticles with cells (Royal microscopy, we are gaining new understanding in Nanoparticles in suspension: effect of shape and nanopore will ensure that only a single molecule Society Report, 2004). Metal oxide nanowires are at this complex problem which will enable the design size on rheological behaviour of high volume is present in the sample volume and allows for the the forefront of application-driven nanotechnology of optimised materials for future applications. fraction suspension use of electronic detection as a feedback system research. They offer distinct advantages over their to further optimise the optical method. This project bulk counterparts in many applications ranging » Researcher: Kim S Tan The biostability and toxicological potential of provides training in the use of advanced optical and from transistors to sensors. However, little is known » Supervisor: Dr Jason Riley carbon nanotubes inside cells electronic detection equipment, statistical analysis about their toxicity and risks to human health. ZnO » Sponsor: MRB of time domain signals, and in both nano- and nanowires were exposed to human macrophages » Researcher: Hannah C Nerl microscale fabrication methods. and a correlative microscopy approach was used This project involves the synthesis of various » Supervisors: Dr Alexandra E Porter and Dr Peter to relate uptake into cells to any cellular toxicity. shape and size nano-structured particles and D Haynes The ZnO nanowires were sensitive to dissolution in their rheological behaviour in high volume » Sponsors: EPSRC (DTA), Fonds National de la the acidic environment of the cell and anisotropic fraction dispersion. Spherical titanium (IV) dioxide Recherche Luxembourg Research assistants and postdoctoral nanowire degradation occured. Dissolution of (TiO2) nanoparticles have been synthesized by research associate projects a low temperature hydrolysis reaction involving Functionalised carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) ZnO nanowires at the nanometer scale inside titanium (IV) chloride and water in the presence of are currently under investigation for medical Chemistry, structure and bonding in high-k gate the cell led to cell death by necrosis. Confocal applications such as drug delivery, however little microscopy of live cells demonstrated that cell alcohol. One-dimensional (1D) TiO2 nanoparticles oxide stacks were obtained via strong base treatment of is known about the mechanism of interaction, death was preceded by the intracellular rise of ionic » Researcher: Dr Catriona M McGilvery 2+ suspensions of anatase nanopowders under the pathway by which they enter the cell or the Zn concentrations due to nanowire dissolution, » Supervisors: Professor David W McComb HU and autoclave conditions. Whilst the as-prepared intracellular distribution. Such studies are critical whereas outside the cell the wires appeared to Professor Alan J Craven (University of Glasgow) nanospheres were discrete and monodisperse, as a screening strategy to assess nanoparticulate be stable. This is consistent with a pH triggered UHP with an average diameter of 300nm, the 1D materials for their suitability as drug-targeting dissolution mechanism. » Sponsor: EPSRC nanoparticles were polydisperse. Add-on processes vectors destined for specific intracellular sites. to narrow down the size distribution of the latter The project combines molecular dynamics The project is investigating high-k dielectric Electrodeposition of ZnO for photovoltaic are being developed. Electrophoresis and density simulations with high-resolution and 3D electron materials for incorporation into CMOS devices. applications microscopy techniques. The aim is to improve gradient centrifugation are well known separation The current gate dielectric, SiO2, is reaching » Researcher: Dr Amy C Cruickshank our understanding of the interactions between techniques for DNAs and proteins and are being atomic limits and as replacement materials both » Supervisors: Dr Mary P Ryan, Professor David W f-CNTs and cells focusing on whether f-CNTs can considered as methods for obtaining monodisperse hafnia (HfO2) and hafnium silicate (HfO2)x(SiO2)1-x McComb, Dr Jason Riley, Dr Sandrine EM Heutz passively diffuse into cells and the long term fate suspensions of 1D TiO2 nanoparticles. The are being considered. Working in conjunction and Dr Martyn A McLachlan of the f-CNTs inside the cells. The mechanism of influence of particle shape on rheology will be with the University of Glasgow and Interuniversity » Sponsor: EPSRC cell membrane penetration is being investigated tested using the as prepared TiO2 particles. Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) the effects at the
174 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 175 The fabrication of hybrid organic/inorganic results with respect to the use of CuPc/ZnO noble metals Au, Ag) and are highly sensitive to Summer 2008 saw the installation of the aberration structures consisting of strongly absorbing organic heterostructures in photovoltaic devices will be nanostructure geometry and the surrounding (image) corrector on the TITAN. This extra 30 cm of materials and an inorganic metal oxide to act as a assessed. medium. Applications of nanoplasmonics in column allows improved spatial resolution in TEM transparent conducting oxide (TCO) contact and/ areas such as optical data storage and optical mode without the problems associated with lens or an electron transporting layer is an attractive Fabrication of nanorods on the industrial scale wave-guiding arise from the ability to control aberrations, including delocalisation and contrast strategy for the production of low-cost photovoltaic nanoparticle shape and size to produce the desired reversal, therefore the images are much closer to » Researcher: Dr Fang Xie technologies. Recently, ZnO has attracted LSP modes. Changes in geometry can also lead to directly representing the sample itself. Another » Supervisors: Dr Jason Riley and Dr Mary P Ryan widespread attention for use in solar cells due to large enhancements of the incident electromagnetic upgrade due to take place in summer 2009 is the » Sponsor: KAUST its unique electrical and optical properties and field at the nanoparticle surface. This effect is being addition of a Bi-Prism allowing electron holography because it offers a more cost-effective alternative In recent years, the fabrication of one-dimensional used by the biomedical sciences community to experimentation. Holography can map differences to the use of indium tin oxide. (1D) nanostructures has attracted ever-increasing detect single-molecule events. For this work, metal in magnetic or electric fields, especially important interest for its applications in many fields, nanostructures fabricated using both top-down and within semiconductor devices and magnetic There are two main research interests being including magnetics, self-assembly, electronics, bottom-up synthesis techniques are studied. Their materials. Work has almost been completed to set developed in this project: biology, catalysis and optics. Among all the geometry is then correlated with their plasmonic the TITAN up for full remote control allowing the • scalable solution-processing routes are being synthesis techniques, the template method for mode spectra. The objective of such a fundamental user to remove themselves from the microscope developed for fabricating ZnO TCO electrodes 1D nanostructures synthesis has become a very and systematic study is to provide insights into the room and therefore reduce the vibrations/fields using electrochemical methods. Whilst a variety simple yet powerful process, with the advantages electromagnetic coupling modes in noble metal associated with their presence. It will also allow of methods have been reported for preparing of low cost, high throughput, high volume and nanostructures so as to develop structures with long acquisition time experiments to be performed ZnO films, such as magnetron-sputtering, ease of production. It is clear that if practical optimal geometry. comfortably without the user being required to sit chemical vapour deposition, pulsed laser applications, such as solar energy and catalysis, in front of the microscope. Furthermore, this will be deposition, hydrothermal deposition and spray are to be realised, methods for mass-producing The TITAN at Imperial College London added to the transatlantic connection (the lambda pyrolysis, the use of electrochemical methods template-synthesized nanostructures will be rail) for the transatlantic remote microscopy project. » Researcher: Dr James M Perkins for depositing ZnO offers several advantages. required. Anodic Aluminium Oxide (AAO) template » Supervisor: Professor David W McComb For example, electrodeposition is a simple, is a well-established nanotechnique and has » Sponsor: EPSRC low-cost, low-temperature process which become a method of choice for scientists wishing Other projects requires inexpensive equipment, yields highly to synthesise and characterise small quantities of The UK’s first monochromated FEI TITAN 80/300 crystalline films without requiring further multisegmented nanostructures. By varying the (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscope has Determination of surface and interface processes in treatment post-deposition, allows great control anodization voltage of the aluminium foil or film been installed in The Harvey Flower Microstructural materials science over film thickness and morphology, and can and the electrolyte, phosphoric, sulphuric or oxalic Characterisation suite in the Department of » Researcher: Dr Sarah Fearn be easily applied on a large scale. In our work, acid, the density and diameter of the nanopores Materials. The combined TEM/STEM facility » Investigators: Dr David S McPhail, Dr Neil J the controlled growth of highly conducting and can be readily controlled. The aim of this project is enables routine imaging at sub-angstrom resolution Curson (London Centre for Nanotechnology) Dr transparent ZnO films on conducting substrates to demonstrate that this template electrosynthesis alongside structural and compositional analysis. In Sandrine EM Heutz, Dr Julian R Jones, Professor from aqueous zinc nitrate solutions is being by AAO membrane can be employed to produce addition, recent advances in electron microscopy John A Kilner, Professor Bill Lee, Dr Barbara A investigated using electrochemical methods. In large quantities of nanomaterials of defined techniques such as energy filtered imaging and Shollock and Dr Stephen J Skinner particular, the effects of solution concentration, dimension, for their applications in electronics, electron tomography are an integral part of the » Sponsor: EPSRC applied potential, deposition time and optics, solar energy and sensor technology. To new microscope’s armoury. The instrument has temperature on the morphology, crystallinity objectives that must be met are: production of large exceeded the specifications of 0.14nm/0.5eV and Society is currently facing many important scientific and optical properties of the electrodeposited area AAO membranes; uniform filling of large area 0.3nm/0.2eV spatial and energy resolutions for challenges including developments in the areas of ZnO films has been examined, and the use of AAO membrane via electrosynthesis; and release un-monochromated and monochromated modes healthcare for an aging population, climate change such films in hybrid photovoltaic devices is to of the electrosynthesised nanomaterials from the respectively. We are now able to routinely reach and sustainable development. In this proposal it be studied membrane. energy resolutions of ~0.12 eV. We are using this is our intention to use a state-of-the-art surface • a detailed synchrotron grazing incidence X-ray capability to study multilayer dielectric devices, sensitive mass spectrometer to investigate the scattering (GIXS) study is being carried out to High-resolution electron energy-loss spectroscopy materials for fuel cell applications, catalysts, bone, interaction of a wide range of materials with their investigate the evolution of crystal structure (EELS) of plasmonic nanostructures quantum devices, nano-particles and nanotubes. environment, and analyse how these interactions and texture of CuPc films grown on ZnO from affect the performance of the component in » Researcher: Dr Ai Leen Koh An important feature of the TITAN is the installation the interface up to thicknesses of 100 nm. operation. Thematic areas that we will address » Supervisors: Professor David W McComb and of a monochromator. Electrons from the field Efficient hole transport in the donor and include Materials for Energy, Healthcare, Professor Stefan A Maier (Department of Physics) emission source pass through a Wien filter charge separation transfer across the donor/ Nanomaterials, and Transport. The surface is a vital » Sponsor: EPSRC restricting the electrons that pass to those with acceptor interface is crucial for improving part of a material and often determines whether a specific energy. Fine spectral features normally device efficiency; hence, an understanding This project involves the application of the material is ‘fit for purpose’. By applying an hidden by broadening of edges may be resolved of the interfacial properties between the two monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy instrument that can probe materials surfaces with by using the monochromated system. This layers is extremely important. In our work, (EELS) techniques to study localised surface unparalleled precision we will be able to better system is able to produce energy filtered images heterostructures consisting of thin films of plasmons (LSPs) in noble metallic nanostructures. understand and optimise the materials we are showing the distribution of specific elements copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) molecules LSPs are oscillations of the conduction electrons developing. To achieve this we are combining two within a given region. As each pixel in such a map evaporated onto polar, single crystal ZnO coupled to the electromagnetic field. The frequency techniques in a unique configuration to unravel contains an entire spectrum, maps generated (002) substrates have been investigated as a and intensity of the oscillations are characteristic questions surrounding the physics and chemistry of from various energy windows can be compared model system and the implications of these of the type of material (most commonly the surfaces. One technique, low energy ion scattering, or combined to solve a specific problem.
176 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 177 will enable us to examine the outermost surface Doped magnetic ZnO p-n junction heterostructures layer of atoms. The other, Time-of-Flight Secondary for nano-spintronic devices Ion Mass Spectrometry, will allow us to characterise » Researcher: Dr Jaideep S Kulkarni the very near surface. Together they will give us » Supervisors: Dr Mary P Ryan, Dr David W a detailed picture of the surface and how it is McComb, Dr Jason Riley, Professor Lesley Cohen changing with time. (Department of Physics) and Dr Olga Kazakova Imperial College London and University College (National Physical Laboratory) London have a dynamic nanotechnology centre » Sponsor: Marie Curie Fellowship (EC) that is working to develop the next generations Semiconductor materials form the basis of of electronic and optoelectronic devices to modern electronics, communication, data storage underpin the information technology revolution, and computing technologies. One of today’s and for example, find a replacement for the major challenges for the development of future silicon transistor. But nanotechnology also technologies is the realization of devices that involves materials developments in medicine and control not only the electron charge, as in present energy, for example in photovoltaics and is highly electronics, but also its spin, setting the basis interdisciplinary. Understanding surfaces and for future spintronics. Spintronics represents the interfaces is vital in these fast-moving areas. In concept of the synergetic and multifunctional terms of the science this instrument will enable, use of charge and spin dynamics of electrons, energy is one of the sectors of greatest significance. aiming to go beyond the traditional dichotomy of Scanning Electron Microscope Concerns over the effects of carbon dioxide semiconductor electronics and magnetic storage emissions and the security of supply of existing technology. The most direct method to induce (SEM) image of Copper fossil fuel reserves lead to the search for alternative spin-polarized electrons into a semiconductor is by Phthalocyanine (CuPc) film grown and renewable energy technologies. There are, of introducing appropriate transition metal dopants on glass substrate using organic
course, many alternatives and here we will study materials functional producing a dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS). vapor phase deposition (OVPD) materials being used to produce fuel cells and The seamless integration of future spintronic photovoltaics, seeking devices that work at lower architectures into nanodevices would require the method temperatures and/or with higher efficiency. For fuel fabrication 1D DMS nanostructures in well defined » Salahud Din cell technology the understanding of surfaces and architectures. In this project we propose to use a interfaces holds the key to enhancing performance simple low-cost, low temperature electrodeposition and promises far superior devices. In both fuel cells process to not only synthesise and characterise and photovoltaics advances in nanotechnology ZnO based bipolar DMS nanowire heterostructures are associated with these developments and as but, even more importantly, fabricate an array nanomaterials advance, the characterisation of of p-n and n-p-n junctions which could lead to these materials also has to advance. A combined novel nano-spintronic devices within ordered LEIS-SIMS instrument will provide the enhanced pre-defined nano-architectures. We will study characterisation required to fully exploit these the structural and functional properties of these technological advances. heterostructures, which could have applications Our work on healthcare represents a second critical such as spin polarised LED and spin polarised technology area and will focus on developing bipolar junction transistor. By fully exploring the sensors for the early detection of disease, vascular parameters controlling the growth and functionality grafts and heart patches to repair damaged of these materials we will try to gain a holistic tissue and scaffold for bone tissue engineering. understanding of the processing/structure/ In this work the ability to understand the highly property relationships for this system. The complex chemistry at the interface between the ultimate goal is to be able to design and fabricate biomaterial and its environment using mass specific nanowire heterostructures with tuneable spectrometry will yield vital information. We magnetic and electrical properties which could will also study materials for the containment of lead to practical spintronic applications. The ability nuclear waste where we will measure, with great to synthesise and assemble an array of bipolar precision, the stability of glasses and ceramics spintronic devices into organised architectures and being proposed for the containment of radioactive which could be operational at room temperature waste materials. Since we will be able to measure would be major step towards practical spintronic very small changes (less than one nanometre) devices. Additionally this approach is inherently we will be able to measure corrosion rates of clean and scalable and easily integrated within a fraction of a millimetre per millennium. current industrial practices.
