Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), 136, 221 ABC V. the State (NCT of Delhi

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-83406-3 — Mutinies for Equality Tanja Herklotz, Siddharth Peter de Souza Index More Information

Index

Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), 136, 221 assisted reproductive technologies ABC v. The State (NCT of Delhi), 209, (ART), 13, 173, 178–79, 241, 207, 212–16 216, 220 Abrahamic mythology, 192 autonomous legal status for single Advocacy and Legal Initiatives (AALI), mothers, 207, 221 143, 150 autonomy, 270 Ahmedabad Women’s Action Group v. gender, 238 Union of India, 10, 10n31, 11, personal, 253, 257 126n55, 131, 147n52 relational, 255n22 Akshara, 165 sexual, 4 alienation of property, restraints on, of women, 257 21–26, 37 doctrine of, 27–28 Babri mosque, 84, 147–48 limited or absolute interest, 32–36 Baby Manji Yamada v. Union of India, partial or absolute, 29–31 174–75 Al Kathiri, Moullim Mohsin Bin Bajaj, Rupan Deol, 260 Hussain Bin Abdad, 136, 139 Banerjee, Indira, 40n9, 47 All India Democratic Women’s Bano, Shayara, 12, 78n21, 79, 79n28, Association (AIDWA), 244, 244n8 117, 124–28, 131, 138, 140, 145, All India Muslim Personal Law Board 148n55 (AIMPLB), 85n60, 134, 137n11, Banumathi, R., 40n9, 46–47 139n22, 140, 140n25, 144n39, bar dancer/bar dancing, 13, 155–56, 158, 147–48 168–69 All India Muslim Women’s Personal Anti Dance Bar Forum, 160n16 Law Board, 148 Bharatiya Bargirls Union, 162–65 All India Shia Personal Law Board, 148 court case against government ban, Ambedkar, B. R., 137n11, 153, 195 165 anganwādi, 245 and cultural politics of caste and anti-Indian/Indianness, 89–90, 92, 108, gender, 161–62 110 Dance Bar Virodhi Munch, 159 anti-national/anti-nationalism, 8, 90, discrimination, 166–68 94–96, 104, 108, 110–11 as labour, 156–57 Apparel Export Promotion Council v. A. legal ban in 2006 by Maharashtra K. Chopra, 262 government, 13, 155, 158–61 Arya Samaj, 96 unionisation of bar girls, 162–64

286 Index

barline, 155n1, 156 -based discrimination, 168, 189, 261 basic structure doctrine, 48n52 council, 142 beef ban, by Maharashtra government, 96 groups, 6 Beevi, M. Fatima, 40n9 marginalised, 189 Begum, Sameena, 136 notions of justice, 195 bench, 7, 9, 41, 44, 50–51, 53–54, 56, 59, politics of, 161–62 69, 72–73, 97, 122, 185–86, 208 relationship of power, 195 constitutional, 11 Chand, Dutee, 7 gender-diverse, 40, 56 Chandrachud, D. Y., 54–55, 59, 65, 186, under-representation of women, 39, 189–90, 193, 195, 198–201, 238–40 46–48 Chatterji, Jyotsna, 119, 119n17 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 75n3, 136, Chavan, Vidya, 159 145, 147, 149, 161–62 child/children, 3, 5, 13, 34–35, 42, 83, agenda of UCC, 147 94, 97, 104–05, 109, 118, 138, 159, Hindu universalism, 151 179, 195, 230, 204–06, 209, 211, promise to replace personal law with 215, 219–21, 245–49, 256 UCC, 137 abandonment of, 175–76 regain electoral majority in 2014, biological, 5, 177, 180, 216 148 commoditisation of, 174 Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan day-care facilities for, 56 (BMMA), 84n59, 131, 143–46, difference between married and 148–49 unmarried parents, 121 Bhopal gas leak disaster in 1984, 197 legitimate vs illegitimate, 122, bias(es)/biased, 26, 37, 52, 74, 79, 84, 207–09, 212 178, 256, 263n13 sexual assault and harassment of, 63 against women, 7, 54 Christian succession law, 118. See also gender, 7, 22, 28, 48, 55 Travancore Christian Succession in favor of alienability, 24 Act, 1916 religion-based personal laws, 73 citizens/citizenship, 77, 83, 104, 110, biological, 67, 177, 225, 229 123, 167–68, 176, 193–99 child/children, 5, 177, 180, 216 Citizenship (Amendment) Act, fatherhood, 207–09 2019, 151 motherhood, 207–09, 211 in Indian nationalist project, 186–89 relatedness, 213, 218 transgender, 201 sex, 225 Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, 248 Births, Deaths and Marriages colonial/British colonialism, 29, 36, 95, Registration Act, 1886, 213, 213n40 108, 187, 190, 192, 194–95, 201 Bombay Police Act, 1951, 105, 105n69, anti-, 78n24 108, 165 disinclination, 25 Bombay Police (Amendment) Act, India, 3, 7, 13, 21, 25, 91, 202 2005, 155, 158, 166 modernity, 25, 141 policy of non-interference, 25 caste(s)/casteist, 4–5, 7, 13, 17, 23, 28, power, 94 54, 76–77, 86, 155–56, 166, 169, pre-colonial Indian-ness, 193, 196 186, 188, 194, 196, 198–201, 203, violence, 189 240, 243 commercial sex, 108, 157

