International Conference on the Role of Universities in Hands-On Education Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Chiang-Mai, 23-29 August 2009

THE LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATIONS AND ITS ROLE IN THAI- BORDERS RELATIONSHIPS

Yongyuth Burasith ______

ABSTRACT This paper reports on results of a study in the role, both the government and local administative organizations, The area of research have 7 province in Thai-Cambodia border of the Ubonratchatani Sisaket Surin Burirum Sakaeo and Trad province which shares the border with Koh Kong of Cambodia, in regarding to a relationship building between Thailand and Cambodia. The study focuses an 3 aspects: factors, problems and solutions involving the relationship building. Research Design is both of quantitative and qualitative by sending the questionnaire to local administrative organizations which set attached to Thailand-Cambidia borders in 7 provinces. Also, the qualitative study composed of data collection in the area in major then, to synthesize the data collected in the study area. The study found that policy of the 7 provincial government; leadership of both the government and local leaders; kinship relation among people in the border areas; supports from all partners involved; and a transportation are five factors affected the relationship building between Thailand and Cambodia. Lacking of a language and cultural understanding and no clear authority of the local organization regarding the Thai-Cambodia relation are two main problems found in the relationship building. In order to overcome the problems, the study suggested that “the Border Committee of Local People” should be set up; and both the government and local leaders should be equipped with an understanding of Cambodia regarding language and culture.

*Insitute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhonpathom,Thailand

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INTRODUCTION Thailand-Cambodia Borders are arranged to important areas of politics, security, economics, society, culture, and tourism. The location where the government give the importance and need to develop the relations. Due to Cambodia is a neighbouring country which has had a relationship for a long time. Also,Cambodia is a high potential country of investment because of plentiful natural resources, and historical interesting country ; important ancient educational remains, antiques, and places. So, Cambodia becomes very significant. At the area mentioned, 7 are closed to Cambodia : , Chantaburi, Sakaeo , Burirum, Sisaket, Surin, and, Ubonratchathani where there are significances of commerce and tourism. The crucial problems happen without successful solutions such as illegal immigration, alien workers, AIDS infection, casinos, cross-border smuggling, transportation of narcotic drugs, human being trafficking, and local relationship, etc. However, the officials of central government, for example the military, the police, governors or related officials of central departments work at the borders, their actions cannot solve them. The way of guarding does not cover all areas. Besides, the administration around borders and the establishment of relations depend on the social and cultural dimensions, including a kinship or an acquaintance of people in the area. Therefore, the participation of the local administrative organizations and local people are significant for management and The relationship in the boundary especially, a reinforcement of good and strong relationship in neighbouring country. According to the constitution of The Kingdom of Thailand B.E.2550 (2007) focused on decentralizing to the locality , ChapterXIV defined to the Local AdministrationThe Secretariat of the House representatives : 2007section 281 subject to section 1 , “ the State shall give autonomy to local government organisation with the principle of self-government according to the will of the people in a locality and shall encourage local government organisation to be the principal public services provider and to participate in rendering resolution to any problem occurs within its vicinity. Any locality has a tendency to self-government shall have the right to be formed as a local government organisation as provided by law.”

Accordingly, the intention defines the autonomy principle of local people, the government must support people to participate and to intend in autonomy in the style of local administrative organization which functions the main of public service arrangement suitably and according to the need of local people. The operation of local administrative organization must be independent under the enactment in section 1 of the constitution, the central and local government must not interfere the administrative action of local administration organization. The control of local administrative organization by the central and local government must support the public part in locality with strength. Meanwhile, the government must respect the role and the partipatory working of local official in each area, in order to set the main machine of administrative examination of local administration

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organization, to assure the principle of local government with authentic independence and to benefit the locality in major.

According to the reasons, the constitution in The Kingdom of Thailand, B.E.2550 (2007) focused on the authentic independence and the utilization of locality. However, the constitution does not indicate to authorization for strenghtening relationship with foreign contries, locality has an importance in the area for a participation of the central part or the official. The co-ordination and responsilbility in the own area cause local and national benefits. Therefore, the significance of study how the local administrative organization and local people have roles, participate in administration in borders and co-operate to make relationship with neighbouring contry. So that, the approaches define the public policy in additional roles and effective potence in locality next occasion. 1.1 The Objectives of the study 1) To preliminary study a role of the local administrative organization in the area of 7 provinces with the operation for making relationship to neighbouring country. 2) To study impact factors on formation of relations with neighbouring country in borders. 3) To study problems and obstacles of strengthening relations to neighbouring country. 4) To propose the implementations approached to strengthen relationship neighbouring country. 1.2 The Study expectations 1) To acknowledge the role of the local administrative organization in operation of making relationship with neighbouring country in borders. 2) To acknowledge impact factors of making relationship with neighbouring country in the borders. 3) To acknowledge the approach of solutions applied for problems and obstacles in official administrative system in borders for the local administration organizations. 1.3 Definitions of terminology used in this study The local administrative organization means local administrative organization in style of municipality, sub-district administration organization which set attached to Thailand-Cambodia borders. Formation of relations means making relationship between the local administrative organization and neighbouring country in the frame of role and function of local administration including making public relationship in the area and neighbouring country. Borders means means the area of Thailand-Cambodia borders in 7 provinces : Ubonratchathani, Sisaket, Surin, Burirum, Sakaeo, Chantaburi, and Trat. 1.4 MATERIALS AND METHODS -Research Design is both of quantitative and qualitative by sending the questionnaire to local administrative organizations which set attached to Thailand-Cambidia borders in 7 provinces. Also, the