178 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 179
project summaries and growth factors to stimulate phenomena Research highlight such as osteogenesis, angiogenesis and anti inflammatory responses of the body which are Postgraduate research student projects all necessary for a successful application. In this work we concentrate on coatings based Multimarker (with minimum effect from Composite Pi-Pi stacked organic semiconductor on polysacharaides of chitosan and alginate the solutions with different alloys in addition to bioactive glass, in single and nanosensors for pH). Sensing cantilevers bend » Researcher: Liyang Yu combined (composite) forms. The ceramic HIV due to repulsive Coulomb » Supervisor: Dr Natalie Stingelin particles are used in both micron and nano sized interaction between adjacent » Sponsor: Dutch Polymer Institute forms. The fabrication method is electrophoretic immobilised molecules on deposition (EPD) which has previously been Organic p-conjugated materials are the key » Researcher: Dr Samadhan cantilever surface. Response proved promising in making uniform deposits with materials in cost-effective large area electronic Bhaulal Patil of the sensing and reference high purity. To optimise the process the initial devices. The p-p stacked supramolecular organic » Supervisor: Dr Yeong-Ah Soh cantilevers in terms of the tests are done on stainless steel substrate and semiconductors are best in class with respect to » Sponsor: EPSRC Grand deflection is shown in figure 2. the effect of suspension pH, EPD time, voltage the charge efficiency but still difficult to process Challenge in Healthcare and polymer concentration on the resultant film into device structures with controlled mesoscopic Diagnostics quality (homogeneity, thickness, microstructure, and microscopic order. This research is developing and adhesion) is being investigated. Functionally Micro-cantilevers are emerging new materials and processes to obtain perfect graded composite coatings based on the previous as highly sensitive platforms monolithic alignment of one-dimensional p-p findings are being developed. Appropriate for the sensing of bio- stacked organic semiconductors. We aim to drugs and growth factors for osteogenesis and markers. This work is aimed enhance and stabilise molecular alignment by angiogenesis will be incorporated in the coating to at development of the smart generating a polymer composite that is in situ improve the biocompatibility properties. Different microchip as a multimarker formed from solution. Use will be made of nanosensor for HIV. Micro- characterisation methods are used to study the epitaxial crystallisation at pre-treated surfaces cantilevers act as a sensing • coatings. In-vitro as well as drug release tests component of this chip. • solvent processing of pre-stacked molecular are being used to characterise the biological Silicon cantilevers are being assemblies with evaporation under receding response of the films. The methods developed can developed in LCN cleanroom contact lines be exploited to coat different bioinert implants as (Figure 1). Optimised • well controlled-phase separation of polymer well as bioactive tissue scaffolds. cantilevers were tested for and\or small molecular additives that both the sensitivity performance stabilise the formed entities and support Engineered nano-layered structures for energy after functionalising with self molecular alignment e.g., by lyotropic induction harvesting devices assembled monolayers such In addition, the processes and the materials will » Researcher: Dr Bin (Kevin) Zou as hexadecanethiol (HDT) be designed such that patterning is possible » Supervisors: Professor Neil McN Alford and Dr and mercaptohexadecanoic enabling organic field effect transistor (OFET) Peter K Petrov Figure 1: Scanning acid (MHA). In an array, device integration on large surfaces. » Sponsor: KAUST electron micrograph cantilevers coated with MHA of the cantilever array act as sensing cantilevers This project is a feasibility study aimed to a developed at LCN. (respond to pH 9.0 and 4.84 Developing functionally graded bioactive particular type of nanolayered energy harvesting Figure 2: Response of solutions by deprotonation and composite coatings by electrochemical means structure, which will be used for development the sensing cantilever protonation respectively) and of high frequency (THz) rectenna. The study is coated with MHA to » Researcher: Fatemehsadet Pishbin phosphate buffer remaining cantilevers coated » Supervisors: Dr Mary P Ryan and Professor Aldo focussed on three practical problems. Firstly, solution with pH 9.0. with HDT act as reference R Boccaccini (University of Erlangen-Nuremberg) to deposit continuous ultra-thin (up to 10nm) » Sponsor: Self-funded functional oxide and metal thin films. Secondly, to develop techniques for ultra-thin structural and 1 2 Orthopaedical applications have resulted electrical characterisation. Finally, novel concept in vast areas of research to improve the development of an energy harvesting device. To biocompatibility of materials used in this field. date work has mainly focussed on deposition of Surface functionality of prostheses used in bone thin and ultrathin (Ba0.5,Sr0.5)TiO3 (BSTO) films and injuries is of noticeable importance. Several their electrical and structural characterisation. Work polymeric and ceramic systems have been studied on rectenna device layout has been carried out in as suitable coatings for bioinert and bioactive parallel. Films of (Ba0.5,Sr0.5)TiO3 with thicknesses implants as well as tissue engineered scaffolds. varying from 150nm down to 12nm were deposited To combine the advantages of both systems, on LaAlO3 and MgO substrates and their electrical polymer-matrix ceramic composite coatings and structural properties characterised. Work is in have been suggested. The properties of these progress to reduce further the BSTO film thickness coatings can be tailored by incorporating drugs and improve their electrical properties.
180 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 181 Formation and characterisation of nanoparticulate Molecular thin films: a new type of magnetic are archetypal molecular semiconductors. Also, of programs particularly the underpinning films for solar cells switch organic vapour phase deposition (OVPD) system activities of materials theory, modelling and » Researcher: Khatijah Aisha Yaacob » Researcher: Salahud Din will be optimised for the growth of charge- characterisation will move these important fields » Supervisor: Dr Jason Riley » Supervisor: Dr Sandrine EM Heutz transfer complexes including electron accepting closer to application. It also enables a new forum » Sponsor: USM » Sponsor: EPRSC (DTA) components such as tetracyano derivatives, which to be established, with representation from UK has shown very high coercivity. The magnetic and European scientists and industrialists so that This work is concerned with the creation of Molecular materials are attracting increasing properties will be optimised to improve either the broad discussions can be held to enable moving solar cells by the electrophoretic deposition interest for lightweight, flexible and low cost transition temperature/coercivity or the facility these fields forward with a significant emphasis of semiconductor nanoparticles. Colloidal optoelectronic devices; organic light emitting with which the magnetic coupling can be switched on training, outreach and knowledge transfer. suspensions of titania and chalcogenide diodes (OLEDs) are now appearing on the market using external triggers. The research challenges are nanoparticles are being prepared and and organic photovoltaic (PV) cells are striving Designing physical systems that are close to an electrophoretically deposited on to conducting towards viable performances. New applications are • Nanostructured functional materials for energy instability so that small external perturbations substrates to form interpenetrating semiconductor also emerging in the field of molecular magnetism efficient refrigeration, energy harvesting and from magnetic or electric fields, optical or junctions, thus maximising charge separation and spintronics – molecules present clear production of hydrogen from water thermal excitation will tip the system into a of the excitons when the light is absorbed in advantages compared to conventional inorganic new ground state. the chalcogenide layers. The optimal conditions magnets, such as well-defined electron couplings, » Researcher: Florian Le Goupil to prepare cheap efficient solar cells will be biocompatibility and chemical flexibility. However, » Supervisor: Professor Neil McN Alford • Optimising control over (strain, defects, doping identified. contrary to the OLED and PV technology, hardly » Sponsor: EPSRC (Programme grant) inhomogeneity, disorder) and first layer effects in thin film oxides (with thicknesses of the any effort has been made in the deposition of This programme is about using nanostructured order of 10nm or less) so that we can develop Foundations of molecular spintronics magnetic thin films, necessary for the integration materials to address key areas in energy related the capability to tune the band gap of the oxide into devices and for an increased fundamental applications. This proposal will deliver world class » Researcher: Michele Serri using directed modelling and targeted growth understanding of the material properties. materials science through ambitious thin and thick » Supervisor: Dr Sandrine EM Heutz control. » Sponsors: EPSRC, NSFC The aim of this project is to grow new types of film development and analysis and the proposal molecular thin films, based on charge-transfer targets the EPSRC strategic areas ‘Energy’ and Spintronics is a new paradigm of electronics New method for templated doping complexes of polyaromatic organometallic ‘Nanoscience through nanoengineering.’ The that introduce the spin degree of freedom in species, which have demonstrated very promising programme grant will provide the opportunity » Researcher: Junwei Yang conventional semiconductor technology. Organic magnetic properties in the bulk phase, such to integrate three well established research » Supervisors: Dr Sandrine EM Heutz, Dr David S spintronics is a recently born discipline which as extremely high coercivity and ferromagnetic areas that currently operate independently of McPhail and Dr Mary P Ryan aims to develop spin electronics on organic ordering up to several tens of Kelvin. The work each other and will establish a new consortium » Sponsor: Self-funded semiconductors, taking advantage of unique will involve the development of appropriate film of activities. Collectively they offer the essential properties of organic molecules, like chemical Doping of semiconductors is at the basis of a vast growth methods which will allow increased control ingredients to move this particular field forward. tunability, biocompatibility, cheap production range of optoelectronic applications. Inclusion over material stoechiometry, morphology and The planned program of work is timely because methods and combination of optical properties of transition metals to produce dilute magnetic structure, and collaboration with the industrial of the convergence of modelling capability, with electronic/magnetic ones, with scope semiconductors can also be used for application sponsor on their manufacturing site is expected. precision multilayer oxide growth expertise and for application in novel and cheaper opto- in spintronics, the next generation of information The film properties will be assessed using a nanofabrication facilities. electronic devices, non-volatile memories, processing. This relies on precise control over the range of microscopy, spectroscopy and diffraction magnetic switches and chemical sensors. The The overall vision for the programme grant is location of the spins, which is difficult to achieve techniques. Simulations of flow dynamics within main challenge is to develop an organic material focussed on Energy. Within the programme we aim using traditional implantation techniques, while the deposition chamber will also be required, in which combines sizeable magnetic transition to find means of reducing energy consumption microscopic strategies cannot be easily scaled up. order to interpret and predict the observed film for example by using electro and magnetocaloric temperatures, spin polarizing properties, In this project, molecular thin films are being used characteristics. Finally, the magnetic properties means of cooling; generating energy by use of structural order and chemical stability. This as precursors for the controlled doping of a range will be determined, and strategies to increase the nanoscale rectifying antennas and finally storing would also allow a thorough investigation of of semiconductors. High vacuum sublimation operation temperatures of possible spintronic energy by photocatalytic splitting of hydrogen the physics of these systems, which is still methods are used to grow ordered films leading to devices will be developed from water. The programme is divided into two lacking. This project aims to develop molecular arrays of metals. Different strategies for degrading themed areas: materials, based on phthalocyanines and other the organic ring are being investigated, including Molecular thin films: growth, magnetism and conjugated molecules, for the fabrication of a fully • Nanostructured oxides for Energy Efficient UV lithography, electron beam and ion sputtering. spintronic applications organic spin-valve; the organic nanostructures Refrigeration with two project areas The success of the implantation will be assessed (thin films and nanowires) will be grown with » Researcher: Zhenlin Wu – Electrocalorics using low energy ion scattering and Time-of-Flight vapour deposition techniques and used in novel » Supervisor: Dr Sandrine EM Heutz – Magnetocalorics Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, as well as types of devices. This work is in collaboration » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) • Nanostructured oxides for energy production spectroscopic techniques such as extended X-ray with University College London and Tsinghua Molecular magnets offer attractive characteristics and storage with two project areas absorption spectroscopy. Finally, charge transport University, who focus on studies at the molecular compared to their inorganic counterparts, such – Solar Harvesting and magnetism measurements will provide level using scanning tunnelling microscopy. as low temperature processing routes, low cost, – Photocatalysis an insight into the modifications of electronic properties after doping. high chemical purity and biocompatibility. This This research enables the development of new project aims to develop new types of magnetic materials, new material architectures and new thin films based on polyaromatic compounds device concepts for energy refrigeration and such as phthalocyanines and porphyrins, which energy harvesting. The synergy across a range
182 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 183 New methods for implantation of dopants and behaviour which means than under a compressive Probing the magnetic structure of complex Tuneable-refractive-index inorganic/organic formation of oxides strain in an uniaxial direction the material laterally magnetic materials using local probes hybrid systems for solution-fabrication of » Researcher: David L Gonzalez Arellano shrinks: this property is physically determined » Researcher: Kevin Heritage distributed all-dielectric bragg reflectors » Supervisors: Dr Sandrine EM Heutz and Dr Mary by a negative poisson ratio. Then we developed » Supervisor: Dr Yeong-Ah Soh » Researcher: Manuela Russo P Ryan bilayers of CoFe2O4 and BaTiO3 on different » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) » Supervisors: Dr Natalie Stingelin and Walter » Sponsors: National Council on Science and templates: SrTiO3, BaTiO3, LaAlO3 and MgO. The Caseri (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) The potential applications of magnetic thin films Technology (CONACYT), Mexico films are characterised using MOKE (Magneto- » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) Optic Kerr Effect) measurements to determine the in electronic devices has led to much research into Organometallic thin films are being used as magnetoelectric properties of the films at NPL phenomena such as colossal magnetoresistance In this project inorganic/organic hybrid materials precursors for both the formation of metallic oxide (National Physics Laboratory). Vibrating Sample with the possible optimisation of the are investigated that allow straight-forward nanostructures and the doping of semiconductors. Magnetometry, Magnetic Force Microscopy and magnetoresistive properties for widespread use control of the refractive index by both varying the The process relies on treatment using a range of high resolution Scanning Transmission Electron within memory devices. Extensive studies of this composition of the system as well as suitable techniques (for example exposure to UV excimer Microscopy. system have shown large variation of the magnetic post-treatment procedures (e.g., annealing light), which breaks metal-organic bonds, driving and electrical properties depending on the strain and/or UV-light exposure). The objective is to dopants into the substrate and generating in the system, which can vary locally. This local produce a system of refractive indices of more Polymorphic molecular thin films: a new type of surface metal oxide in presence of residual variation of the magnetic/electrical properties can than two without sacrificing the transparency magnetic switch oxygen. Major advantages of the method are have profound consequences on the macroscopic of the final architectures over the entire visible their unique low-temperature operation, as well » Researcher: Soumaya Mauthoor behaviour of the system. In order to understand spectrum. Hybrid systems are explored that can as the potential for using the organic scaffold » Supervisors: Dr Sandrine EM Heutz and the macroscopic behaviour, examination of the be processed from solution. and thin film morphology as templates for the Professor David W McComb local magnetic structure is required. We are using generation of well-controlled dopant spacings » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) magnetic force microscopy to study the magnetic and oxide nanostructures. The success of the Molecular materials are attracting increasing structure of complex magnetic materials such as Research assistants and postdoctoral implantation and oxide formation will be assessed interest for lightweight, flexible and low cost manganites and frustrated magnets on a local research associate projects using diffraction techniques, secondary ion mass optoelectronic devices; organic light emitting scale. Combining this with X-ray microdiffraction spectrometry, as well as spectroscopic techniques diodes (OLEDs) are now appearing on the market and/or electrical transport measurements Charge-transport phenomena in organic such as extended X-ray absorption spectroscopy. and organic photovoltaic (PV) cells are striving provides insight into the underlying physics semiconducting blends Finally, the functionality of the new materials behind colossal magnetoresistance and the towards viable performances. New applications » Researcher: Dr Gianluca Latini generated will be provided by charge transport magnetic/electrical behaviour of frustrated are also emerging in the field of molecular » Supervisors: Dr Natalie Stingelin and Professor and magnetism measurements. magnets. magnetism – molecules present clear advantages Carlos Silva (Université de Montréal, Canada) compared to conventional inorganic magnets, such » Sponsor: EC (ONE-P Project) Novel multiferroic thin films as simplified electron couplings, biocompatibility Solution processable chemically derived graphene Blending functional polymers permits to realise » Researcher: Frederic Aguesse and chemical flexibility. However, contrary to the for large-area electronics entirely novel features and characteristics » Supervisors: Professor Neil McN Alford and OLED and PV technology, little effort has been » Researcher: HoKwon Kim compared to single-component systems. Dr Anna-Karin Axelsson made in the deposition of magnetic thin films, » Supervisor: Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez Indeed, due to the ease with which several » Sponsor: EPSRC (Project Studentship) necessary for the integration into devices and for » Sponsors: NSERC (Postgraduate Scholarship), organic materials can be combined into one an increased fundamental understanding of the The Leverhulme Trust Increasing interest in multifunctional materials material properties. This project is exploring the final architecture – especially when processing such as multiferroics and magneto-electrics magnetic properties of thin films based on metal While graphene could be viewed as the material them from solution – a vast variety of other results from their potential application in memory phthalocyanines and porphyrins, i.e., polyaromatic for next generation of electronics, reliable property sets can be accessed; most prominently, devices and novel field sensors. There is a great molecules which can accommodate a wide variety means of fabricating and manipulating it for mechanical flexibility can be introduced without challenge in developing high performance of metals in their central cavity and hence provide large-scale integration into devices are presently compromising the electronic properties. In this magneto-electric composites as thin films and a wide range of spin values. Preliminary studies lacking. To overcome this, fabrication method project, we exploit a range of options that such the key source of the challenge is a proper have shown that the magnetic coupling can using solution processable chemically derived blend structures offer in terms of microstructural understanding of the interface between the change sign depending on the crystal structure graphene via oxidative exfoliation of graphite control and supramolecular assembly in order materials. In order to achieve the understanding of the phthalocyanine, switching from ferro- to has been developed. Aqueous dispersions of to provide model systems that allow exploring of these materials, in this EPSRC project we are antiferromagnetic upon film annealing. This will chemically derived graphene provide solution in detail intermolecular electronic interactions, developing multilayers of ferroelectric BaTiO3, and have important consequences in the fields of data process for uniform deposition of graphene thin charge generation and recombination dynamics, magnetostrictive CoFe2O4. storage and quantum computing for example, and films, facilitating its implementation to devices. and related electronic properties of π-conjugated However, chemically derived graphene contains materials. For this purpose, advanced materials The nanostructures are produced at the London the ability to produce and control different crystal defects introduced by the chemical treatments. processing is combined with state-of-the-art Centre of Nanotechnology using our pulsed laser phases using a range of deposition conditions will The aim of the project is to investigate the atomic ultrafast spectroscopic techniques, flash- deposition system. The first part of the experiment be crucial. Characterisation will mainly focus on and nano scale structures of chemically derived photolysis and transient microwave conductivity consisted in studying Co-ferrite as single layer. structural, morphological and magnetic properties graphene and their effects on the macroscopic measurements, as well as theoretical calculations. We highlight the positive benefit of an oxygen as measured by electron and X-ray diffraction (TEM optoelectronic properties. annealing treatment on films of 25nm as its and XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and magnetic properties reach values as high as the superconducting quantum interference devices bulk material. Furthermore we discovered than (SQUID), in collaboration with the London Centre under 100 nm this material presents an auxetic for Nanotechnology.