Index 287

communal violence, 95 anti-, 87, 258 Communist Party of India, 160n16 caste-based, 261 Constitution of India of daughters in Christian succession Article 13, 80, 117n9 law, 118 Article 14, 3, 63–64, 69–70, 77, 81, gender, 6, 81, 104, 109–10, 122 117, 119–20, 122, 127–28, 130, in Indian family, 116 138, 165–66, 168, 239 intersectional, 5 Article 15, 3, 5, 57, 61–63, 70, 77, non-, 3, 58, 61, 75, 84, 240, 209 81, 84, 87, 117, 119–20, 122, 127, social, 194 138, 166, 168, 239–40 systemic, 50 Article 16, 3 Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, Article 17, 3 1939, 78, 125n47 Article 18, 3 divorce/divorced/divorcees, 1, 8, 12–13, Article 19, 101, 111, 165, 238–39 24, 37, 64, 77, 79–80, 83, 150, 178, Article 21, 59–60, 63, 70, 77, 81, 183, 205–06, 208, 213, 217, 219–21, 104, 138, 167, 198, 238–39 248. See also nikah halala practice; Article 25, 69–70, 73, 77, 81, 138 talaq Article 26, 73 contract(s), 148 (see also Article 32, 119, 123 nikahnama[s]) Article 39(a), 167 custody of child post, 218 Article 41, 167 Islamic/Muslim, 68–69, 74, 125 Article 142, 85n64 maintenance post, 5, 23 Convention on the Elimination of all unilateral, 146 Forms of Discrimination Against dowry, 9, 12n37, 68n34, 137, 237 Women (CEDAW), 123, 261 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, Emergency, 90, 147 63n17, 208, 263–64 equality(ies), concept of, 2, 62, 67, 261, cultural neo-institutionalism, 252–53 265, 270 battles for, 2–3, 8–13 Dalit, 90, 160 formal, 3n2, 79 discrimination against women, 4, 53 gender, 3, 7, 38, 57–58, 71, 84, 117, feminism, 87n72 124, 128–32, 166, 259 groups, 188 intersectional approaches, 87 Danial Latifi v. Union of India, 80, 80n32 in marriage, 50 dar-ul-qazas (Islamic courts), 148, realising, 14–17, 241 150–51. See also sharia courts sex, 71 democracy(ies), 50, 186 substantive, 3n2, 79 liberal, 188 women, 58, 68–71, 74, 88 parliamentary, 170–71 workplace, 273 US, 191 Desai, Ranjana Prakash, 40n9 Family Court’s Act, 1984, 10 discrimination, 7–8, 11, 13, 15–16, 26, family(ies), 1, 6–7, 28, 31, 35–37, 42–43, 53–54, 57, 62, 69–70, 77, 79, 86, 91, 55, 58, 60, 62–68, 74, 77, 83, 94, 99, 132, 135, 151, 165, 201, 259 107–08, 110, 115, 132, 143, 158, against Dalit women, 4, 53 179, 202, 227, 229, 232, 236–37, aim to abolish, 76 240, 210, 219