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qualitative study composed of data collection in the area in major then, to synthesize the data collected in the study area. -The area of the study in this research covers only local administrative organization which attached to the frontiers of Thaialnd and Cambodia in 7 provinces mentioned above and also, scopes to study only local administrative organization instyle of municipal and sub-district administration organization including policy and role of province in outlook. - The study of population operates a selection of sampling composed of governor and official chief related in provinces, municipal mayor, municipal deputy chief and official related, chief of sub- district administration organization, local leader or community leader who has a role in activity related to making relationship with neighbouring country. - Data collection 1) To study documents, reports, researches, articles and information from internet in order to get information related the preliminary study. 2) To ask questions by sending to local administrative organization which set attached to 7 provinces in order to survey the preliminary information in activity concerned with making relationship with neighbouring country. 3) To use in depth interview with sampling group having important roles in the borders. 4) To observe with data collection in the field. 2. The relationship between Thailand and Cambodia The ministry of foreign affairs (2006) indicates to the general outlook of relationship of Thailand and Cambodia following : - General relationship At the present, the relationship of Thailand and Cambodia seems to develop in progress and operate on the basis of comprehension with co-orperative plans which can be mutually dynamic relationship such as Ayeyawady - Chao Phraya - Economic Cooperation Strategy (ACMECS), Greater Mekong Sub- region (GMS), Emerald Triangle Cooperation Frameworkmerald Triangle, agreement at the co-minister Thailand-Cambodia ( From May 31, 2003June1, 2003) in Siem Reap, Cambodia and in Ubonratchathani, Thailand. (These actions sound symbols of recovering relationship between Thailand-Cambodia to completely normal situation after the chaos in Phnom Penh on January 29, 2003). Besides, Agreement of the co-commission of the fifth bilateral cooperation of Thailand- Cambodia in Phnom Penh, Cambodia (February 7-8, 2006). Moreover, there are many implementations of co-operation in governmental and local level which enhance the relationship between two countries. Thailand and Cambodia Co-operations at the present are significant and look also symbols of familiar relationship between both countries for example, the 55th anniversary celebration of diplomacy between Thailand and Cambodia (From December 19, 2005 to December 19, 2006) with forty projects of co-operative activities whose many programs happened well-done and succeeded well.

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- The social and cultural relationship • Cultural Co-operation of Thailand-Cambodia characterizes mostly similar in cultural arts, so it is easy for both governments utilize the co-operation in cultures becoming tools for strengthening relationship and good mutual comprehension as well as efforts of joining a breach of friendship after chaos in Phnom Penh in 2003 by setting commission of Thailand-Cambodia, of supporting cultural co-operation and utilizing implementations for strengthening relationship between peoples in both countries. Both parties attend to bilateral meetings for many times in order to set the direction of annual co-operation and action plans for framework of co-operation. Moreover, they set sub-commission of culture, history, and tourism to push the co-ordination in each field. • Thailand-Cambodia Academic Co-operation helps Cambodia by Agency of Co- operation for international development, Ministry of Foreign Affair, focus on main development of agriculture, education, and public health , including other fields of development such as human resource, rural ,and tourism, etc. in 2003 and 2004 Thai part assisted Cambodia part in budget of 81.35 million Thai Baht and 38.38 million Thai Baht in order. (excluding assistantship of Cambodia got in direct official, educational institution, and private parties.) 3.The results of the study The results are divided following objectives of the study : 3.1 The role of the local administrative organization operating to strengthen relationship to neighnouring country at the boundary 3.2 Impact factors of operating for making relationship with neighbouring country 3.3 Problems and obstacles in making relationship with neighbouring country The results of the study divided issues following : 3.1 The role of the local administrative organization in the operation with strengthening relationship to neighnouring country at the boundary The result indicate to the main role of local administrative organization in the area of 7 provinces that the organization present a role of partipation or promotion with both district and province services, including security service in borders such as soldier, border police, etc. Because of activity for making relationship which cannot operate by locality independently, the organization is essential to join with other sections in both country and province level. In order to reduce the duty of government which can manage the important issue or a main work for national level. This action would be practical in public, the role of local administrative organization work together in important items following : .

Activities for strengthening relationship with neighbouring country

Cultural and Tratitional Activities are hold as obvious activity of local administrative organization which joined with many sections for relationship of neighbouring country by the way of handling important activities which happened every year.following :

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Tratitional festival of visit at Ta-Maen-Thom Temple