184 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 185 DECAF: delivering electronic components with layers over large areas will be developed. The as whether the materials order magnetically, of photons to free electron oscillations at the aligned layers by foil stamping atomic and electronic structure along with tunable and if so what the strength of the interaction interface between a conductor and a dielectric. » Researchers: Manuela Russo and Mohammed A photoluminescence of graphene oxide at various between the magnetic moments is, anisotropy This field of research has emerged as an extremely Baklar degrees of reduction are explored. of the magnetic properties and orientation of promising technology with several main fields of » Supervisor: Dr Natalie Stingelin the molecules. The results of these fundamental application: information technologies, energy, » Sponsor: Technology Strategy Board Lightweight structural health monitoring system magnetic characterisation measurements will be high-density data storage, life sciences and (SHEMS) a guide in choosing materials for the fabrication security. The opportunity to guide light in the This research is directed toward rapid, low of simple devices targeted at biosensing and form of surface plasmon waves on metallic films » Researcher: Dr Tony Centeno cost, low temperature, roll-to-roll printing of information technology applications. We will study is attractive for the development of integrated » Supervisor: Professor Neil McN Alford organic thin film transistors with high resolution charge transport in these devices under different photonic chips where the information can be » Sponsor: Technology Strategy Board conductive tracks as source and drain electrodes. conditions, such as applied magnetic fields, processed all-optically without the need of The work encompasses improving the resolution This project aims to develop a stand alone, optical excitation and varying temperatures. This electronic-to-optical and optical-to-electronic of a recently developed demetalisation process self-supporting, embedded inspection system information will be used to create spintronic conversion, as well as for integrating photonics via a thorough and innovative understanding of to provide continous in-service, full coverage devices of larger complexity, allowing for example with silicon electronics on a fully compatible ink transfer processes and research into a novel monitoring of aircraft components, such as wing the devices to be switched on/off magnetically. platform. multiple layer transfer technique to pattern the flaps, tail fins and critical structural components. Performance of optoelectronic devices, such semiconductor, dielectric and gate electrode. The The system will be designed to be modular and Sorting and concentrating HIV virus and T-cells in as light emitting diodes and photodetectors, combination of these technologies will allow the adaptable for inspection of future aerospace blood can also be improved by integrating them with economic production of flexible circuitry with high components Novel flexible piezoelectric » Researcher: Daniel S Engstrøm plasmonic nanostructures. Recent research throughput, which will result in dramatically lower transducers will be developed that are lighter and » Supervisor: Dr Yeong-Ah Soh in plasmonics has led to significant progress costs and higher profit margins for manufacturers use less power than those currently available. » Sponsor: EPSRC Grand Challenge in development of various passive plasmonic of flexible electronics. It is intended that the system will use wireless components, such as waveguides, plasmonic communications from the component to the Patients diagnosed with HIV needs constant crystals, plasmonic metamaterials, with tailored Gaphene thin films for plamonics central analysis computer and will derive its power monitoring of T-cell and HIV virus counts while photonic properties. Plasmonic studies have, from energy harvesting techniques. The system on anti-viral drugs. Such tests require advanced » Researcher: Dr Cecilia Mattevi however, almost exclusively concentrated on pure will detect, position and measure the severity of laboratories and highly skilled staff currently » Supervisor: Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez metallic nanostructures and passive devices with degradation in composite and metalic structures, not available in developing countries. The goal » Sponsor: Imperial Junior Research Fellowship properties fixed by the nanostructure parameters. such as delamination, fibre breakage, corrosion, for the Grand Challenge project is to fabricate a At the same time, real-life applications require In this project we are developing a novel fatigue and impact damage, enabling repairs to hand-held device for HIV and T-cell counts that active control to achieve signal switching and inexpensive and versatile method for controlled be carried out at an early stage, extending the can be operated by non-specialised health care modulation, amplification to compensate losses non-covalent exfoliation of graphite into high component life and reducing needless waste. workers. This part of the Grand Challenge project along with the direct generation and detection of quality atomically thin graphene for applications The project involves ten partners throughout the concerns sorting the HIV virus and T-cells from the plasmons. All these can be realised if plasmonic in plasmonics. Emphasis is placed on devising UK over a three year period. It has a total value blood and concentrating them prior to detection. nanostructures are hybridised with functional general schemes for exfoliation and selection of of £1.4 million, and is 46 per cent funded by the The sorting is performed by a silicon nanopillar (molecular or ferroelectric) materials. Here we atomically thin graphene sheets through careful Technology Strategy Board. bumper array which sorts the particles by size. propose to develop and study hybrid plasmonic control of chemistry and on depositing uniform The pillar dimensions and spacing determines the nanostructures consisting of nanostructured thin films that are free of defects, with the ultimate particle separation as does the size of the device Molecular spintronics metals combined with dielectrics to enable objective of developing a coherent terahertz and one of the major challenges is to fabricate » Researcher: Dr Solveig Felton active functionalities in plasmonic circuitry. This oscillator based on charge density wave (plasmon) uniform nanopillar arrays on macro scale that can » Supervisor: Dr Sandrine EM Heutz project will unlock the plasmonics’ potential amplification in graphene. sort the 120 nm HIV virus as well as the several » Sponsor: EPSRC (Basic Technology Grant) for improvement of real-world photonic and micron large T-cells. optoelectronic devices and provide insight into Large area graphene thin films for electronics In this project we are developing molecular physical phenomena which are important for spintronics (i.e. electronics with additional degree » Researcher: Dr Cecilia Mattevi various areas of optical physics and photonic of freedom offered by the spin of the electron) » Supervisor: Professor Eduardo Saiz Gutierrez Other projects technologies. » Sponsor: Imperial Start Up Funds based on organic magnetic materials. For this purpose we are studying phthalocyanines (Pc’s), Active plasmonics: electronic and all-optical The integration of novel materials such as single Active substrate approach for switchable which is a group of organic semiconductors control of photonic signals on sub-wavelength walled carbon nanotubes and nanowires into multiferroic thin films that can incorporate a magnetic ion in their scales devices has been challenging. Similarly, although structure. This atom can be chosen from a wide » Researchers: Dr Anna-Karin Axelsson and Dr » Researcher: Dr Jonathan DB Breeze fundamental research on graphene has been range of transition metals, leading to materials Matjaz Valant » Supervisor: Professor Neil McN Alford prolific since its discovery, reports on making with different magnetic properties. We aim to » Supervisor: Professor Neil McN Alford » Sponsors: EPSRC (Programme grant) with it technologically feasible for integration into study the basic magnetic properties of these » Sponsor: The Leverhulme Trust the Department of Physics (Imperial College devices have only recently appeared. In this materials as thin films using techniques such as London), Queen’s University Belfast In the quest for ever-higher data densities, project, solution based methods that allow SQUID (superconducting quantum interference multiferroics can provide a medium for a four- uniform and controllable deposition of reduced device) magnetometry and EPR/ESR (electron The term ‘plasmonics’ refers to the science state, rather than two-state data storage by graphene oxide thin films with thicknesses paramagnetic/spin resonance) spectroscopy. and technology dealing with manipulation of switching the ferroelectric and magnetic domains. ranging from a single monolayer up to several These measurements will yield information such electromagnetic signals by coherent coupling Here, it simply means a management of magnetic
186 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 187 domains by other means than a magnetic field Heterointerface control of organic semiconductor We are exploring three areas: especially the nature of the magnetic ordering and such as an electric field, and this is of high devices ‘Fundamental Chemistry of Functional Ceramics’, how it relates to the superconducting state. interest, for example, for read/write devices. » Researchers: Dr Jennifer Nekuda-Malik and Dr focusing on the chemistry, crystal structure and In the present work we aim to address and answer However, the coupling between the magnetic Ester Buchaca Domingo physical properties of ceramics. This knowledge these key questions by developing new nano-scale field and electric field (ME coupling) has to » Supervisor: Dr Natalie Stingelin is vital as a reference point for the production sensors and measurement techniques to probe the be high for commercial interest. ME coupling » Investigators: Dr Martin J Heeney (Department of thin films, which are after all made from bulk dc and ac magnetisation of small mesas containing is relatively low in a single-phase multiferroic of Chemistry), Dr Neil Greenham, Professor ceramics targets. We are concentrating on three a two dimensional electron gas at an oxide material but for a two-phase magnetostrictive Wilhelm Huck, Dr Chris R McNeill and Professor main groups of ceramics: Microwave Dielectrics, heterointerface. By confining the two dimensional and piezoelectric composite, ME coupling can be Henning Sirringhaus (University of Cambridge) Piezoelectrics and Multiferroics/magnetoelectrics. electron gas to a small area ~ 200nm x 200 nm increased dramatically. The ME coupling appears » Sponsor: EPSRC (Grant) we will minimise issues relating to defects in when an applied electric field creates an alteration ‘Thin Functional Oxide Films/advanced oxide films. This interface is buried well inside the of the magnetic properties in the thin-film via the The vision of this project is to achieve a Characterisation Methods’, our core areas oxide structure and cannot be probed by surface interface elastic coupling. Thin-film growth needs step-change improvement in the control of of research are: materials development, thin techniques such as scanning tunnelling microscopy. a substrate and by using piezoelectric substrates molecular and nanoscale structure at organic film deposition, structural and electrical Instead we will develop sensors based on nano- such as BaTiO or PZT, which by themselves will heterointerfaces and thus to bring about a characterisation and device development. The 3 scale superconducting quantum interference respond to an external electric field, we reduce step-change in electronic functionality and future strategy requires extra expertise in the area devices (SQUIDs) that are very sensitive detectors the normal occurring clamping effect. In a bi- performance of active semiconductor devices of TEM (Professor David W McComb) and electron of magnetic flux. These consists of a very small layer like CoFe O -BaTiO for example, the strain including light-emitting diodes, field-effect holography (Dr Alison C Harrison). 2 4 3 loop of superconducting thin film interrupted by developed in the piezoelectric BaTiO substrate transistors and photovoltaics. Improved control 3 ‘New Device Structures to Test Material two weak links (Josephson elements) which consist is directly transferred to the thin magnetostrictive of how molecules arrange at interfaces and Properties’, a material’s structural and electrical of a very narrow track (~150 nm wide) made by CoFe O layer without any reduction in electric deeper scientific understanding how through such 2 4 properties will be tested during development to a focussed ion beam (FIB). We will design and displacement, d . The initial step of this research improved structural control the energy landscape 31 assess its performance in a prototype device. This optimise such devices to operate at temperatures was to look into the chemistry of CoFe O , at interfaces can be designed is necessary if the 2 4 enables us to evaluate the different influences from 4.2K down to ~ 100mK, and integrate them chosen because of its high magnetostrictive present performance limitations such as the low on performance. We will examine ultra High Q with oxide structures. SQUID-based instruments (magnetoelastic) properties. In bulk, the magnetic efficiency of organic solar cells and field-effect structures and frequency agile devices. are the key tool in many laboratories for properties are mainly dominated by volume but in mobility of organic field-effect transistors are performing dc magnetisation and ac susceptibility thin-films other sources plays an important role. to be overcome and organic electronic devices Nano-scale SQUID magnetometry of oxide measurements on macroscopic samples containing These factors can be; ordering of Co and Fe ions, are to become pervasive in a broad range of heterointerfaces a very large number of magnetic moments. By epitaxy, oxygen vacancies, broken symmetries applications. If this can be achieved, solution- shrinking the devices to the nano-scale we will and surface defects. By finely adjusting the processed organic semiconductors will become » Principal Investigators: Professor Neil McN be able to measure much smaller changes in thin-film processing (by Pulsed Laser Deposition) a very powerful materials platform for a scalable Alford and Dr Edward J Romans (UCL) magnetisation and have sufficient resolution to different magnetic properties will be achieved. In nanotechnology, in which controlled nanoscale » Sponsor: EPSRC phenomena can be used to achieve particular make useful measurements on the relatively small addition, the interface at the growth template i.e., The study of the interplay between the electronic functions without sacrificing the ability to make number of magnetic dipole moments expected in the active piezoelectric substrate, plays a crucial and magnetic properties of complex functional such structures reproducibly, uniformly and with our oxide samples. role as different developed strain and stress oxide materials is of central importance to high yield over large substrate areas. can further manipulate the CoFe2O4 magnetic the international condensed matter physics Phase transitions and mesoscopic physics in films properties. Crystallographic tools such as XRD, community, and for the future development of of simple metals AFM, TEM and Raman are being used while the Multifunctional oxides – materials to devices electronic devices. Recently this field has been magnetic properties are measured by SQUID, » Investigators: Professor Neil McN Alford, set alight by pioneering work at Tokyo and Cornell » Investigator: Dr Yeong-Ah Soh VSM and MFM. The results are compared to see Professor David W McComb and Dr Alison C Universities that showed it is possible to obtain » Sponsor: NSF the relation between of film thickness-interface Harrison a highly mobile two dimensional electron gas This project is examining classical and quantum - deposition factors - magnetic properties. » Sponsor: EPSRC (Platform grant) at the interface between two perovskite oxides, phase transitions in intermetallic alloy films. After a full understanding of the chemistry and SrTiO3 and LaAlO3, both of which are insulating. Classical phase transitions are driven by thermal physics of the thin films, the magnetostrictive In this new platform our objectives are: In that work the oxides were grown in a layer- fluctuations and occur at finite temperature, properties will be investigated to determine • to use the platform flexibility to carry out by-layer manner by pulsed laser deposition whereas quantum phase transitions are driven by how to maximise the ME-coupling. Initial results speculative and adventurous research (PLD) with atomic level monitoring and control. quantum fluctuations and occur at absolute zero prove that the coercivity can be reduced to 200 to develop thin film multilayers with particular • The work has pushed the capabilities of PLD temperature. The system of choice to study classical Oe while retaining the magnetisation high in a emphasis on interfaces to a new level. Other researchers have since phase transitions is Pd Co intermetallic alloy films, 13nm film on a SrTiO substrate, which indicates a 1-x x 3 • to develop novel devices, prototypes and found indirect evidence for magnetic ordering at which are model random magnetic media and can greatly reduced magnetic field is needed to obtain applications this type of interface below ~300 mK and have be simply prepared as homogeneous binary alloys the domain switching in these ultra thin-films • to ensure that the expertise is maintained and recently detected a superconducting transition using conventional thin film deposition techniques. compared with bulk. in the two dimensional electron gas at ~200mK. that key postdoctoral staff can develop their Pd1-xCox has technological importance because it careers and move to more senior positions The potential of this work for a new generation of is a strong candidate for perpendicular magnetic electronic devices is enormous, but so far there recording media. We are developing a unique are many unresolved issues about the nature precision-controlled temperature and magnetic field of this two-dimensional electron gas, the role stage for force microscopy to study magnetic phase of oxygen vacancies close to the interface, and transitions on a local scale.
