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Plants for a Livable Delaware

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Plants for a Livable Delaware LivablePlants for the Home Landscape Diverse plant communities in The first brochure in the Livable planned landscapes that support healthy Plants series—Plants for a Livable ecosystems not only provide food for Delaware was designed to educate the gar- insects, birds and the rest of the food dening public about invasive plants and web, but they result in easier to manage suggest desirable alternatives for home landscapes with fewer pest outbreaks, and commercial landscape use, thereby Plants for the Home Landscape requiring fewer inputs (such as pesticides reducing the number of invasive plants Livable and fertilizers). The sustainability of man- grown and sold. The second brochure— aged landscapes is improved by Controlling Backyard Invaders was In today’s rapidly urbanizing environment, we have a unique opportunity, if not a • Use of pest resistant plants; designed to help homeowners and land duty, to create livable landscapes that are attractive, easily managed, and provide a rich • Ecosystem-wise planting design; managers control invasive plants that are compliment of plants to support diverse ecosystems. • Proper plant installation and mainte- no longer sold but have become signifi- Unfortunately, many of our landscapes (natural and planned) are being overrun nance; cant problems in fields, forests, and other with invasive plants. This brochure provides plant suggestions that • Preservation of natural enemy commu- natural spaces. can help gardeners create diverse landscape plantings with native and non-invasive nities. This third brochure— Livable Plants exotic plants. Researchers at the University of for the Home Landscape provides garden- With the help of human hands, exotic plants – species whose evolutionary history Maryland suggest the following steps will ers with the tools needed to use plants in occurred elsewhere – are rapidly replacing native vegetation in natural ecosystems and provide landscapes that support greater attractive, sustainable combinations that planned landscapes. Some species are aggressively invasive and disperse rapidly by wind, numbers of beneficial insects that help are well adapted to specific niches in the water and animal transport. Portions of parklands and other natural ecosystems have control common insect pests: landscape. become near monocultures of individual invasive species such as Norway maple, • Increase structural complexity – more A Livable Delaware plant must autumn olive and Japanese honeysuckle. An invasive plant can quickly overwhelm and plants at different layers, especially tree • Pose no potential threat as an invasive displace existing native plants by reducing the availability of light, water, nutrients and and groundcover layers. plant space. They have few, if any, natural controls to keep them in check. Suburban land- • Increase plant biodiversity – more plant • Have no serious disease or insect scapes are created each year on millions of acres from which native plants have been species and families. problems removed and replaced with a severely limited palette of mostly exotic species. • Add flowers and fruit – vary architec- • Be hardy to Delaware tural complexity and provide season • Possess adaptable characteristics to land- long bloom. scape situations (i.e. drought resistant, Why does this matter? tolerant of poor soils, etc.) More about invasive plants: The large-scale loss of native vegetation has serious consequences, perhaps the most insidious being its effect on life-sustaining food webs. Studies indicate that insect herbi- Invasive plants can be divided into vores, the animals responsible for passing the majority of energy from plants to other two categories—(1) plants that are no animals, are unable to grow and reproduce on plants with which they share no evolu- longer sold or were never sold (for exam- tionary history. Birds are particularly hard hit by exotic plant invasions because of the ple, multiflora rose, autumn olive, garlic resulting loss of their primary food source, insects. Ninety-six percent of all terrestrial mustard and oriental bittersweet) and (2) bird species rear their young on insect protein. Ecologists now rank invasion by alien plants still grown and sold (such as burn- plants second only to habitat loss as the major threat to biodiversity. ing bush, Japanese barberry and Norway maple). 