In the zone of Ta Meanh sub-district administration organization, dictrict of Panom Dong Rak in Surin, there is an annual festival in April. On April 12, 2008, 40,000 Cambodian people from many villages around the borders of Panom Dhong Raak ( Mount Mai Kan) in Cambodia sucha as Baan Ka-bal-khla (Hua Sua), Baan Um-Puel (Ma-Kam), Baan TraPieng ka Pua(Sa Sung), Baan Tuk Chum, Baan Pwong Tuk, Baan Sung kae wien, Baan Tra Pieng Kro,etc. District of Bun Tia Um Puel, in Udon-Mee-Chai. A visit by foot upwards Panom dong raak which fulfills with many available bombs in channel of “Ta-Maen” (in Thai pronunciation, or “Ta-Mol” in Khmer pronunciation. People donate and respect Buddha Image in Thai Bank. In the festival of “Avisit of Tamaen Temple in April” organized by Ta Meanh sub-district administration organization, Panom Dong Raak, in Surin. In this festival, there are folk cultural Art from Baan Surin and Cambodia, Miss Ta-Maen Contest, Thai-Cambodia Boxing Competition, local products, and drawing the Temple of Ta-Maen by students around the area. Mr.Tongbai Kitkien, mayor of sub-district administration organization at Ta- Mien said , “ Last year we prepare border passes for 35,000 visitors but they were gone. There were more people than the border passes so, other visitors must take the fingerprints. This year I think more visitors in this year than the previous year.” Besides, Khamer-Thai people in Surin and Khamer people in Udonmeechai call the Tratitional festival in April, “Bon Kae Jetra” which acts in the month of respectation the Buddha . The vacation divided into 2 periods following (1) "Ngai-Tom-Tui" (small holidays) depend 3 days from the first day to the third day of the fifth moonlit (2) "Ngai-tom-thum" (Big holidays) depends 7 days from the first day until the seventh day of the fifth waning moon. People do not all work on holidays when they go to donate and respect the Buddha. This Tratition, has continued for a long time, is to tie telationship and comprehension especially local arrangement which locality is a main operator related to sections both local and national level. In Cambodia, local people express as kinship in the past and they can communicate with the same language. The annual Tratitional sports competition for relationship between Trat in Thailand and Kong island in Cambodia. The sections of province and local services operate the competition for instance, on January 19th, 2007 football match between Trat and Kong island at the stadium of Trat Province and on January 7th, 2008 the warming competition for relationship between Trat and Kong island, hold on the island of Kong, the provice section as host,etc. For the competition, local services get invitation as a co-host of competition. Activities seems good for strengthening the relationship. The results from a field research on December 14th, 2007 on the island of Kong in Cambodia found that many Thais has lived on the island of Kong particularly, at Baan Bang Kra Sob where Thai government send the helpful projects by the department of community development. The department help developing community in the way of sufficient economy, meet many people who can ask and communicate with (in Trat and Chantaburi style of Thai pronunciation) . They tell that they are Thai ethnic and have Thai relatives in Trat and Chantaburi , and

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they always visit each other. Besides, Mr.Yuth Phutong, a governor of Kong island has a race of Thai, states, “..People on the island of Kong are from many ethnics living : Khamer, Chinese Laos and Thai …my father and mother are original Thai here. I used to travel for studying in Thailand for a period. Nowadays, I send my child to study in bachelor degree in Thailand. When my child come back home, friends come together for a trip. The child sounds to support a good relationship between Thailand and Cambodia. At the present, we do not talk about the past, we will talk about the future of Thailand- Cambodia relationship for harmonization and good living in both countries...”..(Interview on December 14 th,2008) From the past history illustrates that people in both provinces relate in race and kinship strongly. Local leaders can communicate with the same language as Thai. Mr.Prasert Siri (called Kamnan Josh, ex-Kamnan at sub-district of Had-Lek, district of Klong-Yai, in Trat) who is an important person of public part in Trat has a significance of tying relationship and comprehension to neighbors. He tells, “...Trat City and Kao Kong City where people are relatives, I hav emany relatives there and we always visit mutually. In the season of offerings for the priests (Kathin and Pha pah) I will take faculties of governmental section and public section to participate offerings there...... I think connection of making relationship with neighboring country depend on kinship and familiarity that would get through the communication without rich of ceremonies. I used to assist to negotiate to conflicts of fishing with two parties of Thai and Cambodian officials many tines.At last, the negotiation is successful with the principle of reliability and familiarity. …” (Interview on February 24th, 2006) 3) The Tratitional fair " thousand years old of ceramic, annual Tratitionin 2006" in district of Baan Krod, in Burirum, arranged by the local administrative organization joining with district, province and Thai Authority of tourism on March 30-31, 2006 at the playground in front of district of Baan Kruad. The fair was arranged in order to conserve local cultural heritage and to promote tourism in Bururum being famous. The fair also construct a goo relationship with Cambodia. Mr.Suntad Chatuchai, governor of Burirum province disclose that recently he claimed the committee of border checkpoint administration in Burirum composed with services related immigrant officials, the custom, the local security service including private sector and the local administration organization. At the meeting, the committee agreed to compromise the Trate points in border of Thailand-Cambodia, at the channel of Sai Tra Ku, sub-district of Chan tob petch, district of Baan Kraud where the first place seems to be allowed to Trate and only channel of Thai-Cambodia in Burirum. In the past, the point was just allowed Cambodians going to the hospitals for therapy according to a reason of humanity. Mr. Suntad said that the openness of compromised Trate point in borders following bilateral agreement of permission for promotions of Trate and tourism which early coordination occurred by governor of Udonmeechai in Cambodia wanted to open the compromised trade point at the channel Sai Tra Ku. For the details, the committee would study and set a direction for using the area and period term for permission.

