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Student Manual Flight Testing Newton's Laws Student's Flight Manual NASA / DFRC - X41 - 1 Flight Testing Newton's Laws Student's Flight Manual Table of Contents Page Preface ---------------------------------------------------------------- i National Science Education Standards ------------------------------------ ii Curriculum Standards for School Mathematics --------------------------- ii References ------------------------------------------------------------ iii Acknowledgments ----------------------------------------------------- iii 1 Review of Newton's Laws of Motion 1.0 Importance of Physics --------------------------------------- 1.1 2.0 Newton's First Law ------------------------------------------ 1.2 3.0 Newton's Second Law --------------------------------------- 1.2 4.0 Newton's Third Law ----------------------------------------- 1.4 5.0 Summary -------------------------------------------------- 1.5 6.0 Measures of Performance ------------------------------------ 1.5 7.0 Example --------------------------------------------------- 1.5 8.0 Suggested Activities ----------------------------------------- 1.5 Operational Supplement ------------------------------------- 1.6 2 Weight and Balance 1.0 Definitions ------------------------------------------------- 2.1 2.0 Balancing Forces and Moments ------------------------------- 2.1 3.0 Significance of Weight & Balance ---------------------------- 2.2 4.0 Weighing An Aircraft --------------------------------------- 2.3 5.0 Measures of Performance ------------------------------------ 2.6 6.0 Suggested Activity ------------------------------------------ 2.6 Operational Supplement ------------------------------------- 2.7 3 Developing Lift 1.0 Definitions ------------------------------------------------- 3.1 2.0 Bernoulli's Equation ---------------------------------------- 3.1 3.0 Lift and the Rate of Change of Momentum --------------------- 3.2 4.0 Lift and the Bernoulli Equation ------------------------------- 3.4 5.0 Summary -------------------------------------------------- 3.5 6.0 Measures of Performance ------------------------------------ 3.5 7.0 Example --------------------------------------------------- 3.5 8.0 Suggested Activity ------------------------------------------ 3.6 4 Developing Drag 1.0 Definitions ------------------------------------------------- 4.1 2.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------------ 4.1 3.0 Skin Friction ----------------------------------------------- 4.1 4.0 Pressure Drag ---------------------------------------------- 4.2 4.1 Causes of Pressure Drag -------------------------------- 4.3 5.0 Summary -------------------------------------------------- 4.5 6.0 Measures of Performance ------------------------------------ 4.5 7.0 Suggested Activity ------------------------------------------ 4.5 Operational Supplement ------------------------------------- 4.9 5 Thrust 1.0 Definitions ------------------------------------------------- 5.1 2.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------------ 5.1 3.0 Principles of Thrust ----------------------------------------- 5.1 3.1 Propeller Aircraft -------------------------------------- 5.1 3.2 Jet Engines -------------------------------------------- 5.3 4.0 Summary -------------------------------------------------- 5.5 5.0 Measures of Performance ------------------------------------ 5.5 6.0 Problems --------------------------------------------------- 5.5 6 Takeoff Performance 1.0 Definitions ------------------------------------------------- 6.1 2.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------------ 6.1 3.0 Test Aircraft Description ------------------------------------ 6.1 4.0 Determining the Takeoff Speed ------------------------------- 6.1 5.0 Determining the Drag --------------------------------------- 6.2 6.0 Determining the Acceleration -------------------------------- 6.2 7.0 Determining the Takeoff Distance ---------------------------- 6.3 8.0 Rolling Friction --------------------------------------------- 6.3 9.0 Summary -------------------------------------------------- 6.4 10.0 Measures of Performance ------------------------------------ 6.5 11.0 Example --------------------------------------------------- 6.5 7 Climb and Descent Performance 1.0 Definitions ------------------------------------------------- 7.1 2.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------------ 7.1 3.0 Theory ---------------------------------------------------- 7.1 3.1 Simplifying Assumptions ------------------------------- 7.1 3.2 Climb Rate vs Velocity --------------------------------- 7.3 4.0 Power Method ---------------------------------------------- 7.3 5.0 Energy Method for Climb Performance ------------------------ 7.4 6.0 Data Analysis ---------------------------------------------- 7.4 7.0 Descents --------------------------------------------------- 7.5 8.0 Summary -------------------------------------------------- 7.5 9.0 Measures of Performance ------------------------------------ 7.5 8 Cruise Performance 1.0 Definitions ------------------------------------------------- 8.1 2.