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Benny Morris the New Historiography Israel Confronts Its Past 11

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Benny Morris the New Historiography Israel Confronts Its Past 11 Contents Abbreviations vii Hebrew Journal Titles Translated ix Benny Morris Introduction 1 Benny Morris The New Historiography Israel Confronts Its Past 11 Mordechai Bar-On Remembering 1948 Personal Recollections, Collective Memory, and the Search for “What Really Happened” 29 Yoav Gelber The History of Zionist Historiography From Apologetics to Denial 47 Anita Shapira Hirbet Hizah Between Remembering and Forgetting 81 Avi Shlaim The Debate about 1948 124 Yossi Ben-Artzi The Contribution of Historical Geography to the Historiography of the Establishment of Israel 147 vi Contents Moshe Lissak “Critical” and “Establishment” Sociology in Israel’s Academic Community Ideological Clashes or Academic Discourse? 178 Uri Ram The Future of the Past in Israel A Sociology of Knowledge Approach 202 Yaron Tsur Israeli Historiography and the Ethnic Problem 231 Yechiam Weitz Dialectical versus Unequivocal Israeli Historiography’s Treatment of the Yishuv and Zionist Movement Attitudes toward the Holocaust 278 Mustafa Kabha A Palestinian Look at the New Historians and Post-Zionism in Israel 299 Bibliography 319 Contributors 355 Index 357 Abbreviations ACFR Arab Center for Future Research CSZ Center for the Study of Zionism, the Yishuv, and the History of the State of Israel CZA Central Zionist Archives DBGA David Ben-Gurion Archive DP displaced person HQ headquarters HU Hebrew University of Jerusalem IBA Israel Broadcasting Authority IbTY Iyunim BiTkumat Yisrael [Studies in the Establishment of Israel] IDF Israel Defense Forces IDFA Israel Defense Forces Archive ISA Israel State Archives IST Israel State Television IZL Irgun Zvai Leumi JIH Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture JNF Jewish National Fund JPS Journal of Palestine Studies JSP Jewish Settlement Police KMA Kibbutz Me’uhˆad Archives MK Member of the Knesset MoD Ministry of Defense NA National Archives (Washington, DC) NPA National Police Headquarters Archive NRP National Religious Party OBG Ofakim BaGeographya [Horizons in Geography] PCIR Palestinian Center for Israeli Research PIAT Projector Infantry, Anti-Tank PLO Palestine Liberation Organization viii Abbreviations POW prisoner of war PRO Public Record Office (London) TAU Tel Aviv University TuV Teoriya U’Vikoret [Theory and Criticism] UN United Nations UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency YM Yalkut Moreshet [Heritage Papers] YvS Yad VaShem ( Jerusalem) YZ Yahadut Zmaneinu [Contemporary Jewry] ZOA Zionist Organization of America ZSC Zalman Shazar Center ( Jerusalem) Hebrew Journal Titles Translated Alpayim [2000] Ashmoret [Watch] BaSha’ar [In the Gateway] BeEretz Yisrael [In the Land of Israel] BeTerem [Before] Bikoret VeUtopia [Criticism and Utopia] Bitzaron [Citadel] Cathedra [Chair] Dapim LeHˆeker HaShoah VeHaMered [Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust and the Revolt] Davar [Thing] Dorot [Generations] Gesher [Bridge] HaAretz [The Country] Hagar [Hagar] HaTzofeh [The Observer] Ha’Umma [Nation] Hazut [Aspect] HaMizrahˆ HeHˆ adash [ The New East, i.e., Journal of the Israel Oriental Society] Jama’a [Group] La-Merhav [To the Area] Ma‘ariv [Evening] Mahˆberot LeMehˆkar U’LeVikoret [Notebooks for Research and Criticism] Medina, Mimshal, VeYahˆasim Bein-Le’umiim [State, Government, and International Relations] Megamot [Currents] Mehˆkarim Be-Geographya Historit-Yishuvit shel Eretz Yisrael [Historical Geography Studies in the Settlement of Eretz-Israel] x Hebrew Journal Titles Translated Mehˆkarim BaGeographya shel Eretz Yisrael [Studies in the Geography of Israel] Merhavim [Spaces] MiBifnim [From Inside] MiKedem U’MiYam [From East and West] Molad [Birth] Moznayim [Scales] Ner [Candle] Orlogin [Timepiece] Panim [Face] Pe‘amim [Pulse] Proza [Prose] Riv‘on LeKalkala [Economic Quarterly] Riv‘on LeMehˆkar Hˆevrati [Social Studies Quarterly] Shdemot [Fields] Shivat Tziyon [Return to Zion] Shorashim BaMizrahˆ [Roots in the East] Siman Kriah [Exclamation Mark] Sulam [Ladder] Tikkun [Correction] Tkhelet [Azure] Tziyonut [Zionism] Yalkut Moreshet [Heritage Kit] Yediot Ahˆaronot [Latest News] Zmanim [Times] Benny Morris Introduction During the past two decades Israel has been undergoing a historiographic revolution. Scholars in their hundreds have assailed the archives, and a tor- rent of books, articles, and MA and PhD theses has poured forth. In- evitably, a substantial part of this revolution has focused on the history of Zionism and Israel, and particularly on the main foundational crises—the first Arab-Israeli War of 1948, the Holocaust that preceded it, and the traumatic waves of immigration that followed Israel’s establishment. One may link the historiographic revolution to Israel’s growth. Back in the early 1950s, there were about 1 