The Archaeobotany and Ethnobotany of Portuguese Or White Crowberry (Corema Album (L.) D

Research Communications

The Archaeobotany and Ethnobotany of Portuguese or White Crowberry (Corema album (L.) D. Don)

Inés L. López-Dóriga1*

1Environmental Archaeology Department, Wessex Archaeology, Salisbury, United Kingdom. *[email protected]

Abstract Portuguese crowberry (Corema album (L.) D. Don) is a shrub considered endemic to the Atlantic coastal dunes of the Iberian Peninsula. For many reasons, among which the most prominent are habitat loss and competition from invasive species, but possibly also due to overexploitation, the survival of several of its populations is now compromised. By promoting the identification of its archaeobotanical remains and gathering information about its past uses, the current need for conservation is emphasized. The plant has been exploited for its berries since at least the Early Neolithic and the species features in a number of historical written sources. Archaeological sites located within its current natural distribution area have yielded relatively abundant archaeobotanical finds. This evidence suggests that its distribution area was much larger in the past and has decreased rapidly in recent decades. Its archaeological importance may be misrepresented due to issues with identification, particularly outside its current distribution area. It is hoped that this paper will contribute to a higher identification rate of archaeobotanical remains of this plant, eventually leading to a more thorough recognition of its past importance and contributing to its present conservation.

Resumen La camariña (Corema album) es un arbusto considerado auctóctono de las dunas de la costa atlántica de la península Ibérica. Varias de las poblaciones de esta planta están actualmente en peligro de extinción por una serie de razones entre las que destacan la destrucción del hábitat, la sobreexplotación y la desventaja competitiva frente a especies invasoras. Este artículo tiene como objetivo facilitar la identificación de esta planta en el registro arqueológico, y recopilar evidencias de su uso en el pasado y para su conservación presente. Las sociedades humanas han explotado las bayas de esta planta desde, al menos, el Neolítico Inicial. Existen abundantes citas de su hallazgo en yacimientos arqueológicos localizados dentro de su área de distribución actual y en fuentes históricas. Diversas evidencias apuntan a que este área de distribución fue mucho más amplia en el pasado y que se ha visto rápidamente reducida en épocas recientes. La importancia de esta planta ha podido estar infravalorada debido a problemas de identificación, particularmente fuera de su área de distribución actual. Se espera que este artículo contribuya a incrementar las identificaciones arqueobotánicas de esta planta, el reconocimiento de su importancia en el pasado y recoger datos que puedan ser utilizados en la prevención de su extinción.

Received July 29, 2017 OPEN ACCESS Accepted February 8, 2018 DOI 10.14237/ebl.9.2.2018.1069

Keywords Plant macroremains, Iberia, Wild plant gathering, Maritime archaeology, Biodiversity conservation, Endangered species.

Copyright © 2018 by the author(s); licensee Society of Ethnobiology. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International Public License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Introduction huge variation in fruit crop (from tens to tens of Corema album (Portuguese crowberry, Ericaceae) is a thousands of fruits; Piazzon et al. 2012). The fruits are long-lived evergreen understory shrub which rarely spherical white or pink-white berries between 5 and grows more than 1 m in height. Fruiting starts in 10 mm in diameter (Figure 1, A). Seed size is spring and the fruits ripen in summer but remain on positively correlated with fruit size and germination the plants until autumn (Álvarez-Cansino et al. 2013) occurs after one to four years’ dormancy (Larrinaga or even winter (Marques 2007). Female shrubs show a and Guitián 2016). A wide range of frugivores

