11110 I I I I New Series Vol. XXXIV No. 3 • Whole Series Vol. LXIV No. 10 • November, 1974

3 Mission Memo 7 Editorials 8 Papua New Guinea Girds for Independence B. David W ill iams, Jr. 14 ICU and the Role of Japan in the World Today Edwin 0 . Reischaue r 19 An lssei Remembers 24 More Than a Home Ellen Clark 27 The Holy Spirit in Africa The Kinshasa Spirit-Filled Movement Wende ll and Cl a ra Golden 31 Godpower in Liberia Kari s and Anthony Fadely 34 Voices from the Middle East Paul Maye r 38 No Two 2 's Are Alike Ell en Clark 41 Letters from Overseas 44 Books and Films 46 Letters 47 The Moving Finger Writes

COVER

Papua New Guinea Man Compe t ing in an Arche ry Contest B. Da vi d Williams, Jr. Photograph

Editor, Arthur J. Moore, Jr.; Managing Editor, Charles E. Brewster Associate Editor, Ellen Clark; Art Director, Roger C. Sadler Designer, Karen Tureck; Administrative Assistant, Florence J. Mitchell

475 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10027 Published Monthly (bimonthly, July-August) by the Board of Globa l Min is tries of the Un ited Methodist Church, Education and Cultivation Division , in association with the Un ited Presby­ t erian Church, USA .

Second-class Mai l Privileges Authorized at New York, N.Y. Additional Entry at Nashville, Tennessee. Copyright 1974 by Board of Global Ministries of the Un ited Methodist Church. No part of New World Outlook may be reproduced in any form w ithout written pe rm ission from Editors. Printed in U.S.A.

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PHOTO CREDTS Pp. 8 , 9 , 10, 11 , 12, 13 B. David Williams, Jr.; Pp. 15, 18 japan ICU; Pp. 19, 20, 23 Dorothea Lange, National Archives; P. 21 Tom Okada; Pp. 24, 25, 26, 39, 40 Ellen Clark ; Pp. 27, 28, 29, 30, 32 (bottom ), 41 Charles E. Brewster; Pp. 31 , 32 (top four ) Anthony B. Fadely; Pp. 35, 37 Religious News Service ; P. 42 Leon Kofod ; P. 43 T . Maw. MISSION MEMO News and Analysis of Developments in Christian Mission

November, 1974

Hunger. The United Methodist Board of Global Ministries will as k the denomination ' s General Conference to designate world hunger as the central church-wide theme for "action, prayer and study" in the 1977-80 quadrennium. In action taken during its annual meeting in Atlantic City Oct. 18-27, the largest program agency of the 10- million-member church also agreed to alter its own food consumption patterns at fu­ ture meetings. Echoing the appeals of the leaders of seven other Protestant denom­ inations, the board urged the U.S. delegation to the forthcoming World Food Conference in Rome to support an international food reserve plan. One example of religious concern for the hunger issue was provided at Atlantic City by the Rev. Dr. James Cogswell, head of the Presbyterian Church, U.S. task force on hunger . Members of the task force are giving up meat one day a week and have pledged two percent of their incomes to church or other agencies to attack hunger. Another example is the work of the Food Research and Action Center, a public interest law firm which is pressing for the extension of the school breakfast program and has won a court de­ cision to force the Agriculture Department to allow U. S. Indian reservations to con­ tinue receiving surplus foods; the non-profit center received a $15,000 grant from the Board's National Division in 1974.

Korea. The Board's World Division urged President Ford to cancel his intended trip to Korea for fear his visit might be interpreted as an endorsement of the anti­ democratic policies of President Park Chung Hee. A week earlier in New York, the president of South Korea's Church Women United, Miss Lee Oo Chung, said she and many Koreans hoped Mr. Ford would not make the trip unless President Park eased political "repression. 11 The national executive committee of United Presbyterian Women . (U.S.A.) has also expressed concern about President Ford's trip.

Relief. The top priority for disaster assistance should be alleviation of human suffering, according to the Rev . Dr. J . Harry Haines, the United Me t hodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR) chief executive. But as part of its concern for rehabilitation and refugees, UMCOR is also very much concerned with "systemic change, 11 Dr. Haines maintained. He made his remarks in light of a dispute over the direction of the interdenominational Church World Service, through which much UMCOR assistance is channeled. When the director of CWS was fired recently, some church members voiced fears that the National Council of Churches was trying to turn CWS into a support group for revolutionaries. Dr. Haines placed primary blame for the firing on "bad structure" in the National Council .... At its meeting in Atlantic City, UMCOR approved more than $1 ,000,000 for emergency relief and rehabilitation projects around the world. Projects range from flood relief in Bangladesh to refugee work in Ethiopia and South Vietnam to earthquake reconstruction in Peru . Budget. The Board of Global Ministries has adopted a budget of $32,902,443 for 1975, half a million dollars higher than the previous year. The budget, reflecting an optimistic expectation of giving by United Methodists, will make it possible to maintain the overseas missionary force without withdrawing persons from service. Largest sources of income for the board are giving by United Methodist Women and World ~ Service, the denomination's basic program fund. Additional giving to designated ; mission projects and emergency relief is expected to bring total board expenditures 0 for 1975 to $43,000,000. c Chile. Some of the people who left Chile since the September, 1973 coup have created t a 11 distorted image 11 of the country, according to Bishop Juan Vasquez, leader of the 5,000-member Evangelical Methodist Church of Chile. The bishop, a guest of the United Methodist Board of Global Ministries, said Chile's ruling military junta are not 11 i11 iterate b1ockheads. 11 He acknowledged that there has been 11 much repression 11 s i nee the junta came to power and he said that 11 over 100 different kinds of physical tor­ ture tactics 11 have been used against prisoners. A United Methodist minister, the Rev. Ulises Torres, is currently under arrest.

Pikeville. Directors of the Methodist Hospital of Kentucky in Pikeville will be urged by the Board's Health and Welfare Ministries Division to put back on the pay­ roll 11 as soon as possible 11 those striking employees seeking to return to their jobs. The 28-month strike by non-professional workers at the hospital ended Oct. 10, and 30 strikers have requested re-instatement in their jobs but have been told no jobs are currently available. Unresolved issues in the management-strikers• dispute have been submitted by the Communication Workers of America union to the National Labor Rela­ tions Board for adjudication; new federal legislation brings non-profit hospital workers under the National Labor Relations Act. The case against a United Methodist minister charged with disorderly conduct during an April incident at the hospital has been dismissed.

Alaska. The Board's National Division turned down a request by Alaska Methodist University in Anchorage for a $1 million loan. The action followed a unanimous recommendation against the loan by the division's Mission Development Council. AMU, which is losing students and struggling to keep alive, has received $9.6 million in direct grants from the division and designated gifts since it was founded 14 years ago. AMU 1 s trustees will discuss the university's future at a meeting Nov. 8-9 in Seattle. The National Division voted to provide $13,000 toward salary and expenses 1 of a chaplain to minister to workers on the oil pipeline and approved development of 1 a program to respond to needs of native Alaskans . 1 t ~ Media. The Women's Division approved a $10,000 research project to discover the r impact of the mass media on women through such programming as soap operas and game shows as well as advertising ... Nelson Price, United Methodist Communications exec­ utive concerned with the effects of TV violence on children (see article by him in the September issue), to 1d a group of Board members that, fo 11 owing Eve 1 Kn i eve 1 1 s highly publicized Snake River jump, at least 100 youngsters in his small county alone attempted to duplicate the feat and were badly hurt .

J Women Clergy. The Women's Division designated $40,000 for scholarships and grants for women in seminary and/or clergywomen. Affirming a statement adopted by a con­ sultation it had sponsored last summer on the Single Woman in Church and Society, the division called on United Methodist bishops to adhere to the church ' s law guaranteeing appointments for all ordained ministers including clergywomen. The Women's Division was one of nine co-sponsors of an impressive ecumenical Service in Celebration of Wome n in Ministry at Riverside Church in New York City Oct. 27 during which three recently ordained Episcopal women priests celebrated the Eucharist.

Church Development. The United Methodist Church is about to see a revival in church building after neglect of this kind of activity for more than 10 years, predicts the executive director of the United Methodist Development Fund. The Rev. Dr. H. Paul Smith told the Board's National Division that "it is only a matter of time until church extension will be a high priority item for a majority of the annual conferences." Some board directors felt that the emphasis on church extension should be matched by a concern for new use of old churches, the problems of dying white congregations, and assistance to inner-city minority congregations.

Employment. All United Methodist boards, agencies and institutions have been encour­ aged by the denomination's Health and Welfare Ministries Division to employ war resisters returning under President Ford's "earned reentry" program, but at "prevailing wages " and not at the expense of other persons caught in the "general unemployment situation. " To date , few resisters have taken advantage of the President's plan.

Scholarships. The Board's Crusade Scholarship Committee decided to continue giving in 1975 a majority of its funds, $252,000, to needy students outside the United States. Some $170,000 will be available to U.S. minority students, who face increased costs of education and keener competition for financial assistance.

Robincroft. The Women's Division reluctantly "and with anguish" , as members said, voted to close Robincroft, one of two retirement homes for its workers, wi thin two years, because occupancy is declining. Residents will be relocated in Brooks-Howel l Home in Asheville, N.C. or homes or agencies near Robincroft, which is in Pasadena, Calif. Robincroft is 50 years old.

Brazil. Fred B. Morris, 41, a former United Methodist missionary livi ng in Recife, Brazil, who was arrested by Brazilian mi litary authorities Sept. 30 and confined for 17 days although no charges were made against him, has been released and has returned to the United States. A U. S. Consulate official who visited Mr. Morris in prison in Recife lodged a protest with the Brazilian government. Mr. Morris, a native of Okla­ homa, was a missionary from 1963 until January of this year, when he withdrew to go into business. While a missionary he directed the Methodist Church's community center in Recife and following his withdrawal as a missionary he was elected president of t he center's board of directors.

Presbyterians. The United Presbyterian Program Agency Board commissioned 16 new over­ seas personnel at its meeting in late October, with two of the couples going to Nigeria and one to the Evan gel ical Seminary of Costa Rica, both places of new involvement for t he Church . The new appointments should prove that 11 the Program Agency has not decided to discontinue sending overseas workers, 11 says agency head J . Oscar Mccloud, who ac­ knowledges that the new appo i ntments are not keeping pace with reduction by attrition and completion of assignments. The United Presbyterian Church currently has slightly over 500 overseas personnel. Budget reductions at the Program Agency have meant cutting the number of the agency's mission service units from 13 to 5 for what is hoped will u be a more efficient regrouping . w al ft Ii Newsmaker. Margaret L. Sonnenday (Mrs. J. William) of St. Louis was elected president b of Church Women United at its triennial assembly attended by 2,000 women in Memphis in IT mid-October. Mrs. Sonnenday, who served on the Board of Managers of the U.M. Board of Missions for eight years, has long been active in ecumenical and race relations organ­ 1\ c izations. p JI Evanston. Bishop Paul Washburn of Chicago, who took over the pulpit at First United 0 Methodist Church in Evanston, Ill~ because of controversy over the ministry of Dr. Kow Kirkpatrick, senior pastor, has given the l ,200-member congregation low grades for humility and tolerance. 11 I find so many persons here very set in their ways, 11 the bishop told a meeting of 225 members of the church in mid-October. He offered the congregation the services of two persons skilled in group dynamics and conflict manage­ ment .

Minnesota. Increasingly conferences are finding that "Saturation Programs" of mission interpretation are meeting a definite need . One of the largest such programs was held in mid-October in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. Jean Dowell, a board member of the UM Board of Global Ministries, scheduled some 430 different events in a five-day period in 97 churches using 80 mission interpreters. The interpreters included retired missionaries, staff persons from New York, missionary children, and many local persons in mission, such as the leader of a mobile ministry team in Northwest Minnesota. Says Ray Boehlke, Conference Missionary Secretary, "Local churches are really searching for significant involvement i n outreach ministries and the 100% response of churches was indicative of a new understanding of mission. 11 Boehlke also admitted that in sports­ minded Minnesota the mission events had to be scheduled around the Viking games.

Hanoi. United Methodist Bishop Paul Washburn is one of five U.S. churchmen who will visit Hanoi Nov. 20-Dec. 8 t o discuss reconciliation. The group was invited by the North Vietnamese ColllTlittee on Solidarity with the American People.

Security. Mother Teresa of Calcutta, the famed apostle of the poor and dying, con­ fided during a recent trip to the U.S . that wh i le she accepts gifts for her homes of the dying, leprosariums, orphanages and clinics, she once refused a check for $500,000 because it was intended as a 11 security 11 fund for her missionaries. According to Sister Alma LeDuc, a member of the Poor Cl ares of Perpetual Adoration, Washington, D.C., writing in Our Sunday Visitor national Catholic newsweekly, Mother Teresa explained t hat as long as the poor have no security funds, neither would she or her Missionaries of Charity. EDITORIALSCJJ The Seven Fat Cows greatly depleted our resources and con­ rnittee. The other report, prepared for tributed much to the current problem. the American Jewish Committee, is a It will be a terrible mockery if the Their attempt this October to do it again more generalized look at how funds United Nations World Food Conference is nothing short of unconscionable, es­ have been spent. The two reports rein­ in Rome this month is as disappointing pecially since the grain was intended force each other in showing that both and futile as was the population con­ largely for Soviet cows. The near agree­ the Federal government and the states ference in Bucharest in August. We do ment to sell the grain represents either and municipalities have used revenue­ not need more haranguing and pol mies callousness or unawareness of the di­ sharing "as a way of avoiding ( their) but a world-wide coordinated plan to mensions of the world food crisis. responsibility to the poor and to minor­ meet the growing demand for food. The conference in Rome must also ity groups." The UMW-AFSC report is There is increasing agreement that give attention to what the technologi­ subtitled "a new tool of discrimination." we will have to have what some are cally advanced nations can do to help The specifics are drearily repetitious. calling a "Genesis Plan," named after farmers in the less developed nations. In Hinds County, Mississippi, all of the Pharaoh's first Secretary of Agriculture, Large increases in the food supply are revenue-sharing money for 1972-73 went Joseph, who saw the need for a system possible in these countries with less in­ for a new jail (one-fifth of all housing of grain reserves. North America, with put of resources than in agriculturally and one-half of all black occupied hous­ a greater share of the world's food pro­ advanced nations. It may be useless to ing in the county is either overcrowded duction than the Middle East has of hope that every country will become or lacks basic plumbing facilities). In oil reserves, will have to take the pri­ self-sufficient in food production, but the whole State of Mississippi, three­ mary responsibility for such a system. there must be greater emphasis on in­ fomths of the allocations for colleges Unfortunately, America's Secretary of creasing local production. In this re­ and universities went for football stadi­ Agriculture, Mr. Earl Butz, does not gard, Protestant mission agencies should ums, fi eld houses and other athletic seem to sense the problem's urgency. put more of their resources to agricul­ facilities. Ninety-two per cent. went to If such a system of food reserves for tural missionary work. white institutions. In Alabama, state the world is not established in a year in If the conference in Rome produces revenue sharing money is allocated by which the United States has had a rec­ a workable and comprehensive plan, we the Governor, without either public ord wheat crop of 50 million tons, the will not necessarily be any nearer the hearing or legislative review although hungry nations cannot be blamed if they millenium when people "shall never the legislature has now es tablished cer­ have doubts about our willingness to again feel hunger and thirst" (Rev. 7: tain broad categories within which the solve this problem. 16 ), but we will have come closer to funds are to be spent. Governor Jimmy Since World War II the United States fulfilling the biblical command to feed Carter of Georgia says that revenue has been the most generous food export­ the hungry. In that case, there will be sharing has "devastated state programs ing nation in the history of the world. another dimension to our peculiar to aid retarded children, the elderly and Although the handouts were not without American celebration on ovember 28. the poor." political strings attached, such programs Although one report deals with the as "Food for Peace" did keep alive an­ South, the problem is nationwide. As nually some 90 million of the world's Sharing the Misery Governor Carter's comment suggests, poorest people. But that program is Revenue sharing, the cornerstone of not all of the blame can be placed on now being phased out because of dwin­ the "new federalism," was widely hailed the states and localities. At the time dling surpluses. There have been no when it was enacted into law in 1972 that it launched revenue sharing, the shipments for months of powdered milk as the means "to provide state and local federal government was engaged in dis­ on which millions of children depend. governments with the opportunity and mantling or cutting back its own pro­ At th e same time, the number of hungry money to deal with problems at a local grams in aiding the poor. Social services, people everywhere is rising and people level." employment and housing and commu­ are paying more for food because of Even in 1972, however, there were a nity development were the program the energy crisis and the cost of fertiliz­ few cynics who questioned how the areas most severely affected. er. Middle class Americans who may funds turned over by the Federal gov­ At issue here is the whole question spend 25 percent of their budget on ernment to the states and municipalities of whether the federal government food (and know how tight inflation is would be spent and whether local offi­ should issue any kind of guidelines for getting) should try to imagine what the cials would be as "directly accountable" the use of revenue sharing funds. The price increases mean to those in this for the use of funds as revenue sharing United Methodist-Friends report states country and overseas who are spending boosters cl aimed. as its major conclusion that "categorical 80 percent of their budget on food. There is mounting evidence that the grant programs, mandating services for In addition to a system of world food cynics were right. Two new studies low income and minority people, are es­ reserves and substantially increased made by religious groups document the sential if government is to assist in m e~ t­ American food aid, the conference ways in which revenue sharing funds ing their needs." Clearly some ~ a 1 ~ r should pressure other developed nations, have actually been spent. overhaul is needed if revenue shanng is including (and especially) the Soviet One study of four Southern states was not to become simply another device Union, to give their fair share to the carried out by volunteers recruited by to ask the poor and helpless to share world's hungry. The Soviet Union's pur­ United Methodi st Women and compiled their mise1y so that the rest of us can chases two years ago of U.S. wheat by the American Friends Service Com- have things a little easier.