288 Index

anti-, 8, 95 Global South, 116 conjugal, 87 Gogoi, Ranjan, 38, 43n25, 73 defined, 5 Gore, Mrunal, 160n16 denial of property rights to women, governance, 196, 215, 217 26–27 formal, 238 disputes, 242–46, 248–49 gender, 240 feminist approaches, 22–26 informal, 238 market–family dichotomy, 21 governmentality, 189, 193–99, 203 middle-class, 159, 229 Grover, Anand, 49 Muslim law, 131, 146 guardianship, 5, 117, 123, 212, 216, 218, non-normative, 13, 207 221. See also Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act (HMGA), 1956 family law, 1, 12, 21, 72, 116–17, of children, 5, 207, 210 130–32, 143, 146, 149–50, 152, 154, Christian and Parsi law, 208 210n25 Hindu law, 12 familial ideology, 5, 22, 26, 36–37 Muslim law, 209 Federation of Obstetric and Guardians and Wards Act (GWA), Gynaecological Societies of India 1890, 207, 208, 208n16, 209–10, (FOGSI), 178 212, 221 feminist(s), 2, 12, 21–24, 37, 74, 76, Gujarat riots in 2002, 84, 148 78–79, 86, 88, 109, 124–25, 135, Gupta, Deepak, 64–65 155, 211, 255–56 anti-, 11 Hadiya case, 58 anti-porn, 98 Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K. M., 58n5, judgments project(s), 10, 10n27, 51 59–61, 198, 239 market-family ideology, 25–26 Hariharan, Geeta, 12, 117, 121–24, 131, film 208 Bandit Queen, 89 Harsora v. Harsora, 63, 63n16, 66–68, 72 Fire, 89, 94, 104 Hasan, Naish, 136 Between the Lines: India’s Third heteronormative/(hetero)normative, 16, Gender, 199, 199n28 187, 226–29, 231–35, 237–38, 240, Mrityudand, 204 240n55 heterosexual/heterosexuality, 5, 192–93, Gandhi, Indira, 90 198, 226, 228, 232, 238–40 gay sex, 4–5, 9, 11 Hindu/Hindus/Hindutva/Hindu-ness, gender identity(ies), 7–8, 10, 57–58, 12, 28, 35, 50, 77, 84, 86, 106, 115n3, 61–62, 197, 238–40 116, 129, 131, 210, 221. See also Geneva Forum of Judges and Lawyers Hadiya case; Sabarimala case by International Commission of caste, 198 Jurist, 44–45 contextualism, 188–89 Gill, K. P. S., 260 friendship deed among, 143 Githa Hariharan v. Reserve Bank of goddess, 89, 94 India, 71, 71n55, 117, 121–24, nationalism, 108, 149, 153, 188 128–29, 131–32, 208–09, 212, 219 nationalists, 8, 11, 13, 147, 149, 154, Global North, 116, 196 187, 192, 196