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“A proposal of opening compromised Trate point in borders may depend several months due to each partie must present information for governmental decision if the government agree, the province will announce the compromised Trate point further” , Mr.Suntad said. In the view of Mr.Rungroj Tongkon as a chief of sub-district administration at Chantobpetch, district of Baankraud, in Burirum stated that local people hope again to the compromised Trate point at the border of Thailand-Cambodia, at Baankraud where it would lead the cooperation and development of Trate, tourism of civilized ancient Khamer direction from Prast Panom Rung, district of Chalerm prakiet- resource of cutting stone, district of Baankraud in Burirum towards Prasat Bun Tesha and Angkor Wat, Angkor Thom in province of Siem Reap in Cambodia in distance100 Kilometres. “The compromised Trate point at the channel Sai Tra Ku is most suitable and comfort in a journey for exchange of consumer goods of Cambodians in 2 provinces , Udonmeechai and Bunteoimienjei, the channel of Sai TraKu is the centre point of trip between a permanent checkpoint at Thailand-Cambodia, at the channel of Chom, district of Kapcheng, in Surin and the permanent checkpoint of Aranyapradesh in Sakeao.” Mr.Rungroj expressed (Manageronline:2008) 4) The fair of offerings for the priests and temples called “Tod Bha Pa” and “Kathin” arranged at the temples at Kao Kong in Cambodia by public section joining with the local administrative organization as municipality and sub-district administration organization in Trat, including general people who are interested in the fair and live nearby. The merit fair is always arranged annually so, for the fair “Tod Bha Pa” and “Kathin”, there are participations of borders of both countries for facilitating a travel and parades of vehicles travelling to Cambodia, in contrast, the vehicles enter in Thailand. Recently, it is convenient according to Mr.Suntad say, “ Arrangement of annual merit fair Tod Bha Pa and Kathin in Cambodia. Although caravans of cars enter in some years, many local officials and people in both countries participate in the fair, there has never been problem of connection because we do not relate politics. Acticities are merit and charity which make them gratified. When there was a local problem, we can clear and agree without central governmental authority”(Interview on December 12th, 2008) 5) Thai-Cambodia SongKran Festival and New Year arranged by the municipality of Arranyapradesh, in Sakaeo There are annual contest of Miss SongKran of both countries and competition of Kratong, an offering as a symbol of apology and respectfulness to Mother of rivers. In SongKran Holidays, Thai-Cambodian officials extend a period for passing borders at the checkpoint, Cambodians can enter to the festival zone in Thai municipality by nignt. So, there are a lot of Khamer visitors travel and relax. New year festival is arranged to make friendship in new dimension of Thai-Cambodia boundaries in occasion of ending the old year and welcoming of new year. In case a welcome of 2009 called “Countdown to New Year 2009” and a fair “Rong Krua Night Bazaar” run on December 30th, 2008 – January 4th, 2009 in order to motivate visitors who travelled in the New Year holidays. In

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addition, the fair support tourism and exchange Thai-Cambodian art culture, under cooperation of Sakaeo province and private sections and official service at the garden Kanchanapisek Chalermprakiet the King Rama IX and the market RongKrua, district of Aranyapradesh in Sakaeo. Municipal sections joined with various services arranged the fair with interesting activities such as the shopping for OTOP (One tumbon One Product) products of Sakaeo, performances of folk art culture of Thai- Cambodian, Musical performances and competition, a variety of delicious clean food, exhibition of services in governmental and private sector. 6) Activity of organizing villages with the sufficient economic philosophy in Cambodia is arranged to promote good friendship. This acivity happened in the period of Mr.Boonchuay Kudsukon, ex-governor of Trat in 2006 then, the project started from the department of community and the department of East Asia, Minister of foreign Affairs assigning to Trat province to organize villages with the sufficient economic philosophy on the Road no.48 or Kao Kong-Sarae Umble. The activity mentioned was developed under the project of reinforcing the reliability on Thai and neighbouring countries, it also support an cooperation of community development in Cambodia. The project of organizing villages with the sufficient economic philosophy selected Baan Bang Kayak, sub-district of Piem Kra Sob, District of Monton Sima, in province of Kao Kong to operate by the way , Province of Trat managed 15 activities with a budget in two millions Thai Baht. The style is to adopt the philosophy of sufficient economy for potential development of leaders and members in communities in order to people have the knowledge and creation becoming an important machine of community development. Moreover, people can depend on themselves in the principle of sufficient economic philosophy paralleled to support a reduce of expenses, an increase of incomes and, extend occasions for a relief of poverty. In addition, the project improve the living standards to villagers of Baan Bang Kayak community before expansion to other communities in the province of Kao Kong further. For the project, not only the provincial sections have roles but also local sections composed with local leaders, a chief of district , municipal mayor and leaders of communities who take part significantly in promotions and coordination in operation of projects. The area is located in intertidal forest, the governor of Kao Kong in Cambodia would recover in rush to plant the woods in the of one hundred years old after destruction of people and capitalists, shrimp farm, and burning charcoal. So, the governor ordered to move the population of two hundreds families, prepared to build the centre of forestry study , then would announce this site becoming a conservative tourist attraction. Mr.Yuth Pootong the governor of Kao Kong in Cambodia expressed, “ After I travel to position of governor at KaoKong in the past of four to five years, I discover that KaoKong has fulfilled with valuable natural resources of woods, rare animals, intertidal forest in four rivers , beaches, and dolphins includings dugongs at Kao Kong. That point can attract lots of tourists however, the natural plentifulness of Kao Kong at the present is not same as last ten years. But it is not too late to look after and preserve big intertidal forest of Kao kong . In the future, KaoKong will be the largest natural