~-...... -t -Worth watching as a live test of village-oriented church-influenced development. PRPUR NEW GUINEA GIRDS FOR INDEPENDENCE ------e. David Williams, Jr. ew Guinea is a jungled, mountainous mystery 1 ,500 Nmiles long and almost 500 miles across at its widest point. Ex­ cept for Greenland it' s the largest island in the world. Defying descrip­ tion, and perhaps even understand­ ing, Papua New Guinea, the fascinat­ ing eastern half of New Guinea, stands hesitantly at the threshold of independence. Papua New Guinea claims approx­ imately 2.75 million persons speak­ ing 700 languages living in 20,000 unique villages and several highly westernized urban centers linked by airplanes and an ultra-modern micro-wave communications system . Probably more than half of the vil­ lages in the country have been try­ ing to make the dizzying leap from stone age to 20th century in the few years since World War II. Moun­ tains, swamps, and problem soils make road-building enormously dif­ ficult and expensive. Many of the people were familiar with light planes before even having seen a car or truck. (One group of High­ landers refused to get into a truck when they first saw it, as it had no wings and was therefore " unsafe"!) Those working in various types of development face a perplexing task as they try to deal with the confusing mix of ancient custom, cargo-cult thinking, Christianity, and material­ ism. But they do try: there are prob­ ably more missionaries, anthropolo­ gists, and expatriate teachers here per capita than anywhere else in the

Da vid Williams is a United Me th ­ odist miss ionary who worked in the Philippines for 14 years and is now serving as Agricultural Se cretary of the Melanesia n Co uncil o f Churches . In this new assignment he is ass isting the M.C. C. member churches in rethinking their role in Papua New Guinea rural development and serves as a liaison be­ tween church and government. 8 [476] Each yea r some 50,000 Highlanders go alternately to Mt. Hagen or Coroka for the great " Sing Sing", for dancing, singing and exhibitions of arts and crafts. Included are a wheelbarrow race (opposite page), archery (top right), singing (ce nter), general socializing (top left). Villagers in Kandumin come out in the rain (bottom) to welcome the author back from a trip. " ... It was only around 1960 that it occurred to the Australian government that Papua New Guineans could or should be educated as a people."

so-called developing world. most of Melanesia. As late as 1960 The western half of New Guinea, it seemed that Australia intended to cl aimed by the Dutch in 1828, was keep the " Territory" permanently. placed under Indonesian executive The rather hasty Australian with­ authority in 1963, with an " Act of draw al appears to be a combination Se lf Determination" confi rming In­ of benevolence, unwillingness to be donesia n rule in 1969. Th e eastern cl ass ified as a colonial power, and half ha s bee n call ed the " Territory of fear of a potentially messy struggle Papua and New Guinea," and is now for self-determination. know n as " Papua New Guinea" Unbelievably rich in natural re­ (P.N.G.) . The southern part of P.N.G. sources, Papua New Guinea eco­ ha s been an integral part of Au stralia nomic development has been char­ since 1906, when it was turned over acterized by too much Australian by the British. The people of this faith in laissez-faire and too little area were ca lled (w ith res erva ti ons, fa ith in Papua New Guineans. Un­ of course, due to the " White Au s­ even economic development is par­ tra lia" policy) " Australian Citizens." ticularly evident and potentially ex­ Th e no rthern area has bee n under plosive, as it is estimated that less Village girls in Kandumin A ust ralian administration since 1914, than 20% of the population is par­ (top left). Animal ca re is w hen it was taken militarily from the ticipating significantly in the eco­ considered " woman's Ge rm ans. In 1921 the League of Na­ nomic growth. Almost everywhere work" ; downtown Lae, tions mandated this and the area Australians and Chinese dominate (center) the second larges t 11 beca me th e Au stralian Mandated business, with Japanese a new and city in P.N.G.; this young woman's ice cream cone Territory of New Guinea," with the especi ally eager presence. Coopera­ and bra indicate modern ­ perso ns res iding there called " Aus­ ti ve societies, though widely pro­ ization is underwa y (right); tral ian Protected Citizens." Ever mo ted, have been largely a failure in chief minister M ichae l T. since World W ar II the two areas P.N.G., as they are almost totally de­ Somare (left bo ttom) is a have been adminis tered as one unit, pendent upon outside leadership thirty-eight-year-old w hich includes all of eas tern New and have been burdened with un­ teacher. Guinea , Manus Island, New Han­ rea listic expectations on the part of nover, New Ireland, New Britain, members. Bo uga nville, the Trobriand Islands About tw o years along now in the and the Islands of Milne Bay. This is process of as suming self-govern- ment, the country IS In a period Of 2. More equai d istribution of eco­ 8. Government control and in­ political uncertainty, with at least nomic benefits, including move­ volvement in those sectors of the two (Papua and Bougainville) re­ ment toward equalization of in­ economy w here control is neces­ gional independence movements. A comes among pebple and toward sa ry to ac hieve the desired ki nd of wise move to decentralize rhay be equalization of services among deve lopment. able to defuse some of the strong different areas of the country; Apparently it was only around feelings found at the roots of these 3. Decentralization of economic 1960 that it occurred to the Aus­ movements. The framing of a new activity, planning and gove rnment tralian government that Papua New constitution ahd the implications of spending, with emphasis on agri­ Guinea ns could or should be edu­ independence are the all-consuming cultural development, village in­ issues now, with the Chief Minister cated as a people. Though the vari­ dustry, better internal trade, and Michael Somare advocating com­ ous Christia n missio ns had long sup­ more spending channelled to plete independence by the end df ported va rious efforts in education, local and area bodies; 1974. Most of the people seem very it was only in 1962 that a public hesitant about this, with the " Are 4. An emphasis on sma ll-scale school sys tem began to grow, and we ready?" feeling nurtured by artisan , service and business activ­ onl y in 1965 that the o rd inance was those with vested interest in de­ ity, relying where possible on typ­ passed creating the University of pendency upon Australia. A remark­ ically Papua New Guinean forms Papua New Guinea. After the sec­ able consensus exists, though, in of economic activity; ond graduation ce remony at the relation to eight aims put forward by University in 1971, 16 Papu a. New 5. A more self-reliant economy, Mr. Somare as a guide for P.N.G. de­ q uinea ns (a nd 18 foreigners!) had less dependent for its needs on velopment. , These aims reflect the take h degrees in the " Territory." imported goods and services and unusually high quality of the Chief Even in 1974 the total number of better able to meet the needs of Minister's leadership, and are a de­ Pa pua New Guinean s with C\ tertiary liberate choice to put social progress its people through local produc­ tion ; education is tragically small, and a ahead of pure economic growth : sta ndard joke in the capital, Port 6. An increasing capacity for 1. A rapid increase in the propor­ Mores by, has been that "half of the meeting government spending tion of th~ eC:onomy under the se nio r students at th e University are needs from locally rai sed revenue; control of Papua New Guinean in­ advise rs to the cabinet." dividuals and groups, and in th e 7. A rapid increase in the active A se ri ous controversy now exists proportion of personal and prop­ and equal participation of women regarding the future of education erty income that goes to Papua in all forms of economic and so­ here, with questions posed as to New Guineans; cial activity; w hat is the m6st desirable form of [479] 11 " ... Eighty-six per cent of the people (in 1966) Edu cation includes such schools as this Lutheran identified themselves as 'Christians' of one affiliation or another." vernacular school (top, this page) which stresses practical arts, gardening and animal care and the ultra­ modern University of Technology (bottom, this page), which thus far has few students. Farming (opposite page) appears primitive, but gardening is a highly-developed way of life with at least 64 different kinds of economic plants being grown.

village-level education, what should be the working languages of educa­ tion, and what should be the relative investments in primary, secondary, and tertiary education. A serious school drop-out problem has un­ wittingly been created by policy, as only 30 % of those completing pri­ mary school are accepted into sec­ ondary schools. Unfortunately, a major share of the rejected 70 % are already seriously alienated from vil­ lage life and culture at that point, and fit neither into village life nor jobs. Though like the Government the churches started late in preparing Papua New Guineans for leadership, they constitute a formidable indigen­ ous force in P.N.G. and could well become a dominant influence for unity and responsible development. The 1966 census reported that 86 % of the people identified themselves as " Christians" of one affiliation or another. When traveling by air one sees countless villages scattered across the hillsides and mountain­ tops with houses arranged neatly around a central chapel with cross and steeple. At this stage most of the really important P.N.G. leaders are largely Christian mission-educated, and many of them serious church­ men. The Roman Catholics (31 % of the indigenous population) and Lutherans (28 %) are the largest de­ nominations. Other important ones are United Church (London Mission­ ary Society, Methodists), The Anglican Church, The Evangelical Alliance, and the Seventh-day Ad­ ventists. the Melanesian Council of Churches is a remarkable ecumenical venture which includes such diverse groups as the Roman Catholics and the Salvation Army, as well as United Church, The Evangelical Lutheran Church of New Guinea, The Angli­ can Church, The Wabag Lutheran Church (a fruit of Missouri Synod, U.S.A.) , and The Baiyer River Bap­ tist Union. All of the churches be­ longing to the Melanesian Council of Churches are heavily committed to specialized forms of service such as hospitals, schools, and socio-eco­ nomic development, and have been extremely cooperative in the effort to bring more order and coordina­ tion to activity such as medical care, education, and rural development. Aside from salaries of expatriate per­ sonnel, the churches bring more than U.S. $6 million into the coun­ try annually for religious and service work. So a fascinating "happening" is taking place in P.N.G. Many foreign­ ers are leaving, uneasy about what will happen. Many of the indigenous people are anxious, quite unenthusi­ astic about Independence. But on balance there is a growing feeling of confidence and strength among Papua New Guineans and an enor­ mous amount of unselfish interest and commitment within the expatri­ ate community. The nation appears to have realistic goals, substantial re­ sources, and impressive top leader­ ship. Most observers seem to agree that this is an open situation with ex­ citing possibilities. Papua New Guinea is worth watching as an en­ lightening experiment in balanced, responsible, church-influenced de­ velopment. •

[48 1] 13 thl IC ca inl tu\ rnl qu Ni stU re< ne ha1 - \ hat SOI the op1 the cal ult) en! (rnt of son as I we era ass\ leg! and the Role of Japan in the World TodalJ or Edwin 0 . Reischauer wit n writing about the significance school he helped found is now the schools were falli ng back to second, sen I of International Christian Univer­ great University of Hokkaido, with­ even to third place in Japanese edu­ me sity (ICU) in Japan, I might start with out hearing about him-they even cation. my own skepticism about it when se ll little busts of him there, .in­ After World War II it was founded in 1949. My father, scribed with the motto, " Boys, be who had gone out as a missionary to ambitious." This being the case, I wondered Japan in 1905 and spent his life there Besides Dr. Clark, there was Jo­ if after 1945, it wou ld be feasible to in educational work, was even more sep h Niishima, who, after his educa­ accomplish something really signifi­ skeptical than I. It was a wonderful tion in Amherst, went back and ca nt in terms of a new Christian uni­ idea and sounded good, but wasn't founded Doshisha University in versity founded at that time. There it too late for something of this sort? Kyoto. This and other Christian in­ was a great expansion of higher edu­ The great day of the Christian influ­ stitutions had a great role in educa­ cation after World War II. While be­ ence on education in Japan actually tion on all levels in the nineteenth fore the war there couldn't have had been in the second half of the century when the Japanese were been more than a hundred institu­ nineteenth century. just getting their educational system tions, there are now over nine hun­ There was, for example, Dr. Wil­ going and there was still much room dred, including junior colleges. The liam S. Clark, who went to Japan to for influence by the Christian number of people who receive edu­ help develop the northern island of schools. cation beyond the secondary schooi Hokkaido, which then was still a After that period, however, their is now huge-something like 1,900,- frontier area. He became so famous relative position began to fade. The 000 students at the higher education that you can ' t go to Sapporo, the Japanese Government founded the level, almost half of them in the capital of Hokkaido, where the great national universities one after Tokyo area . Could a new school of the other and these became the 1,500 students make any difference This article is adapted from an address great prestigious universities with in this kind of setting? given to commemorate the Twenty-fifth which the Christian schools could It was not unreasonable to have Anniversary of the founding of Interna­ not really compete. From about doubts as to whether a small institu­ tional Christian University. Dr. Reis­ 1900 on, the private universities be­ tion of this sort would prove a chauer, Professor of East Asian Studies gan to come into being in large meaningful pattern in the Japanese at Harvard University, served as Ambas­ numbers and grew to be huge in­ se tting. Wasn't it too different from sa dor to Japan from 1961 to 1966. His father, the late Dr. A. Karl Reischauer, stitutions that quite outshone the the well-established higher educa­ was an educational missionary in japan Christian schools in size, as the gov­ tion that the Japanese now had been for the former Presbyterian Board of ernment universities did in quality. working on for more than half a Foreign Missions. It seemed as though the Christian century and on such a huge scale 14 [482) . that it could not be easily changed? Now I should like to make a sort ICU was an institution that, in per of mea culpa twenty-five years later. capita terms per student, was cost­ I see that I was basically wrong. To ing vastly more than any other insti­ my surprise ICU graduates have won tution in the country. Of course, this quick recognition as being a superi­ meant that it could be of higher or educational product, competing quality, having a better ratio be­ well for important jobs with the tween the number of teachers and graduates of Tokyo University and students, and so on. But cou ld this other prestigious institutions. Much really have an impact in th e Japa­ more important than this, however, nese setting? Could its concept of is the fact that ICU shows promise having an arts and sciences college of having a very important impact - that is, a liberal arts college­ on Japanese higher education in two have any impact? This may not very fundamental ways. sound unusual to you, but that's not A Problem of Quality the way the Japanese universities operate at all. From the beginning Japanese higher education has ex­ they have been divided into so­ panded tremendously after the war. called faculties-undergraduate fac­ In Japan something like 23 or 24 per ulties-of law, economics, science, cent of the age group go beyond engineering, medicine, letters high school to an experience in (meaning the humanities and some higher ed ucation, although some of of the social sciences) , and so on to it may be only in junior college, some very specia lized faculties such particularly in the case of women. as fisheries and forestry. Universities This is about the same percentage were divided this way, and the lib­ rate as Canada. Only the United eral arts as we know them were States exceeds it among the coun­ associated only with teachers' col­ tries of liberal orientation. The So­ leges, preparing people for primary viet Union has a relatively high fig­ or secondary teaching, rather than ure, too, but among the countries of with university work. Did ICU repre­ Western Europe, none of them ap­ sent a too far-out pattern to be proaches the Japanese level in terms meaningful in Japan? of the percentage of people who go I I - ~

Students in the language laboratory observe a demonstration of how to speak into a tape recorder. Dr. Mitsuko Saito and a student show how to use the microphone. • '' ICU IS the one

on to higher education. Now this tremendous expansion has been achieved, I think, at the expense of quality. If you look at investment in education in these countries, you fi nd that the amount of the total gross national product devoted to education in Japan is almost identi­ cal with the percentage in the United States and the various coun­ tries of Western Europe. In all of these countries approximately seven per cent of the gross national prod­ uct is devoted to education. But in the case of Japan, the country with the second highest proportion of people in higher education, there is a big dip in terms of the percentage of the gross national product that is devoted to higher education. It is much lower than in the United States or Europe. And you see the re sults of that in Japanese higher education today. This is a real problem area in modern Japan. The Japanese have been tremendously successful at al­ most everything, but one of their bigges t problem areas is higher edu­ cation, where for some reason they have not tried very hard and cer­ tainly have not done very well. The Japanese must seek new patterns in higher education. The organization of their universities is in trouble. There is a desperate problem in

financing higher education. Some­ S' thing over 75 per cent of Japanese n students go to private schools, but Ji almost every private school in the ti country-with the possible excep­ a tion of ICU-is bankrupt. The pri­ tl vate universities charge relatively ft low tuition. They have no endow­ ti ments, and if they had once had b endowments, these were wiped out d by World War II. They run on a ti hand-to-mouth basis, and you can­ not run a respectable university that way even on high tuitions, much less on low tuitions. So they are run on borrowing. You may ask, " Why do bankers sti ll lend them money?" It's i ttional university ~n Japan."

