Muhammad Lukman

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Muhammad Lukman Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments, Suspended Particulate Matter and Waters from the Siak River System, Estuary and Coastal Area of Sumatra, Indonesia A dissertation submitted for the degree of - Doktor der Naturwissenschaften - (Dr. rer. nat.) at the Faculty of Biology/Chemistry the University of Bremen, Germany Presented by: Muhammad Lukman Bremen, 2010 Distribution and Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments, Suspended Particulate Matter and Waters from the Siak River System, Estuary and Coastal Area of Sumatra, Indonesia A dissertation submitted for the degree of Doktor der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) at the Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, the University of Bremen, Germany Presented by: Muhammad Lukman Referees : 1. Professor Dr. Wolfgang Balzer 2. Professor Dr. Wolfram Thiemann Examiners : 1. Professor Dr. Gerhard Kattner 2. Professor Dr. Venugopalan Ittekkot Date of Colloquium: 29 March 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my sincerely and great gratitude to Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Balzer (FB 2, Marine Chemistry, University of Bremen) for his remarkable role in pouring me with lots of insight, motivation, and supervision throughout my PhD work. I do very much appreciate for his willingness to offer and provide me the possibility to do PhD in his working group as well as to join the SPICE Cluster 3.1. (Science for the Protection of Indonesian Coastal Ecosystem) Project in Riau, Sumatra, Indonesia. Secondly, I am grateful to DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst or German Academic Exchange Service) in providing me a great support to do my PhD in Germany during the period of 2004 – 2007. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Wolfram Thiemann as the second referee, Prof. Dr. Gerhard Kattner and Prof. Dr. Venugopalan Ittekkot as the examiners, and all the colleagues and those previous colleagues in the marine chemistry working group, University of Bremen: Dr. Uwe Schüßler, Dr. Wolfgang Barkmann, Immo Becker, Olaf Wilhelm, Timo Daberkow, Xiaoliang Tang, Jun Fu, Björn Bach, Dominique Schobes, Sonia Tambou for their valuable assistances and discussion in laboratory and analytical aspects, as well as Mrs. Ute Wolpmann who faithfully helps me with administrative matters during my stay in Bremen. I would like to extent my appreciation to all my SPICE Cluster 3.1. colleagues: Dr. Tim Rixen, Dr. Antje Baum (ZMT Bremen), Dr. Herbert Siegel (IOW Warnemuende), Dr. Thomas Pohlmann (University of Hamburg), Dr. Ralf Woestmann (Terramare, Wilhemshaven), and to ZMT staffs Dorothee Dasbach and Matthias Birkicht for all their countless assistances, advices and critics, as well as to Nathan Giles for improving the English. Also, I would like to thank to Prof. Dr. Gerd Liebezeit (Terramare, University of Oldenburg) to all insights, advices and discussion. Also, to all Indonesian SPICE colleagues in University of Riau, Riau during sampling campaigns, particularly Dr. Joko Samiaji, Dr. Christine Jose, Dewi Kristina, friends at Hasanuddin University, Makassar, and many others. I thank you so much for your supports. Last but not least, very special thanks I dedicate to my wife, Rahmawati Yusuf, to my family – my Mother, Father, Sister and Brothers -, and to my all relatives - who always inspire me during hard time. Finally, I would like to dedicate this work to my country Indonesia and to those who are fond of better environment. Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht Ursprung und Verteilung von Polycyclischen Aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (PAKs) als Indikator für anthropogene Verschmutzung in den Küsten- und Flussregionen der Insel Sumatra in Indonesien. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Analyse der 16 PAK- Prioritätsverbindungen, von denen Referenzmaterial gemäß der USA-EPA priority pollutants Liste vorliegt. Untersucht wurden Proben in der Lösung und von Oberflächensedimenten und Schwebstoffen (SPM) des Siak-Flusses, seiner Flussmündung und des Riau Küstenbereichs in Sumatra. Die Quantifizierung der PAKs wurde unter Einsatz eines Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeits- Chromatographen (RP-C18-HPLC) mit UV- und Fluoreszenz-Detektion durchgeführt. Die Analysenmethode beinhaltete eine Reihe von Probenahmetechniken für die individuellen Phasen (Sediment, SPM, Lösung), Probenaufbereitung, Extraktion, Aufarbeitung und HPLC-Quantifizierung. Die Untersuchung der PAKs im Sediment konzentrierte sich auf zwei Größenklassen: Grobfraktion (Sand) 2 mm – 63 μm und Feinfraktion (Schlick) < 63 μm. Die Schwebstoffe wurden über 0,7 μm Glasfaserfilter (GF/F) herausgefiltert. Die PAKs der Lösung wurden dann mittels eines Octadecyl Festphasen Extraktionssystems (SPE) extrahiert. Die Qualitätskontrolle beinhaltete den Gebrauch von Blindwerten und Ersatzstandards, um Genauigkeit und Effizienz der Analyse und die Reproduzierbarkeit der Ergebnisse zu gewährleisten. Die Aufteilung in die verschiedenen Stoffquellen der PAK-Verbindungen wurde unter Einbeziehung bekannter Indexe der Molekulargewichte und spezifischen Isomer-Verhältnissen ausgeführt. