Maryam Matter,Coordinator,Economic Planningand Mohammed binEssaAl-Khalifa,Chief Executive Nada Azmi,Manager,EconomicPlanning andDevelopment Bahrain CompetitivenessCouncil,Economic Bahrain Ashraf Hajiyev,Consultant Fuad Aliyev,ProjectManager Azerbaijan MarketingSociety Azerbaijan Gerhard Schwarz,Coordinator,SurveyDepartment Karl Aiginger,Director Austrian InstituteofEconomicResearch(WIFO) Austria Nikki Wilson,AdministrativeAssistant Heather Ridout,ChiefExecutive Carola Lehmer,SeniorResearchCoordinator Australian IndustryGroup Gohar Malumyan,ResearchAssociate Sevak Hovhannisyan,BoardMemberandSeniorAssociate Manuk Hergnyan,Chairman Economy andValuesResearchCenter Armenia Eduardo LuisFracchia,Professor Cristian Alonso,ProjectManager IAE—Universidad Austral Argentina Roger Ballard-Tremeer,HonChiefExecutive -AngolaChamberofCommerce(SA-ACC) Estefania Jover,SeniorAdviser MITC Investimentos Angola Yassine Ferfera,Director Youcef Benabdallah,AssistantProfessor Centre deRechercheenEconomieAppliquéepourle Algeria Denalada Kuzumi,Researcher Elira Jorgoni,SeniorExpertandProjectManager Artan Hoxha,President Institute forContemporaryStudies(ISB) Albania 2012 realization of as itsvaluedPartnerInstitutes,withoutwhichthe acknowledge andthankthefollowingorganizations Competitiveness andPerformanceispleasedto The WorldEconomicForum’sCentreforGlobal Partner Institutes Développement (CREAD) Development Development Board wouldnothavebeenfeasible: The GlobalCompetitivenessReport2011– The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 CAPOD—Conception etAnalysedePolitiques Benin Leo Sleuwaegen,Professor,CompetenceCentre Wim Moesen,Professor Priscilla Boairdi,Associate,CompetenceCentre Vlerick LeuvenGentManagementSchool Belgium Andrew Downes,Director Arthur LewisInstituteforSocialandEconomicStudies, Barbados Kishore KumerBasak,ResearchAssociate Khondaker GolamMoazzem,SeniorResearchFellow Mustafizur Rahman,ExecutiveDirector Centre forPolicyDialogue(CPD) Bangladesh Anelia Damianova,SeniorExpert Center forEconomicDevelopment Bulgaria Dato DrAminAbdullah,Permanent Secretary Pehin DatoYahyaBakar,Minister Ministry ofIndustryandPrimaryResources Brunei Darussalam Tatiana Ribeiro,ProjectCoordinator Nikelma Moura,CommunicationsAssistant Erik Camarano,DirectorPresident Movimento BrasilCompetitivo(MBC) Fabiana Madsen,EconomistandResearcher,The Carlos Arruda,ExecutiveDirector,InternationalAdvisory Marina Araújo,EconomistandResearcher,The Fundação DomCabral Brazil Phumzile Thobokwe,Manager,InformationandResearch Parmod Chandna,ActingExecutiveDirector Letsogile Batsetswe,ResearchConsultantandStatistician Botswana NationalProductivityCentre Botswana Jasmina Selimovic,AssistantDirector Zeljko Sain,ExecutiveDirector Zlatko Lagumdzija,Professor MIT Center,SchoolofEconomicsandBusinessinSarajevo, Bosnia andHerzegovina Fructueux Deguenonvo,Researcher Maria-Odile Attanasso,DeputyCoordinator Epiphane Adjovi,Director Entrepreneurship, GovernanceandStrategy Entrepreneurship, GovernanceandStrategy University ofWestIndies(UWI) Competitiveness andInnovationCenter Innovation Center Council andProfessor,TheCompetitiveness Competitiveness andInnovationCenter Services Department University ofSarajevo Développement © 2011 World Economic Forum