million Israelis and a state budget of 250 to 300 million dollars; today there are 6.5 million Israelis, and a state budget of 30 to 40 billion dollars. Back then, there was one university; today there are six with an additional two dozen or more un- dergraduate colleges. The growth in spending on education and research has been commensurate. But the revolution also testifies to a radical intellectual change. In the course of the 1970s and 1980s—as a result of natural processes of so- cial and political maturation and a series of major political-military up- heavals, including the 1973 October War, the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982, and the first Palestinian Intifada of 1987–91—hearts and minds grew more amenable to exploring in depth the history of the Zionist enterprise and its conflict with the surrounding Arab world. The revolution was no doubt spurred by the opening of archives and the declassification of masses of documents in the West (in, among others, Britain’s Public Record Office (PRO), the U.S. National Archives (NA), and the United Nations Archives) relating to the Middle East and Pales- tine/the Land of Israel in the 1940s and 1950s. But the key, of course, has been the opening of Israeli archives, including the Israel State Archives (ISA), the repository of the various ministries’ papers; the Central Zionist Archives (CZA), which houses the Zionist movement’s and institutions’ papers; the Haganah and Israel Defense Forces (IDF) archives; and a host 2 Making Israel of smaller political party and local archives. Israel enjoys a liberal Archives Law (1955), by comparison with other Western democracies, and during the 1980s and 1990s it was applied liberally (some might say with aban- don) in line with the more open, liberal ethos of Israeli society itself. Reams of documents, including many on sensitive subjects, were opened to public scrutiny (although historians like me might legitimately be- moan the continued classification of certain documents or segments of documents). The revisionist or “New Historiography,” which sought to reexam- ine the Zionist enterprise, including its conflict with the Arab world and its relationship with the Holocaust, with a new, critical eye, was based on the coupling of this newfound intellectual openness and the newly opened archives. The result was a historiographic earthquake. The work of the New Historians, who began publishing in the mid-1980s, tended to undermine the research, and some of the basic political-ideological assumptions, of the previous generation of historians, today commonly called the “Old Historians,” whose work, produced in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, tended to transfigure Zionism and Israel and sweep under the carpet anything that might tarnish their image. (And, let it be noted, these Old Historians have spawned a generation of younger historians, fine-tuned in their image, who I would call “New Old Historians.” En- trenched in the country’s universities, they continue to purvey a propa- gandistic view of Israel’s past.) From the start, with the publication of their first essays and books in the 1980s, the New Historians significantly affected the whole domain of Israeli historiography, including those who opposed and dismissed them as anti-Zionist and pro-PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) and those who took a more neutral stance. Let me give an illustration of that almost instantaneous (in histori- ographic terms) impact. In 1994 the Israel Defense Ministry Press pub- lished In the Path of the Desert and Fire: The History of the Ninth Armored Battalion, 1948–1984, by Col. (Res.) Moshe Giv‘ati. The research and writing were facilitated, and, I believe, financed, by the IDF History Department. Alongside straightforward sketches of battles, the book de- scribes the massacre of civilians in the conquered Arab village of Breir in May and the murder of Egyptian prisoners of war in October 1948 by Ninth Battalion troops. Such accounts would never have been in- cluded in a book spawned by the History Department and published by the Defense Ministry Press a decade before; for decades the two were redoubts of Israel’s Old Historiography. The appearance of the New Introduction 3 Historiography, replete with descriptions of savagery by Jewish troops and Zionist political skullduggery, without doubt facilitated this new- found openness in the heart of the Israeli defense establishment. The new wave thus contributed to the significant expansion of the realm of the permissible in Israeli historiographic discourse, while at the same time, through its headline-grabbing contentiousness, it increased inter- est in Zionism’s and Israel’s history in the Israeli public and the Jewish diaspora. It is possible that over time the new wave will lead to basic changes in the nation’s collective memory. Perhaps it has already done so. About five
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