2 3 What can we do? Landscape Niches Because people have developed so Your home landscape might be com- much land in the U.S. for their own use, prised of a variety of ecological niches, we are in danger of losing precious biodi- each with unique cultural requirements versity required to sustain ecosystems and that shape the design and selection of the critical environmental services they appropriate plant combinations. The fol- provide for human populations. While lowing sections are intended to offer sug- creating preserves is desirable, there is lit- gested planting combinations based on tle undisturbed land left to serve as a safe- ten culturally distinct landscape niches: guard to our biodiversity. This brochure meadow, wet area, dry shade, rain suggests an attractive supplement to eco- garden, forest edge, pond/stream edge, logical preserves: redesigning our home sunny slope, salt and sand, small gardens to accommodate biodiversity. We garden and container. can view our immediate surroundings as a Wet area - There are many place to encourage native plants and nat- wonderful native plants that thrive uralistic combinations. With this in moisture; and wet soils discour- brochure we hope to encourage biodiver- age most invasive plants. (p. 10) sity-friendly landscape design while fight- ing the spread of invasive ornamental species. Let’s not create suburban land- scapes that function as “biological deserts.” Let’s adapt a naturalistic design aesthetic that allows us to use native plants in home gardens, reflecting our regional spirit of place. Meadow - Sunny expanses in your Dry shade - Shallow-rooted trees Rain garden - Rain gardens backyard, sideyard or even frontyard create intense competition for sun promote infiltration of water into are ideal for meadows. (p. 8) and moisture. (p. 12) the ground. (p. 14) 4 5 Forest edge - Maintaining a Pond/stream edge - Plantings along healthy forest edge helps protect pond or stream edges filter nutrients the rest of the forest from incur- and pollutants that flow from lawns sion by invasive plants. (p. 16) and paved surfaces. (p. 18) Container - Containers allow you to garden where you don’t have good quality soil or space. (p. 26) Sunny slope - Property edges often have sunny Salt and sand - Seashore soils Small garden – Small gardens are slopes where mowing may be unnecessary and can have naturally high salt levels and more easily managed and well-suited be downright dangerous. (p. 20) droughty conditions that require a to modern life and schedules. (p. 24) specific plant palette. (p. 22) 6 7 E. fistulosum), to name just a few. Meadow Perennials can be added from seed (if the seed can reach the soil to make good con- tact) or by planting plugs, which allows When homes are built on former you to add perennials in patterns. One farmland (a situation occurring through- strategy is to add perennials to the outer out the country), there are often large edge of the meadow where they will be acreages planted in cool season turf. most visible. Also, look at bloom times Lawns play an important role in the and select perennials that will bloom A path invites an intimate experience with home landscape, providing play areas, throughout the growing season to keep this meadow. pathways and a uniform ground layer for the meadow interesting. landscape beds. However, large lawns do Meadows do require some yearly not provide biodiversity and can result in maintenance. Keep woody plants from hours of weekly maintenance. Maintain taking over the meadow by mowing at lawn areas where they serve a purpose but least once a year to a height of 4-6 inches remember that sunny expanses in your in the early to mid-spring. You may backyard, sideyard or even frontyard are choose to leave some woody plants, like ideal for meadows. Eastern red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) to A healthy meadow in a sunny loca- provide an interesting accent. To keep a tion is usually dominated by grasses. meadow from becoming too tall and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), switch- rangy, mow again in early summer grass (Panicum virgatum), little bluestem (Father’s day is an easy time to remember (Schizachyrium scoparium) or a number of for the second mowing). Spot spray for different broomsedges (Andropogon sp.) undesirable weeds in your meadow, such Tan indiangrass is displayed against a New England aster defines the boundary can be seeded to create a meadow. as invasive thistles or crown vetch. backdrop of burgundy fall foliage. between switchgrass and fireworks goldenrod. Purpletop grass (Tridens flavus) blooms To make a meadow more pleasing profusely in mid summer. Little bluestem and visibly managed, mow a neat edge on is at the height of its beauty in the fall a regular basis. Mowed paths give an and winter when it turns a rich apricot appearance of order and allow you to color. stroll through the meadow to appreciate With warm season grasses as a start- its subtle beauty. ing point, you can add flowering perenni- als such as butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta), New England asters (Symphyotrichum novae-angliae), New York ironweed (Vernonia noveboracensis), purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), blazing star (Liatris spicata) and Joe-pye weed (Eupatorium dubium or Emerging warm season grasses provide a Purple tones of emerging switchgrass blends foil for black-eyed Susan and other perennials. beautifully with purple coneflower and blazing star. 8 9 gii), swamp milkweed (Asclepias Wet area incarnata) and Joe-pye weed (Eupatorium dubium or E. fistulosum). This is only a small sample of peren- Wet areas in the landscape provide a nials suitable for moist soils. With proper great gardening opportunity. Swales planning you can have a thriving garden between property lines or other low areas that provides many seasons of interest.
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