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anatomy are described by Carlquist (1989) and Queiroz and van der Burgh (1989), and pollen grain morphology by Kim et al. (1988) and Mateus (1989). The uniformity of Ericaceae pollen grains and wood may prevent precise taxonomic determinations of both where poor preservation of seeds and fruit occurs. The Portuguese crowberry is endemic to the Southern European Atlantic coast; it is vulnerable or at risk of disappearance due to habitat loss, competition from invasive species, and possibly overexploitation (Clavijo et al. 2002; Gil López 2011; Sánchez García 2000). The genus Corema is distributed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, showing a typical amphi-Atlantic distribution pattern (León-González et al. 2013). Its habitat is coastal, ranging from sea level up to 50 masl. It is frequently associated with stone pine (Pinus pinea) and juniper (Juniperus phoenicea) formations, and other plants such as lentisc (Pistacia lentiscus), heather (Calluna vulgaris), rockrose (Cistus crispus, Halimium sp.), and gorse (Ulex sp.). It is drought-adapted and thrives in a broad range of habitats (Álvarez-Cansino et al. 2013), from bare stabilized sand dunes to cliff systems. Its current Figure 1 Corema album: A) berries (by Júlio Reis); B, C) distribution (Figure 2) is mostly limited to the Azores bird (blackbird, B, and seagull, C) pellets with seeds (by archipelago and the Iberian Peninsula, from the North María Calviño Cancela); D) ant-predated seeds (by María of Galicia to Gibraltar in the south, where several Calviño Cancela); E) dorsal and ventral view of a fresh place names derive from the common name of the seed; F) defleshed fruit with three seeds; G) dorsal and plant (Fernández de la Cigoña 1988; Gil López 2011). ventral view of archaeological charred seed from S. Ped- Due to its endangered status, many are concerned ro de Canaferrim (López-Dóriga 2015-2016); H) archaeo- with understanding trends in the distribution and logical charred crushed fruit from Lapiás das Lameiras reproduction of the population (e.g., Álvarez-Cansino (López-Dóriga 2015-2016); and I) lateral and transversal et al. 2013; Fernández de la Cigoña 1988). Several view of archaeological charred seed from S. Pedro de pieces of evidence could hint to a much wider Canaferrim. distribution in the past: a Pleistocene find in Britain (Parfitt et al. 2005), the success of the introduction in a wider area of possibly naturalized populations in (lizards, deer, rabbits, and hares, foxes, boars, badgers, Western France (Bock 2016; Lainz 1971; Villar 1993), blackbirds, and seagulls) are important agents for the an isolated relict population in the Mediterranean dispersal of the seeds (Figure 1, B-C), either through coast of the Iberian peninsula (Aguilella and Laguna defecation or regurgitation (Calviño-Cancela and 2009), some potentially native populations, now Martín-Herrero 2009). Rodents and passerines are possibly extinct, in the North of Africa (Euro+Med also important seed predators (Figure 1, D; Piazzon et Plantbase 2016), and the current distribution of al. 2012). Each fruit has three (exceptionally four or Empetrum nigrum, a very closely related taxon. Within two) elongated seeds, ± 500 µm in length, with a thick this current distribution, only two populations of woody endocarp. The seeds have six dorsal vittae, a Portuguese crowberry remain with male and female roughly elliptical section, and a convex ventral side in individuals in all age ranges, while the other which the hilum and an orifice are located (Figure 1, populations are isolated and composed of old E-I; Aedo and Castroviejo 2012; Bugalhão and individuals and are thus condemned to extinction Queiroz 2005; Pérez-Jordà et al. 2017; Queiroz and unless conservation measures are taken (Aguilella and Mateus 2011; Villar 1993)1. Wood, leaf, and stem Laguna 2009).

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The edible berries of the Portuguese crowberry have been highly appreciated and exploited in contemporary times (Gil López 2011). It is thus possible that over-exploitation may have contributed to its endangered status. Current archaeobotanical research is expanding the record on the importance of this plant in human culture, dating back as far as the Early Neolithic (sixth millennium cal BCE). Still, its archaeobotanical importance is likely imperfectly understood due to misidentification resulting from a lack of awareness of its potential presence in the archaeological record. The purpose of this paper is to gather data about the past uses of this plant as well as its archaeological distribution, in order to demonstrate its longstanding importance in human subsistence, and to facilitate further identifications in the archaeological record that may aid in understanding its past distribution and the extent of the human impact leading to its current status. The use of environmental archaeological data, including both zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical evidence, can contribute essential information for biodiversity conservation (e.g. Wolverton and Lyman 2012), as has been already shown for the case of ancient crops (e.g. Padulosi et al. 1996). Figure 2 Current and potential distributions of Corema album with plotted archaeological records. Note: The Material and Methods potential distribution is a minimum estimate based on In this paper, all published records of archaeological the current distribution areas recorded in most refer- finds of C. album have been compiled (Table 1, Figure ences (Aedo and Castroviejo 2012; Álvarez-Cansino et al. 2), including sites with both charred and waterlogged 2013; Boratyński and de la Puente 1995; Marques 2007), preservation of plant remains. In addition, some including relict (Aguilella et al. 2009) or successfully in- previously unpublished references have been cited. troduced and naturalized (Bock 2016) populations out- The archaeological contexts and archaeobotanical side the frequently cited range. assemblages are summarily described with the purpose of discussing the taphonomic processes involved. All finds described were recovered at Nomenclature follows the Flora Iberica (Castroviejo archaeological sites where specific techniques for the 1986-2012) for wild plants and traditional retrieval of plant remains were employed, specifically archaeobotanical literature for domesticated cereal sediment processing with small meshes (minimum 0.3 taxa. or 0.25 mm), either by flotation (López-Dóriga 2015- Archaeobotanical Evidence 2016), wet-sieving (Bugalhão and Queiroz 2005), or wash-over (Carruthers 2014). Ethnobotanical Remains of Portuguese crowberry have been found in references on past uses have been compiled with the the archaeological record in different forms (both aim of understanding the extent of the human macro and microremains) and preserved by different interactions with this plant, since the scope of these processes (waterlogging and charring), from a range of uses may have been greatly reduced in recent times as sites dating from the Palaeolithic to the Modern a result of its endangered status and limited period in Western Europe (Table 1). distribution. These references have been mostly Non-Woody Plant Macroremains obtained through historical metasearch engines, both for scientific and vernacular nomenclature, including a The earliest record of crowberry is fossil plant wide range of variations and synonyms (Table 2). macroremains, found where the plant is no longer