Index 289

personal law, 10, 117, 121–24, 126, section 294, 97n37 189–93, 209 section 339, 234 prohibition of same-sex conduct, 62 section 340, 234 right, 96 section 341, 260 universalism/universality, 151 section 342, 260 upper-caste, 188 section 352, 260 widow, 33 section 354, 260 Hindus, The (Wendy Doniger), 104 section 354A, 17, 263n16, 264, Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 269–274 1956, 121 section 361, 234 Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, 10, 115n3, section 375, 63–64, 138 121, 130, 248 section 377, 11, 13, 61–62, 185, 189, Hindu Minority and Guardianship 240 Act (HMGA), 1956, 121–24, 129, section 494, 137, 137n13 207–09, 221 section 498A, 68 Hindu Succession Act, 1956, 121 section 509, 260, 263n16 homophobia, 190, 192–93, 195, 199 Indian Secular Society, 147 homosexual/homosexuals/ Indian Society of Third Party Assisted homosexuality, 5, 11, 90, 108–09, Reproduction, 178 146, 184–85, 188–89, 190, 193, 195, inequality(ies), 17, 91, 121, 207 198, 202, 230 domestic abuse against women, 68 Husain, M. F., 89 gender, 21, 39, 98, 111 sex, 208 iddat, 69, 69n37, 125n47, 130n72, 139 structural, 54 Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act systems of, 3–8 (ITPA), 1956, 105, 164 inheritance, 1, 5, 12, 21, 24–25, 35, 37, Indecent Representation of Women 77, 115–16, 119, 143n35, 181 (Prohibition) Act (IRWA), 1986, International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, 98–99, 109, 111 Trans and Intersex Association, 193 Independent Thought, 63 intersectional/intersectionality(ies) Independent Thought v. Union of India, 7–8, 17, 39, 52–55, 70, 75, 76n11, 57–58, 63–66, 72 77n18, 82–83, 86–87, 168, 228–29, Indian Centre for Human Rights and 231–32, 239, 239n47, 240 Law, 165 Indian Council of Medical Research Jaising, Indira, 49, 51, 71, 119, 123 (ICMR), 173, 175 Jamaat-e-ulema-hind ( JUH), 134 Indian Evidence Act, 1872, 5n14, 269 Janata Dal, 160n16 Indian Hotel and Restaurant Association Janwādi Mahilā Sanghaana, 243, and Ors v. State of Maharashtra, 165, 245–46, 252–53 165n22, 23, 166n24 Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860, 65, 97, Delhi, 90 99, 102, 108, 194, 196, 258–260, Jijabai Gajre v. Pathan Khan, 121, 209 262, 265 Joint Women’s Programme, 119 section 292, 97n37 Joseph, Kurian, 69–70, 80–82, 128n63 section 293, 97n37 Judeo-Christian, 191

290 Index

morality, 190, 193, 195, 199 Lokur, Madan B., 64–65 values, 192 love jihad, 60–61 judicial appointments, 7, 38–40, 49, 52, 55–56 Madhu Kishwar & Ors v. State of Bihar, intersectional appointment process, 11, 11n32, 71, 130n73 52–55 mahilā sanghaana, 252–53, 255–57 judicial composition and absence of maintenance, 5, 23, 30, 33, 77, 82n44, women judges, 40–46 117n8, 125n47, 130n72, 138n16, National Judicial Appointments 143, 164, 248–49, 249n9, 256 Commission Act, (NJAC Act), Hindu Adoption and Maintenance 2014, 48 Act, 1956, 121, 221, 249 and women representation in bench, maitri karar practice, 142–43 46–48 Malhotra, Indu, 40n9, 47, 73, 186, 193, Justice Verma Committee, 9, 65, 240, 198–99 264 Manohar, Sujata V., 40n9, 47 Justice K. S. Puttaswamy (Retd) v. Union Manushi (journal), 119 of India, 57, 57n3, 65, 239–40 Manushi (organization), 121–23, 208 Justice Rajendra Sachar Committee marriage(s), 10, 12n37, 23–24, 28, 30, report of 2004, 148, 148n56 37, 43, 50 58–60, 62, 69–70, 72–73, 77, 83–84, 125, 128, 130, 133, 141, Kale, Varsha, 157, 162–63 143, 195, 202, 226–27, 207–10, 213, Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, 218, 247, 249–50. See also nikah 48n52 halala practice; queer community; Khan, Nafisa, 136–37 talaq Khanwilkar, A. M., 59, 73, 186 consensual sex outside, 108 khap panchayats (community courts), 1, 6 forced, 142 Khehar, J. S., 50, 69–70, 80–83, 85n64 heterosexual, 192 Khurshid, Salman, 140, 140n26, n27 institution of, 10, 58, 62–64, 225, 228 Kishwar, Madhu, 121–22, 208 inter-faith or inter-religious, 61, 142 K. S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, remarriage of widow, 141 57n3, 65 temporary, 142, 150 women’s rights in, 63–68 Lacchmeshwar Sahai v. Moti Rani maternal Kunwar, 32–35 affection, 211 Lalit, U. U., 69, 80–81, 83 family, 251 Law Commission of India, 149, 174–76 home, 247, 251 legal pluralism, 258, 274 leave, 56 lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, mortality, 4 intersex and queer (LGBTIQ), Mathumitha Ramesh v. The Chief Health 2, 2n1, 5–11, 13–14, 61–62, 186, Officer, 213–14 201–02 Mathura case, 9 litigation, 11–12, 47, 87n76, 115–18, Tuka Ram and Anr. v. State of 122, 126, 129, 131–32, 208 Maharashtra, 9n24, 51 Lok Sabha, 4, 42, 75n3, 84, 170, 181–82, Mary Roy case, 12, 71, 115–17, 120, 221 123–24, 128–29, 131