because everybody assumes that the cidedly. schools, are foreigners in the sense Government some day must bail Student unrest is not the only that we would define foreigners. them out, and actually the Govern­ problem of higher education in Ja­ Why is this? Because the institutions ment is beginning to take over the pan. It is merely symptomatic of a are operating solely in the Japanese budget of private universities bit by much deeper need to reorganize language, and this is a very hard bit. higher education as a whole and language for other people to master. As a result of the financial situa­ bring it more in line with the social Even the people of southeast Asia, tion, Japanese universities have a realities and needs of the time. For who could learn so much in Japan, very serious problem of quality. The this reason , an institution of high find it psychologically difficult to Japanese have so far survived this quality like ICU can play an impor­ drive themselves to two years of educational weakness, I think, be­ tant role in helping to develop new learning Japanese in order to start to cause they have such magnificent patterns and set standards more in take advantage of Japanese educa­ education through the senior high keeping with the times. tion, because after they leave Japan, school level. Something like 85 per the language isn 't going to be of The Important First Word cent of Japanese chi ldren complete much use to them. Learning English senior high school, which is a higher The most important aspect of ICU, in order to go to England or Amer­ percentage than the United States however, is revealed by the first ica or Canada for further education has. Furthermore, the twelve years word in its name. ICU is the one is by contrast more of a lifetime in­ of education that Japanese children really international university in vestment, and therefore is psycho­ have had through senior high school Japan , and, as I see it, the greatest logically much easier for people to is a very much more rigorous edu­ need in Japanese education today is do. Then, too, in other Asian coun­ cation than one can get in this coun­ to make education there more in­ tries the Western languages are try except in a few schools of out­ ternational. taught, but not Japanese. So you standing quality. The great bulk of Let's take a look at other univer­ just don't have many people abroad Americans are not as well educated sities in Japan and see how interna­ who are able to take advantage of as the great bulk of Japanese. But tional they are. The national univer­ Japanese educational institutions. elementary and secondary students sities, which are the universities of Another problem is that Japan is in Japan are under tremendous edu­ greatest prestige, have their faculties an insular country which has been cational pressure for twelve years, defined by law as gove rnment ser­ more sharply separated from the particularly to pass the extremely vants. They have to be Japanese rest of the world in modern times difficult entrance examinations into citizens. You'll find that true in cer­ than any other major country. For the next category of schools. When tain European cou~tries , such as over two centuries before Japan was they come to universities that are France, but even in the private uni­ opened in the mid-nineteenth cen­ underfinanced and with bad ratios versities in Japan, where there is no tury, it isolated itself almost . com­ between the number of professors legal bar to having foreign profes­ pletely from the rest of the world, and the number of students, and sors, I do not know of any promi­ and even today great psychological still following the outmoded Ger­ nent one that has many foreign and language barriers stand be­ man university model adopted in professors or professors of foreign tween it and the outside world. Japan in the late nineteenth century, origin in the pattern so common in The net result has been to make they find the whole experience dis­ this country. Faculties in Japan are Japanese universities notably lacking appointing and lacking in intellec­ virtually 100 per cent Japanese. in the international dimension­ tual challenge. This is one of the As far as student bodies are con­ with the one exception of ICU. One fundamental reasons, I believe, why cerned, when you look at presti­ might ask if it is necessary or even there is such endemic student trou­ gious Tokyo University, you find desirable for all countries to have ble in Japan. There were serious stu­ there is indeed a small percentage universities with an international dent troubles in Japan long before of the students who are defined as ~rientation . I believe the answer is there was that sort of thing in the being " foreign," but on checking a resounding " yes ." It is a necessity United States. It went to much high­ further, you discover that almost all in the present world and particu­ er levels there during the times of of these " foreigners" are actually larly urgent for the big, strong and trouble in the late 60's, and it con­ Koreans and Chinese born in Japan Influential countries. Among these tinues at a much higher level than who have gone through the Japa­ I would list Japan near the top. It we have now, though in both coun­ nese educational process. Only a is true that Japan lacks much mili­ tries it has gone down very de- tiny number, mostly in the graduate tary power, but arms are becoming [485] 17 increasingly unusable and therefore to play in our times. Their higher unimportant under present condi­ ed ucational sys tem should be much tions. On the other hand, the great more international than it is. In other shaping force in the world today is word s, it should be much more economic power, and that is w hat ava ilable to people from other Japan has, together with the tech­ co untries, and at the same time have nological ski ll s which accompany much greater international content it. Japan is indeed a great shaper of and greater international spirit in it the modern world, and it is there­ for the benefit of Japanese students. fore extremely important for . the ICU has a large number of non­ Japanese to become more interna­ Japanese professors and students tionally-minded and intern ationally and actually operates in two lan­ skil lful so that they can better play guages, because there are regular their role as a great international courses given in English by some of A class in Korean history force. Straddling as they do the great the foreign professors, which are (below); the modern cultural and economic divide be­ taken by the Japanese students, as language laboratory (bottom) requires fluency tween the affluent, industrialized well as by the students from abroad. in both English and West an d the generally poor, pre­ The latter are at ICU, not in an en­ Japanese to graduate. industrial non-Western part of the tirely separate linguistic ghetto, but world, they have a ve ry special role as regular students. Many of these foreign students may not be up to taking the courses offered in Jap­ anese, and they may be taking spe­ cial classes ir1 the Japanese language designed for foreigners, but at the sa me time they are taking courses given in English along with the regu­ lar Japanese students, and Japanese and non-Japanese are mixing to­ gether in a single academic commu­ nity. The foreign students are not just Americans, but come in large part from Asian countries as well as other lands. The foreign members of the faculty, too, aren't just Amer­ icans but include Europeans and Asians. In other words, ICU is really international. An Important Direction This is a beginning in a direction that I think is extremely important for Japan if she is going to play the role in the world of which she is capable. It is an important direction for Japan to take if she is to make her contribution to the creation of the kind of world Japan must have in order to live. Japan can only sur­ vive in an international trading world, and it simply has to learn how it can use its talents to help build that sort of world. She cannot just leave it up to others to shape this world, as she has been doing in the past. What International Christian Uni­ versity is doing is significant both for Japan and for the world. It is a seri ­ ous experiment in international edu­ cation in Japan, where that sort of experiment probably is more sig­ nificant than anywhere else in the world. • 18 [486] ANISSEI REMEMBERS

" It is very significant that despite countless sufferings, the Japanese people have built a foundation on which they can expand and de­ velop. I am very grateful for this fact. I would particularly like to mention those who, having become Christians who live under God's grace and overcome life's hardship, with the power of faith, have lived to this day with the assurance of eternal life." The speaker is Mr. Yoshisada Kawai, who was born the fourth son of a farmer who lived 40 miles north of Hiroshima, Japan, and who em i­ grated to the United States in the fall of 1906. As such he is one of a diminishing number of lssei (pro­ nounced ee-say), the first generation of Japanese immigrants to America. Four years ago Japanese Ameri­ cans who were concerned that the lssei experience would be lost to posterity began to record the his­ tory of lssei such as Mr. Kawai . The program was headed by the Rev. Heihachiro Takarabe of the Park­ view Presbyterian Church in Sacra- mento, Ca li forn ia and was pa rtia lly father was a very serious believer. funded by the United Pres byteri an In the morning he would face the Se lf Development of Peopl es Pro­ east and clasp his hands to thank gram . Eve ntually the ex peri ences of God, and in the evening he would so me 100 lsse i will be record ed. light the lantern and offer a bowl Chairperso n of th e lsse i Oral His­ of hot ri ce as offering, and offer tory Project, as it is know n, is Mrs. Buddhist prayer (Okyo) as he rang Asako Tokuno. She writes that the a chime. And th en, after all this, we primary objective of the program, relaxe d and sat around the table for in addition to its contribution to the dinner. That was our daily fam ­ ethnic studies programs in colleges ily ritual. and un iversities, is " to make these " M y father's posture of prayer in stori es ava ilable to ministers of the the morning and in the evening to­ Christian faith who ca n relate the wards God and Buddha gave us an lssei ex perience to comparable Bib­ unspoken lesson, though we were lica l happenings." very small and did not understand The story of Mr. Kawai, here in an anything ... . Today I still think that edited form, brings to mind the Bib­ my father's humble posture towards lical events of the Exodus and the God and Buddha indicated to our The trauma of being sent experi ences of reb irth in the Gos­ uneducated minds existence of to relocation ca mps during World War JI pels. something like God or Buddha, and that attitude became the first step was a severe one for A Bowl of Hot Rice many W est Coast to lead me to Christian faith, and I Japanese-Americans. Mr. Kawai remembers growing up am forever grateful. in Japan in a Buddhist family. " My " My mother was a very kind and tender wor/lian. Whenever I was only was the boarding place full but scolded by my father or brothers, we could not find a place to sleep. she would 'come around my side. So we had to go back to Los Ange­ The words I still remember ve ry les. Three of us did not have money, well from childhood were the words so we did not know what to do. We she spoke to me at the table. She took a train back to Los Angeles . said, ' If you disrespect rice grains, " Soo n the conductor came then you will go blind.' Even though around to collect our fare. We told I was very small, I used · to wonder him that we were poor students, about the relationship between rice w hi ch we were, and gave him all we and my eyeballs, but in front of my had, which amounted to one dollar. mother and father I used to say, The conductor let us off the train ltadakimas (which means ' I'll be in the middle of an orange grove in eating') and be very careful not to Upland. It was midnight then, and drop any rice. I became aware of we ate oranges to help our empty the spirit of gratitude . .. ." stomachs. We spent the night there, At the turn of the century, accord­ too. ing to Mr. Kawai, there was an en­ " It was about 5 in the morning thusiastic immigration movement. w hen we saw a li ght in the dis­ Two or three of his high school tance. So the three of us walked classmates and his own teacher had toward it. We all were ve ry tired left Japan for the United States, and and helpless . It was a farmer's they influenced his decision. house . So we knocked on the door " I still remember distinctly the an d an old woman with white hair feeling of the extraordinary situation about 70 years o ld came out. of my leaving home; I reflected on " We told her that we were stu­ that cherished love of my parents, dents and looking for jobs, and all brothers and sisters, the mountains that had happened the night before. and rivers where I spent such happy To our surprise she was ve ry sy m­ times, and even a flower in our pathetic. She let us in the house and Studying the Bible. garden ; and trying to remember gave us hot coffee. She told us that Mr. Kawai was first these thoughts and feelings as long th ere was a boarding house there introduced to the Bible as possible in my heart." managed by a Japanese person, Mr. in the early part He came on the Koria Maru in Teno. She said boys came from o f the century. the fall of 1906. He had one of the lowest bunks in the cargo hold and many people were seasi ck. He says his first impression of America was " tremendous." The high rise build­ ings of San Francisco (not really so high in those days right after the great earthquake) "were sticking out in the sky like a forest." His first job was at an apple canning factory and the boss of the camp was Chinese. First Christian Contact Later he took a correspondence course in automobile repair and by 1915 had become an established mechanic. But before that, while he was living a " migrant style of life" , he first came in contact with Chris­ tianity. " There was a time when three young men, including myself, went to pick peaches in the small coun­ tryside of San Bernardino. It was about 80 miles south of Los Angeles. " We arrived there around 6 :00 p.m., but because of a mistake in the communication, there were enough people ahead of us and three of us did not find jobs. Not [489] 21 there to do some work for her. So " Th eir ca re seemed to be better cans or Italian Americans. she would introduce us to him. Be­ than that of my own parents. They Mr. Kawai remembers vividly, as ca use of this old woman, we were even bathed me eve ry day, and do most people old enough, that fi nally able to fi nd jobs . nursed me until I was able to get fateful day in December when Japan " At that time we were so glad around. I rea lly ca me to know peo­ attacked Pea rl Harbor. that we felt like meeting Buddha in ples' hearts (ninja) at that time. I " When I heard the news, I felt as Heaven. There is an old Japan ese also fe lt the greatness of the power if 100 thunders fell on my head at saying, 'There are always friends in of love in the lonesome journey in once. I was surprised and confused . a journey, and there is much com­ the world. I fe lt their lovi ng kind­ When I thougbt about our future, passion in the world. There is no ness deep in my flesh and . eve ry w hi ch was nothing but confusion evil in the world." We really felt it time I think about them I ca nnot and despair, I fe lt like all the hairs was true. help but cry beca use I was glad and of my body were sta nding on end " This old man and woman, Mr. so thankful. with fear. and Mrs. Cammack, were very de­ " I wanted to return their kindness " When I got the notice of relo­ vout Christians. In the heat of anti­ in so me way. I was almost uneasy, cation, I was not surprised because Japanese sentiment, they them­ while I could not do that. So I made my white friend told me that all selves helped many Japanese peo­ up my mind to go to Los Angeles to Japanese people would be put in ple. We owe them much. work, and told them about my de­ the barbed w ire in a desert. At that " Today I'm over 80 years old. But termination. They accepted my de­ time, banks were closed to us. We to this day I am very grateful for cision. They were very happy for were not allowed to carry more than the grace and gift which was given me. $25 in cash, and of course, pistols, to me through this old man and his " At that time Mrs. Cammack said , knives, swords, Japanese records wife. Come to think of it, this 'Wherever you go, never worry and ca meras were forbidden. It was stra nge God's work, getting to know about returning money or returning ve ry difficult for us." these people under God's guidance, kindness to us. If you cannot for­ Mr. Kawai and his family of four had become the opportunity for me get about us, then in the future you had to live on $25 at the time of to come in contact with Christianity. help those w ho are in need and in evacuation to the ca mps. They sold " Later I became a school boy in trouble. It does not matter who they his wife's laundry business and he this household. It was the tradition are. That could be the returning of changed the money into $20 bills of the house to read New Testament my kindness, and that is . Christ's which he hid in Ivory soap bars. " It and sing hymns after supper for heart.' She taught me these things. so unds so childish now, but at that about 30 minutes. There were a few " When I left their home, she time it seemed to be such a critical young people from the Japanese gave me a small Bible and said, this boarding house, too. is a part of me and your life. Don't " At that time I did not have any lose it throughout your life. In this background in religion or. interest Bible it had a small writing, 'To Mr. in it, but I went along because of Y. Kawai, my son most dear son . English practice. However, I must From mother Cammac k.' add at this time that when I was " When I saw this, I thought that very sick and floating between life she must be my second mother in and death, these Biblical passages America whom I owe so much. I had become one of the very foun­ prayed that one day I would come dations of my life. to know God and become a Chris­ " I had become very sick twice in tian in order to answer her loving my life and suffered to the extent of kindness. " danger to my life. Once or twice I Mr. Kawai was baptized in No­ had lost all hope of living and had vember, 1952 in the Presbyterian fallen into the abyss of despair. One Church. He wrote a book called of these illnesses happened at the Komyo no Ayumi ("A Walk of Commack's one and a half years Morning Light") which he describes after I had come to live with them as " an attempt to communicate the as a house boy. It was a common sureness of God' s existence to rela­ cold in the beginning, but it got tives and friends." complicated and became acute pneumonia. I was hosp italized. I The Relocation Camps could not do anything about it, but An important aspect of the lssei the old man and his wife took care Oral History Project is to record the of me. Fortunately, I was able to impressi ons and experiences of lssei leave the hospital a little over a during World War II when the U.S. week. Not only did they pay the government forcibly detained thou­ doctor's and the hospital bills but sands of Japanese Americans in they took me home. I was very weak ca mps on the west coast. It is often after such a serious illness, so they pointed out that no similar arrange­ took good care of me. ment was made for German Ameri- 22 [490] . problem for us." He tried to obtain was really a comical sight. Well, as camping equipment, such as sleep­ for us, by that time we came to the ing bags, thick clothing, etc. to pro­ point where we were ready to let tect the children. heaven decide our future. So we "The evacuation date for our area were not disturbed. was May 11, 1942. About 9 a.m. we " I think that when we are able were gathered in front of a Buddhist to trust God, and let Him lead us, temple. We were taken to the as­ then we are given the power to sembly center in Puyallup, just like stand up to overcome sufferings sheep which were led to the slaugh­ and hardships, and even in the pos­ ter house. The Assembly Center sibility of death we will have no Camp was built on the site of horse fear. We will be able to live through The place was strange and wild, barns on the agricultural fair life with the spirit of thankfulness. and a vast plain in all directions. grounds, and these houses were I really came to believe this." " I just cannot forget that night. I built of rough lumber like that of stood outside of the house by my­ Making the Best of It long pig pens. I just cannot forget, self, hearing the cry of coyotes in still now, the sight of 3,000 people The relocation camp was in the the vast plain, looking at the flow­ lined up in front of the big mess middle of a sagebrush plain in ing clouds and shining moon. I hall with dishes in their hands. It Minedoka, Idaho and surrounded thought about my sweet native was such a sorrowful sight. by barbed wire. There were ten long town, and the ve ry fragile human " One night some of us, a little buildings, including mess halls, bath life. I thought that it must be man's over 10 people, came down with rooms, hospital, pol ice station . The destiny to go through such a diffi­ stomach aches, and made quite a housing units for over 10,000 people cult time." few trips to the bathroom. The were divided over 20 blocks. The The houses in the camp were un­ guards took this as the beginning of Kawais spent three years in the finished when they moved in. They a rebellion. So they brought 3-4 ma­ camp. gathered up scrap lumber and made chine guns on the top of the roof, " There was about 800 miles be­ tables and chairs. They planted and observed our movements. tween Puyallup Assembly Center gardens. Around the barbed wires "They were soldiers with many and the camp in Minedoka. We were high watchtowers with sol­ weapons, and us, powerless people. spent a night on the train and the diers observing their movements. But it was they who were frightened next day, about 11 a.m., the train There was, says Mr. Kawai, no lack and shivering with fear, not us. It arrived at a corner of the plateau. of food, clothing or shelter, the " price" the American government had to pay for their freedom. Mr. Kawai 's job in the camp was in elec­ tricity. He administered and repaired the refrigerators of the mess hall. He was paid $19 .a month. When he left the camp on Oc­ tober 5, 1945, he looked back and saw that the w ilderness had, through their labors, become a beautiful green field. He thought of Psalm 23. After th e war he found that the at­ titude of white society toward the Japanese was better than he had ex­ pected it would be. He attributes this not to victory in the war but to the fact that the real value of Jap­ anese people was more widely recognized. In 1950 Mr. Kawai and his family moved to Seattle, his " second native town," and bought a hotel which he managed until 1970 when he retired at the age of 81. " I firmly believe that man does not live by bread alone, but the life in faith is the true way to long life."•

A scene in one of the World War II relocation camps, often called " the first concentration camps in the U.S. A."