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, dass sowohl der Flusslauf als auch Flussmündung und Küstenbereich des Siak-Flusses erheblich mit PAKs belastet sind. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse weisen auf kräftige pyrogene Stoffquellen hin, insbesondere auf die Verbrennung von Biomasse und Erdöl. Sie können daher als Nachweis für großräumiges, länger anhaltendes und intensives Verbrennen landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen im Zusammenhang mit kräftigen Wald- und Torf-Feuern, die über die letzten Jahrzehnte stattfanden, angesehen werden. In diesen von Buschfeuern heimgesuchten Gegenden bilden die PAK-Verteilungen zwischen Grob- und Feinfraktion an der Küste und in der Flussmündung ein deutliches Muster, das von den Verteilungen üblicher Küstenbereiche deutlich abweicht. Ein Vergleich der PAK-Verteilungen in den beiden Größenfraktionen in den Sedimenten der Siak-Küste mit den Küstenbereichen von Wenchang und Wanquan in China deutet darauf hin, dass die PAKs der Küstengewässer um Sumatra hauptsächlich mit den hohen kohleartigen Materialien wie Ruß und verbranntem Torf assoziiert sind. Wie die Untersuchungen zeigen, können auch andere relevante Stoffquellen wie andauernde Erdölverschmutzung in den Gewässern um die Städte, in den industriellen Vororten von Perawang, der Ölstadt Dumai und der Erdölraffinerien im Gebiet der Flussmündung für die Belastung mit PAKs verantwortlich sein. Als Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse der Einzeluntersuchungen wurden die folgenden drei Manuskripte erstellt, die an begutachtete wissenschaftliche Zeitschriften zu versenden sind. PAKs im Sediment (Manuskript – I, Kapitel IV) Die PAK-Gehalte (Summe der 16 Standard-Verbindungen) in der Sedimentfraktion aller beprobten Gebiete bewegen sich zwischen 0,13 und 5,47 μg/g Trockengewicht (TG). In der Grobfraktion (Sand) wurden mit Werten zwischen 0,16 bis 5,47 μg/g TG (median m = 0,84) weitaus höhere Konzentrationen gefunden (etwa um einen Faktor 2) als in der Feinfraktion (Schlick) mit Werten zwischen 0,13 und 1,31 μg/g TG (m = 0,52). In der Grobfraktion ist die Anreicherung unerwartet, da diese in der Regel wegen der größeren Oberfläche pro Masseneinheit in der Feinfraktion zu erwarten ist. Ein ähnliches Muster wurde für das organische Material beobachtet. So variiert der Anteil des organischen Kohlenstoffs an der Gesamtmasse der Grobfraktion zwischen 0,01% und 24%, während sich der Anteil in der Feinfraktion zwischen 0,34% und 3,7% bewegt. Ebenfalls war ein nahezu linearer Zusammenhang zwischen PAK und organischem Kohlenstoff nur in der Grobfraktion zu erkennen. Aus diesen Untersuchungsergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, dass eine bestimmte Sorte organischen Materials für die Affinität zwischen Kohlenstoff und PAKs verantwortlich ist, nämlich vaskuläre Pflanzenreste, Torf und Ruß, wie auch in ähnlichen Untersuchungen festgestellt wurde. Entlang des Flusslaufes in Richtung Flussmündung konnte kein klares Muster in den PAK-Gehalten festgestellt werden, auffallend sind nur die Anreicherungen in den urbanen und industriellen Gebieten. Die weitgehend hohen Molekulargewichte und die Molekularverhältnisse lassen auf pyrogene Spurenstoffquellen schließen, insbesondere auf die Verbrennung von Biomasse und Erdöl. Die PAK-Gehalte gelangen daher über den Land- und Luftweg in die Gewässer. PAKs in der Lösung und in den Schwebstoffen (Manuskript – II, Kapitel V) Die gemessenen PAK-Gehalte in der Lösung bewegen sich zwischen 0,13 und 5,14 μg/L im Flusslauf, zwischen 0,32 und 0,62 μg/L in dem Ästuar und zwischen 0,12 und 0,13 μg/L im Küstenbereich. In Richtung Küste nimmt die mittlere Konzentration um einen Faktor 3 ab. Die höchsten PAK-Gehalte wurden an der Einmündung des Mandau Flusses in den Siak Fluss gemessen. Die PAKs wurden durch 2-, 3- und 4-Ring-Aromate dominiert. Die PAK-Gehalte in den Schwebstoffen variieren zwischen 1,48 bis 59.1 μg/g im Flusslauf, zwischen 0,16 und 7,67 μg/g in der Flussmündung und zwischen 0,33 und 10,2 μg/g in der Küstenregion. Auf das Volumen bezogen bewegen sich die PAK-Gehalte im SPM jeweils zwischen 0,06 und 0,69 μg/L, 0,03 und 0,29 μg/L und zwischen 0,01 und 0,15 μg/L. Die PAK-Gehalte nehmen im Allgemeinen in Richtung Küste ab, was auf eine Ablagerung im Sediment und/oder Verdünnung mit Seewasser zurückzuführen ist. Eine Anreicherung mit PAKs findet sowohl in der Trockenzeit als auch in der Regenzeit statt, die durch verschiedene Ring-Größen gekennzeichnet sind. Ebenfalls lassen sich dadurch die verschiedenen Transportwege der PAKs erschließen. Die Anreicherungen der PAKs in der Regenzeit
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