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Dóriga Dóriga Dóriga

Jordà et et Jordà

- -

2016 2016

- -

References

Hopf 1981 Hopf Parfitt et al. al. et Parfitt 2005 López 2015 López 2015 Heiss and Stika 2014 Pérez 2017 al. al. et Jesus 2017 and Bugalhão 2005 Queiroz

(seed (seed total)

Quantity Quantity total / fruit / fruit total

— ? 6/1 9/0 4/10 145/0 13(*)/0 4/0

(~7%)

3 3

Sampling

Unknown % Unknown ? 95%sediment 95%sediment 79samples 11samples %) (unknown 10samples %) + (unknown a of 17samples l. 87 of total (100%) cm 250

Type of of Type deposit

? Channel Pit with domes- refuse tic Pit with domes- refuse tic Domestic refuse refuse Domestic natural & accumulation? with Pits refuse domestic Cesspit

preservation

Type of of Type

Carbonized Fossil Carbonized Carbonized Carbonized Waterlogged Carbonized Waterlogged

plantmacroremains in the archaeobotanical record.

Type of of Type evidence

Macroremain Macroremain Macroremain Macroremain (seeds) Macroremain (seeds) Macroremain (seeds) (wood) Macroremain (seeds) Macroremain (seeds) Macroremain (seeds) Macroremain (seeds)

Coremaalbum

centuries cal cal centuries centuries

. 5400 cal5400 . cal5200 .

th th

Chronology

ca ca

Chalcolithic CE) Pleistocene Neolithic Early ( BCE) Neolithic Early ( BCE) Chalcolithic (9 Phoenician 8 BCE) Andalusian 12 than (older CE) century (5 Andalusian 9

Location

Torres Vedras, Vedras, Torres United Kingdom United Portugal Sintra, Portugal Sintra, Portugal Portimã, Portugal Spain Huelva, Portugal Lisbon, Portugal Lisbon,

Summaryof the occurrences of

Table 1 Table

(continued on next page) next on (continued

Site Zambujal Correeiros dos Pakefield Kessingland de São Pedro Canaferrim das Lapiás Lameiras Alcalar Concep- Calle ción Vigia da Alto Arque- Núcleo Rua da ológico

López-Dóriga. 2018. Ethnobiology Letters 9(2):19–32 22 Research Communications

References

2003 Queiroz and and Queiroz 2011 Mateus 2014 Carruthers Quei- Mateus, van and roz Leeuwaarden

e e for Praca Município is

f f Corema album seeds may

enc

r r o

(seed (seed total)

Quantity Quantity total / fruit / fruit total

11(*)/0 ?

200 g.