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educational resource of intertidal forest in Indo-China group including Cambodia and Thailand will co- operate to develop intertidal forest in the same region further. (Manageronline ;2008) From the study in the area of Kao Kong found that the project was in progress of adjusting conditions of soil which most of areas appeared wet, there were mangrove forests. From the interview of Kamnan Teed, chief of sub-district Bang Krasob in KaoKong viewed, “....The project is very good that Thailand help Cambodians relatives to shift better livings. At the moment, the areas are overhauling and dividing into zones of plantation, and residences which allocated the spaces for building houses by moving villagers to the area…Originally, this area was the abundant forest of mangroves, fulfilled with many kinds of water animals and shells ,and ,big trees, etc. Once villagers cut for burning charcoal in Trate, the present forest of mangroves has just plante, now it becomes the place for tourism under assistance of the department of Thai Community development and Non Governmental Organization (NGO) and private sectors in locality. Moreover, Kamnan Josh (Mr.Prasert Siri) is a person with a significant role of coordinationwith officials in Thailand and Cambodia, including the merit activity,Tod Bha Pa and Kathin at temples in regular ....I would like to invite Thais as relatives to travel here because Thai people live at this village, and speak the same Thai language without linguistic problem.” (Interview on December14th, B.E. 2551 at Kao Kong) We can see that not only Thai governmental services assist to develop the villages but also public sector seems public diplomacy in local level which co-ordinnate the assistances to Cambodia especially, arrangement of significant Tratitions including contact with leaders of Cambodia by private relationship as kinship affording the convenient relationship. 7) Activity in management of market and Trate in borders. For the local administrative organization do the activity of management of market and Trate in borders such as the market at Had Lek, district of Klong Yai where is the permanent passing borders. The municipality operates to mange the market in the morning for Trating with Cambodian who buy for selling in KaoKong further and, the compromised Trate point at Baan Maun Dan, District of Bo Rai , there is a market at the boundary. In Ubonratchatani , there are more people because Cambodia open to Trate with foreigners, and develop continuously. Therefore, the needs of constructional materials, machines, fuel, and industrial products increase. By the way, the boundary Trate around Cambodia is located at one compromised point following 1. Baan Num Yuen , moo 6 (around the channel of Un Mha), sub- district of Shong, district of Nym Yuen where the chief of the sub-district arranges a market for selling prducts around Un Mha, the compromised Trate point in borders. The location where the exchange of goods between Thais and Cambodians is composed of natural forest and mountains throughout the way. From the questionnaires, chief of sub-district Shong organize the flea market for Thais and Cambodians present products for Trate. Almost products are consumer products and forestry products for example sweet vegetable, mushroom, bamboo shoot, etc. The biggest boundary market is located at RongKrua Market, district of Aranyapradesh which the municipality has a role of treatment in cleanness, sanitary, and public relations for giving information to Traters from both countries.

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In Chantaburi, a boundary market of Thai-Cambodia (the channel of Pakkad) is located at Baan Klong Yai, moo 4, sub-district of Klong Yai, thirty kilometers far from the district of Pong Num Ron , the market for distribution of consumer products ,the compromised Trate point that allow Thais to travel in fixed time at 7.00 a.m. – 4.00 p.m. , this market located in distance of 20 kilometres from the city of Pai Lin in Cambodia and 68 kilometres far from the city of Pra Ta Bong. Chief of sub- district Klong Yai , district of Pong Num Ron operate following : 1. To build market as a location for an exchange of international goods 2. To participate with immigration checkpoints, checking Traters, checking the right imported goods at the custom 3. To build a parking lot and a station of transportation for borders goods 4. To manage the centre of goods exported in the frontier of Thailand-Cambodia 5. To operate the public relation, presentation of imported and exported products relating taxes. 6. To attend to the meeting with Cambodian districts and officials about planning for fruit and crops Trate including problem of illicit drug protection Thai-Cambodia Border Market (Baan Leam), located at Moo 4 , Baan Leam, Tep nimit sub- district far 46 Km. from the district of Pong Num Ron, is a market of consumer products in the borders. The market is a place for promotion of people’s occupations in building wood furniture for distribution to general customers and tourists. Moreover, customers can walk across both borders conveniently and safely, the permission authorize only people in district of Pong Num Ron and district of Soi-Dao. 3.2 Impact factors of operating for making relationship with neighbouring country From the study shows that impact factors to operating activities in strengthening friendship with neighbouring country of the local administrative organization as following : 1) Factor in provincial policy in outlook From the study illustrates that the provincial policy in Thailand-Cambodia borders in 7 provinces especially, the strategic issue has a significant part to promote relationship with neighbouring countries. Due to the provincial strategy is the important frame of leading development towards a target. Previously, the government focus on the new regional administration of bureaucratic system which is the system of official administration responding to effective strategic administration of governmental sector. The utilization of disciplinary administration have used resources together, have defined the strategy with Key Performance Index (KPI) and the obvious target of operation as Result Based Management (RBM) under the agreement’s faculty of ministers on August 7th, B.E. 2544 approve to provincial administration according to the Prime Minister has proposed following : To raise the level of province as well as Strategic Business Unit which can consider information, problem, obstacle, direction, solution and operation according to decisions in style of completed circulation in the province.

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1.To adjust roles and authority of the governor as Chief Executive Office (CEO) who can direct chiefs of officials in the province quickly in the way of the chief executive’s policy and can respond to the needs and facts of each province in direct. 2.Therefore, we see that the addition in roles and authority of the governor as Chief Executive Office (CEO) can direct the chiefs of governmental sections in the province quickly in the way of the chief executive’s policy and can respond to the needs and facts of each province in direct. So, the operation, relating neighbouring country to making good friendship, can be organized when the province and the local administrative organization in the province have to receive the policy of provincial development being the frame of local development. Consequently, the policy and the strategy are clear in operating policy of relationship with neighbouring countries, this way looks a measurement which locality must support though, the local section does hot have direct power and function. 2) Factor of provincial and local executive making continuous relationship Setting the roles and authority of provincial Gouvernor as the Chief Executive Office (CEO) in the past make the governor be able to direct the chiefs of provincial official sections running fast on the line of policies of chief executive and be able to respond the needs and facts of each province in direct. So, the operation related to neighbouring countries can organize in direct including to solve problems in locality in both countries. In the result find that in the area of 7 provinces focus on constructing relationship with Cambodia and province with area attached such as Trat Province and KaoKong Province agree to establish twin cities and to arrange the meetings and competitions of sports for harmonization of both cities. Many parties participate the fair including official section, the local administrative organization and public section. For harmonization with neighbours in case of Trat province, Mr.Kanpetch Chuangrungsri (a gouvernor of Trat province) told about the relations, “We have good relations with Kao Kong province because the governor of Kao Kong, Mr.Yuth Pootong who can speak Thai well. We always see each other and attend to the meeting of sport competition between provinces for harmonization. We have cities of kinship or twin cities ....” (Interview on December 12th, 2008) Besides, the local executive, mayor and chief of sub-district administration organization have roles of co-operation and promotion of activities in provinces whose the officials arrange continuously so, we see roles and a significance of executive’s good perception which is very significant for making relationship.