Index 291

Mrs. Mary Roy v. State of Kerala, NALSA case 71n53, 120n23 National Legal Service Authority v. and struggle to reform Christian Union of India, 8n21, 57n2, 58, personal law, 118–20 58n6, 61–62 Medha Kotwal Lele v. Union of India, Narayanan, K. R., 53 262 nari adalats (women’s courts), 1, 16 meditation centre, 253–55 Nariman, Rohinton, 69–70, 80–81, Misra, Dipak, 52, 59, 61, 72, 186, 189, 82n46, 83, 186, 189, 191, 194, 198, 197–99, 201, 238 201 Misra, Gyan Sudha, 40n9 National Commission for Women, 1, morality, 5, 77, 89, 92, 95, 101–02, 106, 178, 268 110–11, 137, 159, 167, 198 National Crime Records Bureau, 68n34, constitutional, 186, 194 264 Judeo-Christian, 190, 193, 195, 199 nationalism, notion of, 11, 76, 91, 102, public, 99, 105 136 social, 186, 194 anti-, 8, 11, 90, 94, 95, 110 moral policing, 105–10 obscenity and, 89–90 motherhood, 183, 213. See also single or secular-, 188–89 unwed mother/motherhood Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), biological, 207–09 158–59 defined, 210–11 Navtej Singh Johar case legal, 211 Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, Mother India (or Bharat Mata), 94 4n11, 10n30, 11n35, 13, 57n1, Muhammad Raza v. Abbas Bandi Bibi, 58, 58n6, 61–62, 72, 185–89, 29–31 191, 193, 195–98, 200, 202, Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) 238–40 Application Act, 1937, 70, 78, 125, Nazeer, Abdul, 69–70, 80–83, 85n64 127–28, 138, 138n16 Naz Foundation, 5, 185 Muslim Satyashodhak Samaj (Muslim Naz Foundation v. Govt. of NCT of Truth-Seeking Society), 147 Delhi, 5, 9, 11n33, n34, 185, 192–93, Muslim women, 8, 12, 69–70, 72–73, 240 82–88, 126–27, 131, 135, 146–47, Shikhandi manoeuvre, 199–202 149, 151–54. See also nikah halala Nazma Bibi v. State of Orissa, 138, 142 practice; Shayara Bano case; talaq nikah halala practice, 12, 133–36, Awaaz-e-Niswaan (voice of women), 142–44, 153. See also talaq (Muslim 126, 148, 165 divorce practice) mobilisation in nineteenth century, Muslim women’s voice in legal 146 narratives, 144–51 Muslim Women (Protection of Rights petitions against, 136–42 on Divorce) Act, 1986, 80, 137n11 nikahnama(s) (marriage contract[s]), 148 Muslim Women (Protection of Rights niti and nyaya, concept of and on Marriage) Act (MWA), 2019, 75, distinction between, 15 75n3, 134, 145 non-governmental organisation(s) Muslim Women (Protection of Rights (NGO[s]), 2, 63, 99, 165, 185, 230, on Marriage) Bill, 2017, 76–78, 84 243