188 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 189 The system of choice for exploring quantum phase The experimental work above is taking place in the Ultra-violet radiation controlled non-linear transitions is V-doped Cr thin films. Continuing Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering dielectrics our recent work on bulk Cr1-xVx, our goal is to study and is supported by theoretical calculations » Investigators: Professor Neil McN Alford and transport properties in two-dimensional films with within the Department of Materials, allowing a Dr Peter K Petrov particular emphasis on the Hall effect since it turned qualitative comparison between the different » Sponsor: EPSRC out to be the most sensitive probe of quantum material approaches. State-of-the-art first-principles We are investigating ultraviolet irradiation criticality in bulk Cr1-xVx. The results in thin films will calculations based on density-functional theory effects on nonlinear properties of ferroelectric be compared with results in bulk Cr1-xVx to shed light are being used to determine the effects of growth on the role of dimensionality in quantum phase direction, diameter and surface structure on the films in the paraelectric phase state (above the transitions. electronic properties of nanowires. In particular, Curie temperature). The effects of ultraviolet pristine silicon nanowires are being compared to (UV) irradiation on the relaxation processes in Recently, we have discovered new electrical effects multilayered Si/SiGe nanowires, with a view to BSTO thin film capacitors were experimentally due to quantisation of spin density wave in pure Cr optimising the SiGe system for minimal thermal investigated in a range of wavelengths λ=(310- films (published in Nature 2008 and featured in the conductivity while maintaining high electrical 400)nm. It was observed that irradiation with June 2008 issue of Materials Today). By varying the conductivity. Our theoretical predictions will guide a specific wavelength reduces the time of slow film thickness we can tune between non quantised the experimental effort toward maximizing the capacitance relaxation up to three orders of density wave for thick films and quantised density thermoelectric figure of merit. magnitude in comparison with relaxation time in wave regime for thin films. This marks the beginning the ‘dark’ regime. It was also observed that at a of ‘spintronics’ in antiferromagnets. Our next step certain wavelength of UV irradiation there was a Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous solids is to explore whether V doped Cr alloy films exhibit maximum in the leakage current of the capacitors. similar mesoscopic effects and how dimensionality » Investigator: Dr Martyn A McLachlan This wavelength corresponded exactly with a plays a role in quantum phase transitions. » Sponsors: RAEng, EPSRC minimum in the relaxation time of the capacitance. The use of ordered macroporous solids has It was shown that the decrease of the ferroelectric Si/SiGe nanowire arrays for thermoelectric power attracted significant interest from areas as diverse film thickness resulted in a shift ofτ (λ) minima scavenging as optoelectronics, catalysis and renewable energy. and I(λ) maxima toward the shorter wavelengths. » Researcher: Dr Chuanbo Li (Electrical and The use of colloidal crystals to control the structure We also like to acknowledge the fruitful Electronic Engineering) of macroporous solids is attractive owing to the collaboration with Professor Andrey Kozyrev form » Supervisors: Dr Kristel Fobelets (Electrical and low cost and inherent scalability of the process. the UML, St Petersburg Electrotechnical University Electronic Engineering), Dr Zahid AK Durrani Colloidal crystals can be readily formed on a range ‘LETI’, St Petersburg, Russia. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering), Professor of substrates by self-assembling monodisperse Mino Green (Electrical and Electronic Engineering) dielectric spheres into close packed arrays. These and Dr Arash A Mostofi structures can be used as sacrificial scaffolds to » Sponsor: E.ON International Research Initiative direct the formation of ordered porous structures and further processed to prepare structured The objective of this project is to develop nanocomposites. The colloidal crystals, and thermoelectric power generation cells, using Si thus the resultant templated structures, can be and Si/SiGe nanowire arrays embedded within prepared with pore sizes in the range on 100nm a polymer. Vertical nanowire arrays are defined to 1µm therefore the technique is a convenient via a top-down etch approach on Si, and on for the preparation of high surface area ordered pre-grown Si/SiGe heterojunctions. These arrays porous solids. This work involves the preparation will subsequently be imbedded within a polymer of porous solids and nanocomposites for use as coating with multiple functionalities: passivation/ heterojunction solar cells. The controlled formation modulation doping of the embedded nanowires, of nanostructured metal oxide and organic enhanced stability for further fabrication steps, and semiconducting arrays offers a unique solution thermal and electrical insulation. to overcoming current performance limitations in Our application domain is envisioned to be low such devices i.e., the low exciton diffusion length power portable applications. The thermoelectric in organic semiconductors, the requirement for cells will have the potential to harvest energy interconnected and interpenetrating structures associated with joule heating in net and battery and the ability to form large areas economically. powered portable equipment, and energy The research is focussed on the formation of associated with other sources including body heat, porous metal oxide arrays and the formation and will allow recharging of batteries. Our aim is to of nanocomposites structures using organic exploit the integration capability of Si/SiGe CMOS semiconductors. technology in order to develop miniature power generators.
190 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 191 Simulation of a crystalline metal at its melting temperature. Two crystal-melt interfaces are shown; the coloured ‘liquid’ atoms indicate the positions of the interfaces which are clearly not as abrupt as one might have expected » Stefano Angioletti-Uberti theory and simulation of materials and simulation theory
192 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 193
project summaries transistor (CNT-FET) that operates at room Research highlight temperature was first constructed from a A virtual laboratory for large-scale quantum- single wall carbon nanotube in 1998. Further mechanical simulations of materials experimental research has shown that CNT-FETs » Researcher: Laura Ratcliff can make effective gas sensors, particularly Heterogeneous CO2. As a first step towards figure (I). The Al interatomic » Supervisors: Dr Peter D Haynes and Dr Arash A when doped with selective receptors. Quantised this goal, we sought to distances at the Ti-terminated Mostofi conductance and coherence effects occur in nucleation of solid simulate and hence understand surface are similar to distances » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) short, low defect nanotubes in which electron existing heterogeneous nuclei, found in Al3Ti; we suggest transport can be assumed to be ballistic Al from the melt by Spectroscopy is a key tool in the analysis of specifically the effect of TiB2 that the layer encasing TiB2 (inelastic scattering is negligible.) Using the the properties of materials, and it is therefore TiB2 and Al3Ti: an on primary Al formation. observed experimentally single electron wavefunction approximation essential to have a means of calculating spectra The mechanism by which it may be strained Al on a Ti- in the ballistic regime, I am using tight ab initio molecular theoretically, both as an aid to understanding operates is believed to involve terminated surface rather than binding and DFT methods implemented in the experimental results and to make predictions dynamics study the formation of Al3Ti, but Al3Ti. For the Al3Ti substrate, software package Plato to calculate charge about new materials. In particular, it is possible to as it is not fully understood fcc-like structures are observed transfer effects on conductance including the isolate specific spectral features and determine we have used large scale on both sides which extend effects of contact resistance and of chemically » Researcher: Dr Junsheng their origins through a spatial decomposition. computer simulation to provide rapidly into the melt. If this doping the nanotube. I am also investigating Wang To this end, we aim to implement the calculation Figure 1: Sequential insight. We employed density mechanism is correct, then tunneling effects by constructing barriers on » Supervisors: Dr Andrew P of experimental spectra within a linear-scaling images and calculated functional theory molecular it means that systems with the nanotube. A further aim is to investigate density profile of solid Al Horsfield and Professor Peter density functional theory (DFT) environment, dynamics simulations to probe intermediate metastable the limit of the ballistic transport regime, when nucleation from the melt D Lee the nucleation of solid Al from phases are not required for which will allow calculations on large systems that on top of TiB2 substrate electron-phonon interactions become significant, » Sponsor: KAUST the melt on TiB (figure 1) and effective heterogeneous would not be accessible within the conventional at T=910K; Ti and B 2 using the Correlated Electron-Ion Dynamics Heterogeneous nucleation Al3Ti (figure 2) substrates at nucleation, greatly increase the cubic scaling DFT framework. atoms in TiB2 structure technique. The application of CEID will be to is still a poorly understood are in red and cyan, undercoolings of around 2K. range of potential nuclei for This will be achieved by first finding and calculate the current through a double resonant respectively, and liquid phenomenon, but is critical to We find limited ordering and systems such as intermetallics implementing a method to calculate unoccupied tunneling diode, through which electron-phonon Al atoms are in green many key materials processing no signs of incipient growth in aluminium alloys. electronic states (the virtual orbitals or conduction interactions with an external molecule mediate an Figure 2: Structural operations ranging from in the liquid Al close to the ordering at the bands) within the ONETEP code, which is currently additional inelastic channel. If this is practicable, solidification to catalysis. B-terminated surface of TiB , beginning of continuous 2 limited to the calculation of occupied states (the it could be the basis for a highly accurate and The end goal of this project as shown on the right handside growth on Al3Ti (112) valence bands). This will then allow the use of selective inelastic tunneling spectrometer was to develop models of surface at 910K. (A) a in figure (I) when ts changes perturbation theory to calculate excited states, that could function as an ‘electronic nose.’ snapshot at ts = 70ps, heterogeneous nucleation from 0.05 to 1.42, and then as for example in the Green’s function formalism and projections of the that will allow the design of to 2.85ps. By contrast, we outer four layers (a1-d1) of perturbation theory a sum over all states is Atomic scale theory and simulation of high intermetallic refiners and hence see fcc-like ordering near the and the corresponding necessary. greatly increased recycling of temperature shape-memory alloys time-averaged structure Ti-terminated surface, with factors for 6ps (a2-d2). aluminium alloys. This would growth being frustrated by the To date, a ‘toy model’ has been created with a » Researcher: Appala Naidu Gandhi Ti and Al atoms in Al3Ti have a huge impact on CO2 lattice mismatch between bulk one-dimensional Kronig-Penney potential and » Supervisors: Professor Mike W Finnis and Dr structure are in red and release, as recycling generated Al and the TiB2 substrate as a localised basis set of B-splines, which solves David Dye blue, respectively. Liquid approximately 1/20th of the shown on the left handside in the generalised Schrödinger equation using » Sponsors: UKIERI, Imperial College London Al atoms are in green a preconditioned conjugate gradient energy NiTi-based alloys are the most widely used for minimisation scheme, analogous to that used their shape-memory properties. These materials within ONETEP. This program will be used to test have a variety of specialised applications in the possible methods for calculating excited such diverse fields as dentistry, medicine, and states before implementing them in ONETEP. the aerospace industry. Our aim is to develop www.onetep.org a theoretical understanding of how to control the temperature of their phase transition by additions of other elements to the basic alloy. The Ab initio simulations of SW-CNT electronic student would use a density functional method devices and sensors for calculating the total energy and phonon frequencies of a number of candidate materials » Researcher: Catherine White for high temperature shape memory alloys based » Supervisors: Dr Andrew P Horsfield and Dr Arash on NiAl. The energy of plausible crystal structures A Mostofi would be calculated at absolute zero to establish » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) that the model indeed predicts the observed Carbon nanotubes are a promising building low temperature phase as the most stable, then block for electronic devices because of high from the phonon spectra, free energies in the conductance, high field effect mobility, structural quasiharmonic approximation can be calculated. 1 2 strength and chemical stability. A field effect This will enable phonon frequencies and elastic
194 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 195 constants to be calculated as a function of when their thicknesses are reduced to nanometer the case. Other ab initio calculations of the O and silica-polymer nano-composites.