3) Factor in public sector with the same ethnic, with closed kinship and with similar Tratitions

From the study illustrates that the Khamer settlements in Surin, Burirum, and Sisaket, move to the low of northeast part ( Tai). The Khamer period of Angkor, the decentralization in politics Cambodia , in the reign of King Suriyaworamun I (in 1003- 1050) , King Suriyaworamun II (1113- 1150) and Chaiworamun VII ( in 1181-1218) was the period of Khamer entering in Isan Tai because

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Khamer King had collected people to build Prasat and the city in Isan Tai in the sixteenth to seventeenth century. The construction of Prasat in Isan Tai appeared many places. Khamer people were taken as labourers settling around Prasat and build the cities nearby the plentiful ground. So, the Khamer culture expend to Isan Tai (The Commission processing of documents and memorandum, 2001)

In the period of Thonburi, there were wars between King Thonburi and city of Prataipetch, Prataimas, Muang Rungtumrae, Kumpongsawai, and Siem Reap. So, many Khamer people escaped to city of Prataisamunt (Surin) and the city of Sungha again. Also, Suay people mixed Khamer people but Khamer had the prosperity at first. The culture of living looked similar to Khamer and there are persuasion of Khamer people entering to set a house in Surin (The commission of collecting documents and reports, 2001)

We see that populations of two countries used to be the same ethnic originally includings Khamer Language, which is different, but it can communicate comprehensively. Khamer Language which people in Surin speak , is pronounced in style with smooth, equal, and soft voice. The language mentioned does not have letters in high voice, and almost words are pronounced in mid or low voice. So, Khamer language sounds similar to Thai because Khamer Language characterizes isolating language as well as Thai language. Meanwhile, the style of language composed with agglutinating language and inflectional language. Moreover, Khamer people in the area have Tratitions, beliefs, and plays as similar for example, ceremony of respecting gods with Pratual (God of place-Khamer), presentation of respecting gods in rites such as wedding, dance of MaMuad with Pratual which is significant parts can arrange all the year. Khamer ethnic holds the ways of tying Pratual with a pillar in the middle of place for a ceremony. Pratual which is a vessel made of rattan or bamboo weaving into round shape with six waves above and a long handle in one cubit, is used for a tool in offerings to Gods, so, people must hang above heads level, put the dessert, rice, egg, ripe banana, cone, incense and candle inside (do not put areca nut, cigarette because these are not for San Thon ta only but do not put them for gods). To put coconut below then, to rinse coconut milk in Patual when people do in ceremony. In another part, to put in a Chinese pot of liquor then, to put in Pratual. Nowadys, to put in a bottle for drinking instead. Usage of Pratual appears in wedding, welcoming a new house, cutting off the topknot of a child, Jolmamuad, and a merit fair Juamkru in general.

As a kinship in the past, we see Thais in Trat and Thais in Kao Kong who say that originally, the land under Thai administration in the period of losing land, a villager at Kao Kong say, “ When I wake up , I become Khamer”In the history of losing land in Prachantakiriket (KaoKong) recorded, “Losing the land of Kao Kongin that period, Thai history did not record the story of losing land of KaoKong, but it recorded only case of the land of Trat in outlookwww.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province of Kao Kong; September16,B.E.2549After Thailand lost Kao Kong Province recently then, France gave the freedom to Cambodia. So, Cambodia could continue the international convention of Siam and