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------------ 8.1 3.0 What is Range Performance? --------------------------------- 8.1 4.0 Determining the Maximum Endurance Airspeed ---------------- 8.2 5.0 Determining the Maximum Range Airspeed -------------------- 8.5 6.0 How to Keep the Cruise Speed High --------------------------- 8.6 7.0 Flight Testing Cruise Performance ---------------------------- 8.6 8.0 Summary -------------------------------------------------- 8.7 9.0 Measures of Performance ------------------------------------ 8.7 10.0 Problems --------------------------------------------------- 8.7 9 Landing 1.0 Definitions -------------------------------------------- 9.1 2.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------- 9.1 3.0 Theory ----------------------------------------------- 9.1 3.1 Descents ----------------------------------------- 9.1 3.2 Approach ---------------------------------------- 9.2 3.3 Flare -------------------------------------------- 9.3 3.4 Rollout ------------------------------------------ 9.4 4.0 Summary --------------------------------------------- 9.6 5.0 Measures of Performance -------------------------------- 9.6 6.0 Suggested Activities ------------------------------------ 9.7 10 Summary and Review 1.0 Introduction ------------------------------------------- 10.1 2.0 Weight and Balance of the Model -------------------------- 10.1 3.0 Determining Thrust of the Model -------------------------- 10.2 4.0 Determining Takeoff Speed ------------------------------ 10.2 5.0 Determining the Drag ----------------------------------- 10.3 6.0 Determining the Acceleration ----------------------------- 10.3 7.0 Determining Takeoff Distance --------------------------- 10.4 8.0 Conclusion -------------------------------------------- 10.5 Preface The "Flight Testing Newton ’ s Laws" NASA Education Series uses aircraft to stimulate the student’ s interest in the physical sciences and mathematics. The main emphasis lies in showing how Newton’ s three laws of motion apply to flight testing an aircraft. However, complementary areas of trigonometry, vector addition, weight and balance, along with resolution of forces are also employed. Following a brief review in the first video of Newton ’ s Three Laws and the four basic forces of flight, the presentation follows the typical sequence employed by test pilots and engineers preparing for a test flight. Aircraft weight and balance, determining takeoff distance, cruise performance, and landing distance are addressed in turn. Each lesson guide is presented in the format of a Flight Instructor ’ s Manual used by aircraft manufactures and pilots. This Manual contains certain areas where the teacher should direct the student’ s attention. Each of these areas are identified by their relative importance according to the following criteria: NOTE: Sidelight information which may add to ensuing discussions but which is not considered essential to the material content. Caution: Should the student fail to consider a particular aspect of the topic of discussion, the result may be the wrong answer to the example problem. Warning: This block will identify background information the student should already possess. Knowledge of identified concepts is essential to understanding the material being presented. The material is not given during this session but is identified to thei nstructor in order to permit discussion of the material prior to undertaking the current lesson. By way of example, consider the following: NOTE: In an actual Pilot ’ s Flight Manual, the Notes, Cautions, and Warnings are defined as follows: NOTE: An operating procedures, techniques, etc., which is considered essential to emphasize. Caution: Operating procedures, techniques, etc., which could result in damage to equipment if not carefully followed. Warning: Operating procedures, techniques, etc., which could result in personal injury or loss of life if not carefully followed. Often information that is not critical to flight safety, but which enhances the pilot’ s understanding, is provided in the form of an Operational Supplement. Throughout this manual, Operational Supplements are provided at the end of the session to enhance the understanding of the material. When appropriate, a note is added to direct the reader's attention to the end of session Operational Supplement. All units in the Flight Instructor ’ s Manual are presented in the English system. The rationale behind
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