292 Index

obscenity, concept of, 89, 92–96, values, 23 97–100, 110–11, 158–59, 163. See violence, 202 also porn personal law(s), 11–12, 24–25, 58, Aksa Beach Hotel raid, 8, 92–93, 63, 72–76, 78, 115, 129–30, 134, 105–10 150–51, 154, 207–08 anti-national, 90 Christian, 116, 118–20, 131 (see also Cable Television Networks Rules, 98 Mary Roy case) Canadian Butler test, 98 Hindu, 10, 116–17, 121–24, 131 Cinematograph Act, 1952, 98 (see also Githa Hariharan case) defined, 8 Muslim, 11, 75, 79–80, 82n47, Indian Post Office Act, 1898, 98 84n59, 85–88, 116–17, 124–28, Information Technology Act (IT 131, 135–37, 139, 144, 147–49, Act), 2000, 98, 101–02 153, 209 (see also Shah Bano case; law to regulate, 90–91 Shayara Bano case) in popular discourse, 100 religion-based, 5–6, 72–73, 132 Roth test, 98 and women’s equality, 68–71 and temporary ban on pornography, Prerna Katia v. Regional Passport Office, 101–05 220 Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, porn/pornography, 98–99, 110. See also 1958, 98 obscenity, concept of Obscene Publications Act of 1857, online, 92 Great Britain, 97 temporary ban in 2015, 8, 93, Other Backward Classes, 201 101–09 sub-quotas for, 87n72 post colonial, 76–77, 94, 187 hybridity, 111 Pal, Ruma, 40n9, 46 India, 98–99 pardanashin, 33, 33n44 Prohibition of Child Marriage Act parenthood. See also fatherhood and (PCMA), 2006, 63–64 motherhood under biological; single property, 29–33, 118–19, 207 or unwed mother/motherhood alienation of, 22–23, 25, 27–28, 36 delayed or deferred, 180 disputes, 181 legal, 207, 209 family, 237 proving, 213–16 gifted, 34 Parliament (Indian), 1, 4, 6–8, 11–13, ownership, 21 63–64, 84, 133–34, 137, 145, 156, transfer of, 7, 24 170–73, 176–84, 194, 258, 262–63 Protection of Children from Sexual Patil, Vivek, 158, 160 Offences Act, 2012, 63 patriarchy/patriarchal, 7, 17, 21, 26, Protection of Women from Domestic 36–37, 83, 87, 91, 167, 229, 204, 211, Violence Act (PWDVA), 2005, 10, 244, 257. See also Shah Bano case 66–68, 249 and caste, 195 protest(s), 9, 9n25, 13, 72, 107, 134, 147, family model, 13, 180, 205, 207, 149, 151, 154–55, 164 220–21 public interest litigation (PIL), 6n16, notions of women identity, 74 9–10, 102, 116, 119, 122, 126, 129, religious practices, 71, 135 131, 136, 185, 200, 203, 206 state, 134