Sampling

5 samples of of 5 samples 100 %) (unknown ana- 31samples 0.15 of lyzed (unknown 7.6 l. %) ~5%

Type of of Type deposit

Cess and and Cess refuse domestic cargo/ Ship dunnage with Gully refuse domestic

preservation

Type of of Type

Waterlogged Waterlogged Waterlogged

Type of of Type evidence

Macroremain Macroremain (seeds) Macroremain (seeds) Macroremain (seeds)

Chronology

Medieval Medieval Late (fifteenth CE century 1468) (16 Modern CE) century

Location

Lisbon, Portugal Lisbon, Newport, Kingdom United Portugal Lisbon,

(continued from previous page) previous from (continued (*) Alto da Vigia: as this is currently under study, absolute numbers are not yet available; Newport Medieval Ship: the numbe be an underestimationsince total a of 109 samples were assessed butonly 31 were analyzed and quantified. original The refer quantity. the not mention does reference secondary the and not accessible

Site Casa dos Bicos dos Casa Newport Ship Medieval 467) (ship do Praça Municípi

López-Dóriga. 2018. Ethnobiology Letters 9(2):19–32 23 Research Communications

Table 2 Common synonyms of scientific and vernacular names for Corema album. Scientific Vernacular English Castilian Galician Portuguese French Corema album Portuguese camarina marmaeira camarinha Corèma blanc crowberry Corema alba Portugal camarine camarineira camarinheira genièvre doux crakeberry Empetrum album White crowberry comarina caramineira camarine à fruits blancs Empetrum lusitani- White-berried camarillera camariñeira camarigne blanche cum heath Empetrum erectum camariña caramiñeira camarine blanche Erica erecta bac- caramiña Grande bruyere à cias candidis baies blanches Erica baccifera camariñera lusitanica Euleucum album

present, in interglacial deposits in the British Isles assemblages were recovered from the fills of a series (Parfitt et al. 2005). Charred plant macroremains of pits in which the by-products of domestic activities determined as C. album have been found at the Early had been discarded. Radiocarbon dates on some of Neolithic sites of São Pedro de Canaferrim and Lapiás the cereal crop remains have provided a chronology das Lameiras in Sintra, Portugal (López-Dóriga 2015- of occupation in the second half of the sixth 2016). Abundant detached seeds, a crushed fruit (a millennium cal BCE (ca. 5400 for Lapiás das Lameiras crust of three seeds attached to a fleshy thin and ca. 5200 for São Pedro de Canaferrim). mesocarp), and a possible whole crowberry fruit were Several charred fruit and seeds of C. album have found at these sites. The remains were misidentified also been identified at the Chalcolithic settlement of as Crataegus sp. in a preliminary presentation of results Alcalar in Southern Iberia (Portimão, Portugal; Stika (López-Dóriga 2015-2016). The assemblages from and Heiss 2014). Full publication of these results is in which this taxon was recovered were rich in remains preparation (Stika, in prep.). More than one hundred from domesticates, particularly naked wheat (Triticum waterlogged seeds of C. album have been identified at aestivum/T. durum/T. turgidum) and naked barley Calle Concepción, Huelva, Spain (Pérez-Jordà et al. (Hordeum vulgare var. nudum), and both emmer (Triticum 2017). This Phoenician site dates to the transition dicoccum) and einkorn (Triticum monococcum) were from the ninth to the eight century cal BCE, with the present in small quantities. A range of legumes, majority of the plant remains being preserved by including wild (Medicago sp./Melilotus sp./Trifolium sp., waterlogging, and only minimal examples of charred Vicia cf. cracca) and possibly domesticated species such preservation. The earliest evidence of arboriculture in as garden pea and broad bean (Pisum sativum, Vicia the Iberian Peninsula has been firmly attested in the faba), were also identified. Remains of other fruits in area of Huelva in the assemblages from Concepción the assemblages belonged to dwarf palm (Chamaerops and Núñez Méndez. The two sites comprise long- humilis), black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), and cultivated, or intensively managed, fruit tree species possibly deadly nightshade (cf. Atropa belladonna). such as grape (Vitis vinifera), olive (Olea europaea), and Seeds of wild plants included oat grass (Avena sp.), fig (Ficus carica), as well as new exotic species such as crucifers (Brassica sp./Sinapis sp.), goosefoot almond (Prunus dulcis), pomegranate (Punica granatum), (Chenopodium sp.), and mallows (Malvaceae). The and melon (Cucumis melo). The cultivated fruit taxa