v Partner Institutes vi Partner Institutes Mamadou Sarr,DirectorGeneral Jean-Louis Giacometti,TechnicalAdvisor tothePresident Jean-Louis Billon,President Chambre deCommerceetd’Industrie deCôted’Ivoire Côte d’Ivoire Rosario Córdoba,President Colombian CouncilofCompetitiveness Nelson FabiánVillarealRincón,Advisor Hernando JoséGómez,GeneralDirector Alvaro EdgarBalcazar,EntrepreneurialDevelopmentDirector National PlanningDepartment Colombia Huazhang Zheng,AssociateProfessor Bojuan Zhao,Professor Hongye Xiao,Professor Lu Dong,Professor CenterforEconomicStatisticsResearch, Dong Ying,Professor Chen Wei,ResearchFellow Zhou Haichun,DeputyDirectorandProfessor National DevelopmentandReformCommission Institute ofEconomicSystemandManagement China Leonidas Montes,Dean,SchoolofGovernment Camila Chadwick,ProjectCoordinator Fernando LarrainAninat,DirectoroftheMasterin Universidad AdolfoIbáñez Chile Celine NénodjiMbaipeur,ProgrammeOfficer Gilbert Maoundonodji,Director Antoine Doudjidingao,Researcher Groupe deRecherchesAlternativesetMonitoringdu Chad Frantz Tavares,PartnerandChiefExecutiveOfficer Júlio Delgado,PartnerandSeniorResearcher Sara Mendes,SeniorResearcher INOVE RESEARCH—InvestigaçãoeDesenvolvimento,Lda Cape Verde P. DerekHughes,SeniorResearchAssociate Anne Golden,PresidentandChiefExecutiveOfficer Michael R.Bloom,Vice-President,Organizational The ConferenceBoardofCanada Canada Lucien Sanzouango,PermanentSecretary Comité deCompétitivité(CompetitivenessCommittee) Cameroon Sokheng Sam,Researcher Seiha Neou,ResearchManager Sok Hach,President Economic InstituteofCambodia Cambodia Gilbert Niyongabo,Dean,FacultyofEconomics& Banderembako Deo,Director University ResearchCentreforEconomicandSocial Burundi Samuel Kabore,EconomistandHeadofDevelopment lnstitut SupérieuredesSciencesdelaPopulation(ISSP), Burkina Faso Management andPublicPolicy,SchoolofGovernment Projet Pétrole-Tchad-Cameroun(GRAMP-TC) Effectiveness &Learning Management Development (CURDES),NationalUniversityofBurundi Strategy andPopulationResearch University ofOuagadougou Tianjin UniversityofFinanceandEconomics The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 Omneia Helmy,DeputyDirectorofResearchandLead Iman Al-Ayouty,SeniorEconomist The EgyptianCenterforEconomicStudies Egypt Sara Wong,Professor Virginia Lasio,Director Elizabeth Arteaga,ProjectAssistant ESPAE GraduateSchoolofManagement,EscuelaSuperior Ecuador Carsten Snedker,ManagingPartner Innoption EMEAApS Denmark Tomas Janca,ExecutiveDirector CMC GraduateSchoolofBusiness Czech Republic Maria Markidou-Georgiadou,Manager,InternationalBusiness cdbbank—The CyprusDevelopmentBank Bambos Papageorgiou,HeadofSocioeconomicand Cyprus CollegeResearchCenter Cyprus Mira Lenardic,SeniorAdvisor Kresimir Jurlin,ResearchAssociate Jadranka Gable,ProjectAdministrator National CompetitivenessCouncil Croatia Mamuka Tsereteli,FoundingMember oftheBoard Giga Makharadze,FoundingMemberoftheBoard Tamara Janashia,ExecutiveDirector Business InitiativeforReformsinGeorgia Georgia Makaireh A.Njie,Director Gambia EconomicandSocialDevelopmentResearchInstitute Gambia, The Bernard Ramanantsoa,ProfessorandDean Bertrand Moingeon,ProfessorandDeputyDean HEC SchoolofManagement,Paris Pekka Ylä-Anttila,ManagingDirector Markku Kotilainen,ResearchDirector Petri Rouvinen,ResearchDirector ETLA—The ResearchInstituteoftheFinnishEconomy Finland Tegegne Teka,GeneralManager African InstituteofManagement,Developmentand Ethiopia Ott