temperature, and any signs of softening, the length scales and when they are grown on vacancy in Al2O3 disagree with Carrasco et al., on precursors to a phase transition, will be identified. substrates. Large lateral strains and surface its charge state. Properties of semiconducting nanowires from first The systematic effect of additions of impurities effects can alter their electronic properties principles such as Pd, Pt, Fe, Cr, Zr and Hf to NiTi alloys are significantly. In this project we are using density First principles modelling of dislocations in BCC » Researcher: Fabiano Corsetti being studied, to elucidate the effect of atomic functional theory to calculate the electronic metals » Supervisors: Dr Arash A Mostofi and Professor size, electronic structure and magnetism on the structures of these materials in a range of » Researcher: Preetma Soin Matthew Foulkes (Department of Physics) phase transition temperature. geometries and under strain. We are collaborating » Supervisor: Dr Andrew P Horsfield » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) with the experimental group of Professor Neil » Sponsor: EPSRC (Case Studentship with Culham Understanding, designing and controlling Developing atomistic force-fields for covalent McN Alford in the Department of Materials, to Centre for Fusion Energy) materials at the nanoscale will enable significant materials and applying them to the study of identify important issues that require theoretical advances in a wide range of technologies. One of nanostructured materials input. We will calculate the spontaneous bulk Ferritic steel is used for the first wall in polarization of these materials and examine the hydrogen fusion power plants. High energy the most promising classes of building block for » Researcher: Joanne E Sarsam effect that this property, which arises from the neutrons (14MeV) released in fusion reactions nanostructured devices is that of semiconducting » Supervisors: Dr Paul Tangney and Professor inversion asymmetry of the crystal structure, has cause damage to this wall, creating stresses. nanowires. They have potential uses in efficient Mike W Finnis on the charge distribution in thin films of these The stresses can be relieved by the flow of thermoelectric cells (conversion of heat into » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) materials. The goals are to understand, in terms dislocations, which can be of two types – screw electricity) and solar cells (conversion of light into Atomistic simulations of nanostructures are of familiar concepts such as polarization, the and edge. However, screw dislocations are less electricity), and highly sensitive gas detectors. severely limited by a lack of accurate but efficient electromagnetic response of thin film and layered mobile and control the plasticity of the iron. We The aims of this project are to characterise and force-fields to describe bonding in covalent perovskites. therefore wish to understand screw dislocation understand the thermodynamic properties of materials such as carbon, silicon, and III-V properties in ferritic steel. We originally used doped semiconducting nanowires by means of compounds. To be useful for many nanoscale Energetics of point defects in oxides – a Finnis-Sinclair potentials to model the core of first-principles quantum-mechanical simulations applications, force fields must simultaneously comparison of DFT and monte carlo methods straight dislocations, to get a get a rough idea of based on density-functional theory. The ultimate describe the bonding in the crystalline bulk, the structure. We are now using a tight binding » Researcher: Kilian Frensch goal is to use this understanding to optimise the at surfaces, and in disordered environments. model with magnetism included, to model more » Supervisors: Professor Mike W Finnis and structure and composition of nanowires in order Existing force fields can be very unreliable accurately the structure of dislocations and their Professor Matthew Foulkes (Department of to tune their properties. One impurity of particular as they lack this transferability. This project movement through kink propagation. In the future Physics) interest is gold, nanoparticles of which are used involves the development of a new flexible the effect of impurities such as chromium and » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) as liquid catalyst in the vapour-liquid-solid mathematical model of covalent bonding and the helium will be considered. (VLS) method for growing, for example, silicon parameterisation of this model using information We are making first principles density functional nanowires. High-resolution TEM images show obtained from first principles density functional (DFT) calculations and Quantum Monte Carlo NMR spectroscopy from first-principles that gold atoms from the catalyst are consumed theory calculations. The force fields constructed (QMC) calculations of vacancies and divacancies » Researcher: Christopher Pointon by the nanowires as they grow, with resulting will be used to study the growth and morphology in alumina. The motivations are » Supervisor: Dr Arash A Mostofi consequences for their properties, which we are of semiconductor nanocrystals and nanowires in • there is still uncertainty about the intrinsic » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) investigating. order to understand how the properties of these defect type in alumina materials can be tailored to specific applications Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy there is uncertainty about the absolute Solid-liquid interfacial free energy from by changing the conditions under which they are • is becoming one of the most important tools for accuracy of the DFT methods for defect metadynamics simulations synthesised. structural and functional characterisation. It is energetics used to study a diverse range of systems from » Researcher: Stefano Angioletti-Uberti QMC is in principle exact although » Supervisors: Professor Mike W Finnis and Electronic structure and electromagnetism of thin- biomolecules to cement-based materials. Although computationally much more demanding than Professor Peter D Lee film and layered perovskite oxides a great deal of progress has been made recently, DFT and it is now feasible to calculate vacancy the task of calculating accurate structures from » Sponsor: Rolls Royce plc » Researcher: James Martin formation energies for comparison with DFT. experimental spectra remains a difficult one. This The solid-liquid interfacial free energy is a key » Supervisor: Dr Paul Tangney Alumina is also a good choice for the first tests of project is developing new methods and algorithms parameter in many processes such as nucleation » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) this kind since it is simplest for QMC. It is realistic to do the reverse, to calculate from first-principles and growth during solidification. Despite its to expect QMC calculations to be feasible for more Perovskite oxides such as BaTiO3, SrTiO3, density-functional theory (DFT) accurate NMR importance, this parameter is very difficult to complex oxides in the near future. Carrasco et KTaO3 and PbTiO3 display many interesting spectra for given structures. In conjunction with measure experimentally due to the many factors al. Phys Rev Lett, 93, 225502 (2004), calculated dielectric properties such as paraelectricity other spectroscopic methods, such as X-ray influencing it that must be controlled. For this energies of formation and energy barriers to and ferroelectricity, that can be exploited for diffraction data, we hope to be able to combine reason, even for single component systems there diffusion with VASP LDA. Heuer and Lagerlöf, use in a wide range of applications. They can both experiment and theory in order to develop a are uncertainties in the measured values of as Phil Mag Lett, 79, 619-627 (1999) tried to extract be used for ferroelectric memories, for electro- predictive tool for identifying the atomic structure much as 300 per cent. This fact highly complicates such data from experiment and classical potential optic applications such thin-film waveguides of complex materials. One of our particular aims is the development of solidification models, where calculations. There still seems to be a problem and optical memory displays. They can also be to extend the range of complexity of system that the interfacial solid-liquid free energy and its with the migration barrier of the O vacancy. 3.7eV used to construct microwave tunable devices. may be studied with first-principles NMR methods anisotropy must be known with higher accuracy by DFT and 4.9eV as the experimental estimate. However, there is much to understand about these so that they may be applied to more challenging to give reliable predictions. Computational The latter value assumes single oxygen vacancies materials. While a great deal is now understood systems of technological and scientific interest approaches based on atomistic simulations, are the transport mechanism, which may not be about bulk perovskites, their properties change such as amyloid fibrils, cement-based materials, where a perfect control of the ‘experimental’
196 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 197 parameters can be achieved, are certainly a energetics using standard methods of total energy generations of nuclear fuels. This project aims to simulations are being utilised to examine this valuable way to tackle this problem and in the and force calculation based on density functional use atomic scale simulations to understand the phenomenon. last decade some groups have made progress in theory, including the use of hybrid functionals. important mechanisms that control this release. this direction. However the proposed approaches Simpler atomistic simulation techniques based We use a combination of electronic structure Linear-scaling first-principles simulations of are computationally very expensive, or developed on tight-binding and empirical potentials are also calculations and empirical pair potentials to materials specifically with simple potentials in mind, and not be tried for comparison and to generate plausible calculate both the energetics of a configuration » Investigators: Dr Peter D Haynes, Dr Arash A readily transferable to more accurate, quantum structures for more accurate analysis. Electronic of atoms and how it evolves as a function of time. Mostofi and Dr Nicholas Hine mechanical based models. structure are being calculated and compared to Specifically we are examining the enhancement » Sponsors: The Royal Society, RCUK, EPSRC the results of EELS experiments. of xenon diffusion rates when interacting with To improve the current situation we have been micro-structural defects, such as dislocations, ‘First-principles’ simulations aim to explain or developing a new approach to calculating solid- and the segregation and clustering that occurs as predict the properties of materials at the atomic liquid interfacial free energy by exploiting a recent Theory and simulation of semiconducting a result. We are also examining the fundamental scale by solving from scratch the equations of simulation technique called metadynamics. nanowires from first-principles diffusion mechanisms in more exotic minor quantum mechanics that underlie the behaviour With the aid of this technique we are able to » Researcher: Matthew Shelley actinide fuel types, which may become important of all materials. However the computational reconstruct, using an order parameter, the free » Supervisor: Dr Arash A Mostofi in future inert matrix or accelerator driven nuclear effort required to carry out such simulations energy landscape of a system transforming from a » Sponsor: EPSRC (DTA) fuels. We have performed the first atomic scale restricts their scope to the study of a few hundred bulk solid to a solid+liquid+interface at the solid- This project is characterising systematically the simulations of dislocations in uranium dioxide and atoms – too few for realistic models of materials. liquid coexistence temperature, and from this we structure of nanowires for different stoichiometry calculated the energetic barriers to dislocation Now new ‘linear-scaling’ methods promise to extract the interfacial free energy. To compare our and growth directions; to calculate their electronic glide for several dislocation types. We have also revolutionise the scope and scale of quantum technique directly to the ones currently available structure and electronic transport properties; and shown that dislocations provide energetically simulations. These involve the use of local orbitals we started by performing simulations using to determine and understand the dependence of favourable clustering sites for a variety of fission to describe the electronic structure and exploit the a thorougly studied Lennard-Jones potential. these properties on nanowire composition, growth products, for example a single xenon atoms has ‘nearsightedness’ of quantum mechanics. Our results agree with those of the previous direction, radius, and the presence of chemical an energy 3.5eV lower when associated with a techniques, demonstrating both the validity of our In collaboration with colleagues at Cambridge species adsorbed on the surface. Nanowires are dislocation core than in the bulk. We are in the approach and its greater computational speed, (Professor Mike Payne FRS) and Southampton quasi-one-dimensional structures with thickness process of linking these atomic scale simulations mainly due to the possibility of obtaining reliable (Dr Chris-Kriton Skylaris), a new general purpose of the order of tens of nanometres or less. with mesoscale models of fission gas behaviour values with system sizes 1 or 2 order of magnitude linear-scaling code called ONETEP (Order-N They are one of the most promising classes of within a single grain. smaller than previously used. Moreover, the Electronic Total Energy Package) has been building block for nanostructured devices and method could be applied generally to any type of developed. In March 2008 ONETEP was released have potential uses in important technologies potential. We are applying our approach with more Atomistic simulation of uranium dioxide fuel as a standalone commercial product interfaced such as efficient solar cells, high figure-of-merit realistic potentials in order to obtain quantitative » Researcher: Dr Clare L Bishop to the Materials Studio graphical user interface thermoelectric devices and fast-response chemical data for comparison with experiments on simple » Supervisor: Professor Robin W Grimes developed by Accelrys, a global leader in materials sensors. The ultimate goal of the project is to metals. » Sponsor: F-Bridge (FP-7 project) simulation software. develop a detailed understanding of structure- property relationships that can be used to help Molecular