López-Dóriga. 2018. Ethnobiology Letters 9(2):19–32 24 Research Communications dominate both assemblages but other domesticated in plan and was exceptionally rich in plant remains taxa, such as cereals (barley, wheat, and broomcorn (more than 50,000 in 4 small samples). The study was millet [Panicum miliaceum]), legumes (lentil [Lens ongoing at the time of publication, so no absolute culinaris], pea, and broad bean) and oil plants (flax numbers were available for the features, but remains [Linum usitatissimum], poppy [Papaver somniferum]) are belonging to more than 15 taxa had been identified, also present. C. album is presented amongst the list of including grains of cereals such as wheat, barley, and wild edible fruits recovered at the site, which could broomcorn millet, as well as possible weeds such as have been intentionally exploited as well as have catchfly (Silene sp.), cornsalad (Valerianella sp.), and accumulated naturally, along with dwarf palm, stone heath leaves. pine, and pine (Pinus halepensis/pinaster), oak (Quercus Casa dos Bicos (Lisbon) is an urban site sp.), blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius), myrtle (Myrtus containing medieval deposits of possible mixed faecal communis), and lentisc. A long list of other wild plants, and domestic rubbish origin, in which waterlogged ruderals, and weeds were also identified. seeds and pollen grains from Portuguese crowberry Núcleo Arqueológico da Rua dos Correeiros were found (Queiroz and Mateus 2011), together with (Lisbon, Portugal) is a site that evidences occupation many other taxa including fruits and nuts, flavourings from the fifth to the nineteenth centuries CE. A few and other wild and cultivated plants, and fish remains. waterlogged seeds of C. album were recovered in a Other plant remains in the deposit include fruits and small sediment sample taken from the bottom layer of nuts such as stone pine, walnut (Juglans regia), acorn, a Roman tank reused as a cesspit during the almonds, plums or cherries (Prunus spp.), olive, fig, Andalusian period (Bugalhão and Queiroz 2005). strawberry, black mulberry, grape, raspberry, and Although the type of preservation of organic remains blackberry. In addition, seeds from aromatic herbs, on site is not specified, the nature of the assemblage, such as parsley (Petroselinum segetum), wild celery, including insect remains and the density of fruit coriander (Coriandrum sativum), rosemary (Rosmarinus remains in the soil, suggests anoxic conditions such as officinalis), lavender (Lavandula pedunculata), thyme waterlogging. Other plant macroremains in the (Thymus sp.), mint (Mentha pulegium), myrtle, cowbane assemblage are dominated by fruit remains, including (Cicuta virosa), and black mustard (Brassica nigra) have fig, black mulberry (Morus nigra), grape, plum (Prunus been found. Other food plant remains included domestica), raspberry (Rubus idaeus), strawberry (Fragaria broomcorn millet, carrot (Daucus carota), and vesca), melon (Cucumis melo), and cucumber (Cucumis cauliflower (Brassica oleracea), while a range of wild sativus); also present are fiber or oil plants such as flax, plants, considered potential weeds, such as purslane flavorings, such as wild celery (Apium graveolens), and (Portulaca oleracea), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), other wild plants, such as goosefoot, common knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare), goosefoot, and pigweed chickweed (Stellaria media), heath (Erica sp.), and (Amaranthus sp.) were also present. grasses (including Poa annua). At the Newport Medieval Ship site (ship 467), Several carbonized seeds of C. album have also Wales, United Kingdom, waterlogged seeds of C. been identified in samples obtained from pits at the album have also been recovered (not identified at the Andalusian site Alto da Vigia, Praia das Maçãs, Sintra, time of publication, and therefore referred to as Portugal (Jesus et al. 2017). This multiperiod site, with “Unidentified common items B” in Carruthers 2014, occupation evidence from a Roman sanctuary to a but subsequently identified by Carruthers as sixteenth century CE tower, preserved the remains of crowberry, pers. comm.). These seeds were possibly an Andalusian ribat (hospice) occupation until the associated with dunnage (vegetation used as packaging twelfth century CE. Although the Andalusian and located in the bottom of the ship), or may have evidence is truncated due to the reuse of the originated from edible berries consumed on the ship construction stone for the postmedieval tower, and present as sewage. The majority of the plants copious deposits pointing to the preparation and recovered from the samples likely originated from consumption of shellfish in hearths were identified, in southern Portugal or Spain. There are several pieces addition to four pits with charred plant remains. of evidence to suggest this is the region from which Three of the pits exhibit the typical pear or bell-shape the ship originally set sail and the archaeobotanical associated with storage functions, and were poor in assemblage is entirely consistent with this plant remains (n=<20); the fourth pit was rectangular geographical area. The vegetation probably used as