Pärna,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Kitty Kubo,HeadofForesight Estonian DevelopmentFund Marje Josing,Director Evelin Ahermaa,HeadofEconomicResearchSector Estonian InstituteofEconomicResearch Estonia Magda Kandil,ExecutiveDirectorandofResearch Economist Politécnica delLitoral(ESPOL) Banking Academic Research Directors Directors (GESDRI) Governance © 2011 World Economic Forum Hammed Roohani,Director The CentreforEconomicStudiesandSurveys(CESS),Iran Iran, IslamicRepublicof Tulus Tambunan,ProfessorandDirector Center forIndustry,SME&BusinessCompetitionStudies, Gantakolla Srivastava,Head,FinancialServices Marut Sengupta,DeputyDirectorGeneral Chandrajit Banerjee,DirectorGeneral Confederation ofIndianIndustry(CII) Thorsteinn I.Sigfusson,Director Ardis Armannsdottir,MarketingManager Karl Fridriksson,ManagingDirectorofHumanResourcesand Innovation CenterIceland Iceland Éva Palócz,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Peter Vakhal,,ProjectManager KOPINT-TÁRKI EconomicResearchLtd. Hungary The ChineseGeneralChamberofCommerce Alexandra Poon,Director Federation ofHongKongIndustries David O’Rear,ChiefEconomist Hong KongGeneralChamberofCommerce Hong KongSAR Bernard Craan,SecretaryGeneral Reginald Boulos,Coordinator Edouard Baussan,DeputyCoordinator Private SectorEconomicForum Haiti Clive Thomas,Director Karen Pratt,ResearchAssociate Institute ofDevelopmentStudies,UniversityGuyana Guyana Juan CarlosZapata,GeneralManager Pablo Schneider,EconomicDirector Edgar A.Heinemann,PresidentoftheBoardDirectors FUNDESA Guatemala Thanasis Printsipas,Economist,ResearchandAnalysis Michael Mitsopoulos,Coordinator,ResearchandAnalysis SEV HellenicFederationofEnterprises Greece Nana Owusu-Afari,President Cletus Kosiba,ExecutiveDirector Patricia Djorbuah,ProjectsOfficer Association ofGhanaIndustries(AGI) Ghana Michael Frenkel,Professor,ChairofMacroeconomicsand Ralf Fendel,ProfessorofMonetaryEconomics WHU—Otto BeisheimSchoolofManagement,Vallendar Adriana SoniaNeligan,HeadofDepartment IW ConsultGmbH,CologneInstituteforEconomicResearch Germany International Economics Chamber ofCommerce,IndustriesandMines University ofTrisakti Marketing The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 Keio UniversityincooperationwithKeizaiDoyukai William Lawrence,Director,ProfessionalServicesUnit Evan Duggan,ExecutiveDirectorandProfessor Patricia Douce,ProjectAdministrator Mona SchoolofBusiness(MSB),TheUniversitytheWest Jamaica Francesco A.Saviozzi,SDAAssistantProfessor, Paola Dubini,AssociateProfessor,BocconiUniversity Secchi Carlo,FullProfessorofEconomicPolicy,Bocconi SDA BocconiSchoolofManagement Italy Amir Hayek,ManagingDirector Dan Catarivas,Director Shraga Brosh,President Manufacturers’ AssociationofIsrael(MAI) Israel Michelle NicGearailt,AssistantEconomist Adrian Devitt,Manager National CompetitivenessCouncil Bernadette Power Niall O’Sullivan Eleanor Doyle,Professor,DepartmentofEconomics Competitiveness SurveyGroup,DepartmentofEconomics, Ireland Yongsoo Lee,Head,PolicySurvey Unit Joohee Cho,SeniorResearchAssociate Korea DevelopmentInstitute Professor KaylaJisooLee,Manager,ExchangeProgramme Byungtae Lee,ActingDean Ingoo Han,SeniorAssociateDeanandProfessor College ofBusinessSchool,KoreaAdvancedInstitute Korea, Republicof Dorothy McCormick,ResearchProfessor Paul Kamau,SeniorResearchFellow Mohamud