t the door of Spofford Home, staff includes a psychiatric nurse, a a United Methodist-related group worker and child care work­ residence in Kansas City, ers. Therapists and physicians are on Mo. providing residential psychiat­ call. ric care fpr 30 children, an impish Loving and li stening to children little girl rushed up, clasped my who crave affection is one aspect of hand eagerly and refused to leave treatment. Discipline is equally im­ my side. Immediately a somewhat portant for children who may throw gloomy girl who had been pedaling tantrums or strike out at friends. her tricycle dashed over and Spafford's motto is " A child who is grabbed my other arm. Several treated like a child of God will often youngsters playing in the yard respond with responsible behavior." shouted greetings. No wonder Spof­ Spofford encourages church atten­ ford is so popular with visitors, I dance if the family so desires. James W. Shepard, Spofford thought. Occasionally a child may run staff member, gets a "Some of the children here have away from the Home, situated on a farewell message from one been so deprived of affection that main street in the city. Ms. Street of the six children at they can' t get enough of it," said recounted the story of a little boy the group home. Mabel H. Street, the motherly di­ with a restless gleam in his eye who rector of professional services at stood on the edge of the lawn and Spofford. asked what would happen if he ran " We' re getting more severely dis­ away. Ms. Street told him she would turbed children now. With more have to call the police. Just then, a out-patient rnental health help for patrol car cruised down the street. children these days, we at Spofford The wide-eyed little boy turned on are getting the kids who are worse his heels and made a beeline for off." the house. Some of the emotionally dis­ Whenever possible, the children turbed children at Spofford come at Spofford attend public schools. from broken or troubled homes; a This year all 30 children need the few of them are battered children. special education classes at Spof­ " Out of all the people in the world, ford. (The school system supplies why did God choose me to have the the teachers, Spofford the rooms most suffering?" commented a 15- and equipment.) Joyce Murray, one year-old resident. of three teachers, says that low es­ Sometimes the children have suf­ teem is a major problem inhibiting fered brain damage which affects the children. She lavi shes praise on their behavior. They come to Spof­ the youngsters and rewards them ford on referral from hospitals, with trips to MacDonald's and to schools, juvenile and welfare agen­ her own home, among other favor­ cies and families themselves. They ite spots. must be between the ages of 6 and Sometimes the incentive to learn 14 at admission. is unintentional. " A number of the Spofford is reluctant to accept a children have had juvenile back­ child unless its parents agree to co­ grounds because they have been operate in the treatment. " If the runaways or truants," Ms. Murray parents want to be helped, the child said . " One day in class we were can be helped," Ms. Street main­ having a discussion of crime and I tained. Homeless children are espe­ mentioned that it's the dumb ones cially difficult to help, she said . who get caught. One youngster Spofford works with referral agen­ piped up, 'That's a good reason for cies to place them in foster homes. getting an education.' Ever since, he Providing a "therapeutic environ­ has been highly motivated." ment" for the children is the work For those children who can func­ of everyone at Spofford, Ms. Street tion in a group situation, Spofford explained, "from the executive di­ operates a group home in an at­ rector (John R. Steiner, an ordained tractive duplex in a Kansas City minister and graduate social worker) suburb, Parkville. Six children live to the cook and laundress." The fairly normal lives there, under the [493] 25 he received. Today he is happily married, the father of three bright children, and a successful business­ man. To ensure further successes, Spof­ ford plans to move from its present, somewhat depressing and out­ moded 40-year-old building, with its cramped offices, crowded dormi­ tories and sagging overstuffed furni­ ture. Plans call for construction, in .. another loi:ation, of a group of cot­ tages and facilities for psychother­ apy sessions, play therapy, and an educational plant. Spofford staff stress the importance of cheerful surroundings and adequate buildings in treatment. The expansion of Spofford-ten­ tatively scheduled for 1976-will be very costly. The treatment of chil­ dren is expensive too: this year the care of group workers who function cost per child' is about $950 a month. as " parents." (The cost in a state institution, how­ The average stay at Spofford is ever, is ryiore than three times as one-and-a-half to t...yo years. A child much.) M?ny people think the chil­ goes home when staff agree that dren at Spofford come from well-to­ both child and family are ready to do families, Ms. Street said, but the reu11ite, when the child is prepared truth is that few parents can con­ for puplic school and community tribute much to their children's sup­ activities. A quarterly newsletter, port. " Spofford Scribbles," from time to Spafford's income comes mainly time describes what happens to the from purch~se of services by the children. Their names are altered in states of Kansas and Missouri, the the paper. United Fund, the National Division When 13-year-old " George" came of the United Methodist Board of to Spofford, he was withdrawn, Global Ministries, and individuals, shabbily dressed, disinterested in groups anq <;:hurches. Ms. Street school and dissatisfied with himseif, hopes the Church will not abandon his family and his f!-Jture. After a " tried-and-true" ~gencies like Spof­ year of counseling and ~ncourage­ ford in the rush to support new and ment, he began to look ~p more. " glamorous" ministries. "Andy," a hyperactive and un­ From the time it opened in 1916 happy child who came from a family as a home for orphaned and neg­ (Top) Group worker supervises recre­ lected children till 1940 when it be­ ation. (Above) Mabel Street, director of where both parents worked and hiid came one of the first homes in the professional services at Spofford, a little time for him, spent two years home providing residential psychiatric at Spofford and blossomed with the nation to provide residential treat­ care for children. recognition and individual attention ment of emotionally disturbed chil­ dren to the present time, Spofford has gotten high marks from parents, certifiers of child welfare agencies and the many church people who have observed treatment there. But what do the children thil")k of Spof­ ford? In respons~ to a creative writing exercise, a 10-year-old boy at Spof­ ford wrote : " If I could make Spof­ ford a better place to live . . . I would change the light bulbs be­ cause there are a few broken ones and a few burned out ones." The staff muse, " We aren't doing so bad ." • The Kinshasa Spirit-Filled Mousf!J£Qt

he words of Jesus Christ have all of this has changed. Not only in stances the groups were called to­ T taken on a new meaning in the our own lives, but in the lives of gether by lay men and women eager book of Acts with reference to the hundreds of people in Kinshasa, to study the word of God. Occasion­ Holy Spirit. Acts 1 :8, " But you shall both black and white, young and ally, we heard rumors of people receive power when the Holy Spirit old alike. " talking in strange languages." This has come upon you." In the beginning we heard rumors usually left us cold. Gradually we During the first six years of our of small Bible study and prayer were aware, along with other Amer­ religious life in Kinshasa the above groups being formed. In most in- icans living in Kinshasa, that some­ verse of scripture had little meaning thing exciting was happening. At the for us. Our own private spiritual life Wendell and Clara Golden are United same time, we were beginning to was enriched only if and when we Methodist missionaries now working rethink our own religious values. had or took time for Bible study and with Angolan refugees in Kinshasa, Many persons with whom we were Zaire. They were previously missionaries prayer. I (Wendell) must confess my closely associated were already ac­ in Liberia and Angola . During the Ango­ moments of drawing closer to the lan uprising in 1961 and the Portuguese tively taking part in mid-week Bible Lord usually came at the end of the repression that followed, Wendell was study and prayer groups. Th en it day, when I was too tired to put imprisoned by the Portuguese authori­ happened. We decided to join a forth much effort. In the past year ties in Luanda and in Lisbon, Portugal. Bible study group. It was only later [495) 27 that we were told that many per­ Intercessory prayer is a vital part so ns in the area were praying for of our Praise and Prayer meetings. our own spiritual renewal. In society today, we are taught to The next step for us came when control our emotions but tears of we joined a Praise and Prayer group. joy and of frustration are both a The number by this time had grown common part of our meetings. When to more than seventy including stu­ a prayer request is mentioned, we dents from the American School of immediately stop and lift up that Kinshasa . need to the Lord. If a prayer request The mid-week evening meetings is made for a member of a family are held in different homes ·each absent from the group, or of some­ time. We were surprised to find per­ one hospitalized, we ask the one sons from the Presbyterian, Pente­ making the request to sit in proxy. cos tal , Baptist, Asse mbly' of God With the laying on of hands, we all Churches, but only one or two with lift up the prayer request to the a Methodist background. The group Lord. is just as varied in its international It is truly a beautiful experience makeup, including Americans, Brit­ to discover the fuller meaning of ish, Canadians, Swedes, Norwe­ the Fruits of the Spirit, mentioned gians, Indians, Zairians, and oc­ in the Book of Galatians, 5 :22-23: casionally a Jew or Arab. There is a " love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, good cross section of professional goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and vocational backgrounds in the and self control." When we have Among the Zaire mission­ various groups we attend each week. truly searched out God's Will in our aries who have been Two American doctors and their lives, He has blessed us abundantly associated with the Go/dens families are the pillars in the Kin­ and given us obvious answers to in the charismatic renewal shasa Spirit-filled movement. The our prayers. When we ask wrongly, movement are the Rev. and United States Air Force and Army He is very direct in His stern dis­ Mrs . Joe Davis. Mr . Davis are well represented, American AID cipline of us. (below) teaches at the theological seminary in personnel, businessmen, and mis­ Some members in the group have Mulungwishi. sionary families. been given the gift of healing. They We asked for the baptism of the have been reluctant to use the gift, Holy Spirit shortly after joining the but when they have, many have Praise and Prayer group. Our lives been healed. We have definitely have not been the same since. Early seen the hand of God at work in morning Bible study and interces­ healing in Kinshasa. . sory prayer is now a must and a joy In our own family the Lord used at the beginning of each new day. a neighbor woman in the healing The Book of Acts was the first sug­ of a throat infection of our daughter gested reading according to one of Nancy. One morning Nancy could the leading laymen in the group. It not talk. Our friend had only been is unbelievable the number of ref­ given the gift of healing a short time erences to the Baptism of the Holy earlier. Nancy believed and wanted Spirit and the power it gives to the the prayer for healing. Minutes later recipient. Peter and John in the the Lord healed Nancy. She im­ Book of Acts, having received the mediately rose from her bed and Baptism of the Holy Spirit, were was able to start her daily musical given a boldness and courage they instrument practice on the flute and had never known before. At the clarinet. same time the disciples received a In every meeting we have felt the new power of authority in their presence of the Lord in a unique ministry of healing, teaching and way. One of our leaders has taught preaching. us how to pray in the Spirit. Every Our Kinshasa group has dis­ member is asked to pray out loud covered something of the religious in any language. The effect is neither fervor of the New Testament Chris­ hysterical nor boisterous. It moves tians. To some of our members the into a crescendo and then drops to Lord gave songs, words, and music. a barely audible ending. Its beauty Such gifts are usually received after can be felt but not described. a special act of obedience or praise It is worth mentioning that in our to the Lord. Songs of praise and group no particular emphasis is prayer were so numerous that a given to the matter of speaking in member compiled a song book, tongues. We agree unanimously, Praise and Joy. that speaking in tongues is mani- 28 [ 496)

search out the leading of the Lord. Usually we begin with songs of praise. One speci al feature of the Saturday evening group is the use of drums and tambourines. The African rhythm of the songs is beautiful. Leadership of the meetings is equally divided between Africans and Whites. A few of the African pastors and lay people have received the baptism of the Sp irit. Usually the Lord uses these individuals in spe­ cial ways as they have a knowledge of the Bible, and already have an fes ted in some persons as a way of ability in speaking various languages. Wendell Golden ta lks with praising God through prayer. At the Th e Saturday meeting is conducted Angolan leader Simon sam e time, others would like the in both French and English, with Correiro in Kin shasa. Clara gift of tongues but never receive it. Lingala, KiKongo and Portuguese as Golden is shown on page 27. The matter of tongues is a personal back up languages. thing and definitely is not a neces­ One evening we held a special sary criteria to prove whether or not service of healing for the thirteen­ one has been baptized in the Spirit. year-old daughter of our Angolan Without a doubt, the greatest District Superintendent. His daughter miracle of all is the acceptance by has had sickle cell anemia for many an unbeliever of the person of Jesus years. It was a moving experience Ch rist. We have seen families in to be a part of a group of Chris­ Kinshasa accept the Christian faith tians from seven countries, black through the association of their and white, together, praying in dif­ family members with other families ferent languages for the Lord's heal­ w ho are actively working with the ing of this young girl. At that mo­ Lord. Usually the student or stu­ ment I came to realize more fully dents of the family will decide to be the meaning of " the whole armor of baptized and start attending Church God." What greater armor of God through the invitation of some young is there than to be surrounded by person. It is not long after, that one a group of Spirit-filled praying Chris­ or both of the parents will start at­ tians? We do not know in what way tending a Bible study class. The ac­ the young girl will be healed. We ceptance of Jesus Christ, joining a do however place the disease of the Church and baptism of the Spirit girl into the hands of God, we trust soon follows. in Him that He will act. In May of this year, we took part Th e adults in Kinshasa have been in a special week of inspiration in richly blessed by the religious en­ Kinshasa. The Rev. Ken Pegard, from thusiasm and faith in action of our Chula Vi sta , California, spent five young people. Perhaps our daughter days with us. His outreach included Nancy expresses in her own way not only those interested in the what most of us as adults feel about Pra ise and Prayer groups, but stu­ our new spiritual dimension, or dents of the American School of charismatic experience, in Kin­ Kinshasa, African pastors and minis­ shasa . ters living in Kinshasa within the Church of Christ of Zaire, as well " The movement of the Holy Spirit as Inter-va rsity university students. is not just among the adults in Mr. Pegard sha red with us the value Kinshasa but it's moving among of communal living as reflected in the youth also. During the year, the New Testament teachings. Upon there are camps for the different our return to Kinshasa, we will de­ ages of kids and many times this ci de on the type of communal living is where kids are baptized in the that w ill draw many of us closer spirit. There are Bible studies and together. praise and prayer meetings where Saturday evenings we have a kids can grow and receive the gifts Praise and Prayer group that is well of the Holy Spirit. It is always a attended by Africans. Again, there is joy to hear the miracles and an­ no particular structure to the service. swers to prayers at the beginning In the beginning we always try to of the meetings." • Karis and Anthony Fadely