dynamics simulations of displacement A particular feature of ONETEP is that the local Theory and simulation of interfaces design improved nanowire-based devices. cascades within the nuclear fuel uranium dioxide orbitals for each atom are optimised individually » Researcher: Wei Li Cheah First-principles quantum-mechanical computer have been performed. A comparison of the for each atom’s chemical environment – in situ » Supervisors: Professor Mike W Finnis and simulation based on density-functional theory available pair potentials has been undertaken, – guaranteeing accuracy and transferability of Professor David W McComb is a well-proven, accurate and efficient tool for for example the inclusion of polarisation effects the method. The use of a specially developed » Sponsors: A*STAR NSS PhD Scholarship, MOE determining structural and electronic properties can influence the threshold displacement energy basis set of ‘psinc’ functions allows direct Singapore and will be our primary computational instrument significantly. In addition, the methodology for comparison with traditional plane-wave methods. for this purpose. To access larger length-scales, analysing the resulting defective region is being ONETEP is currently being used to study a wide Development of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) as novel methods that exploit the locality of examined. It is suggested that many simulations variety of systems: from the design of synthetic a source of clean energy is being limited by low electronic structure in real-space will also be should be considered in order to account for the inhibitors for enzymes to understanding the ionic conductivity at room temperature in bulk developed and used. large statistical variation resulting from different interactions responsible for the self-assembly of oxides. Until recently, sufficient conductivity has starting configurations. At low displacement nanostructures. only been achieved at temperatures of about energies, the direction of the primary knock-on 1000 K for yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) systems. atom causes variation in the number of resulting However, recent work in multilayered YSZ systems Research assistants and postdoctoral defects. However, at higher energies (e.g. 10 keV) indicates that room-temperature SOFC may research associate projects this is masked by the large statistical variation be viable in the near future. These results of and the damage becomes anisotropic with extraordinary conductivity are postulated to be Atomic scale simulation of fission gas in nuclear respect to direction. Intra-granular fission gas due to high interfacial mobility of anions. This fuels bubbles degrade the thermal conductivity of the project aims to understand the mechanism of » Researcher: Dr David Parfitt nuclear fuel. Therefore gas nucleation is being ionic conductivity in such multilayer systems at » Supervisor: Professor Robin W Grimes examined and it is thought that this may occur the atomic scale, and to investigate theoretically » Sponsor: F-Bridge, Fairfuels (FP-7 projects) in the wake of fission tracks. Various methods whether electronic rather than ionic conductivity Fission gas release is one of the key limiting such as displacement cascade simulations, at the interfaces might also be significant. factors in the operation of current and future temperature accelerated dynamics, liquid/crystal The work requires a study of the point defect interface simulations and, in future, fission spike
198 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 199 Publications
Adamopoulos G, Bashir A, Thomas S, Gillin WP, Badinski A, Haynes PD, Trail JR, Needs RJ Georgakopoulos S, Shkunov M, Baklar MA, Stingelin Methods for calculating forces within quantum monte N, Maher RC, Cohen LF, Bradley DD, Anthopoulos TD carlo simulations Spray-deposited Li-Doped ZnO transistors with electron J Phys Condens Matter, 22, 7, 074202, 2010 mobility exceeding 50 cm(2)/vs Adv Mater,10, 01444, 2010 Baklar M, Wobkenberg PH, Sparrowe D, Goncalves M, McCulloch I, Heeney M, Anthopoulos T, Stingelin N Aili D, Mager M, Roche D, Stevens MM Ink-jet printed P-type polymer electronics based on Hybrid nanoparticle-liposome detection of liquid-crystalline polymer semiconductors phospholipase activity J Mater Chem, 20, 1927-1931, 2010 Nano Lett, 10,1021-1024062, 2010 Baklar MA, Koch F, Kumar A, Domingo EB, Campoy- Aili D, Stevens MM Quiles M, Feldman K, Yu L, Wobkenberg P, Ball J, Wilson Bioresponsive peptide-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials RM, McCulloch I, Kreouzis T, Heeney M, Anthopoulos T, Chem Soc Rev, 39, 3358-3370, 2010 Smith P, Stingelin N Solid-state processing of organic semiconductors An Y, Skinner SJ, McComb DW Adv Mater, 22, 3942-3947, 2010 Template-assisted fabrication of macroporous thin films for solid oxide fuel cells Ballantyne AM, Ferenczi TAM, Campoy-Quiles M, J Mater Chem, 20, 248-254, 2010 Clarke TM, Maurano A, Wong KH, Zhang WM, Stingelin- Stutzmann N, Kim JS, Bradley DDC, Durrant JR, Andresen H, Gupta S, Stevens MM McCulloch I, Heeney M, Nelson J, Tierney S, Duffy W, Kinetic investigation of bioresponsive nanoparticle Mueller C, Smith P assembly as a function of ligand design Understanding the influence of morphology on poly(3- Nanoscale, PMID 2073020, 2010 hexylselenothiophene): PCBM solar cells Macromolecules, 43, 1169-1174, 2010 Angioletti-Uberti S, Ceriotti M, Lee PD, Finnis MW Solid-liquid interface free energy through metadynamics Bantounas I, Dye D, Lindley TC simulations The role of microtexture on the faceted fracture Phys Rev B, 81, 125416, 2010 morphology in Ti-6Al-4V subjected to high-cycle fatigue Acta Mater, 58, 3908-3918, 2010 Armelao L, Bottaro G, Bovo L, Maccato C, Pascolini M, Sada C, Soini E, Tondello E Barbagallo M, Hine NDM, Cooper JFK, Steinke NJ, Luminescent properties of Eu-doped lanthanum Ionescu A, Barnes CHW, Kinane CJ, Dalgliesh RM, oxyfluoride sol-gel thin films Charlton TR, Langridge S J Phys Chem C, 113, 14429-14434, 2009 Experimental and theoretical analysis of magnetic moment enhancement in oxygen-deficient EuO Ashley NJ, Parfitt D, Chroneos A, Grimes RW Phys Rev B, 81,235216, 2010 Mechanisms of nonstoichiometry in HfN1-x J Appl Phys, 8, 106, 083502-083502-4, 2009 Bekermann D, Gasparotto A, Barreca D, Bovo L, Devi A, Fischer RA, Lebedev OI, Maccato C, Tondello E, Van Atienzar P, Ishwara T, Illy BN, Ryan MP, O’Regan BC, Tendeloo G Durrant JR, Nelson J Highly oriented ZnO nanorod arrays by a novel plasma Control of photocurrent generation in polymer/ZnO chemical vapor deposition process nanorod solar cells by using a solution-processed TiO2 Cryst Growth Des, 10, 2011-2018, 2010 Overlayer J Phys Chem Lett, 1, 708-713, 2010 Berenov AV, Atkinson A, Kilner JA, Bucher E, Sitte W, Oxygen tracer diffusion and surface exchange kinetics in Atwood RC, Lee PD, Konerding MA, Rockett P, Mitchell CA La0.6Sr0.4CoO3- Quantitation of microcomputed tomography-imaged δ Solid State Ionics, 181, 819-826, 2010 ocular microvasculature Microcirculation, 17, 59-68, 2010 Berhanu S, Tariq F, Jones T, McComb DW Three-dimensionally interconnected organic Axelsson AK, Pan YY, Valant M, Alford NM nanocomposite thin films: implications for donor- Chemistry, processing, and microwave dielectric acceptor photovoltaic applications properties of Mn-substituted KTaO3 ceramics J Mater Chem, 20, 8005-8009, 2010 J Am Ceram Soc, 93, 800-805, 2010 Bertazzo S, Rezwan K Axelsson AK, Valant M, Alford NM Control of alpha-alumina surface charge with carboxylic Influence of point defects in KTaO3 on low-temperature acids dielectric relaxation Langmuir, 26, 3364-3371, 2010 J Eur Ceram Soc, 30, 941-946, 2010
200 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 201 Bertazzo S, Zambuzzi WF, Campos DD, Ferreira CV, Cavallaro A, Burriel M, Roqueta J, Apostolidis A, Bernardi Cook JP, Riley DJ Garcia DA, Dye D, Jackson M, Grimes R, Dashwood RJ Bertran CA A, Tarancon A, Srinivasan R, Cook SN, Fraser HL, Kilner The effect of perchlorate ions on a pyridine-based Development of microstructure and properties during A simple method for enhancing cell adhesion to JA, McComb DW, Santiso J microgel the multiple extrusion and consolidation of Al-4Mg-1Zr hydroxyapatite surface Electronic nature of the enhanced conductivity in YSZ- Adv Colloid Interfac, 147-48, 67-73, 2009 Mat Sci Eng A-Sruct, 527, 3358-3364, 2010 Clin Oral Implants Res, 10, 1600-0501, 2010 STO multilayers deposited by PLD Solid State Ionics, 181, 592-601, 2010 Cwik J, Palewski T, Nenkov K, Lyubina J, Warchulska J, Gardener JA, Liaw I, Aeppli G, Boyd IW, Chater RJ, Jones Bertazzo S, Zambuzzi WF, Campos DD, Ogeda TL, Ferreira Klamut J, Gutfleisch O TS, McPhail DS, Sankar G, Stoneham AM, Sikora M,
CV, Bertran CA Centeno A, Breeze J, Ahmed B, Reehal H, Alford N Magnetic properties and specific heat of Dy1−xLaxNi2 Thornton G, Heutz S Hydroxyapatite surface solubility and effect on cell Scattering of light into silicon by spherical and Compounds A novel route for the inclusion of metal dopants in silicon adhesion hemispherical silver nanoparticles J Magn Magn Mater, 321, 2821-2826, 2009 Nanotechnology, 21, 2, 2010 Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces, 78, 177-184, 2010 Opt Lett, 35, 76-78, 2010 Dong YX, Yong T, Liao S, Chan CK, Stevens MM, Gentleman E, Fredholm YC, Jell G, Lotfibakhshaiesh N, Bertazzo S, Zambuzzi WF, da Silva HA, Ferreira CV, Chae JY, Qin RS, Bhadeshia HKDH Ramakrishna S O’Donnell MD, Hill RG, Stevens MM Bertran CA Topology of the deformation of a non-uniform grain Distinctive degradation behaviors of electrospun The effects of strontium-substituted bioactive glasses on
Bioactivation of alumina by surface modification: a structure polyglycolide, poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide, and poly(L- osteoblasts and osteoclasts in vitro possibility for improving the applicability of alumina in ISIJ Int, 49, 115-118, 2009 lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone) nanofibers cultured Biomaterials, 31, 3949-3956, 2010 bone and oral repair with/without porcine smooth muscle cells Clin Oral Implants Res, 20, 288-293, 2009 Chatzistavrou X, Esteve D, Hatzistavrou E, Kontonasaki Tissue Eng Pt A, 16, 283-298, 2010 Ghadiali JE, Cohen BE, Stevens MM E, Paraskevopoulos KM, Boccaccini AR Protein kinase-actuated resonance energy transfer in Bhagat R, Dye D, Raghunathan SL, Talling RJ, Inman D, Sol-gel based fabrication of novel glass-ceramics and Dudeck KJ, Benedek NA, Finnis MW, Cockayne DJH quantum dot-peptide conjugates
Jackson BK, Rao KK, Dashwood RJ composites for dental applications Atomic-scale characterisation of the SrTiO3 Σ3(112)[1¯10] ACS Nano, 4, 4915-4919, 2010 In situ synchrotron diffraction of the electrochemical Mat Sci Eng C-Mater, 30, 730-739, 2010 grain boundary Giovanardi R, Montorsi M, Ori G, Cho J, Subhani T, reduction pathway of TiO2 Phys Rev B, 81, 134109, 2010 Acta Mater, 58, 5057-5062, 2010 Cheong HS, Wild J, Alford N, Valkov I, Randell C, Paley M Boccaccini AR, Siligardi C A high temperature superconducting imaging coil for Dunlop IE, Briscoe WH, Titmuss S, Jacobs RM, Osborne Microstructural characterisation and electrical properties Bhakhri V, Klassen RJ low-field MRI VL, Edmondson S, Huck WT, Klein J of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/glass-ceramic Strain-rate dependence of the nanoindentation stress of Concept Magn Reson B, 37B, 56-64, 2010 Direct measurement of normal and shear forces between nanocomposites gold at 300k: a deformation kinetics-based approach surface-grown polyelectrolyte layers J Mater Chem, 20, 308-313, 2010 Journal of Materials Research, 24, 1456-1465, 2010 Chernatynskiy A, Grimes RW, Zurbuchen MA, Clarke DR, J Phys Chem B, 113, 3947-3956, 2009 Phillpot SR Goldoni S, Humphries A, Nystram A, Sattar S, Owens RT, Bland PA, Jackson MD, Coker RF, Cohen BA, Webber JBW, Crossover in thermal transport properties of natural, Dunlop IE, Zorn S, Richter G, Srot V, Kelsch M, van Aken McQuillan DJ, Ireton K, Iozzo RV Lee MR, Duffy CM, Chater RJ, Ardakani MG, McPhail DS, perovskite-structured superlattices PA, Skoda M, Gerlach A, Spatz JP, Schreiber F Decorin is a novel antagonistic ligand of the met McComb DW, Benedix GK Appl Phys Lett, 95, 161906, 2009 Titanium-silicon oxide film structures for polarisation- receptor Why aqueous alteration in asteroids was isochemical: modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy J Cell Biol, 185, 743-754, 2009 high porosity not equal high permeability Chroneos A, Jiang C, Grimes RW, Schwingenschlogl U Thin Solid Films, 517, 2048-2054, 2009 Earth Planet Sc Lett, 287, 559-568, 2009 Special quasirandom structures for binary/ternary group Gourlay CM, Nogita K, Read J, Dahle AK IV random alloys Eustace DA, McComb DW, Craven AJ Intermetallic formation and fluidity in Sn-rich Sn-Cu-Ni Breeze J, Krupka J, Centeno A, Alford NM Chem Phys Lett, 493, 97-102, 2010 Probing magnetic order in EELS of chromite spinels alloys
Temperature-stable and high Q-factor TiO2 bragg using both multiple scattering (FEFF8.2) and DFT J Electron Mater, 39, 56-69, 2010 reflector resonator Chroneos A, Kube R, Bracht H, Grimes RW, (WIEN2k) Appl Phys Lett, 94, 082906, 2009 Schwingenschlogl U Micron, 41, 547-553, 2010 Grimes RW, Nuttall WJ Vacancy-indium clusters in implanted germanium Generating the option of a two-stage nuclear Brett DJ, Kucernak AR, Aguiar P, Atkins SC, Brandon NP, Chem Phys Lett, 490, 38-40, 2010 Evans ND, Gentleman E, Chen X, Roberts CJ, Polak JM, renaissance Clague R, Cohen LF, Hinds G, Kalyvas C, Offer GJ, Ladewig Stevens MM Science, 329, 799-803, 2010 B, Maher R, Marquis A, Shearing P, Vasileiadis N, Vesovic V Chroneos A, Parfitt D, Kilner JA, Grimes RW Extracellular matrix-mediated osteogenic differentiation What happens inside a fuel cell? Developing an Anisotropic oxygen diffusion in tetragonal La2NiO4+δ: of murine embryonic stem cells Gupta S, Andresen H, Ghadiali JE, Stevens MM experimental functional map of fuel cell performance molecular dynamics calculations Biomaterials, 31, 3244-3252, 2010 Kinase-actuated immunoaggregation of peptide- Chem Phys Chem, 11, 2714-2731, 2010 J Mater Chem, 20, 266-270, 2010 conjugated gold nanoparticles Fajardo S, Bastidas DM, Ryan MP, Criado M, McPhail DS, Small, 6, 1509-1513, 2010 Brookes JC, Horsfield AP, Stoneham AM Chua AL, Benedek NA, Chen L, Finnis MW, Sutton AP Bastidas JM Odour character differences for enantiomers correlate A genetic algorithm for predicting the structures of Low-nickel stainless steel passive film in simulated Han XJ, Bergqvist L, Dederichs PH, Muller-Krumbhaar H, with molecular flexibility interfaces in multicomponent systems concrete pore solution: a SIMS Study Christie JK, Scandolo S, Tangney P J R Soc Interface, 6, 75-86, 2009 Nat Mater, 9, 418-422, 2010 Appl Surf Sci, 256, 6139-6143, 2010 Polarizable interatomic force field for TiO2 parametrized using density functional theory Calabria J, Vasconcelos WL, Daniel DJ, Chater R, McPhail Clarke E, Howe P, Taylor M, Spencer P, Harbord E, Murray Francis L, Meng D, Knowles JC, Roy I, Boccaccini AR Phys Rev B, 81, 134108, 2010 D, Boccaccini AR R, Kadkhodazadeh S, McComb DW, Stevens BJ, Hogg RA Multifunctional P(3HB) microsphere/45S5 Bioglass®- Synthesis of sol-gel titania bactericide coatings on Persistent template effect in InAs/GaAs quantum dot based composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering Hatzistavrou E, Chatzistavrou X, Papadopoulou adobe brick bilayers Acta Biomater, 6, 2773-2786, 2010 L, Kantiranis N, Kontonasaki E, Boccaccini AR, Constr Build Mater, 24, 384-389, 2010 J Appl Phys, 107, 11, 113502, 2010 Paraskevopoulos KM Fuloria D, Lee PD Characterisation of the bioactive behaviour of sol-gel Coakley J, Basoalto H, Dye D An X-ray microtomographic and finite element modeling hydroxyapatite-CaO and hydroxyapatite-CaO-bioactive Coarsening of a multimodal nickel-base superalloy approach for the prediction of semi-solid deformation glass composites Acta Mater, 58, 4019-4028, 2010 behaviour in Al-Cu alloys Mat Sci Eng C-Mater, 30, 497-502, 2010 Acta Mater, 57, 5554-5562, 2009