Jama,DirectorandAssociateProfessor Institute forDevelopmentStudies,UniversityofNairobi Kenya Alikhan Yerzhanov,ExpertAnalyst Ayana Manasova,Chairperson Takhir Aslyaliyev,ProjectManager JSC “NationalAnalyticalCentreoftheGovernment Kazakhstan Kawther Al-Zou’bi,HeadofCompetitivenessDivision Aktham Al-Zubi,SeniorResearcher Mukhallad Omari,DirectorofPoliciesandStudies Jordan NationalCompetitivenessTeam Ministry ofPlanning&InternationalCooperation Jordan Heizo Takenaka,Director,GlobalSecurityResearchInstitute, Kiyohiko Ito,ManagingDirector,KeizaiDoyukai Yoko Ishikura,Professor,GraduateSchoolofMediaDesign, (Japan AssociationofCorporateExecutives) Indies Strategic andEntrepreneurialManagementDepartment University University CollegeCork Science andTechnologyKAIST Republic ofKazakhstan” Department Keio University Keio University © 2011 World Economic Forum

vii Partner Institutes viii Partner Institutes Caroline Sciortino, ResearchCoordinator Adrian Said,ChiefCoordinator Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger,Vice President Competitive Malta—Foundationfor NationalCompetitiveness Malta Massa Coulibaly,Coordinator Groupe deRechercheenEconomieAppliquéeetThéorique Mali Lee SawHoon,SeniorDirector Mohd RazaliHussain,DirectorGeneral ProductivityCorporation(MPC) Steven C.M.Wong,SeniorDirector,Economics Mahani ZainalAbidin,ChiefExecutive Institute ofStrategicandInternationalStudies(ISIS) Malaysia Chancellor L.Kaferapanjira,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Hope Chavula,PublicPrivateDialogueManager Malawi ConfederationofChambersCommerceand Malawi Razato RarijaonaSimon,ExecutiveSecretary Ravelomanana MamyRaoul,Director Centre ofEconomicStudies,UniversityAntananarivo Madagascar Saso Trajkoski,ExecutiveDirector Zoran Stavreski,PresidentoftheManagingBoard Dejan Janevski,ProjectCoordinator National EntrepreneurshipandCompetitivenessCouncil Macedonia, FYR Christel Chatelain,Attachée,EconomicDepartment Carlo Thelen,ChiefEconomist,MemberoftheManaging François-Xavier Borsi,Attaché,EconomicDepartment Chamber ofCommercetheGrandDuchyLuxembourg Luxembourg Vilija Lape Statistics Lithuania Lithuania Lindiwe Sephomolo,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Tiisetso Sekhonyana,Researcher O.S.M. Moosa,Chaiperson Private SectorFoundationofLesotho Lesotho Hiba Zunji,Assistant Antoine Abou-Samra,ManagingDirector Bader YoungEntrepreneursProgram Lebanon Irina Curkina,Researcher Helma Jirgena,Director Institute ofEconomics,LatvianAcademySciences Latvia Marat Tazabekov,Chairman Lola Abduhametova,ProgramCoordinator Economic PolicyInstitute“BishkekConsensus” Kyrgyz Republic Sayer Al-Sayer,CommitteeMember Fahed Al-Rashed,CommitteeChairman Adel Al-Husainan,CommitteeMember Kuwait NationalCompetitivenessCommittee Kuwait Ona Grigiene Gediminas Samuolis,Head,KnowledgeEconomyandSpecial (GREAT) Industry (NECC) Board Special SurveysStatisticsDivision Surveys StatisticsDivision . niene . , DeputyHead,KnowledgeEconomyand . , DirectorGeneral The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 Mahendra RajJoshi,Member Bharat Pokharel,ProjectDirectorand ExecutiveDirector Ramesh ChandraChitrakar,Professor andCountry Centre forEconomicDevelopmentandAdministration Nepal Graham Hopwood,ExecutiveDirector Institute forPublicPolicyResearch(IPPR) Namibia Ema MartaSoares,Assistant Donaldo MiguelSoares,Researcher