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France.The convention was made for erection and addition of articles in treaty on October 3rd, in 1893 about managing the land, signed at Paris on February13th, in 1904. And the international agreement, from getting the treaty mentioned, impact to citizenship,Thai race,French nationality staying at KaoKong. It means people with Frenchnationality at KaoKong must lose the French nationality and get Cambodian instead under the principle of international Tratitional law. In a reason mentioned, it caused KaoKong province, Cambodia at the present, there are Thai citizen with Cambodian nationality.”Wanthanee Rungruangsapakul and Pinyo Veerasuksawas, 2007) From the field study in KaoKong, Cambodia on December14th,2007 express that many Thais stay in the province of KaoKong particularly, at Baan Bang Krasob where Thai government supported the project by the department of community development. The department helped to develop the community in the way of sufficient economic. People at KaoKong can speak Thai in pronunciation of Trat and Chantaburi and they told to have Thai race and relatives in Trat and Chantaburi. So, they always travel each other. Besides, Mr.Yuth Phutong, a governor of Kong island has a race of Thai, states, “..People on the island of Kong are from many ethnics living : Khamer, Chinese Laos and Thai …my parents are original Thai here. I used to travel for studying in Thailand for a period. Nowadays, I send my child to study in bachelor degree in Thailand. When my child come back home, friends come together for a trip. The child sounds to support a good relationship between Thailand and Cambodia. At the present, we do not talk about the past, we will talk about the future of Thailand-Cambodia relationship for harmonization and good living in both countries...”..(Interview on December 14 th,2008) From the past history illustrates that people in both provinces relate in race and kinship strongly. Local leaders can communicate with the same language as Thai. Mr.Prasert Siri (called Kamnan Josh, ex-Kamnan at sub-district of Had-Lek, district of Klong-Yai, in Trat) who is an important person of public part in Trat has a significance of tying relationship and comprehension to neighbors. He tells, “...Trat City and Kao Kong City where people are relatives, I hav emany relatives there and we always visit mutually. In the season of offerings for the priests (Kathin and Pha pah) I will take faculties of governmental section and public section to participate offerings there...... I think connection of making relationship with neighboring country depend on kinship and familiarity that would get through the communication without rich of ceremonies. I used to assist to negotiate to conflicts of fishing with two parties of Thai and Cambodian officials many tines.At last, the negotiation is successful with the principle of reliability and familiarity. …” (Interview on February 24th, 2006) Therefore, the construction of relationship by public section which depend on familiarity or kinship, it is significant factor of promotion and construction of good relationship with neighbouring country. It is necessary to do parallel as governmental section and official policies. However, persons who work at the local administration organization, most people in the area make the understanding of local Tratition and culture well.

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4) Factor of support and help of sectors The only operation of international relationship in local or provincial level cannot succeed, it is necessary to get a co-operation and promotion of services and sectors in the area. The local administrative organization functions to or-ordinate, to help and to support activities of operation for relationship. Previously, the local service give co-operation and promotion of provinces, districts, ans services includings soldiers and police working for local security such as arranging Tratitional festivals joined with Cambodian party for instance SongKran, New Year at Aranyapradesh, Tratitional fair of visit at Ta Maen in Surin, the competition of sports for relationship between twin cities Trat-Kao Kong of Trat, etc. In addition, the co-operation with service of public health in suggestion and protection from diseases around borders such as the training of medication, and the treatment to Cambodia, in Surin , the meeting of public health in borders between Trat- Kao Kong, etc. In the past, the boundary where the populations are from two parties communicating without any critical problems. As a result of all of sections focus on governmental and provincial policies in the promotion of good relationship including continuous activities and projects. 5) Factor of comfort transportation is the important factor for networking and contact to neighboring country conveniently. Nowadays, development of roads in Thailand and in Cambodia , in the area of 7 provinces, being standard roads linking every seasons, it is not difficult as the previous days, such as the frontier line in Sisaket (The channel of Sa-Ngum), in Surin (the channel of Jom), Sakaeo ( Klong Luk), Chantaburi (Baan Bung Cha Nang Lang) and in Trat. The roads are convenient for travelling to the checkpoints in many areas for example, district of Klong Yai in Trat at the present , the line expand to four lanes for additional convenience in network, transportation, and tourism. Moreover, the roads link to the province of Kao Kong in Cambodia at the present without crossing by boat like in the past. Because Thai government subsidizes to build a bridge and a road number 48 towards Phnom Penh City in Cambodia. This way will make people comfort and fast to communicate between leaders of levels and people of both parties. Cambodians feel easy to travel in Trat and tourist attractions in Thailand. Besides, this project is able to support tourism, and to add incomes for provinces. Also, the way can drive the significant promotion of frontier Trate because at Trat, there is a permanent checkpoint at Baan Had Lek, district of Klong Yai in Trat – Jam Yiam, district of Monton Sima, in Kao Kong.

3.3 Problems and obstacles of strengthening relationship in Thailand-Cambodia Borders 1) Linguistic and Cultural Misunderstanding in some services of officials and staffs who work in the area, so it is essential to select government officials who can work in wide vision, have knowledge, can understand language and culture in locality and neighbouring country well , can get a progressive perception, can be a good public relation, can be friendly and, can make good relationship with neighbouring country.

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2) The local administrative organization does not have a role and authority in direct way of strengnhening relationship with neighbouring country. The organization acts just as co-worker or supporter. Most workers of the local administrative organization know the area familiarly and also intimate with leaders and people together in the area in Cambodia well.

3) Problems of national conflicts which impact to local relationship such as issue of Preah Vihear temple cause the troops occupied the both boundaries so, local people’s relationship halt in a step of cossing borders travel and Trate.

4) Problem of alien labourers due to alien labourers enter the country illegally for working. In case, Cambodians work in Thaoland because of poverty. Somebody come together with family so, it cause sequel trouble, children with parents cannot get a good treatment and they cannot study. When they grow in the future, they may become trouble for Thais in borders. Also, some laboures do not want to return home consequently, they conceal themselves and they become burden in communities at last. 5) Problem of illicit drugs for instance, being almost marihuana, amphetamine caught as a retail Trater. Most of amphetamine manufacture’s capitalists are Thais who employ Cambodians to manufacture. They can travel on the road and in the sea by concealing with trourists who travel to play in casinos. They travel by boat in Trat, attached to the sea and many islands on the sea. In addition, there are many tourists in Trat especially at Kao Chang (Island of elephant) where is the popular tourist attraction of Thais and foreigners. 4. Suggestion for applied approaches in strengthening relationship with neighbouring country from the study shows the suggections following :