202 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 203 Hine ND, Haynes PD, Mostofi AA, Payne MC Jones NG, Dashwood RJ, Dye D, Jackson M Laguna-Bercero MA, Campana R, Larrea A, Kilner JA, Lyubina J, Schäfer, R, Martin N, Schultz L, Gutfleisch O
Linear-scaling density-functional simulations of charged The flow behaviour and microstructural evolution of Ti- Orera VM Novel design of La(Fe,Si)13 alloys towards high magnetic
point defects in Al2O3 using hierarchical sparse matrix 5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr during subtransus isothermal forging Steam electrolysis using a microtubular solid oxide fuel refrigeration performance algebra Metal Mater Trans A, 40A, 1944-1954, 2009 cell Adv Mater, 22, 3735-3739, 2010 J Chem Phys, 133, 114111, 12, 2010 J Electrochem Soc, 157, B852-B855, 2010 Jones NG, Ward-Close CM, Brown PM, Dye D Maher RC, Maier SA, Cohen LF, Koh L, Laromaine A, Dick Horsfield A An evaluation of the tensile properties of a Laguna-Bercero MA, Kilner JA, Skinner SJ JAG, Stevens MM
Global density of states: an nth moment potential supersaturated carbon layer via in situ synchrotron Performance and characterisation of (La, Sr)MnO3/YSZ Exploiting SERS hot spots for disease-specific enzyme
Philos Mag, 89, 3287-3297, 2009 diffraction and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 and electrodes for solid oxide detection Scripta Mater, 63, 85-88, 2010 electrolysis cells J Phys Chem C, 114, 7231-7235, 2010 Horsfield AP, Tong LH, Soh YA, Warburton PA Chem Mater, 22, 1134-1141, 2010 How to use a nanowire to measure vibrational Kenny SD, Horsfield AP Mandal K, Pal D, Scheerbaum N, Lyubina J, Gutfleisch O frequencies: device simulator results PLATO: a localised orbital based density functional Laromaine A, Akbulut O, Stellacci F, Stevens MM Effect of pressure on the magnetocaloric properties of J Appl Phys, 108, 014511, 2010 theory code Supramolecular seplication of peptide and DNA nickel-rich Ni-Mn-Ga heusler alloys Comput Phys Commun, 180, 2616-2621, 2009 patterned arrays J Appl Phys, 105, 7, 073509-073509-6, 2009 Huang ZH, Conway PP, Qin RS J Mater Chem, 20, 68-70, 2010 Modelling of interfacial intermetallic compounds in the Kermode JR, Cereda S, Tangney P, De Vita A Marsh DH, Riley DJ, York D, Graydon A application of very fine lead-free solder interconnections A first principles based polarizable O(N) interatomic Lee WE Sorption of inorganic nanoparticles in woven cellulose Microsyst Technol, 15, 101-107, 2009 force field for bulk silica Future challenges and opportunities in refractories fabrics J Chem Phys, 133, 94102-094102-9, 2010 Minerals and Materials Review, 38-39, 2010 Particuology, 7, 121-128, 2009 Illy BN, Ingham B, Ryan MP Effect of supersaturation on the growth of zinc oxide Kim DW, Qin RS, Bhadeshia HKDH Lee WE, Sa R Minelli C, Lowe SB, Stevens MM nanostructured films by electrochemical deposition Transformation texture of allotriomorphic ferrite in steel Challenges and opportunities for the refractories Engineering nanocomposite materials for cancer therapy Cryst Growth Des, 10, 1189-1193, 2010 Mater Sci Tech-Lond, 25, 892-895, 2009 industry – an academic perspective Small, 6, 21, 2336-2357-, 2010 IREFCON10, 7-17, 2010 Ingham B, Brady CDA, Burstein GT, Gaston N, Ryan MP Kim DW, Suh DW, Qin RS, Bhadeshia HKDH Misra SK, Ansari T, Mohn D, Valappil SP, Brunner TJ, Stark EXAFS analysis of electrocatalytic WC materials Dual orientation and variant selection during diffusional Li X, Finnis MW, He J, Behera RK, Phillpot SR, Sinnott SB, WJ, Roy I, Knowles JC, Sibbons PD, Jones EV, Boccaccini J Phys Chen C, 113, 17407-17410, 2009 transformation of austenite to allotriomorphic ferrite Dickey EC AR, Salih V
Journal of Materials Science, 45, 4126-4132, 2010 Energetics of charged point defects in rutile TiO2 by Effect of nanoparticulate bioactive glass particles Ingham B, Hendy SC, Fong DD, Fuoss PH, Eastman JA, density functional theory on bioactivity and cytocompatibility of poly(3- Lassesson A, Tee KC, Convers PY, Brown SA, Ryan MP, Kim YK, Qin RS Acta Mater, 57, 5882-5891, 2009 hydroxybutyrate) composites Toney MF Effect of two-liquid casting on the microstructure of J R Soc Interface, 7, 453-465, 2010 Synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements of strain in Sn-Pb alloys Lin S, Ionescu C, Baker S, Smith ME, Jones JR metallic nanoparticles with oxide shells Materials Science Forum, 649, 415-418, 2010 Characterisation of the inhomogeneity of sol-gel- Misra SK, Ansari TI, Valappil SP, Mohn D, Philip SE, Stark
J Phys D Appl Phys, 43, 7, 2010 derived SiO2-CaO bioactive glass and a strategy for its WJ, Roy I, Knowles JC, Salih V, Boccaccini AR Konig K, Novak S, Boccaccini AR, Kobe S improvement Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) multifunctional composite Ionova-Martin SS, Do SH, Barth HD, Szadkowska M, The effect of the particle size and the morphology of J Sol-Gel Sci Techn, 53, 255-262, 2010 scaffolds for tissue engineering applications Porter AE, Ager JW, Ager JW, Alliston T, Vaisse C, Ritchie RO alumina powders on the processing of green bodies by Biomaterials, 31, 2806-2815, 2010 Reduced size-independent mechanical properties of electrophoretic deposition Lin S, Ionescu C, Valliant EM, Hanna JV, Smith ME, Jones JR cortical bone in high-fat diet-induced obesity J Mater Process Tech, 210, 96-103, 201 Tailoring the nanoporosity of sol-gel derived bioactive Misra SK, Ohashi F, Valappil SP, Knowles JC, Roy I, Silva Bone, 46, 217-225, 2010 glass using trimethylethoxysilane SR, Salih V, Boccaccini AR Kozyrev A, Gaidukov M, Gagarin A, Altynnikov A, J Mater Chem, 20, 1489-1496, 2010 Characterisation of carbon nanotube (MWCNT) Jackson BK, Dye D, Inman D, Bhagat R, Talling RJ, Osadchy V, Tumarkin A, Petrov PK, Alford NM containing P(3HB)/bioactive glass composites for tissue Raghunathan SL, Jackson M, Dashwood RJ Evaluation of the space charge trap energy levels in the Liu J, Chater RJ, Hagenhoff B, Morris RJH, Skinner SJ engineering applications Characterisation of the FFC Cambridge Process for NiTi ferroelectric films Surface enhancement of oxygen exchange and diffusion Acta Biomater, 6, 735-742, 2010 production using in situ X-ray synchrotron diffraction J Appl Phys, 106, 1, 014108- 14108-4, 2009 in the ionic conductor La2Mo2O9 J Electrochem Soc, 157, E57-E63, 2010 Solid State Ionics, 181, 812-818, 2010 Monami G, Emiliozzi V, Bitto A, Lovat F, Xu SQ, Goldoni Kreger K, Wolfer P, Audorff H, Kador L, Stingelin- S, Fassan M, Serrero G, Gomella LG, Baffa R, Iozzo RV, Jackson BK, Inman D, Jackson M, Dye D, Dashwood RJ Stutzmann N, Smith P, Schmidt HW Lovat F, Bitto A, Xu SQ, Fassan M, Goldoni S, Metalli D, Morrione A NiTi production via the FFC Cambridge Process: Stable holographic gratings with small-molecular Wubah V, McCue P, Serrero G, Gomella LG, Baffa R, Iozzo Proepithelin regulates prostate cancer cell biology refinement of process parameters trisazobenzene derivatives RV, Morrione A by promoting cell growth, migration, and anchorage- J Electrochem Soc, 157, E36-E43, 2010 J Am Chem Soc, 132, 509-516, 2010 Proepithelin is an autocrine growth factor for bladder independent growth cancer Am J Pathol, 174, 1037-1047, 2009 Jantou-Morris V, Horton MA, McComb DW Kumar A, Baklar MA, Scott K, Kreouzis T, Stingelin- Carcinogenesis, 30, 861-868, 2009 The nano-morphological relationships between apatite Stutzmann N Moore JD, Cohen LF, Yeshurun Y, Caplin AD, Morrison crystals and collagen fibrils in ivory dentine Efficient, stable bulk charge transport in crystalline/ Lyubina J, Gutfleisch O, Kuz’min MD, Richter M K, Yates KA, McGilvery CM, Perkins JM, McComb DW, Biomaterials, 31, 5275-5286, 2010 crystalline semiconductor-insulator blends La(Fe,Si)13-based magnetic refrigerants obtained by Trautmann C, Ren ZA, Yang J, Lu W, Dong XL, Zhao ZX Adv Mater, 21, 4447-4451, 2009 novel processing routes (vol 320, pg 2252, 2008) The effect of columnar defects on the pinning properties Jayaseelan DD, Ueno S, Ohji T, Kanzaki S J Magn Magn Mater, 321, 3571-3577, 2009 of NdFeAsO0.85 conglomerate particles High strain-to-failure porous alumina ceramics with Kumar P, Lyubina J, Gutfleisch O Supercond Sci Tech, 22,12, 2 improved mechanical properties Magnetic and magnetocaloric effect in melt spun Lyubina J, Muller KH, Wolf M, Hannemann U
J Ceramic Processing Research, 5, 48-52, 2010 La1−xRxFe13−yAlyCz (R = Pr and Nd) compounds A two-particle exchange interaction model J Phys D Appl Phys, 42, 20, 2009 J Magn Magn Mater, 322, 2948-2955, 2010
204 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 205 Morrison K, Lyubina J, Moore JD, Caplin AD, Sandeman Otte AF, Ternes M, Loth S, Lutz CP, Hirjibehedin CF, Raj A, Rudkin RA, Atkinson A Schwingenschlogl U, Chroneos A, Schuster C, Grimes RW KG, Gutfleisch O, Cohen LF Heinrich AJ Cogeneration of HCN in a solid oxide fuel cell Extrinsic doping in silicon revisited Contributions to the entropy change in melt-spun Spin excitations of a kondo-screened atom coupled to a J Electrochem Soc, 157, B719-B725, 2010 Appl Phys Lett, 96, 24, 2010
LaFe11.6Si1.4 second magnetic atom J Phys D Appl Phys, 43, 13, 2010 Phys Rev Lett, 10, 103, 107203, 2009 Ramirez-Lopez PE, Lee PD, Mills KC Schwingenschlogl U, Di Paola C, Nogita K, Gourlay CM Explicit modelling of slag infiltration and shell formation The influence of Ni additions on the relative stability of
Mottura A, Warnken N, Miller MK, Finnis MW, Reed RC Packer RJ, Skinner SJ during mould oscillation in continuous casting eta and eta(‘) Cu6Sn5 Atom probe tomography analysis of the distribution of Remarkable oxide ion conductivity observed at low ISIJ INT, 50, 425-434, 2010 Appl Phys Lett, 96, 6, 2010 rhenium in nickel alloys temperatures in a complex superstructured oxide Acta Mater, 58, 931-942, 2010 Adv Mater, 14, 22, 1613-1616, 2010 Rawal R, McQueen AJ, Gillie LJ, Hyatt NC, McCabe EE, Shearing PR, Golbert J, Chater RJ, Brandon NP Samara K, Alford NM, Feteira A, Reaney IM, Sinclair DC 3D reconstruction of SOFC anodes using a focused ion Murakawa H, Beres M, Davies CM, Rashed S, Vega A, Parfitt DC, Chroneos A, Kilner JA, Grimes RW Influence of octahedral tilting on the microwave beam lift-out technique
Tsunori M, Nikbin KM, Dye D Molecular dynamics study of oxygen diffusion in Pr(2) dielectric properties of A3LaNb3O12 hexagonal Chem Eng Sci, 64, 3928-3933, 2009
Effect of low transformation temperature weld filler NiO(4+δ) perovskites (A=Ba, Sr) metal on welding residual stress Phys Chem Chem Phys, 12, 6834-6836, 2010 Appl Phys Lett, 94, 19, 2009 Shimada T, Ichikawa K, Minemura T, Yamauchi H, Utsumi Sci Technol Weld Joi, 15, 393-399, 2010 W, Ishii Y, Breeze J, Alford NM Parfitt DC, Bishop CL, Wenman MR, Grimes RW Rieu M, Sayers R, Laguna-Bercero MA, Skinner SJ, Intrinsic microwave dielectric loss of lanthanum Murphy ST, Chroneos A, Jiang C, Schwingenschlogl U, Strain fields and line energies of dislocations in uranium Lenormand P, Ansart F aluminate
Grimes RW dioxide Investigation of graded La2NiO4 + δ cathodes to improve IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control, 57, 2243- Deviations from vegard’s law in ternary III-V alloys J Phys-Condens Mat, 22, 17, 2010 SOFC electrochemical performance 2249, 2010 Phys Rev B, 82, 7, 2010 J Electrochem Soc, 157, B477-B480, 2010 Perkins JM, Fearn S, Cook SN, Srinivasan R, Rouleau CM, Shukla S, Nair R, Rolle MW, Braun KR, Chan CK, Johnson Murphy ST, Gilbert CA, Smith R, Mitchell TE, Grimes RW Christen HM, West GD, Morris RJH, Fraser HL, Skinner SJ, Robinson M, Haynes PD PY, Wight TN, McDevitt TC
Non-stoichiometry in MgAl2O4 spinel Kilner JA, McComb DW Dynamical effects in ab initio NMR Calculations: classical Synthesis and organisation of hyaluronan and versican Philos Mag, 90, 1297-1305, 2010 Anomalous oxidation states in multilayers for fuel cell force fields fitted to quantum forces by embryonic stem cells undergoing embryoid body applications J Chem Phys, 133, 84109, 2010 differentiation Murphy ST, Lu H, Grimes RW Adv Funct Mater, 20, 2664-2674, 2010 J Histochem Cytochem, 58, 345-358 General relationships for isovalent cation substitution Roether JA, Daniel DJ, Rani DA, Deegan DE, Cheeseman into oxides with the rocksalt structure Petrov PK, Alford NM, Kozyrev A, Gaidukov M, Altynnikov CR, Boccaccini AR Singh R, Lee PD, Dashwood RJ, Lindley TC J Phys Chem Solids, 71, 735-738, 2010 A, Vasilevskiy A, Konoplev G, Tumarkin A, Gagarin A Properties of sintered glass-ceramics prepared from Titanium foams for biomedical applications: a review Effect of ultraviolet radiation on slow-relaxation plasma vitrified air pollution control residues Mater Technol, 25, 127-136, 2010 Obbard EG, Hao YL, Akahori T, Talling RJ, Niinomi M processes in ferroelectric capacitance structures J Hazard Mater, 173, 563-569, 2010 Dye D, Yang R J Appl Phys, 107, 8, 2010 Singh R, Lee PD, Jones JR, Poologasundarampillai G, Post Mechanics of superelasticity in Ti-30Nb-(8-10)Ta-5Zr Russo M, Rigby SEJ, Caseri W, Stingelin N T, Lindley TC, Dashwood RJ alloy Pullar RC, Penn SJ, Wang X, Reaney IM, Alford NM Pronounced photochromism of titanium oxide hydrates Hierarchically structured titanium foams for tissue