Peter Coughlin,Director EconPolicy ResearchGroup,Lda. Mozambique Mounir Ferram,DelegateDirector General ConfederationofMoroccanEntreprise(CGEM) Fouzi Mourji,ProfessorofEconomics Université HassanII,LASAARE Morocco Veselin Vukotic,President Petar Ivanovic,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Maja Drakic,ProjectManager Institute forStrategicStudiesandPrognoses(ISSP) Montenegro Erdenejargal Perenlei,ExecutiveDirector Munkhsoyol Baatarjav,ManagerofEconomicPolicy Open SocietyForum(OSF) Mongolia Corneliu Gutu,Director Centre forEconomicResearch(CER) Grigore Belostecinic,Rector Academy ofEconomicStudiesMoldova(AESM) Moldova Narciso Suarez,ResearchDirector,Secretaryfor Enrique PerretErhard,TechnicalSecretaryfor Jose AntonioTorre,UndersecretaryforCompetitivenessand Ministry oftheEconomy Juan E.Pardinas,GeneralDirector Manuel Molano,DeputyGeneralDirector Priscila Garcia,Researcher Instituto MexicanoparalaCompetitividad(IMCO) Jesús ZuritaGonzález,GeneralDirector René VillarrealArrambide,PresidentandChiefExecutive Erika RuizManzur,ExecutiveDirector Center forIntellectualCapitalandCompetitiveness Mexico Raju Jaddoo,ManagingDirector Dev Chamroo,Director,PlanningandPolicy Kevin Bessondyal,AssistantDirector,PlanningandPolicy Board ofInvestment Raj Makoond,Director Joint EconomicCouncilofMauritius Mauritius Habib Sy,Analyst Lô Abdoul,ConsultantandAnalyst Khira MintCheikhnani,Director Centre d’InformationMauritanienpourleDéveloppement Mauritania Coordinator (CEDA) Competitiveness Competitiveness Standardization Officer Economique etTechnique(CIMDET/CCIAM) © 2011 World Economic Forum Esmeralda Dourado,Presidentofthe BoardofDirectors Pedro doCarmoCosta,Memberof theBoardofDirectors Paulo Bandeira,GeneralDirector Fórum deAdministradoresEmpresas (FAE) Ilídio AntóniodeAyalaSerôdio,VicePresidentoftheBoard PROFORUM, AssociaçãoparaoDesenvolvimentoda Portugal Piotr Boguszewski,Advisor Jarosław T.Jakubik,DeputyDirector Economic Institute,NationalBankofPoland Poland Arnold P.Salvador,ExecutiveDirector In cooperationwiththeManagementAssociationof Peter AngeloV.Perfecto,ExecutiveDirector Michael B.Mundo,ChiefEconomist Marc P.Opulencia,DeputyDirector Makati BusinessClub(MBC) Philippines Luis Tenorio,ExecutiveDirector Néstor Asto,ProjectDirector Centro deDesarrolloIndustrial(CDI),SociedadNacional Peru María BelénServín,ResearchMember Fernando Masi,Director Dionisio Borda,ResearchMember Centro deAnálisisyDifusiónEconomiaParaguaya Paraguay Shahab Khawaja,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Imran Khan,Economist Maryam Jawaid,CommunicationSpecialist Competitiveness SupportFund Pakistan Mehdi AliJuma,ExpertforEconomicResearch Public AuthorityforInvestmentPromotionandExport Salem BenNasserAl-Ismaily,Chairman The InternationalResearchFoundation Oman Torger Reve,Professor Eskil Goldeng,Researcher BI NorwegianSchoolofManagement Norway Foluso Phillips,Chairman Chris Okpoko,AssociateDirector,Research Frank NwekeJr.,DirectorGeneral Nigerian EconomicSummitGroup(NESG) Nigeria Rick Boven,Director Catherine Harland,ProjectLeader The NewZealandInstitute Phil O’Reilly,ChiefExecutive Business NewZealand New Zealand Henk W.Volberda,DirectorandProfessor Frans A.J.VandenBosch,Professor INSCOPE: ResearchforInnovation,ErasmusUniversity Netherlands (CADEP) Development (PAIPED) Rotterdam of Directors