Index 293

queer community, 2, 2n1, 16, 61, 186, sexual, 109 188, 199, 201–02, 226–28 women, 39–41, 134 arranged/forced marriages, 228–32 Republican Party of India, 161n17 Indian politics on, 197–98 Right of Children to Free and resisting/subverting marriages, 232–38 Compulsory Education Act, 2009, rights, 189–93 205, 205n7 Roy, Mary, 12, 115–20, 123, 131 Rabeeha v. Ministry of External Affairs, Rupan Deol Bajaj v. K. P. S. Gill, 260 220 Rajya Sabha, 75n3, 170, 181–83 Sabarimala case, 1, 14, 72–73 Ramachandra Shenoy v. Mrs. Hilda Brite, Indian Young Lawyers Association & 35 Ors. v. State of Kerala & Ors., 1, rape, 23, 51, 60, 63, 98–99, 137–38, 145, 14n40, 72n58, 61, 73, 146n47 177, 190, 202, 260, 263–64, 272. See Sameena Begum, 137–38 also nikah halala practice same-sex relationship/same-sex couples, custodial, 200 6, 11, 62, 108, 186, 190, 193, 227, of Dalit women, 4 230, 233, 235, 240 gang rape in Delhi in 2012, 9 Sanatan Dharma, 96 intercourse with minor wives treated Scheduled Caste(s), 53, 201, 205 as, 64 Scheduled Tribe(s), 53, 201 marital, 6, 10, 57–58, 65–66, 72 secular/secularism, concept of, 8, 17, 50, revenge, 142n34 82, 136, 145, 149, 187–88, 197 survivors, 205, 219 cultures, 189 trial, 5–6, 44 feminism/feminists, 152–53 Reddit India, 103, 103n62, 104 Foucauldian emphasis on, 152 Registration of Births and Deaths Act impact on Muslim women’s rights, (RBDA), 1969, 213–15 76–78 religion, 2, 5, 7–8, 11, 14, 17, 54–58, -liberal legislation, 191 60, 69–70, 72–75, 77, 86, 94, 102, minoritism, 151 134, 144–46, 150, 152–54, 156, 166, and religious groups’ rights, 75–76 214n43, 243 secular-nationalism, Indian, 188 -based family laws/-based personal self-identification, 62, 227–28 laws, 1, 5, 115, 117, 132 (see also sexism, 43, 47, 49–50 family law; personal law) sexist, 44, 54, 109 postcolonial state’s aim to abolish sexual discrimination on, 76 harassment, 1, 10, 17, 38–39, 43, 51, women’s rights and, 130 63, 99, 258–62 Renganekar, Ahilya, 160n16 representation, 109, 111 representation(s), 2, 7, 45n36, 50, violence, 1, 63, 95, 111, 164 52–53, 55, 87, 147, 150–51, Sexual Harassment of Women at the 183–84, 191 Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition disproportionate, 39 and Redressal) Act, 2013 (known as indecent, 99, 101 POSH ACT), 17, 265–66 judges’ geographical, 54 aim of, 262–63 political, 5 proceedings of ICCs and LCCs, media, 89, 95, 106 266–68