1) To Select central government officials who work in borders should be local people or educated person in language and culture in locality, including to neighbouring country because problems of language and culture are crucial obstacles of comprehension with neighbouring country including to a person who have wide vision, can be a good public relation, can coordinate with all of official and private sections, including public part in the area. So, they can tie the good relationship with neighbouring country in boundary such as Malaysia, where the selection of the officials working in borders must also know and understand language and culture of neighbouring country, they should get additional remuneration in special case. In order to protect the problems of intercultural communication and misunderstanding which impact on tying relationship. 2To participate in local taxation at the custom checkpoints in borders, in the right principle of democratic process that people owned, by people, for people. The importance of local administration should raise to the level as equally as the central and regional administration so, the structure of official administration in central section, regional section and local section should get a reform and an adjustment consistently. That means to the central official administration still respond in necessary part which cannot assign to the local administrative organization operating, for example,

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the security service, foreign affair, accouting, finance and national economics, etc. Under the constitution of The Kingdom of Thailand B.E.2550 (2007) focus on decentralization to locality by definition in chapter 14 the local administration enacted, “Local government organisations shall receive any promotion and support to strengthen their autonomous in administration and capability to response efficiently to requirements of the people in their localities, to develop locally financial system so as to provide all public services under their powers and duties and to establish or jointly establish organisations to provide public services under their powers and duties with a view to provide valuable and beneficial services to public thoroughly.” Consequently, locality should take part of management in borders for instance, collection of customs duty which local section should get a division of tax for local administration, for development related people’s daily living, for solving the public troubles, for management of public facilities, for example, roads, water, electricity, training, health, occupation, preservation of natural resource and environment, culture, etc. Somewhere there are many labourers immigrant from neighbouring countries to stay in Thailand so, the burden in treatment of facilities, public health and environment, etc.

3To establish “ The commission of borders in public ”has a role with governmental sector. From the result shows that public sector and important local people have significant roles in promotion of making good friendship with neighbouring country. Due to people in many boundaries such as in Sisaket, in Surin, in Sakaeo and in Trat almost people who are familiar, speak similar language, relate as kinship and intimate in the previous period. So, people have the closed relations including they always visit mutuallysuch as Trat-Kao Kong , leader ( a governor of Kao Kong is Thai so, he makes closer and warmer. In the reason,making relationship inboundaries should give a role to people in the area to participate more occasions instead of only governmental operation. Because problems of relations, occurred in the past, rely on public leaders take part to negotiate the cease of conflicts. Therefore, the establishment of “The commission of borders in public”should happen. The commission should understand neighbouring country well like the thought of “know them, know us” in public sector will be information of government taking to set policies of making friendship with neighbouring country well.

4) To establish “Public Diplomacy” in the area of the local administrative organization in borders. Because Public Diplomacy is significant in a dimension of diplomacy, by the way of public activity particularly, in culture being a gear in machine of running international relationship to promote good understanding in local public level. Although Thailand and Cambodia are the neighbouring coutries in close, there is a gap without authentic knowledge and comprehension. The trouble make it anxious until the event of burning the Thai embassy in 2003 or in case of Preah Vihear, in 2008, etc. Though this case would appear because of impact factors, it reflect to the important cause. Lack of good understanding of people in both countries. So, it is necessary to improve and to promote the public relationship for unexpected events. Meanwhile, there is a better construction of fundamental

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relationship between peoples. For locality, especially the local administrative organization should have more role in this way.

CONCLUSION From the result of the local administrative organization and the relationship creation of Thailand-Cambodia border in 7 provinces as Trat, Chantaburi, Sa-keaw, Burirum, Surin, Sisaket, and Ubonratchathani find that the major role is activity related all cultural relationship. In many locations, continuous festivals have operated for several years and they become annual Tratitional festivals such as “Visit at Ta-Maen in April” in Surin, Songkran at Aranyapradesh and at Hadlek in Sakeaw, Relationship Sports between Trat and Kong Island, etc. The utilization of cultural dimension for joining relationship and comprehending between countries is significant as well as UNESCO presents the approach of cultural dimension for promotion of International Cultural Co-operation and the Office of the National Culture Commission propose some solutions which appear in National Economic and Social development plans joined activities and co-operation plans of Thai and foreign cultures in level of nations and locality. That shows that co-operative plan for international culture should open for national participation of locality in direct way because some localities attached to neighbors have customs, cultures, and Tratitions like neighboring countries or have the connected root of cultures from the past. Therefore, the locality ,focused on promotion of Cultural relationship with neighboring country, is remarkably significan that the central government should give the occasion in direct. Besides, according to the opinion of Dr.Pravesh Wasri states about the local administrative organization and culture, “ The government should decentralize so, democratic system of politics seems to promote really. Meanwhile, the central governmental authority tries to centralize and to destroy a variety. In fact, culture should characterize various styles upon local communities. If any communities realize the cultural values, they have to promote their cultural identity of local communities as same as they decentralize and to promote political system of democracy. That is why local communities in Thailand-Cambodia borders in the area of 7 provices mentioned above appear a variety of local cultures. Partly, there are cultures closed-up to Cambodia in the same as ethnic (Khamer and Kong Island-Thai with same and similar custom, tratition, and language,etc.). The local administrative organization in the area which composes of leader and citizens in major have relationship, contact to neighbors continuously from the past to the present by the implementation of cultural dimension of making relationship with neighbours. So, the effective problems can face to solutions or negotiations by themselves in local level, including the role of local public section is obviously significant. Consequently, the role of the local administrative organization in cultural dimension for strengthening relationship with neighboring country, is very important, should get more promotion from central government. This way sounds to reduce the central governmental duties of strengthening relationship and lead to security of economics, social, and culture of people in both countries facing with sustainability forever.

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