Engenharia the Philippines(MAP) de Industrias The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 Senegal Khaldon Mahasen,VicePresident Awwad Al-Awwad,President National CompetitivenessCenter(NCC) Saudi Arabia Vincent S.Safari,Director,TradeandPolicyAdvocacy Roger Munyampenda,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Private SectorFederation Rwanda Carl F.Fey,AssociateDeanofResearch Igor Dukeov,AreaPrincipal Stockholm SchoolofEconomics,Russia Alexey Prazdnichnykh,PrincipalandManagingDirector Katerina Marandi,ProgrammeManager Bauman Innovation&EurasiaCompetitivenessInstitute Russian Federation Irina Zgreaban,ProgramCoordinator Liviu Voinea,ExecutiveDirector Group ofAppliedEconomics(GEA) Romania Sarah Abdallah,DeputyGeneralManager Issa AbdulSalamAbuIssa,Secretary-General Qatari BusinessmenAssociation(QBA) Qatar Francisco MontalvoFiol,ProjectCoordinator Suzette M.Jimenez,President Puerto Rico2000,Inc. Puerto Rico Antoni Subirà,Professor Enrique deDiego,ResearchAssistant María LuisaBlázquez,ResearchAssociate IESE BusinessSchool,International Centerfor Spain Jerry Vilakazi,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Coenraad Bezuidenhout,ExecutiveDirectorforEconomic Business UnitySouthAfrica Michael Spicer,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Friede Dowie,Director Business LeadershipSouthAfrica South Africa Aleš Vahc Mateja Drnovšek,Professor University ofLjubljana,FacultyEconomics Peter Stanovnik,Professor Sonja Uršic Institute forEconomicResearch Slovenia Robert Kicina,ExecutiveDirector Business AllianceofSlovakia(PAS) Slovak Republic Cheng WaiSan,Head,Research&StatisticsUnit Angeline Poh,DirectorPlanning Economic DevelopmentBoard Singapore Bojan Ristic,Researcher Katarina Bojie Mihail Arandarenko,ChairmanoftheBoardDirectors Foundation fortheAdvancementofEconomics(FREN) Serbia Diop IbrahimaThione,Director University ofDakar Centre deRecherchesEconomiquesAppliquées(CREA), Competitiveness Policy © 2011 World ic , SeniorResearcher , Professor , ProjectCoordinator Economic Forum

ix Partner Institutes x Partner Institutes Rolph Balgobin,Chairman The CompetitivenessCompany Harrylal Nirmala,Director,International Centre Miguel Carillo,ExecutiveDirector Arthur LokJackGraduateSchoolof Business Trinidad andTobago Palmira Pires,Director Januario Mok,SurveyFieldOfficer Jose BarretoGoncalves,SurveySupervisor East TimorDevelopmentAgency(ETDA) Timor-Leste Yos Vajragupta,SeniorResearcher Chalongphob Sussangkarn,DistinguishedFellow Somchai Jitsuchon,ResearchDirector Thailand DevelopmentResearchInstitute(TDRI) Piyachart Phiromswad,FacultyofEconomics Toemsakdi Krishnamra,DirectorofSasin Pongsak Hoontrakul,SeniorResearchFellow Sasin GraduateInstituteofBusinessAdministration, Thailand Cornel Jahari,Researcher,CommissionedResearch Lucas Katera,Director,CommissionedResearch Joseph Semboja,ProfessorandExecutiveDirector Research onPovertyAlleviation(REPOA) Tanzania Alikul Isoev,SociologistandEconomist Gulnora Beknazarova,Researcher Qahramon Baqoev,Director The CenterforSociologicalResearch“Zerkalo” Tajikistan Shieh, ChungChung,Researcher,EconomicResearch Hung, J.B.,Director,EconomicResearchDepartment Liu, Y.Christina,Minister Council forEconomicPlanningandDevelopment,Executive Taiwan, China Rami Zaatari,TeamLeader National CompetitivenessObservatory(NCO) Noha