Acta Mater, 58, 3557-3567, 2010 Dielectric loss caused by oxygen vacancies in titania (hydrous TiO2) scaffold applications ceramics J Mater Chem, 20, 1348-1356, 2010 Acta Biomater, 12, 4596-604, 2010 Offer G, Howey D, Contestabile M, Clague R, Brandon N J Eur Ceram Soc, 29, 419-424, 2009 Comparative analysis of battery electric, hydrogen fuel Samuel EI, Bhowmik A, Qin RS Singh R, Lee PD, Lindley TC, Dashwood RJ, Ferrie E, cell and hybrid vehicles in a future sustainable road Qin RS, Bhadeshia HKDH Accelerated spheroidization induced by high intensity Imwinkelried T transport system Phase field method electric pulse in a severely deformed eutectoid steel Characterisation of the structure and permeability of Energy Policy, 38, 24-29, 2010 Materials Science and Technology, 26, 803-811, 2010 Journal of Materials Research, 25, 1020-1024, 2010 titanium foams for spinal fusion devices Acta Biomater, 5, 477-487, 2009 O’Regan DD, Hine NDM, Payne MC, Mostofi AA Qin RS, Bhadeshia HKDH Sato K, Suzuki K, Yashiro K, Kawada T, Yugami H, Projector self-consistent DFT+U using nonorthogonal Phase-field model study of the crystal morphological Hashida T, Atkinson A, Mizusaki J Singh R, Lee PD, Lindley TC, Kohlhauser C, Hellmich C,
generalised wannier functions evolution of HCP metals Effect of Y2O3 addition on the conductivity and elastic Bram M, Imwinkelried T, Dashwood RJ
Phys Rev B, 82, 1098-0121, 2010 Acta Mater, 57, 3382-3390, 2009 modulus of (CeO2)1 − x(YO1.5)x Characterisation of the deformation behavior of Solid State Ionics, 180, 1220-1225, 2009 intermediate porosity interconnected ti foams using Otarawanna S, Gourlay CM, Laukli HI, Dahle AK Qin RS, Bhadeshia HKDH micro-computed tomography and direct finite element Agglomeration and bending of equiaxed crystals during Phase-field model study of the effect of interface Sayers R, De Souza RA, Kilner JA, Skinner SJ modelling solidification of hypoeutectic Al and Mg alloys anisotropy on the crystal morphological evolution of Low temperature diffusion and oxygen stoichiometry in Acta Biomater, 6, 2342-2351, 2010 Acta Mater, 58, 261-271, 2010 cubic metals lanthanum nickelate Acta Mater, 57, 2210-2216, 2009 Solid State Ionics, 181, 386-391, 2010 Smith J, Hamilton R, McCulloch I, Stingelin-Stutzmann N, Otarawanna S, Gourlay CM, Laukli HI, Dahle AK Heeney M, Bradley DDC, Anthopoulos TD The thickness of defect bands in high-pressure die Quintero F, Pou J, Comesana R, Lusquinos F, Riveiro A, Schausten MC, Meng DC, Telle R, Boccaccini AR Solution-processed organic transistors based on castings Mann AB, Hill RG, Wu ZY, Jones JR Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes and semiconducting blends Mater Charact, 60, 1432-1441, 2009 Laser spinning of bioactive glass nanofibers bioactive glass particles for bioactive composite J Mater Chem, 20, 2562-2574, 2010 Adv Funct Mater, 19, 3084-3090, 2009 coatings Otarawanna S, Laukli HI, Gourlay CM, Dahle AK Ceram Int, 36, 307-312, 2010 Song JY, Stingelin N, Drew AJ, Kreouzis T, Gillin WP Feeding mechanisms in high-pressure die castings Raghunathan SL, Talling RJ, Dye D Effect of excited states and applied magnetic fields on Metall Mater Trans A, 41A, 1836-1846, 2010 Micromechanics, microstrains and modelling of alpha, Schmidgall E, Walters RA, Centeno A, Petrov PK, Alford NM the measured hole mobility in an organic semiconductor alpha-beta, and metastable beta Ti alloys Temperature stable BaxSr1−xTiO3 thin film structures for Phys Rev B, 82, 085205, 2010 J Strain Anal Eng, 45, 337-349, 2010 microwave devices Electron Lett, 46, 277-U27, 2010
206 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 207 Sparrowe D, Baklar M, Stingelin N Vecchione A, Fassan M, Anesti V, Morrione A, Goldoni Woodward RT, Slater RA, Higgins S, Rannard SP, Cooper Low-temperature printing of crystalline: crystalline S, Baldassarre G, Byrne D, D’Arca D, Palazzo JP, Lloyd J, AI, Royles BJL, Findlay PH, Weaver JVM polymer blend transistors Scorrano L, Gomella LG, Iozzo RV, Baffa R Controlling responsive emulsion properties via polymer Org Electron, 11, 1296-1300, 2010 MITOSTATIN, A putative tumor suppressor on design chromosome 12q24.1, is downregulated in human Chem Commun, 24, 3554-3556, 2009 Stanek CR, Jiang C, Uberuaga BP, Sickafus KE, Cleave AR, bladder and breast cancer Grimes RW Oncogene, 28, 257-269, 2009 Yuan L, Lee PD Predicted Structure and Stability of A4B3O12 δ-Phase Dendritic solidification under natural and forced Compositions Vorontsov VA, Shen C, Wang Y, Dye D, Rae CMF convection in binary alloys: 2D versus 3D simulation Phys Rev B, 80,174101, 2009 Shearing of gamma ‘ precipitates by a < 1 1 2 > Model Simul Mater Sc, 18, 5, 2010 dislocation ribbons in ni-base superalloys: a phase field Steele B, Burns AD, Chernatynskiy A, Grimes RW, approach Yue S, Lee PD, Poologasundarampillai G, Yao Z, Rockett Phillpot SR Acta Mater, 58, 4110-4119, 2010 P, Devlin AH, Mitchell CA, Konerding MA, Jones JR Anisotropic thermal properties in orthorhombic Synchrotron X-ray microtomography for assessment of perovskites Wang H, Mauthoor S, Din S, Gardener JA, Chang R, bone tissue sscaffolds J Mater Sci, 45, 168-176, 2010 Warner M, Aeppli G, McComb DW, Ryan MP, Wu W, Fisher J Mater Sci Mater Med, 21, 847-853, 2010 AJ, Stoneham M, Heutz S Stingelin N Ultralong copper phthalocyanine nanowires with new Yunos DM, Ahmad Z, Boccaccini AR Organic electronics electrical contacts crystal structure and broad optical absorption Fabrication and characterisation of electrospun poly- Nat Mater, 8, 858-860, 2009 ACS Nano, 4, 3921-3926, 2010 DL-lactide (PDLLA) fibrous coatings on 45S5 Bioglass® substrates for bone tissue engineering applications Sun B, Rudkin RA, Atkinson A Wang X, Atkinson A, Chirivi L, Nicholls JR J Chem Technol Biot, 85, 768-774, 2010 Effect of thermal cycling on residual stress and curvature Evolution of stress and morphology in thermal barrier of anode-supported SOFCs coatings Zhang G, Chen S, Goldoni S, Calder BW, Simpson HC, Fuel Cells, 9, 805-813, 2009 Surf Coat Tech, 204, 3851-3857, 2010 Owens RT, McQuillan DJ, Young MF, Iozzo RV, Birk DE Genetic evidence for the coordinated regulation of Swain RJ, Kemp SJ, Goldstraw P, Tetley TD, Stevens MM Wang X, Wu RT, Atkinson A collagen fibrillogenesis in the cornea by decorin and Assessment of cell line models of primary human cells by Characterisation of residual stress and interface biglycan raman spectral phenotyping degradation in TBCs by photo-luminescence piezo- J Biol Chem, 284, 8888-8897, 2009 Biophys J, 98, 1703-1711, 2010 spectroscopy Surf Coat Tech, 204, 2472-2482, 2010 Zhu R, McLachlan M, Reyntjens S, Tariq F, Ryan MP, Tang M, Dong YX, Stevens MM, Williams CK McComb DW Tailoring polylactide degradation: copolymerization of a Weaver JVM, Adams DJ Controlling the electrodeposition of mesoporous metals carbohydrate lactone and S,S-lactide Synthesis and application of pH-responsive branched for nanoplasmonics Macromolecules, 43, 7556-7564, 2010 copolymer nanoparticles (PRBNs): a comparison with Nanoscale, 1, 355-359, 2009 pH-responsive shell cross-linked micelles Tangney P, Scandolo S Soft Matter, 6, 2575-2582, 2010 Zoeller JJ, Pimtong W, Corby H, Goldoni S, Iozzo AE, Melting slope of MgO from Molecular Dynamics and Owens RT, Ho SY, Iozzo RV Density Functional Theory Weaver JVM, Rannard SP, Cooper AI A central role for decorin during vertebrate convergent J Chem Phys, 131, 124510, 2009 Polymer-mediated hierarchical and reversible emulsion extension droplet assembly J Biol Chem, 284, 11728-11737, 2009 Tarancon A, Burriel M, Santiso J, Skinner SJ, Kilner JA Angew Chem Int Edit, 48, 2131-2134, 2009 Advances in layered oxide cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells Wenman MR, Chard-Tuckey PR J Mater Chem, 20, 3799-3813, 2010 Modelling and experimental characterisation of the luders strain in complex loaded ferritic steel compact Valant M, Axelsson AK, Aguesse F, Alford NM tension specimens Molecular auxetic behavior of epitaxial co-ferrite spinel Int J Plasticity, 26, 1013-1028, 2010 thin film Adv Funct Mater, 20, 644-647, 2010 Wenman MR, Price AJ, Steuwer A, Chard-Tuckey PR, Crocombe A Valant M, Dunne LJ, Axelsson AK, Alford NM, Manos G, Modelling and experimental characterisation of a Perantie J, Hagberg J, Jantunen H, Dabkowski A residual stress field in a ferritic compact tension Electrocaloric effect in a ferroelectric 0.92Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3) specimen O3-0.08PbTiO3 single crystal Int J Pres Ves Pip, 86, 830-837, 2009 Phys Rev B, 81, 21, 2010 Woodward RT, Chen L, Adams DJ, Weaver JVM Valant M, Kolodiazhnyi T, Axelsson AK, Babu GS, Alford Fabrication of large volume, macroscopically defined and NM responsive engineered emulsions using a homogeneous Spin ordering in Mn-doped KTaO3? pH-trigger Chem Mater, 22, 1952-1954, 2010 J Mater Chem, 20, 5228-5234, 2010
208 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 209 Grants and contracts awarded
A number of key grants/contracts were awarded during the 2009-10 session, involving Materials staff members.They are listed below:
Materials investigators Awarding body Project title and start date Value Professor Neil McN Alford (PI) EPSRC Ferroelectrics for nanoelectronics (FERN) (linked £411,024 with Newcastle University) 1 September 2010
Professor Neil McN Alford (PI) QinetiQ Limited Metamaterials work for Imperial College London £30,000 under MAST theme 1 1 November 2009
Professor Neil McN Alford (PI) EPSRC Nano-scale SQUID magnetometry of oxide £652,430 heterointerfaces (linked with UCL) 7 April 2010
Professor Neil McN Alford (PI) EPSRC Nanostructured functional materials for energy £2,692,900 efficient refrigeration, energy harvesting and production of hydrogen from water 1 October 2009
Professor Manish Chhowalla The Leverhulme Large area electronics with solution processed £131,066 (PI) Trust chemically derived graphene 1 May 2010
Dr David Dye (PI) EPSRC Reducing emissions by exploiting stress-induced £1,410,863 martensitic transformations – EPSRC leadership fellowship 2009 1 April 2010
Dr Christopher M Gourlay (PI) EPSRC Video microscopy of granular deformation and £126,968 strain localisation in partially-solid alloys 1 April 2010
Professor Robin W Grimes (PI) Institut de Fission product accommodation and £35,804 Radioprotection microstructure evolution in irradiated nuclear fuel et de Surete 19 October 2009 Nucleaire
Professor Norbert Klein (CI) The Leverhulme The embedding of emerging disciplines 4 £74,040 Trust 1 April 2010
Professor Peter D Lee (PI) Corus UK Limited Corus Chair £410,772 16 November 2009
Professor Peter D Lee (PI) Royal Academy Of Corus Chair £200,853 Engineering 16 November 2009
Professor David W McComb AWE Plc Fundamental studies of SERS ¿ high resolution £125,000 (PI) analysis of SERS active metallic nanoparticles 1 October 2009
Professor David W McComb The Leverhulme The embedding of emerging disciplines 6 £62,040 (CI) and Dr Andrew P Trust 1 April 2010 Horsfield (CI)
Professor David W McComb The Leverhulme The embedding of emerging disciplines 7 £71,040 (CI) Trust 1 April 2010
Professor David W McComb EPSRC Modelling and quantitative interpretation of £25,475 (PI) electron energy-loss spectra using novel density functional theory methods 26 August 2010
210 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 211 South Kensington Campus
Hyde Park Kensington Gore
Dr Jason Riley (PI) Hewlett-Packard Fabrication striped nanorods for display devices £83,651 Ltd 1 October 2009 Royal Albert Hall Dr Arash A Mostofi (PI) EPSRC Development of wide-ranging functionality in the £258,991 Dr Peter D Haynes (CI) ONETEP code 1 October 2009
ate ate
Dr Mary P Ryan (PI) EU Commission Marie Curie IEF for Dr Julia Lyubina: NanoMagma £139,994 G Prince’s Gate s G 2 ’s Gardens
– nanocomposite magnetocaloric materials n’ 1 May 2010
rince
P Professor Eduardo Saiz National Institutes Novel nanocomposites for bone regeneration £67,605 Quee 1 Gutierrez (PI) of Health (NIH) 1 July 2010 Beit Quad Professor Eduardo Saiz US Army Engineer Bio-inspired ceramic-CNT composites £31,212 Ethos Prince Consort Road Gutierrez (PI) Research And 15 September 2010 3 Sports 45 8 Centre Development Blackett 7 Royal School 9 10 of Mines 12 Center l Prince’s Gardens (North Side) 6 Professor Molly M Stevens Wellcome Trust Wellcome Trust and EPSRC Medical Engineering £849,697 11 Bone oderic Hil
(CI) Centre 100 R Bessemer Business 17 35 1 October 2009 13 14 ACEX School Huxley 16 18 Prince’s 19 15 Gardens Electrical
Professor Molly M Stevens EPSRC Wellcome Trust and EPSRC Medical Engineering £488,477 Engineering (PI) Centre 5
22 oad 1 October 2009 20 Sherfield 21 Faculty 23 Professor Molly M Stevens EPSRC EPSRC follow on fund: biomaterials from sugars 2 £12,687 28 (CI) 1 October 2009 25 Prince’s Gardens (Watts Way) Queen’s 26 27 Lawn Mechanical Southside 24 Library Skempton Engineering xhibition R 29 Professor Molly M Stevens Technology StronBone and StronBone-P: formulation £109,500 E (PI) Strategy Board optimisation, scale-up, pre-clinical testing, Imperial College Road clinical trial design and planning 1 July 2010 30 32 Chemistry 33 Chemistry 50 metres Dr Luc JM Vandeperre (PI) and US Office of Naval High toughness mullite development £34,070 RCS1 31 Sir Dr Finn Giuliani (CI) Research – Global 1 July 2010 Alexander 34 Fleming Dr Mark R Wenman (PI) Ministry Of Modelling of hydrogen in zircaloy: interactions £137,294 Frankland Road South Defence between zirconium hydride and zirconium metal Kensington 1 October 2009
Mr Fraser Wigley (CI) University Of Leeds Oxyfuel combustion – academic programme for UK £64,584 1 November 2009 Cromwell Road Department of Materials KAUST Imperial-KAUST Academic Excellence Alliance £1,102,687
donation ($2M) Thurloe Place
Total £9,840,724 Vehicle entrance
Thurloe Street
Buildings where wheelchair access is not possible at this time
1 Beit Quadrangle 11 Bessemer Building 20 Sherfield Building 27 Skempton Building 2 Imperial College Union 12 Goldsmiths Building Student Hub 28 Mechanical Engineering 3 Ethos Sports Centre 13 Huxley Building Conference Office Building 21 Grantham Institute for 4 Prince’s Gdns, North Side 14 ACE Extension 29 Southside Climate Change Garden Hall 15 William Penney 30 Wolfson Building 22 Faculty Building 5 Weeks Hall Laboratory 31 Flowers Building 23 58 Prince’s Gate 6 Blackett Laboratory 16 Electrical Engineering 32 Chemistry Building 24 170 Queen’s Gate 7 Roderic Hill Building 17 Business School 33 Sir Alexander Fleming 18 53 Prince’s Gate 25 Imperial College and Building 8 Bone Building Science Museum Libraries 9 Royal School of Mines 19 Eastside 34 Chemistry RCS1 26 Queen’s Tower 10 Aston Webb 35 52 Prince’s Gate (PI) = Principal Investigator (CI) = Co-Investigator
212 Department of Materials Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 213 Credits
5 Photo of Neil courtesy of University of Nova Gorica 37 Photo of Professor Molly M Stevens courtesy of InSpine magazine 38 Photo of Dr Julian R Jones courtesy of The American Ceramic Society 51 Image courtesy of Shutterstock 54 Group photo taken by Neville Miles 62 Image courtesy of Shutterstock 117 KAUST logo courtesy of KAUST IDEA League logo courtesy of IDEA League All other images were kindly supplied by staff and students in the Department of Materials and the Imperial digital image library
214 Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 www.imperial.ac.uk/materials www.imperial.ac.uk/materials Department of Materials Annual Report and Research in Progress 2009–10 215