odpower! What does it mean? of their purpose to evangelize those people w ere allowed. It was, under­ II Liberians use this term to talk tribes. However, from the beginning standably, more politi cal than the • about the work of the Holy there was misunderstanding be­ w hite churches which later se nt mis­ Spirit. New happenings in the lives tween the colonists and the tribes. sionaries. of individuals and the church occur Each side operated from its own set In spite o f the stated m iss ionary every day. In Liberia, where about of values in the acquisition of land. aims of the colonists, th ere were twenty percent of the people are Battles were fought and animosities real problems encountered in the Christian, there is a movement of kindled. It was many years before spreading of Christian ity. One was God's Spirit. these animosities were laid to rest. confusion of Christianity with " civi l­ The history of Liberia is unique. The church had arrived with the ization" w hich led denominations The country was settled in 1822 by settlers, the first congregations of to make literacy a prerequisite for freed slaves from the United States Methodists and Baptists were or­ baptism. Another was the geographi­ (the capital city of Monrovia is ganized on board ship. This was the cal isolati on brought about both by named after President James Mon­ American black church of the early th e conflict w ith the tribes and by roe) . The early settlers found various nineteenth century, the only form the surrounding terrai n, swamps and tribes already there, and it was part of organized social effort the black ri ve rs. Th e concern of so me colonists [499] 31 The many faces of the Codpower movement (coun te r-clockw ise from top left): Dixon Kumeh at the Gbarnga School of Th eology; Mrs. Me/ve na Nagbe, is illustrated by the work of Lott who is extension dean of the school, missionary Ed Heyer and his students at Gbarnga; the /ate bishop Nagbe, who dreamed o f the empowerment of people Carey, a Baptist minister who earn­ to witness for Christ; and Godpower co-chairpersons the Rev. Evelyn Kandakail estly sought to develop peace with (left) and Mrs. Wokie Tolbert Tubman (right) w ith Karis Fadely in the center. the tribes. Had Lott Carey's attitude prevailed in those early years the statistics today would be quite dif­ ferent. The first Methodist missionary in Africa was a white man, Melville Cox, from Baltimore, who arrived in I Liberia in 1833. (The first candidate proposed for Africa was a black preacher, Joseph Cartwright, but he did not end up going.) Already weakened by tuberculosis, Cox was dead within four months of his ar­ rival from malaria. It was Cox's vision that sustained Liberian Methodists and foreign mis­ sionaries alike, for the words on his tombstone in Monrovia read, " Though a thousand fall, let not n Africa be given up." One can only ask, " What would have happened if.. . ?" If the General Conference had continued the policy of in­ digenous leadership after Bishop Robert's death in 1875? If Bishop William Taylor's self-supporting missions plan had not bogged down in misuse of missionary personnel? Or if the church had resident epis­ copal supervision in the 20's and 30' s? It was evidence of the serious condition of relationships when the 1924 annual conference received a request from the tribal people to form a second and separate confer­ ence. Two events in 1944 marked the turning point: President Tubman es­ tablished the " Open Door" and " Unification" policies and the Gen­ eral Conference provided for epis­ copal supervision by having the Central Jurisdiction elect one of its members to serve as bishop of Li­ beria. Progress since then has been slow but less chaotic. The election in 1965 of the first indigenous Li­ berian bishop, Stephen Trowen Nagbe, Sr. signified the beginning of a new era in the church. Basic forms and structures for the church were already present. What was needed was an energizing and a fleshing out of those forms. Bishop Nagbe quickly designed conference programs to strengthen the witness of the church. The Department of Christian Education, which had been primarily concerned with the training of local preachers through Tailortown nea r Gbarn ga as a fai th ­ d red and twenty new converts ap­ a program of yea rl y In-servi ce Insti­ healing center of the United M eth­ pea red at the alta r in the smal l mud tutes, took off in several directions: odist Church. Indigenous African chu rch, the congregation adjourned work with women, youth work, lit­ forms of worship and ves tments to a nearby river for the sacrament eracy, music and worship, and de­ (brilliant blue w ith centered red which became a rea l " jubilee" time. velopment of church schools. crosses) characterize the life of this New life and growth broke out in Medical clinics were es tablished Christian community. Through the the Kpai n area among the Mano in the more remote districts and the years healing se rvices for hundreds people w hen three Zoes, powerful Flying Doctors program was initi­ of persons have taken place in the vi llage p riest-doctors, were con­ ated. The Ganta hospital cooperated " powerhouse," a w hitewashed mud verted. After sitting in anonymously more with government in public building which stands in the ce nte r on the outdoor Godpower services, health programs. The Liberian of town ~8 out one hundred feet in each dreamed the same dream on church itself became more aware front of tile church. Members from the sa me night: God wanted them of mission. Tailortown who have moved to the to become foll owers of Jes us Christ. With this awareness came an in­ Fires tone Plantation and th e Bong Their baptism into the church en­ creasing hunger for the power of Mine Iron Ore Company have sured powerful lea dership for Christ. the Spirit, " Godpower," which is founded similar churches in these Many w ho had rejected the Gospel spoken of so clearly in Acts 1 :8. All areas. message turned to enth.usiastic ac­ factors were coming together to in­ The Gbarnga School of Theology cepta nce of the lordship of Christ. dicate that the church was ready to has become the training ce nter for Evidence of church growth move out in evangelism and miss ion the Godpower movement. Lo ca ted through the youth movement is to the undiscipled tribes of Liberia. 125 miles inland from Monrovia, this compelling. In 1967 w hen the fi rst Bishop Nagbe keynoted the 1972 joint United Methodis t-Lutheran you th ca mp w as held there were Annual Conference with a call for se minary generates broad, far-reach­ twelve Methodist Youth Fellowships the " Empowerment of the People ing programs of re sident and ex ten­ in the country, most of them con­ to Witness for Christ." A committee sion training built around a curricu­ nected with a mission sc hool instead was appointed. The common term lum core o f educational evangelism. of a local church. Th e primary pur­ for the power of the Holy Spirit was Extension training in one form, the pose for the camping program was adopted as the masthead and the In-Service Institute, has been used lea dership tra ining. Only officers Godpower movement was officially sp ecifically in the Godpower move­ from local groups attended, and underway. ment. One month each school year they were trai ned in evangelism, The proposal called for all seg­ the resident students and fa culty Christian Education, and social ser­ ments of the church to move out in move off campus into an intensive vice. It is largel y through the efforts evangelism : the In-service Institutes training retreat where they are of the youth th emse lves that today for lay preachers, the youth pro­ joined by alumni of the schoo l. W ith there are over seventy U.M .Y. Fe l­ gram, the medical teams, and the missionary and Liberian staff serving lowshi ps in the country. United church schools. After the ground­ as trainers and enablers, teams of Methodist youth reaching out to work was laid in each of these two Liberians are sent out into each others w ith the message of God's groups, evangelistic teams would of the si xteen United M ethodist dis­ good news have made a rea l con­ move out into the whole land. Al­ tricts and the Lutheran parishes to tribution to the growth of the church though the original timetable has train over four hundred lay preach­ in Liberia . been delayed by the illness and ers and evangelists . Local delega tes Finally, evidence is also present in death of Bishop Nagbe, his succes­ have been known to walk one hun­ the form of increasing cooperation sor, Bishop Bennie D. Warner, has dred miles to attend an annual In­ among denominations giving sub­ put " Godpower" at the top of his service Insti tute. There they are stan ce to the purpose of God as ex­ list of priorities. Work has continued trained to preach in the streets and presse d in Ephesia ns 1 :9, 10. Not under the leadership of two out­ markets, to visit homes and prisons, only United Methodists are involved standing women, the Rev. Evel yn to seek those who need special in Godpower, but also Lu therans, Kandakai (the only woman District prayers, and to nurture new and old Ep iscopalians, A .M .E., and Baptists. Superintendent in Africa), and Mrs. Christians in their faith. Eac h new planning session involves The results have been truly amaz­ Wokie Tolbert Tubman. This was another denominational group so ing. In Nana Kru on the remote Kru that the Godpower movement is be­ evidence of the increasing impor­ Coast a twenty-year-old fi sherman co ming truly ecumenica l. tance of women in the church in who had bee n completely paralyzed W e see the events and evidences Liberia. for three years re ceived the hea ling of these recent years to be a sign What were some of the evidences grace of God through the praye rs that we are on the brink of a great that led to Bishop Nagbe's call for and singing of the institute delegates. expansion of the Christian Church in empowerment? At the grassroots He rose from his bed and walked Li beria. We are reminded of the level creative, charismatic ministries out the door. Godpower! word s of Jes us, " The harvest is plen­ mark the faith and leadership of In the Bong Mine industrial area tiful, but th e laborers are few; pray many Liberian Christians. Several the invitation to be baptized fol­ therefore the Lord of the harvest to years ago the Rev. Moses Johnson, a lowed a week of evangel is tic train­ se nd out labo rers into his harvest" prophet-healer minister, founded ing and visitation. When one hun- (Matt. 9 :37, RSV). • [ 501 ] 33 A refugee from Na zi Germany who became a Ca tholic priest re cently visited four countries w hich have been parties to the bloody conflict, seeking points of view not readily available in the U.S.A.

t was an eerie feeling during a stopover in Paris, in transit to Is­ ra el, to be walking along one of th ose typically charming narrow Parisian streets and to find our­ sIel ves suddenly standing in front of an old house with a plaque whose inscription read : " In memory of Theodor Herzl who wrote The Jew­ ish State here in 1890." Mixed emo­ tions welled up within me, for I had been brought up in a Zionist home. My father, who along with Martin Buber, belonged to the " Blau Weiss" group in Frankfurt, had instilled in us a longing for a Jewish homeland, especially for one that would be a refuge for the victims of the Nazi holocaust. And now that passionate dream of Theodor Herzl had in some strange and perverse way be­ come the locus of a nightmare for the peoples of the M iddle East­ Jews and Arabs alike. Upon arriving in Tel Aviv, one is immediately struck by the tense at­ mosphere, the tight security, and the abundance of young men carrying automatic weapons. This was the land of milk and honey of my child­ hood dreams. All the same, I was excited at the prospect of being in At a busy m arketplace in /erusa/em's Old City, a basket merchant displays his wares. a country in which a Jew could (Right) Members of the UN Emergency Force on the Israel-Egypt cease-fire line; really be in a place of his own, free to hold up his head and decide his or her own destiny. In the course The big question for peace advo­ building of a nation. Before the of our trip I came to appreciate how cates, who are in the minority in Palestinians have some state respon­ similar the Palestinian dreams for a Israel as they are everywhere in the sibility they will never unite, they homeland were. world (including the Arab countries), will never exercise control, they will My cousins Noemi and Elieser, is whether the new leadership in Is­ always fight each other and so both physicians, with whom we rael will eventually have the courage forth." spent our first night near Tel Aviv, to recognize that " we are now in a Our meeting with Yitzhak Ben spoke of the terrible tragedy of the new era and that we now have to Aharon, a respected Labor member October war. Practically no one was give up all the old concepts of living of the Knesset (Israel 's parliament) left untouched, either directly or by by the sword." Ben Gurion is still and the former Secretary-General of virtue of friendship or acquaintance. symbolic of the old militaristic ap­ Histadrut (the national trade union), The 3000 young Israelis who died proach, and, according to Simha helped to focus impressions. He re­ would have been the equivalent of Flappan, editor of " New Outlook," minded me of a friendly bear and in 200,000 deaths in a similar war in­ an Israeli peace publication, " Ben his blunt way he insisted that with­ volving the United States, and all in Gurion is dead but Ben Gurionism is out the October war and its ramifi­ a matter of 23 days. Now they had alive and well." cations " the Israeli government and some hopes in the Egyptians, feared It was Flappan' s conclusion that a a large sector of the population th e Syrians and seemed perplexed Palestinian state on the West Bank would not have come to the con­ over a solution to the refugee ques­ and Gaza could serve as " a transi­ clusion that there is a nation which tion. tion from guerrilla activity to the is called Palestinian Arabs, and that 34 [502] ...- •.-._. . mous.) He was obviously deeply dis­ how central the enigma of the tressed : "This will not lead to peace. Pal estinians is to peace in this vio­ I did not sleep for many hours last lence-ridden part of the globe. Nor night. I was very anxious about the was this theme missing in Lebanon. so uls of the innocent-believe me The drive from Beirut through the - more than Dayan himse lf." Lebanese mountains is gorgeous and Our journalist friend was also one sees the snowy slopes of Mt. perplexed. He said that many of Hermon in the distance. It was diffi­ these acts reflect the petit bourgeois cult to believe that artillery duels mentality of certain secto rs of the were taking place on the other side. Fedayeen (guerrilla) movement and Our destination was Baalbeck, fa­ are not supported by the other ele­ mous for its magnificent, almost ments. " But we Palestinians have perfectly preserved Roman temple no choice but to support each other. dedicated to Bachus. A local monu­ I can understand their motives. We ment of another kind, relatively un­ have suffered much and are a mi­ known and less interesting, is its ~ nority. Even the Arabs hate us, not Palestinian refugee camp. Here only the Israelis. We are isolated." since 1948, 4000 people-it was there is an issue which is called se lf He told us of the violation of originally intended for 3000-have determination for Palestinian Arabs." Palestinian civil liberties by the mili­ been quartered in an old Fren ch Recent policy statements of the new tary government, especially in the military garrison dating back to the administration may belie this op­ occupied territories. The main in­ 19th century. timism, but some change in Israeli strument of these policies is the Our guide and friend, Gibran consciousness concerning the Pales­ Defense (E mergency) Regulations of Majdalaney, a tall, elegant and so­ tinians is slowly taking place, al­ 1945, which the British originally phisticated Sy rian who is also the though it is retarded again by each used against Jewish underground attorney of the Palestin ia n Libera­ act of terrorism. groups. These laws are utilized al­ tion Organization (P.L.0.), intro­ Amos Kenan is a gifted poet and most exclusively against Arabs (most duced us to the camp leadership as satirical writer whose political col­ Jews don't even know of their ex­ peace activists from America. The umn, strangely enough, appears in istence) and provide for extensive camp council is made up of a man one of Israel's more conservative censorship, travel restrictions, de­ (the male dominance both among tabloids. He told us of the impor­ portation, destruction of property, Israelis and Arabs is overwhelming) tance of General Peled's (a leading constant police supervision, depriva­ representing each of the Palesti nian general in the Six Day war) position tion of livelihood and possessions, liberation groups. At first there was that land does not give security but and detention up to one year with­ considerable reserve, if not sus­ only a state of peace can do that. out charges or trial. picion. They have had experiences " Before Gen. Peled entered the pic­ Finally he spoke of the practice of of enemy agents posing as journal­ ture the Palestinians belonged only demolishing houses and told us of a ists and of others who have given to the poets and intellectuals. We recent experience : " I was coming degrading portrayals of camp life. were a tiny minority until the Yorn from Jerusalem and the soldiers The atmosphere gradually warmed Kippur war. But if someone with a stopped my car because they were up as we inquired about the mate­ background in security and strategy dynamiting a house. Perhaps the rial conditions. and an understanding of existential son was a fedayeen or only a sus­ There is snow there for si x months problems joins our group we move pect. I cried, believe me, when I of the year, from November to from being a lunatic fringe to being saw the family of 14 people. My April, and the only heat is provided a political power." tears went ou t to the old people by primitive kerosene stoves. Em­ But in spite of these more hope­ and the children. Three generations ployment in seaso nal farm work and ful voices the situation of Palestin­ and now they were living under the construction is only available for ians in Israel and especially in the skies without mercy. Where is the two or three months out of the year. occupied territories continues to be world public opinion? It doesn't In the Bahar plain where Baalbeck a bleak one at best. Towards the hear about us. When three Israelis is located ther·e are 10,000 Palestin­ end of our trip we met with a Pales­ are killed the Pope, prime ministers ians for whom the total UNRWA al­ tinian journalist in Nablus on the and presidents send cables. But location for medical care is $90 West Bank of the Jordan the day when Israeli planes bomb and kill every three months. Each perso n after the Ma'alot massacre who was hundreds of innocent people in the receives 2 lbs. of flour, 1-1 /3 lbs . of typical. (Almost all the Arabs we camps in Lebanon we don' t hear a suga r and a little olive oil per interviewed in Israel and in the protest. I don't know, the con­ month. Soap was recently elimi­ occupied areas either refused to be science of the world is dead when it nated for purposes of economy. Any taped or wished to remain anony- comes to our side. I don' t know Palestinian earning more than $80 Father Paul Mayer teaches at New how it can be solved." As we drove per month is ineligible as is his York Theological Seminary (Protestant) out of town we passed the ru ins of whole family. Recently all new born and ha s long been active in the non­ the house he had described. babies have been excluded from violent peace movement in the Catholic With each step of our journey it these benefits and all those working Lett. became increasingly clear to us just or studying abroad are also in- [503] 35 eligible. w ould serve as a " Ban tustan" or ti onal Arab state west of the Jor­ le It is hard to give credence to an cheap labor pool for Israe l. dan" are more than unfortunate. He p al most unanimous desi re and de­ We chal lenged him on the ques­ also objects to the invitation of Vi term ination to return home one day, tion of te rroris m as we did almost any " re presentatives of sabotage SE but one hea rs it constantly. When I all the Pa les tinians we met w ith. and terrorist orga niza tions" (i .e. the th as ked one old man whether he Habash insisted that w ithout the P.L.0.) to Geneva and stated that si w ould not welcome ass imilation hijacking of ai rplanes-initiated by Israe l will only negotiate with King e! into Lebanese society he laughed his group-no one would ever have Husse in of Jordan as the representa­ e! and sa id : " Th e Jewish people did heard of the Pales tinians and that tive of the Pal es tinians. Thus Rabin e! not forget their homeland in 2000 we woul d not be si tting there with in one fell swoop ha s closed off all SI years and you expect us to forget him now. As we shook hands in avenues to the res istance movement, is ours in 25?" parting Dr. Habas h sai d that he w as has recognized Hussein who killed O' As we prepared to leave, Gibran open to criticism from his friends, more Pales tinians than Israelis ever almost phys ically had to move us w hich struck us as a hopeful sign. have, and so has invited the con­ Cl towards our car. O ur new friends Perh aps a major fai lure of those tinued madness of terrorist actions. P1 w ere more than anxious to have us sympathetic to the plight of the While one would have welcomed ci share a meal with them. Gi bra n Palestin ians has bee n a si lence in so me explicit sign on the Palestin­ Is later told us that he declined so criti cizing their leadership and te r­ ian side of a willingness to recog­ lE firmly because we would have ea ten ro ri sm in particular. nize Israel's existence, perhaps this a1 up their next month's rations at one We had bare ly arrived in fa scinat­ is too much to expect at this mo­ sitting. ing Damasc us, visited a few people ment from a people who have for R It is out of the sufferi ng and and attempted in va in to lea rn more so long lived in the hell of diaspora Ir frustration of these cam ps that tlil:! about the shameful situation of the and despair. In the Arab world of h Palesti nian liberation movement was Jewish community there, w hen w e holy wa rs and ma chis mo even the c born . Both the passion for j usti ce received word that a meeting had Egyptians, all thei r camaraderie with p too long delayed and the apparent been arranged in Bei ru t with Ya si r Henry Ki ss in ge r notwithstanding, b mad ness of suicidal terrorism are A rafa t, the head of Al Fatah and have ye t to make su ch a statement. a1 rooted in the experience of a voice­ chief spokes man of the P.L.ci. O ne must continue to insist upon tc less and powerless refugee commu­ After a sunrise departure from the importance of such explicit g nity. Dr. George Habas h, the lea der Damascus and several interm ediate recognition as a means to genuine of the Popular Front for the Li bera­ rendezvous points in Be irut for se­ peace. a tion of Palestine (PF LP), with w hom curity purposes w e finally met Ara­ In spite of the alienating effect of t we met in Be irut, comes out of the fat. He is a short stocky man with a ca mp life and the lack of a sen se of p bitterness of this experience. As a friendly manner and dark eyes national identi ty in an often hostile T teenager he along with his fa mily w hich seem to al te rn ate between environment the Pale stinians have 0 fled from Lydda duri ng the 1948 shrewdness and friendly humor. He managed to become the most de­ bi war. It was this memory which in­ was evi dently exhau sted, having j ust veloped among all the Arab peo­ T fl uenced his choice of the Lad ai r­ returned from the front in South ples. As one drives along the West a port (the site of the now nonexistent Lebanon w here he reported the Bank it is not uncommon to see b Arab city of Lyd da) for the terrible continuous shelling of villages in children read ing a book while sit­ p massacre in 1972. w hat he described as an unsuccess­ ting under a tree or walking along in Habash is a strikingly attractive, ful attempt to des troy the co m­ the road, very much like the little 0 intelligent and surprisi ngly soft mando hea dquarters. Vietnamese boy I recall studying Sc spoken man with premature ly grey­ In compari son with Habash's po­ w hile sitting on his water buffalo in tc ing ha ir. We saw him, as we did all sition, A rafat's general approach North Vietnam. Their pa ssi on for G the Palestinian leaders, under the was characte rized by moderation education, not dissimilar to that of protection of complex security pre­ and pragmatism. He spoke w ith the Jews during their diaspora, has st cautions. He explained the radical openness about the possibility of a given them a high number of uni­ Tl position of his group, namely : they Palesti nian state on the W est Bank ve rsity graduates and professionals, C( are opposed to Geneva, will con­ and Gaz a Strip and of participation a fa ctor w hich would prove a major ia sider any Pales tiniah participant a in the Geneva Peace Conferen ce . asset if a Palest inian sta te w ere ever "( traitor, and will not accept a Pales­ This was in fa ct the point o f view created. tinian " mini state" as a substitute w hich prevailed by an ove rw helm­ The ques tion of whether two n for the pan-Arabic revolution w hich ing majority at the June P.L.O. con­ great people w ith a long history of P; must include the reoccupation of all gress held in Cairo on th e condition suffering and w ith a common dream Tl of Pal es tine as " a democratic non­ that they were to be invited to of a homeland can ever forg et the ia sectarian state for Jews, Moslems Geneva to discuss the ques tion of pas t and tran scend the· oceans of A and Christians." Habash argues per­ national ri ghts rather than si mply to blood and bitterness w hich separate sua si vely that a red uce d Pales tinian be t reated as refugees (as in UN them is a recurring one. Israe l fl sta te (e.g. the West Ba nk and Gaza reso lution 242). Shahak, a profess or of biochemis try to strip) would accommodate about In the li ght of this the co ntinued at the Hebrew Unive rsity in Jeru ­ I ~ 40-50 percent of the refugees at the statements of the new Israeli Pr ime sa lem, is a large, passi onate man n1 most, would not be ag riculturally or Minister Yi tzhak Rabin rej ecting " the w ho embodies this conflict. He is sil otherwise economically vi able and establis hment of a se parate, addi- the ch airman of the Israeli League IV 36 [ 504) . for Human and Civil Rights and a Polish Jew who is a survivor of the Warsaw ghetto and the Bergen Bel­ (Below) Israeli troops celebrate after survived several wars are forced to flee sen concentration camp. For him cross ing the Syria n border in the 1973 their homes due to lack of water. Wa r; (bottom) Egyptian peasants, who the meaning of the holocaust is simple: " It means putting the inter­ ests of humanity above everything­ especially above the private inter­ ests of nations, churches or sects." Shahak is a controversial figure and is often outspoken in his criticism of government policy. At the same time he was bitterly critical of the obstacles which the Palestinians have set up to unoffi­ cial meetings with peace-minded Israelis : " Perhaps this is even more terrible than Ma'alot-unforgivable and stupid." This was the same urgent plea of Ran Cohen, the handsome young Iraqi Jew who is the se cretary of his kibbutz, a decorated Lieut. Colonel in the tank corps and sur­ prisingly a peace activist. He held both my hands in his as we left him and begged : " Do anything you can to bring Palestinians and Israelis to­ gether for some kind of dialogue!" Will these aspirations for dialogue and peace be fulfilled as long as there are so many other interested parties involved in the Middle Ea st? The Arab countries have so often mounted their wars on the backs of the Palestinian refugees. The superpowers as recently as a year ago took advantage of that bloody conflict to test their most so­ phisticated new weapons. Accord­ ing to a Pentagon release $7 billion out of the $8.5 billion U.S. arms sales during the '73-'74 period went to the Middle East and the Persian Gulf area. All of these obstacles notwith­ standing, there are signs of hope. The greater flexibility of the Arab countries, the more open Palestin­ ian position, and a relative state of " detente" between the U.S. and the Soviet Union could make Ge­ neva a step towards justice for the Palestinians and so towards peace. The recent inclusion of the Palestin­ ian question before the UN General Assembly represents a step forward. This guarded optimism was re­ flected in the words of Amos Kenan to us : " Perhaps this new mood will last four or five years. Time is run­ ning out. The essence of it all is simply that talk about the future we have to change the present." •