294 Index

scheme of criminal justice system, Suresh Kumar Koushal v. NAZ 263–64 Foundation and Ors, 9, 9n26, 11n34, Section 354A of IPC, 269–73 185, 185n1, 194, 196 sexuality/sexual relations, 5, 61, 91–92, surrogacy, 1, 13, 173, 175, 213, 221 94, 108–09, 111, 186–88, 193, 195, altruistic, 176–77, 179 198–99, 225, 228, 230, 238 commercial, 175–79, 182–83 sex work, 157–58, 158n9, 161, 164, 199, compensated/compensatory, 183–84 229 gestational, 183 sex workers, 116n5, 157, 164, 205, National Surrogacy Regulatory 205n6, 206n9, 219 Board, 177 Shafin Jahan v. Asokan K. M., 59, 61, 239 unpaid, 183 Shah Bano case, 79, 130, 135–36, Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2016, 176–81 147–48, 151, 153 Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019, Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano 172–73, 181–83 Begum and Ors., 79n30, 126n54, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India 130n72 Mission), 96 Shakti Vahini v. Union of India, 198–99, 239 talaq Shalu Nigam v. Regional Passport Office, Supreme Court ban on triple talaq, 218–19 10, 50, 68–72, 81–82 (see also Shamim Ara v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 80, Shayara Bano case) 80n34 talaq mukti morchas (movements for Sharia, 82, 97, 125, 134, 140, 146 liberation from talaq), 126 sharia courts/dar-ul-qaza(s), 1–2, 16, 78, talaq-e-ahsan, 69, 125, 128, 140 81n41, 143, 148, 150–51 talaq-e-hasan, 69, 125, 128 Shayara Bano case, 8, 12, 74–75, 77–87, triple talaq or talaq-e-biddat, 1, 8, 117, 124–29, 131, 138, 140, 145 12, 68, 71, 74n2, 75n2, 79–80, Shayara Bano v. Union of India and 83–85, 89, 118–20, 125–29, 137, Ors., 8n22, 10n29, 68–71, 74, 138n16, 140, 143, 145–46, 148, 133n3 150 (see also nikah halala practice; Sheikh, Shahnaz, 126 Shayara Bano case) Shiv Sena, 94 types of, 69 Sibal, Kapil, 137n11 television shows Singh, Dharam Vira, 221 Dance India Dance, 159n14 single or unwed mother/motherhood, Dance Plus, 159n14 13, 205–07, 218–21 India’s Little Master, 159n14 Supreme Court of India, 1, 4–5, 7–10, Jhalak Dikhala Ja, 159n14 12n37, 14, 28, 31, 35, 38–41, 43–44, Nach Baliye, 159n14 46–49, 51, 53–54, 56–67, 71–74, Super Dancer, 159n14 79–81, 87, 102, 104, 115–24, Transfer of Property Act, 1882, 22, 24, 126–27, 129–34, 137, 140, 150, 27, 33n46 155–56, 164–65, 168, 174, 178, Travancore Christian Succession Act, 185, 187, 192–94, 196–97, 202–03, 1916, 71, 118–20, 120n24, 129 226–27, 238–41, 206, 208–12, Tuka Ram and Anr. v. State of 215–16, 219, 221, 257, 260–62 Maharashtra. See Mathura case

Index 295

Uniform Civil Code (UCC), 79, 82, sexual, 1, 63, 95, 111, 164 135–37, 147–49 suffered by lower-caste queer United Nations Convention on the citizens, 186 Rights of the Child (CRC), 212 Vishaka case, 10 United Nations Development Vishaka & Ors v. State of Rajasthan Programme, 4 & Ors, 10, 10n28, 51, 260, gender inequality index, 4 263n14 Universal Declaration of Human Vishaka guidelines, 260–63 Rights, 123 application of anti-sexual harassment Upadhyay, Ashwini Kumar, 136, 138 law, 266–73 Internal Complaints Committee V. Hemalatha v. State of Tamil Nadu & (ICC), 263–74 Ors., 269 Local Complaints Committee Valentine’s Day celebrations, agitation (LCC), 263–74 against, 89 Voices Against 377, 185 Vandana Shiva v. Jayanta widowed/widowhood, 13, 143, 178, Bandhopadhyaya, 208 183, 220. See also single or unwed Venugopal, K. K., 49 mother/motherhood violence, 17, 106, 139, 141, 144, 150, Hindu, 33 198–200, 245, 263 remarriage, 141 against minor girls, 65 violence of, 141 against women, 9, 44, 63, 134 Women’s Research and Action Group, colonial, 189 165 communal, 95 women sharia adalats, 143, 148, 150–51 domestic, 1, 23, 37, 58, 63, 66–67, workplace, sexual harassment in, 1, 68, 68n34, 73, 244 (see also 17, 51, 258–59. See also Sexual Protection of Women from Harassment of Women at the Domestic Violence Act Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition (PWDVA), 2005) and Redressal) Act, 2013 (known as gender-based, 58, 99 POSH ACT) Hindu nationalism, 149 Yuvak Kranti Dal, 161n17 homophobic, 189, 195–96, 201 normative, 232 X v. State of UP and Ors., 272 patriarchal, 202 physical, 107, 228 Zoroastrian Cooperative Housing Society police, 163, 201 v. District Registrar, 28