Chuck,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Syrian EnterpriseandBusinessCentre(SEBC) Amer HousniLoutfi,Head Planning andInternationalCooperationCommission(PICC) Syria Rubén RodriguezStartz,HeadofProject Beat Bechtold,CommunicationsManager University ofSt.Gallen,ExecutiveSchoolManagement, Switzerland Niclas Adler,President International UniversityofEntrepreneurshipandTechnology Sweden Nyakwesi Motsa,Administration&FinanceManager Mduduzi Lokotfwako,ResearchAnalyst Zodwa Mabuza,ChiefExecutiveOfficer Federation ofSwazilandEmployersandChamber Swaziland Dilani Hirimuthugodage,ResearchOfficer Saman Kelegama,ExecutiveDirector Ayodya Galappattige,ResearchOfficer Institute ofPolicyStudies Sri Lanka Department Department Yuan Technology andLaw(ES-HSG) Commerce Chulalongkorn University The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 United Kingdom Mouawiya Alawad,Director Institute forSocialandEconomicResearch(ISER), H.E. AbdullaNasserLootah,SecretaryGeneral Emirates CompetitivenessCouncil H.E. HaniAlHamly,SecretaryGeneral Dubai EconomicCouncil H.E. MohammedOmarAbdulla,Undersecretary Abu DhabiDepartmentofEconomicDevelopment United ArabEmirates Vladimir Dubrovskiy,LeadingEconomist Dmytro Boyarchuk,ExecutiveDirector CASE Ukraine,CenterforSocialandEconomicResearch Ukraine Catherine Ssekimpi,ResearchAssociate Delius Asiimwe,ExecutiveDirector Robert Apunyo,ProgramManager Kabano ResearchandDevelopmentCentre Uganda Selcuk Karaata,ViceDirector Izak Atiyas,Director TUSIAD SabanciUniversityCompetitivenessForum Turkey Chekib Nouira,President Majdi Hassen,ExecutiveCounsellor Institut ArabedesChefsd’Entreprises Tunisia A. M.Hawkins,Professor Graduate Schoolof Management,UniversityofZimbabwe Zimbabwe Mubiana Macwan’gi,DirectorandProfessor Jolly Kamwanga,SeniorResearchFellow andProject Patricia Funjika,ResearchFellow Institute ofEconomicandSocialResearch(INESOR), Zambia Margret Arning,Consultant Ali SaeedMahmoudAl-Azaki,ExecutiveDirector Ahmed AbuBakrBazara,Chairman Yemeni BusinessmenClubYBC Yemen Trieu ThanhSon,Researcher Du PhuocTan,HeadofDepartment Nguyen TrongHoa,ProfessorandPresident Institute forDevelopmentStudiesinHCMC(HIDS) Macroeconomic Management Pham HoangHa,SeniorResearcher,Departmentof Macroeconomic Management Phan ThanhHa,DeputyDirector,Departmentof Dinh VanAn,President Central InstituteforEconomicManagement(CIEM) Vietnam Litsay Guerrero,EconomicAffairsandInvestorServicesManager Eduardo Porcarelli,ExecutiveDirector CONAPRI—Venezuelan CouncilforInvestmentPromotion Venezuela Isidoro Hodara,Professor Universidad ORT Uruguay Robyn KlinglerVidra,Researcher Niccolo Durazzi,ProjectOfficer Adam Austerfield,DirectorofProjects LSE EnterpriseLtd,LondonSchoolofEconomicsand Zayed University Coordinator University ofZambia Political Science © 2011 World Economic Forum Anders Paalzow,Rector Karlis Kreslins,ExecutiveMBAProgrammeDirector Stockholm SchoolofEconomicsinRiga Latvia, Lithuania Víctor Umaña,ResearcherandProjectManager,CLACDS Marlene deEstrella,DirectorofExternalRelations Lawrence Pratt,Director,CLACDS Arturo Condo,Rector INCAE BusinessSchool,LatinAmericanCenterfor Honduras,Nicaragua,Panama El Salvador, Belize, Bolivia,CostaRica,DominicanRepublic,Ecuador, Competitiveness andSustainableDevelopment(CLACDS) The Global Competitiveness Report 2011-2012 © 2011 World Economic Forum

xi Partner Institutes