[505) 37 Ill TIO 'S AIE ALIKE by Ellen Clark

hey may look alike-young, Baltimore, Maryland. was confronted with a contrary Tw hite, mostly middle class and Coincidentally, neither Jane nor viewpoint, says she sometimes female. (Since the end of the draft, Diane is United Methodist. Jane is " wanted to get up and scream" there are few er men. Male con­ a member of the Christian Church when she heard spokespersons for scientious objectors often applied (Disciples of Christ) . Diane was women's liberation and fundamen­ to the US-2 program as an alterna­ raised as a United Presbyterian. Both tal economic change, among other tive to military service.) They are all think of themselves as Christians causes. committed Christians who have vol­ rather than as members of denomi­ "I don't feel oppressed," she unteered for two years of work, at nations and find satisfaction in maintains. "I think the traditional subsis tence wages, in mission in­ working with United Methodist role of woman is beautiful. The ac­ stitutions and ministries re lated to church groups. count of a good wife in Proverbs th e National Division of the United Blonde, pig-tailed Jane, a self­ 31 :10-31 is demanding enough to M ethodist Board of Global Minis­ styled conservative, speaks familiarly keep any woman busy a lifetime. tries. And most of them agree and unself-consciously about her " As for economic theory, I feel thei r three-week training program faith. the way to change society is through at Sai nt Paul School of Theology in " I accepted Christ as my Savior the family-the Christian family." Kan sas City la st August was a " mind­ at the age of 10," she recalls. " With­ Jane good-naturedly respected bl owing", rewarding exposure to so­ in the past two years I learned of the opinions she encountered from cial iss ues and theological perspec­ Him as my Lord. Christianity is not staff and resource persons at Kansas ti ves and a challenge to personal just a way of life, but my very life. City and asserted that no one had deve lopment. I am trying to surrender my will to pressured her to alter her own opin­ But the 1974 class of 26 US-2's is God. I feel that God has definitely ions. She remains firm in her con­ a less homogeneous group than is led me th rough the presence of the victions, she says . apparent. They differ in life styles, Holy Spirit to the US-2 program." The chief problems facing the vocabulari es, convictions and con­ Jane learned about the US-2 pro­ United States, Jane believes, are cerns. More so than was true in the gram when she attended the Inter­ ignorance of Christ, the breakdown recent past, they reflect the spec­ varsity Missionary Convocation at of the family, and hunger and mal­ trum of theologies evident in the Urbana, Illinois last December. Over nutrition. Church. 100 missionary recruiting agencies Speaking of the latter problem, Tw o likeable, sincere and articu­ operated booths at the mammoth Jane says, " If you don't have money late US-2's, Jane Hufford, from get-together. Jane stumbled upon in your pocket, you're going to have Pul aski, Virginia, and Diane Teich­ the booth of the Office of Mission­ malnutrition. But a lot of malnutri­ ert, of Hauppage, Long Island, New ary Personnel of the Board of Global tion is caused by poor dietary habits, York, illustrate the diversi ty of the Ministries next to that of the United and it is in this area that I think I group. Jan e, a spring graduate of Pentecostal Church. She applied to can make a contribution with my Vi rgin ia Polytechnic Institute in the US-2 program and was subse­ training." Jane has worked as a vol­ Blacksburg with a degree in human quently accepted as a volunteer. unteer for nutrition programs for nutri tion and food, is currently The Lord's voice that Jane heard the elderly. working at the Pierce Street Com­ at Urbana had an alien message at Dark-haired Diane, a social ac­ munity Center in Zanesvi ll e, Ohio. Kansa s City. The US-2 training pro­ tivist who rejects political labels, is D ia ne, a 1974 graduate of the Col­ gram, Jane discovered, emphasizes reluctant to use " God-talk" because lege of Wooster in Ohio with a liberation and empowerment as bib­ she thinks " people like Nixon" have B.A. in religion, is en ga ged in com­ lical mandates. Jane, who hails from cheapened the holy words. But her munity organization and service in a small town and admits she rarely theology is explicit. 38 [506 )

Among the U.S.-2's who began service this fall are (left) Nina Lohr, nurse at Espanola Hospital, Espanola, N.M .; (be­ low) Linda Reed, left, church and com­ Like Jane, Diane grew up in a munity worker at Lake of the Ozarks close-knit, religious family. "I al­ Parish in Missouri, and Deborah Mitch­ ways felt at home in the church," el/, community center worker at Tampa she says . " I never found my faith (Fla .) United Methodist Centers, and meaningless, never went through (bottom) Steven and Bonnie Laycock, the rebellious stage. Similarly, I have workers at the Open Door Community never had a radical conversion ex­ House, Columbus, Ca. perience." Diane thinks of her life as a " pil­ grimage toward God, a process," with its twin paths of action and contemplation. " The God-that­ moves, the God of the Israelites and history calls us to struggle with is­ sues," she explains. " But the struggle must be connected to 'centering in' -a form of retreat or meditation, looking to the God-with-us, Em­ manuel, for vision." Diane's personal evolution began in college. During her sophomore year at Wooster, she lived in a " liv­ ing-learning center" with several other students and a professor and his family, all of whom were serious about practicing Christianity and who engaged in critical examination of their beliefs. Later she spent some time at Koinonia Farm, a Christian Diane thinks the most important community in Georgia, and was im­ problems today are white racism pressed with the spirit of love and and affluence and its resulting pov­ sharing there. erty and corroding effect on moral When she worked as a summer values. In Baltimore she is living in service volunteer in a United Meth­ a Christian community (commune odist community center in India­ has too many negative connota­ napolis, Diane came to know the tions) which she sees as an alterna­ poor Appalachian people of the city tive to the " nuclear family." The and this further challenged her group intends to share some re­ thinking about faith. " It was no sources, resist consumer tempta­ longer so simple to say, ' If you be­ tions, put into practice " non-sexist" come a Christian, everything will be roles for men and women, and pro­ O.K.' Those people were Christian, vide mutual support. and everything wasn't O.K. for Though Diane and Jane are very them." different persons, they get along Diane became acquainted with well together. It is a mark of the the US-2 program through her sum­ maturity of the 2's that they are mer service work. She was pleased tolerant of novel views, open to with the August training program new experiences, and loving of di­ because it forced her to deal with verse people. In this respect, Jane her " tentativeness," yet it didn' t in­ and Diane and the other 24 equally sist on any specific answers. different US-2's are alike. • 40 [508] unfortunately demonstrated at Ny­ adiri when Dr. Sadza left to go into p rivate practice in January. He left partly because his salary was such a RHODESIA strain on the hospital budget. Sup­ port from the American church to the hospital budget has dropped five hundred percent in four years. There is one positive aspect of this : Masikati-"Good A fternoon" our patients have taken up most oi Maswera here? " Have you had the slack in supporting the hospital. a good day?" In a subsistence economy, how­ Ndaswera kana maswerawo- "I ever, they have been unable to do have, if you had a good day also." it all, so our one African doctor This Shona greeting indicates one medical superintendent was -­ of th e strengths of Shona culture: sq ueezed out to be replaced by a how every individual fee ls his re­ missionary: me. Howeve r, ours has latedness to his neighbo r. When been an interim appointment since -I there is good news, friends feel a our te rm ends this month. Dr. Leslie '" strong obligation to go, perh aps Frewing will be coming from Ore­ w alking several miles, to say, gon to take over this job. We hope -I Makorokoto, " Congratul ations." The someday to have Dr. Sadza or an­ response w ill be Tese, " This is hap­ other African doctor return to pening to us all, together." On the Nyadiri. other hand, if there is a dea th, everyone d rops w hateve r he is do­ ing to go immedia tely to the one '" sorrowing, to sit with him in sup­ port. The supporters may sit for = several days. Th e one in gri ef is en surrounded by friends; he knows he is not alone. The sil ent simpl icity is striking to a Westerner. It ca n be FROM d isconcerting too . . 111 the middle of the day the b <;>d~ k e~ p e r is missi ng from an important budget . mee ting. The superintendent o f nurses is n't there to fin ish the nu rse s' schedule. Bishop Abel Muzorewa They've gone to 1'sit." Edu ca ted African s are in a dilemm.a. How Building begins soon on our new many of th eir customs do they sac­ maternity unit. A matching grant rifice to " progress"? from Eng land's Beit Trust has been The Church held its annual con­ met by Germany's Bread for the fe ren ce in Nyadiri. It w as note­ World . Soon our new mothers won't w orthy for the emergence of Africa n be pushed from the bed to the floor leadership and the diminution of o n their second day and out the miss ionary influence : a goal eighty door on their third. yea rs in the making. It is an African O ur Baby Fold (Orphanage) is church ; African ministers and lay­ filled to capacity. It's a glad place men, some with Masters and Ph.D. filled with a lot of sad stories, thirty­ degrees, are leading. You hear five of them. During the last rainy young ministers questioning atti­ season , w hich was record-breaking, tudes, customs and rituals brought M rs. Kowo, the nurse at Chikwizo by m1 ss 1onaries over th e yea rs. district clinic, eighty-five miles out, " When we w ere in tribalism, we sent a cyclist twenty miles to the mourned our dea d w ith the drums, nearest te lephone requesting an am­ and that was hea then. Now w hen bulance for a woman who had just our father dies, we toll the bell, and delivered but had a retained that is Christian ." placenta and was bleeding. Near the Th e fact that the A frica n churches clinic there was a ri ver in flood have th eir own peopl e, but not the w hich our ambulance could not economic base to use them was ford . While we w;iitPrl for the water [509] 41 he od he: (11( LIBERIA an (hE ca1 An important event was the visit be by a team from the Board of Global I Ministries whose mandate was to of evaluate the medical mission activi­ pr< ties in Africa and to make appropri­ inE ate recommendations for the future. Se1 With " Health and Welfare Minis­ prt tries" now being part of the Board and with the increasing realization Ch that the medical work is costly, what should be the future direction and thl of fate of these programs? Frequent he to subside, the mother died. Since latrines and the people having only cutbacks in support and threats of " pulling out" of medical work have vis then the baby, little Sarah, has li ved wild greens to eat. The guards said th1 at our Baby Fold. that the lacking amenities were to been of great concern to all of us as We Bishop Muzorewa has had his ups be provided " tomorrow." We have we have seen continued need and IOI and downs this year. Most of you since been taking food to the camp lack of local resources sufficient to W( have probably heard of his UN where it is ungraciously taken by the do the job. The preliminary report of the Th award for outstanding achievement guards who complain all the while ov in the field of human rights. The of their own hunger; and we are not team is that the medical programs are some of the most vital programs Rhodesian minority government em­ permitted to enter or be seen by the wi phasized the significance of the camp. So we question who is being in Africa and a continual demon­ stration of Christ's compassionate Tc award when they refused to return helped by our efforts. fa his passport and allow him to go to Dr. Morgan Johnson, minister and love and concern for the whole per­ er New York to receive the prize. art teacher at Nyadiri Teacher Train­ son . The recommendation is that ar Despite this and the periodic deten­ ing School, drew a political cartoon the time is not yet right to " pull in tion of ANC leaders, the bishop con­ for the church newspaper, UMBO­ out" of medical programs but rather WI tinues to demonstrate his personal WO, " Witness." It showed a Shona new patterns of support must be " upsmanship" over Rhodesia's white family looking forlornly through the sought. One suggestion that we find Ni leaders with patient dedication to wire of the resettlement camp with intriguing is that hospitals (Method­ da negotiation and non-violence. He ist or otherwise) in the United States an armed guard silhouetted in the Cl continues his talks with the Rhode­ background. The caption was set adopt "sister" hospitals in Africa and sian Front government toward a next to the "Settler's 74" shield and develop patterns of mutual sharing. Staff can be exchanged, even at the settlement, but still the RF refuses said " Resettlement Camps-are they (SI the Africans a realistic franchise. part of the campaign?" The " Settlers training level; special projects can On the violent side of the conflict, 74" is an internationally advertised be undertaken, even in the area of I group punishment is being practiced campaign to lure white immigrants research and in general a greater on villagers caught between the to Rhodesia. (Meanwhile govern­ understanding of the global nature guns of the Rhodesian soldiers and ment officials accuse the African and of the healing ministry be effected. those of the guerillas. If the guerillas his "abysmal fecundity" for over­ We invite comments on this type have used a village, even at gun­ population of Rhodesia.) Morgan's of idea from any and all of you. We point, that village may be razed by cartoon was confiscated at the print­ still need your support very much. government forces, the crops burned ers by the Criminal Investigation De­ Bill and Marilyn Wallace as and their cattle sold at a fraction partment who are assembling infor­ (They are United Methodist medical sli of their value. The entire village is mation to bring him to trial. missionaries) n< then " resettled" far away in camps (Charges against Johnson, a United Methodist missionary, have been B1 complete with high barbed-wire and ca guards. One such resettl ement camp dropped.) We are sad to be leaving our th was placed near our northern-most dr clinic. Cholera broke out in the friends here, but happy to be com­ ing home too. We hope you will re camp, so we received here at Nyadiri join us in a continuing concern for KOREA fa a truckload of deathly ill children the struggles of not only the Church, ta and their parents accompanied by but all Africans of Zimbabwe. If ever a man has walked by faith te armed guards. One child had died Bryan, Ann, Quin and Greg Stone th on the way. We rushed a team to it is Pastor Yun Sung Yul. He is bet­ the camp where they found no (They are United Methodist Miss ion­ ter known to most as " Diamond Mountain Yun." Seventy years ago p1 aries.) Er 42 [510] . he began work with the early Meth­ odist miss ionaries but becau se of ill hea lth was advised to move to the mountains for his health. He opened an inn in the Diamond Mountai ns (hence the name) and missionaries came from as far away as China to be ren ewed and refreshed there. During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Pastor Yun refused to com­ promise his faith and remain in bus­ iness and chose instead to return to Seoul and serve as an itinerant preacher. M y fi rst meeting with him was in Chunju where he was a refugee of the Korean war. On seeing the plight of our patients he volunteered to get help from the refugee camp. W e vi sited the camps daily and knew the pove rty of the people there. It was to these very people that Pas­ tor Yun went " in faith" for help. He w ent in faith, asked, and received. Those people shared despite their ow n poverty. It has been my privilege to work with Pa stor Yun since that time. Today at 90 he is still walking by faith. Through the years he has lit­ erally walked thousands of miles Pas tor Yun busy twisting bits of string into tough twine which he gives away in and the money saved provided the fifty-foot lengths. Th e receiver may express his thanks by a contribution to the initial contribution for a 20,000,000 project if he w ishes to do so. Th is past yea r he has made and given away more won project of faith-Christianity for than 70,000 feet of twine. New Guinea. It is his constant prayer that one launched to rid Brasi lia of the squat­ recreation; a high malnutrition in­ day we might truly be " one in ters. During a period of eleven dex; inadequate health attendance Christ." May it be our prayer too. months, some 17,000 slum fa milies faci lities; and rampant prostitution. Thelma Maw were uprooted and transfe rred to Th e United Methodist Church Cei landia. (The name Ceil andia moved in with the invaders and (She is a United Method is t Missionary.) comes as a humorous pun on the opened the St. Lu ke Community program's name: " ( " -Campaign; Center as a conce rn ed effort to con­ " E" -Eradicate; " !" -Inva ders; " Lan­ front these p roblems. Dona Pricila dia" is Portugese for " Land" as in C. Alves, the Director of the Ce nter, " Disneyland.") sees it as a natural outgrowth of the Located twenty miles from Bra­ w itness of the love of God. BRAZIL silia, the invaders and their shacks A cru de wooden chapel is the w ere placed on 30 x 80-foot lots center of activities as dedicated lay­ Someone has defined Ceilandia which they will eventually be ab le perso ns share their special talents : as the world's largest organized to buy. Ceilandia's population now dental care, library and reading slum. It could be. Ceilandia is the tops 100,000 people with 75 perce nt room, a small pharmacy, day care newest of the satellite cities of of them less than fifteen yea rs of for children of working mothers; Brasilia, Brazil's modern capital. Lo­ age. courses in sewing, home economics, cated in Brazil's geographic center, Th e problems of Ceiland ia are nutrition, hygiene, manual arts, rec­ the newly designated federal district staggering: a large, unskilled, func­ reation and a special course for ex­ drew thousands of families from all tionally illiterate population; large pectant mothers. On Sundays the regions to furnish the manual labor fa milies existing on subsistence level chapel is an overflowing place of for the construction of the new capi­ incomes (minimum sa lary is $52 a worship as up to 200 attend Sunday tal. These families settled as squat­ month); limited educa ti onal oppor­ sc hool. ters in Brasilia and w ere known as tunities ; substandard housi ng co n­ the "invad ers." sis ting of rough wooden shacks; ab­ Nancy and Bill Garrison Three years ago a government se nce of basic sa nitation; a grossly progra m called " The Campaign to inadequate w ater supply (half of the (They are United Methodist Mission­ Eradicate the Invaders" w as ci ty has none at all); a dearth of aries) [511) 43 res ponse to the sexual revolution and One does not need to be overly cynical on the ecological challenge are not the to suspect that the issue was picked be­ do church's priority. Christ is the priority, cause it looked like a winner. Anyone an then the church. who witnessed the emotional, not to say th! The biblical word which comes to us hys terical, debate on homosexuality at w~ in the letters and gospels of the New the 1972 General Conference must have col Testament, the formulations of the a sinking feeling at the quality of the IOI earliest church, offer us a faith and an forthcoming discussion. aci experience which we must experience as And yet the issue cannot be evaded lei well, if Christ is to be our Savior and indefinitely. Good material to inform the Th Lord. debate is urgently needed-most par­ thi Historical criticism is a vital part of ticularly from a theological and historical Tb A MEMOIR OF ClllNA IN REVOLU­ Vawter's scholarship. Its task is to deter­ point of view. SOI TION, by Chester Ronning. New York, mine whether its results contradict faith Loving Women/ Loving Men is ma­ pu 1974: Pantheon Books, 296 pages, or not. He has little patience with a terial for this discussion and it is to be • $10.00. nebulous faith : "Whatever the faith is welcomed. It is an unfortunate fact that WO Chester Ronning, like the well-known that can dispense with the biblical word, the two words "gay" and "Glide" may pla U.S. China specialists John Service and it is not Christianity. No one can object by themselves be enough to bring on int John Davies, was the son of missionaries. to a personal faith that someone finds re­ coronary arrest in many people. This will th! However, as a Canadian Ronning was warding and fulfilling. But one may ob­ be a mistake on their part because there the not caught up in the hysteria of the Mc­ ject to wooly ways of thinking and is much of value in this book. The first SO[ Carthy era during which such able schol­ speaking that call any and every faith three chapters, dealing with a bit of his­ pri ars as Service and Davies were ostra­ Christian, that rob words and ideas of tory, a look at the contemporary scene reU cized. Canada as a result was more ready meaning by making everything equal to and a theological discussion, are par­ to than the U.S. for detente with China. everything else." ticularly useful. alt1 Like Davies and Service, Ronning The resurrection of Christ is the focal The last two chapters are written by l recognized long before the collapse of faith of the earliest church. Vawter the authors/ editors (their style of punc­ ha1 the Chiang Kai Shek government that the points to the facts experienced by these tuation leans heavily on the slash). Rei dynamic forces at work within the Com­ Christians: redemption has taken place, Writing as gay people concerned with too munist government in the northern part sins have been forgiven, life in Christ is the church, these authors are heavily the of China would be hard to stop. Ronning new life, not in question. Faith and his­ polemical. Such an approach is typical of she was in Nanking when the "turnover" tory need each other, for us too. This liberation movements as they begin to rn came. I happened to be in the same city certainty must touch our souls, demand affirm their own worth and seek their at the same time and I know that his re­ decision of us, affect our actions. own style. One may nevertheless have tha porting of those weeks is accurate. Vawter graphically criticizes an "out­ rese1vations. If heterosexual triumphalism reg and arrogance are simply to be replaced The book does not claim to be a seri­ dated fundamentalism" and a "narcissis­ to ous critique of what was happening in tic liberalism" and would travel a middle with their homosexual equivalents, what bar road. He would not return to the old is the point? China during the last 60 years but it tha does catch the main development of that rationalist accounting for the resurrec­ What is needed here is less ideology tion as a visionary response to wish-ful­ on all sides. It is instructive that the \ period of historv and is a reminder that ma1 a sensitivity t~ the deep struggle for fillm ent. Something happened, something most successful gay church movement shocking and unexpected accounts for today is the Metropolitan Community he Chinese dignity, prestige and self-reli­ ma ance was what the Communists under­ the Church's Easter message. "We must Church, which stems from an evangelical accustom ourselves to a God, if we would and pastoral concern. It is this emphasis chi stood to be the major thrust of the move­ for ment of the Chinese people. It was this have the God of the New Testament, on people and Christian love which is so Ont that Chester Ronning respected and to­ who occasionally affronts our rationalism. needed to counteract the fears and prej­ isi day recognizes as the psychic force at "The New Tes tament does not say udices of all of us. work within the 800 million Chinese. that Christ revealed himself, but rather This is not the definitive book on this The book is also a reminder that some that he revealed God. It does not say subject (that book has not been written) was of the best insights that have helped that God has been revealed in man, but but it can serve as a useful resource. A myt Canadians and citizens of the U.S. under­ rather, that He has been revealed in the bibliography, a list of resources and of into stand the developments in China have man Jesus Christ." concerned organizations is included. Tha come from children of former mission­ This is an absorbing book, not easy A.J.M. is a aries. The United States is still paying to read, but very worthwhile. pro\ the price of not having trusted her China LOMA H AI NES RELIGION AND SEXISM, edited by specialists. At a time when they were Rosemary Reuther. New York, 1974: ~ LOVING WOMEN/ LOVING MEN: Simon and Schuster, 356 pages, $3.95. WO~ needed, in the late fifties and sixties Gay Liberation and the Church, mar their voices and judgments were not edited/ authored by Sally Gearhart and Andy Warhol, pop a1tist and film will heard because they had been let go. The William R. Johnson. San Francisco, maker, once said, "Everyone will be fa. cipli Canadians did not make that mistake 1974: Glide Publications; 165 pages, mous for 15 minutes," referring to the won and this book is a good illustration of the $6.95, paper. modem predilection for the making and result. breaking of heroes, cultural and other­ Homosexuality seems to be the current T RACEY K. JONES, J R. issue capable of touching off emotional wise. explosions in church circles. Within Fortunately, what is true for heroes TlllS MAN JESUS, by Bruce Vawter. United Methodism, the Good News need not necessarily be true for heroines. Garden City, N.Y., 1973: Doubleday, group has already announced that op­ The essays that have been combined to 211 pages, $5.95. position to the ordination of homosexuals make up this book, which is subtitled Good news for a monolithic establish­ will be one of their two top priority "Images of Women in Jewish and Chris­ ment! For Bruce Vawter liturgical forms issues at the 1976 General Conference tian Traditions," may last much longer and reforms, polity and church structures, (along with doctrinal purity!) . than Warhol's 15 minutes. 44 First of all; the articles are good. Sec­ ondly, they come at a time when work done by women is getting a break. Not A WEALTH an even break, mind you, but a break. And these works illustrate beautifully what OF INSIGHT women have been doing. Thirdly, this collection will sati sfy a present need of INTO many women for an awareness of peer TO LIVE I N FREEDOM, produced and accomplishment-the aha! that's how it directed by Simon Louvish, Naledi SUCCESSFUL feels to see someone I know in prin t! Films. Contact the UM office for the That's how it feels to see in print some­ UN or the NCC concerning rental. MISSIONS thing I heard at its first public reading. Produced by an Israeli and filmed en- This is a feeling which most men (and tirely in Israel, this 50-minute color film some women ) dedicated to intellectual is an excellent though depressing critique pursuits take for granted. of Israel fo r fa iling to deal justly with This is the primary significance of the the Palestinians and Israel's own Jewish women's movement. It has provided a poor, principally the immigrants from place fo r women to exercise abilities and North Africa and the Middle East. interests, create new structures out of The film effectively uses old newsreels their experience and needs, and clarify of a communal socialist settlement with thoughts and beliefs. It has given women its hard-working pioneers and contrasts something to belong to, whereas our the same kibbutz today with its hired prior experience, and this includes our labor and affiu ence. Though Louvish religious experience as well , has tended sympathizes with the ideals of the earl y to marginalize us at best, or exclude us Zionists, he points out that the kibbutz, altogether. even at its fin est hour, was founded only Roman Catholics and Protestants alike after the Arab tenants on the land pur­ have learned to listen when Rosemary chased from an absentee landowner had Reuther goes into print, and now Jews, been expelled. Through filmed inter­ too, have discovered that her work on views, Arabs in Gaza and on the W est the writings of the early Church F athers Bank tell of present-day Israeli land sheds a lot of clear light on the origins of grabbing and evictions to make way for Christian anti-Semitism. new Israeli settlements. What you need to know, however, is The inescapable conclusion the film that this collection, taken as a whole, draws is that a new classless state of ADVENTURE IN UNITY: represents what women sometimes seem Israel-Palestine, somewhat along the lines The Church of Christ to understand instinctively. Many of the of the Palestine Liberation Organization in China barriers between us are false. For me, model, is necessary, however utopian. by Wallace C. Merwin that is the central fact of this collection. Not surprisingly, Louvish had trouble Success in establishing the Women of all religions have been getting backing fo r the movie in Israel, Christian Church in a foreign land marginalized . The theologies (and the where he hoped the film would be a requires sound guidelines. This heresies) which have supported that gadfly. The low budget is apparent in history of the Church of Christ in marginalization have spilled outside the poor quality of some of the photog­ China may well serve as a model church and synagogue to become props raphy and in the subtitles translating the as to what an indigenous church for social discrimination against women. Hebrew and Arabic dialogue. (Fortu­ should be, as Merwi n demon­ One of the major values of this collection strates, it must be a natural exten­ nately the narration is in English.) The sion of native culture, not merely is its clarifi cation of this process. producers got some financial assistance a transplanted Western institution. Sexism was not created by slogans. It to complete the film from fo ur or five Worth careful analysis. · was created by feelings shaped into American churches. (The United Meth­ 256 pages, cloth $6.95 myths, shaped into scholarships, shaped odist Office for the UN has two prints of into theologies, shaped into institutions. the hard-to-get film .) MISSION TRENDS That is how it will be undone. This work An audience which saw the film at a Volume I: Crucial Issues is a part of that laborious and lengthy recent Middle East seminar was en­ in Mission Today process. thusiastic. An Israeli complained that the Gerald H. Anderson and It thereby illustrates that the study of fil m presented "half-truths" and a Pales­ Thomas R. Stransky, editors women's issues is not a narrow (again tinian countered that the movie wasn't What really constitutes mission­ marginal) fi eld of interest, but one which all to his liking, that too many of his ary activity? Is " church growth" an will illumine and change the entire dis­ people in the movie were "dirty, poorly adequate gauge of mission suc­ cipline of theology, with benefits to both clothed and had too many children." But cess? What, precisely, is the mes­ women and men and to all fai ths. there was general agreement that the sage the missionary has to bring? These and other crucial issues are P ECCY BILLINGS film , by debunking myths about Israel, illuminated by noteworthy contrib­ peiforms an important service. For those utors in this volume of twenty-two Tracey K. Jones, Jr . is General Secre­ who want a complete perspective, To articles gathered from magazi nes tary of the United Methodist Board of Live in Freedom is probably best used and journals around the world. Global Ministries . ... Peggy Billings is as a companion to other films on the 272 pages, paper $2.95 Assistant General Secretary, Section of Middle Eas t, such as The Israelis and Christian Social Relations, W omen's Di­ The Palestinians, CBS documentaries, vision . . .. Loma Haines is Religious Ed­ and The Holy Land, which is avail able ucation librarian at Union Theological through the National Council of Seminary, N.Y. Churches. E.C. [51 3 ) 45 SEPTEMBER EDITORIALS l.etters the South Vietnamese regime so that it will I just finis hed reading the editorials in New collapse. If you take all the financial and mih­ World Outlook of September. Thank you for tary support away from the South Vietnamese, these lucid reflections! I am truly grateful to there can only be one winner, the Communist find this kind of writing in New \Vorld Out­ party. It is hi gh time that we, in America, quit look. ,______.... picking away at the black spots on the white HA s L. AURBAKKEN New York City sheet of paper. So I would like a second notice to be taken would like to make two comments about of the author's comments, and a look made at the editorials in the September issue. people to whom they talked added significantly the other side of the coin, and see if logic First, after using over a column about the to the same bias. The information they received doesn't say that we should not be critical of "Study in Misunderstanding" wi ll you let us was from the disgruntled side of South Viet­ the operation in South Vietnam, but should know why the fi ve were fired? namese society. They were those who . most make every effort possible to protect that c likely had Communist leanings or those who which we have won with blood, sweat, tears Secondly, your comment about Bill Bright's D "Four Spiritual Laws" I think is unfair. Mr. had a story to tell that they hoped would bring and the li ves of more than 50,000 of our Bright never intended them to be the entire about the loss of American support in South Ameri can men and women. Christian message but as a guide to those who Vietnam, and the downfall of the South Viet­ B. R. SARCHET, Chairman tl namese government. are spiritually led to use them . I have used Department of Engineering Management f( them to good advantage and I might add Billy Let me comment on a few of the items men­ University of Missouri at Rolla Graham uses a similar guide. At any rate their tioned. First, she points out a ratio of one N organization is doing more than our denomina­ policeman for every 140 people. This may well STATEMENT OF MISSION S: tion in winning the lost to Christ. be true, but one must consider the situation. Some time ago I received a letter from If our denomination had a similar program The 18 milli on people in South Vietnam are Dorothy R. Gilbert, a United Methodist mis­ T as theirs and spent more time on evangeli m free by the standards of Ameri can society. They sionary in Zaire, which contained what I instead of political and social issues, we would can come and go as they please throughout the thought to be a good statement. I share it with c not lose so many members . Maybe, our leaders length and breadth of South Vietnam, subject you : F will awake up one of these days and beli eve only to having to present their I.D. cards upon "My personal position is this : I am for our d ~a t Jesus said when he said "I, if I be lifted request. The freedom is so great that without Board's policies of social and political action; any difficulty, North Vi etnamese Communists or it is not true that they don't care about evan­ up will draw all men to myself." II LESTER R. MOORE Vietcong can get on a bus in Danang, and gelism : our type of evangelism touches the Danvill e, Illinois carry messages to Saigon, with the great likeli­ whole person. As a medical person I serve Cod n hood that they will not be intercepted. with my professional knowledge to show the Ii Editor's note: The official reason given b1J the She mentions that there was a boy in jail love of Christ, not just to have a captive audi­ v National Counci.l for the termination was that because he had promoted the signing of a ence for my preaching: Jesus did not expect the five me n were fir ed as a res ult of the re­ document requesting peace and reconciliation. people to hear his preaching when they were structure of the Cou.ncil and the elimination of These are Communistic terms. When we were hungry and hurting and neither should we. I those jobs. fighting the Revolutionary War, we certainly could go on and on but you get the idea. Also did not react kindly to those who were urging we still need missionaries, but for the purpose GOOD PUBLICATION peace and reconciliation with the British. of training and enabling the Zairois to be able I so enjoy New World Outlook and am learn­ The author mentioned political prisoners. The to do what we have done, not just to perpetuate in g to get the most benefit from this good little South Vietnamese government has nothing to a missionary force from abroad. " publicati on. gain by holding people they do not honestly JEANNETTE A. WILLIAMS JOYCE E. SAVAGE believe are a detriment to their control of the Columbia, Missouri Salem, Oregon South Vietnamese and their protection. It costs money. They beli eve these people are a threat A missionary to Ta iwan now on furlough, Ms . APARTMENT MINISTRIES to security. It is only reasonable that the gov­ Williams was formerly missionary-in-residence I have just received the July-August issue ernment will try to protect itself by taking out in the World Division of the United Methodist and was interested in a notation in the Mission of circulation those who would bring about its Board of Global Mi nistries. Memo about studies being made on apartment demise. We were not above doing this in ministries . World War II (when ) we rounded up Jap­ SHOCK AND DISMAY This is one of the greatest needs in Brazil as anese-Americans. I have just read Delbert Rice's letter to the most large cities provide on ly housing in apart­ As to living conditions and torture, I feel editor in the May issue. My reactions are ment complexes. My husband and I are inter­ we outsiders are in no position to criticize. We shock and dismay that a United Methodist mis­ ested in new ways of communicating the must further consider that our own prisoners sionary who is supposed to be serving a Cod Gospel and would like you to send us the names of war held by the North Vietnamese were tor­ of love, is acting as an apologist for a military and addresses of people who work in this group tured to a significant extent. When we have no dictator ( Marcos of the Philippines). E very­ that we might contact for information or ma­ better solution to offer the people of South Vi et­ thing he says is completely contrary to reports terial. nam than to bring them under their nothern of other eye-witnesses as presented in numerous Jo ANN CooowIN neighbors who are noted for their ability to articles in American Report. Instituto Cranbery torture, we should not criticize a government Just how does he expect to produce "democ­ Juiz de Fora, Minas, Brazil which is holding as prisoners a very small racy" through military repression? It won't minority, some one out of every 2,000. follow any more than we have produced "democ­ ANOTHER VIEW OF VIETNAM Much is made of the condition of refu gees. racy" through supporting a cruel, bloody, I read the article by Deborah Wiley, "Viet­ I have seen temporary shelters for the victims putrid military dictatorship in South Vietnam. nam-A Year Later," which appeared in New of an An Loe, some 15,000 of them. These No more than we now have peace by spend­ World Outlook, May, 1974. I find myself con­ were not ideal, but they were liveable. The ing 60% of our national budget on ever-more siderably at vari ance with the conclusions of government was finding a new location to move destructive armaments. the author. them to. Incidentally, 5,500 of the 15,000 be­ His whole letter reminds me of the "Good My wife and I spent two years, 1971-73, in came Christians. Germans" who supported Hitler for the "good Vietnam assisting in the development of a first­ A point is also made that they are not al­ of the country." The people of this country class engineering university. We were also lowed to return to soil now held by the Pro­ don't need any more evil on their collective fortunate enough to be able to make some trips visional Revolutionary Government. The people conscience. Another Vietnam would completely into the hi ghland areas and to see some of the don't want to go under Communist domination. des troy the moral fibre of our nation. Our refugee si tuations. Secondly, any self-respecting government is not government is up to its eyeballs in support of I find some fault with the composition of the going to want to put people back in a situation Marcos' dictatorship just as much as that of basic group which developed the information where they can be utilized against them by Thieu. May Cod have mercy on all of us if we presented in this article. By its very nature it the enemy. fall for Rev. Rice's line of reasoning. is biased toward finding the negative side of Another point made by the author is that ( !vfos. ) ESTHER L. STUPICH life in South Vietnam. Likewise the group of these people want America to cut off all aid to Hawthorne, California 46 [514] Tl1c ,\\0\'ill!I l?i1191cr \\'rites 00000000000 ~ 000 COUNSELING SERVICE TO AID DESERTERS, DRAFT EVADERS A counseling service designed to aid those affected by President Ford's "earned re-entry" program has been set up by the National Council of Churches' unit on Special Ministries/ Vietnam Generation. Counselors will be based in Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver in Canada, as well as Indianapolis, near Fort Harrison, the center to which all deserters must first return. According to the Rev. Richard Kil­ mer, director of the program, the Ca­ nadian-based counselors will answer toll­ free calls from those seeking legal ad­ vice. The staff located near Fort Harrison, in Indiana, will : - provide housing · and pastoral coun­ seling for the families of deserters who wish to be in Indianapolis during the four days of legalities. - refer deserters to the names of peo­ ple in their home state who will assist them. - provide legal counseling and assis­ tance as deserters present their re­ quests to the armed forces for a reduc­ tion of the 24 months of alternative RNS Photo service time. DRAFT EVADERS WATCH PRESIDENT In addition, efforts will be made in TORONTO-U.S. draft evaders living in Toronto watch President Ford's televised many regions throughout the nation to press conference on the same day that Mr . Ford offered a program of earned re-entry establish teams of local church people into American society to thousands of Vietnam War era draft resisters and military to help returning war resisters to find deserters. From left are: Steve Grossman, Chicago; Fritz Efaw, Stillwater, Okla.; Charlie alternative service jobs, housing and Stimac, Detroit; Joe Jones, Wilkesboro, N.C. ; Jack Calhoun , Philadelphia; and Mr. Jon es' other aid. wife, Jeanette. An estimated 500 exiles in Europe­ The President's program covers convicted and unconvicted draft evaders and convicted most of them in Sweden-will be and unconvicted military absentees, including those in self-exile abroad. Up to two years reached by a program counselor who is of alternate service in jobs of public value is stipulated for unconvicted draft evaders and expected to visit such centers as Malmo, deserters. The cases of convicted resisters and deserters will come befor e a nine-member clemency board. Goteborg and Stockholm in Sweden, and Draft exiles in Canada were generall y cool to earned re-entry. Many young men who London and Paris. fied to escape induction feel they have nothing to atone for in a period of alternate service. The cooperative church effort does not imply in any way a church endorsement and others in legal jeopardy because of serters residence there. Under a special of the Ford re-entry program, Mr. Kil­ the Indochina war for the past four $105,000 budget, the ministry then mer said. Rather, it is an expression on years. Working with the Canadian Coun­ reached an estimated 12,000 Americans the part of the churches of pastoral con­ cil of Churches and the Swedish Ecu­ with aid and other service. cern for those individuals that may be menical Council, the NCC ministry has affected and may need counseling and supported aid centers in those countries CANTERBURY VOICES CONCERN other help. "to respond to the human needs" of war FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN CHILE The Special Ministries/ Vietnam Gen­ resisters. Last fall the ministry carried D eclaring that there is "certainly some eration unit of the National Council of out a similar information service to U.S. ruthlessness" in Chile today, Anglican Churches, supported by 12 Protestant de­ exiles in Canada when the Canadian Archbishop Michael Ramsey of Canter­ nominations, has been helping veterans Government offered to legalize the de- bury said in Santiago that he specifically [ 515 ) 47 told the leader of the Chilean military government of his "great concern" for 11 human rights in Chile. 0 "I bore my own testimony firmly as I tl YOU always do specifically on human rights," c the prelate said of his private conversa­ g STOR tion with Gen. Augusto Pinochet. "I spoke as I always do speak about HOU my great concern, the concern of the Christian people, about human rights record in . . . for half on hour," he added. On a 17-day tour of South America to YOUR STORY HOUR RECORD­ establish what will be termed "the Coun­ INGS now offers an outstanding cil of Anglicans in South America," an collection of non-denomina­ autonomous continental Church, Arch­ tional Bible and Character bishop Ramsey first stopped in Bogota, building stories to the public! Colombia, and was slated to visit Argen­ tina after his Chilean visit. YOUR STORY HOUR has been Speaking to newsmen about what of­ heard over hundreds of radio ficial dispatches called a "courtesy call" stations for the past 25 years. on Gen. Pinochet held in strict privacy, the Anglican prelate indicated that he From these entertaining hours passed on to the Chilean junta's leader we have compiled the largest expressions of concern for political pris­ and most professional record oners during a meeting with Chilean collection of its kind. clergy of various denominations. ( RNS ) Children and adults will enjoy 10,000 CHARISMATIC PASTORS the dramatized stories in the SAID TO BE IN NCC CHURCHES privacy of your home. Dr. David J. duPlessis, the Pentecostal evangelist, said in Des Moines that there Youngsters will want to spend are 10,000 charismatic pastors within hours listening to these ageless denominations making up the National stories with sound morals. Council of Churches. An international leader of the Pente­ Our complete record library costal, or charismatic, movement, Dr. consists of 116 stories on 50 LP duPlessis spoke at a Conference on the records in a carrying case or Holy Spirit sponsored by the evangelism 50 cassettes in 5 books. and worship unit of the Iowa United Methodist Conference. Clip the coupon TODAY and Some 5,000 persons took part in the send for a sample record plus two-day meeting which did not limit complete information. concern for the Holy Spirit to Pente­ costal expressions. Charles L. Allen transports you Bishop James S. Thomas of Des back to the vivid reality of the NWO Moines noted that the Greek word for first Pentecost, and he shows Holy Spirit means "leader" and he said that the Holy Spirit dwells un­ Yes, send me a sample of your that the Spirit leads all people regard­ diminished among us today. dramatized reco rds plus complete Yet too many Christians act as less of their condition. if our world was bereft of the information. I am enclosing my The Pentecostal Christianity in which actual presence of God. Dr. check (o r Money Order) for $4. Dr. duPlessis is involved takes its name Allen prays that we will come from chapter 2 of the Acts of the Apos­ to know the person of the Holy Name ------tles, in which the Holy Spirit came to Spirit, and tap His tremendous energy. When the church, early Christians on the day of Pente­ through its members, is led by Address ------cost. The charismatic movement often the Spirit, no power on earth brings deep emotion, such as speaking in can stop its evangelical mis­ City ------tongues, into worship. It sometimes sion! $2.95 causes dissension in congregations. State ______Zip ___ Dr. duPlessis said his work includes Also by Charles L. Allen The Miracle of Hope $2.95 efforts to help charismatic ministers from The Miracle of Love $3.95 YOUR STORY HOUR RECORDINGS "mainline Protestant" denominations­ usually those in the National Council­ AT '>OUR BOOKS TORE P. 0 . Box 511 remain in their Churches after experi­ • Fleming H. Revell Company Medina, Ohio 44256 encing the Holy Spirit's presence in OlD TAPPAN NEW JERSEY 0767S ways that may be unpopular. {If ordering by mail, add 25¢ handling.) Ten thousand charismatic pastors in 48 [51 6] National Council-related denominations would be slightly less than 10 per cent of the approximately 107,000 pastors in the 31 Protestant and Orthodox Churches comprising the ecumenical or­ ganization. ( RNS)

GROUP WILL PROD D.C. BANKS TO EXTEND CREDIT TO BLACKS Catherine Marshall An interreligious group in Greater Washington says there is an inordinate Catherine Marshall is a religious ad­ and unfounded fear that blacks are poor ve nturer w ho brings lesson and credit risks by area banks. laughter, human interes t and Bib­ Spokesmen for the group indicate they lical wisdom together as no o ne will encourage churches to withdraw else ca n. Here she w rites of her their deposits from banks that continue ever-expanding spiritual ques t, her li fe of fa ith, her own fa mily. Reflect­ to reflect that attitude. ing o n th e ma ny changes th at have Representatives of the Council of recently occurred in the Christian Churches of Greater Washington, the world, Ca therine Marshall investi­ Archdiocese of Washington and the Jew­ ga tes the new trends in religio n­ ish Community Council will form an from Jes us Chris t Superstar to the charismatic arts of hea ling and interfaith council in October. One of its speaking in to ngues, fro m hippie aims would be to use its economic communes to religio us communes . strength, as represented by member Yet , " modern" as th is may so und, chmches and synagogues, to cope with her belief in the bas ic spiritual such problems . va lues remains as strong as ever. Bruce Leslie, chairman of the Council Once m ore, she offers us a hea rten­ ing re-affirmation of the Christia n of Churches Task Force on Housing, spirit. $6.95 said that the nearly 500 Protestant churches holding council membership have from $21 to $35 million on deposit with banks and other savings institu­ SOMETHING MORE tions. It is not known how much the archdiocese and the synagogues have on In Search of a Deeper Faith deposit. Such deposits in the institutions would be used as leverage in making lending institutions look more favorably on mak­ ing housing loans and property improve­ ment loans to blacks. ( RNS ) Philip Garuin INTEREST IN MYSTICISM IS LAID TO DEMISE OF RATIONAL CULTURE Modern interest in mysticism is more and Julio Welch a product of the collapse of traditional A sensit ive, beautifully rendered culture than an outgrowth of theological portrait capturing in words and pictures understanding, a Marquette University the rich variety of religious faiths in professor told a Catholic-Methodist dia­ America today. M ost of all, it is a book logue group in Racine, Wisc. about people, who speak in their own Father Keith Egan, 0. Carm., said voices of the faith and spiritual center guiding their lives. like the national mys tici ~ m represents a shift in spiritual television series which bears its name, consciousness, and indicated that some Religio us America is the product of Gospel values have been overlooked in many years of work filming, writing, the rationalistic culture. talking and living w ith a dozen different "Mystics are usually an annoyance to religious groups across America. the culture," he stated. "Interest in mysti­ cism tells us it is a time for genius and saintliness, and also for tragedy." RELIGIOUS AMERICA Father Egan was one of numerous 81/2 x11 $12.95 speakers at a Dialogue on Spirituality held at Winspread Conference Center. McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY The gathering of 30 theologians was sponsored by a variety of Catholic and United Methodist institutions, with foun­ dation assistance. Dr. Egon W. Gerdes, director of Prot- [ 5 17 ) 49 FREE WORLD TOUR need an associate for our 26th annual around-th e-world tour departing next July. 5 weeks. Must help with enlistments. Return from India either by way o f U.S.S.R. or Holy Land. Write Council on lntercultural Relations, 1880-D Gage, Topeka, Ka nsas, 66604

Hand-colored photog l'u.ph of youl' church or any scene on pretty 10 %-inch gold-rim plates. Orders fi ll ed for one dozen 01· more plates. Also church note paper in quantity. Write for free informa­ tion. DBl'1'. WO FERRELL'S ART WARE Virginia 24522

RNS Photo KOREAN CATHOLICS CLASH WITH POLICE Father Antonio Shin, a Roman Catholic priest, is carried away by riot police as some 1,500 to 2,000 Catholic priests and laity clashed with police in Seoul, during a demonstration de­ manding the release of Bishop Daniel Tii Hak Soun and other political prisoners. It was Si x-s tep process of self evaluation, needs the first street protest since demonstrations were banned last August by the government of analysis and practical program planning President Park Chung Hee. developed by The Offi ce of Research and Survey. The Un ited Methodist Church, now is The Park regime is increasingly branded as "repressive" by South Korea's Christian mi­ available ta local churches. Plan has been nority. The incident marked a signi-ficant es calation of tension between the government tested in over 400 congregations of all sizes . and the Catholic Church. Bishop Tii of Won Ju is one of more than a dozen clergymen Th e Kit inclu des Cassette Tape with clear - the others are Protestant--arrested and sentenced to long prison terms on allegations instructions, six copies of a 68-page work­ book, sample worksheets and questionna ires of trying to overthrow President Park. and a wall chart to su mmarize findings. Ste ps include: your dreams for your church, analysis al your program, the needs of your anew and anew." community, congregational concerns, prior­ ities, goals and planning for the future. Dr. Gerdes said a tension between RELIGIONS PAST AND PRESENT Help your church d is cover its needs and intimacy and solitude leads to deeper Exc iting three week tour to Greece, Turkey, lead the way to genuine church renewal. experiences of personal prayer. He also Israel and Iran departs Jan. 3 from N.Y. Complete Kit, only $20.00. Order from : Only $1 , 194 covers air fare, hotels, meals, noted Methodist tensions between doc­ transfers. Write Dr . James M. Fennelly, Dept. Service Center trine and life. of Religion, Adelphi University, Garden City, Board of Global Ministries L.I. 11530 7820 Reading Road The Rev. William Apel, also of Gar­ Cincinnati, Ohio 45237 rett, said American Methodism is in "captivity" caused by substituting Wes­ leyan teachings for "Americanism." He estant Spirituality of the Ecumenical In­ charged that U.S. Methodists have not stitute of Spirituality and a professor at come up with any genuinely new con­ A Garrett-Evangelical Seminary, Evanston, cepts for the renewal of Christian life in Ill., described tensions in Methodist spir­ a century. ituality. R "In America tod&y," he said, "Method­ w He noted that the spirituality of his ists cannot gather to discuss the possi­ denomination has a history older than bilities of the renewal of Christian life A Methodism, which developed in the late without conjuring up visions of massive II 18th Century as a result of the preaching religious revivals and evangelistic meet­ y1 of John Wesley, an Anglican. ings. Religious nostalgia over a Protes­ e "The basic assumption is that spiritual­ tant America prevents many Methodists ity is the human response to the divine from dealing realistically with the need \\ call as it reaches us in whatever fashion," for a spiritual awakening among Chris­ e1 he said. "It is the call ... which itself tians within a contemporary pluralistic fr sets us free to respond. Our task is, how­ 1908 Grand Ave. America." ( RNS ) Nashville, Tenn. 37203 ever, not only to respond once, but then A 50 [518] THE WORLD IS ~URE GOING­ · NOONEOOE> TO Tl-IE ()0<(5- /HE CITIES ANyn.t/NG- A80VT rr! ARE. FALL/NG APART I FAMINE ALL }WG£( IS 1 ALLOVER THE WORLD--- TALK I TALK, TALK ,

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