López-Dóriga. 2018. Ethnobiology Letters 9(2):19–32 25 Research Communications dunnage consisted of heathers from species from 1981), together with wood charcoal from Pinus sp., Southern Europe (Juniperus navicularis or J. oxycedrus, Quercus sp., Olea europaea, Arbutus unedo, Crataegus sp., Calluna vulgaris, and Erica spp.), together with bracken Pistacia sp., Vitis vinifera, Fraxinus sp., Chamaerops (Pteridium aquilinum), broom (Genista/Cytisus), gorse humilis, Cistus sp., Alnus sp., Celtis australis, Populus sp., spine (Ulex sp.), hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), birch (Betula Tilia sp. and Viscum album. Unfortunately, the charred pendula), alder (Alnus glutinosa), and willow (Salix sp.). plant remains from those samples were not analyzed Other plant remains present in the assemblages and therefore it is not known if crowberry seeds or appear to have been discarded food waste or spillage fruits were also present. Some of these woody taxa from previous cargoes, and were also indicative of a were also found as remains of seeds and fruits in the southern European, probably Iberian, diet: samples from the new excavations (beginning in the broomcorn millet, pomegranate, walnut, grape, fig, 1990s) in different areas of the site (Stika, pers. stone pine nut, and possibly olive and cherry or plum. comm.), but seeds or fruit of C. album. In addition, cereals such as rye (Secale cereale), hard/ rivet wheat (T. durum/T. turgidum), and oats; legumes Ethnobotanical Evidence such as pea and broad bean; and fruits such as Current Use hazelnut (Corylus avellana), apple (Malus sylvestris), and Corema album bears an edible fruit that can be eaten blackberry were found. Components found in smaller raw or cooked and which has been widely consumed quantities included aromatic herbs such as fennel in recent times and has even been the object of trade (Foeniculum vulgare), wild celery, coriander, crucifers, (Fernández de la Cigoña 1988). They have also been carrot, and teasel (Dipsacus sp.), as well as flax, hemp important foodstuffs for poor homesteads, as testifies (Cannabis sativa), and hop (Humulus lupulus). their vernacular name of hunger herb (herba da fame), Finally, the site Praça do Município in Lisbon, shared with other plants in Galician (Sóñora Gómez with deposits dated to the sixteenth century, provided 1994). waterlogged C. album fruit or seed remains (Mateus, The berries have a fresh, acidic taste and are often Queiroz and van Leeuwaarden 2003). The deposit has used as appetizers; they can also be made into acid- been characterized as part food detritus, with possible tasting lemonades, jams, and liquors (León-González faecal contribution, and was rich in other fruits such et al. 2013). They have been eaten as part of a meal as fig, grape, cherry, plum, and blackberry. comprising milk and bread (Sóñora Gómez 1994). They can be gathered from July to December Other Archaeobotanical Evidence (Fernández de la Cigoña 1988). Pollen grains have been reported at several Holocene Furthermore, fruits and fruit-derived beverages archaeological sites and non-archaeological cores have been traditionally used as an antipyretic to treat from the sixth millennium onwards in Iberia, such as fevers and as a vermifuge against pinworm infections El Asperillo, Huelva, Spain (Stevenson 1984), among (Font Quer 1985), and have proven effective against others, and locations in southern Portugal (Queiroz oxidative stress related diseases (León-González et al. 2004). 2013). Charred and uncharred leaf-needles, preliminary The dry woody branches of C. album have been identified as Erica sp. but admittedly potentially from used as fuel in kitchens and ovens due to the wood’s crowberry (Stika, pers. comm.), have been found at high calorific power and its pleasant smell, which is core drillings on deposits formed during the fifth thought to purify the air; brooms of tied branches millennium cal BCE in the Rio Sizandro, Torres have been also used to sweep floors and in floral ritual Vedras, Portugal (Dambeck et al. 2010). compositions, as it is believed they bring good luck Undetermined Ericaceae-type leaves, again admittedly (Fernández de la Cigoña 1988). It has been potentially from crowberry (Carruthers, pers. comm.) hypothesized that the genus name Corema of Greek have been also recovered at the Newport Medieval origin might be related to their use as brooms (Villar Ship site (ship 467) (Carruthers 2014). 1993 in Castroviejo 1986-2012), for which they are A wood charcoal find of C. album has been particularly useful because the branches do not lose reported in the anthracological samples from the the leaves until long after drying (Sóñora Gómez 1970s excavations at the Chalcolithic hillfort site of 1994). Alternative etymological explanations suggest Castro do Zambujal, Torres Vedras, Portugal (Hopf

López-Dóriga. 2018. Ethnobiology Letters 9(2):19–32 26 Research Communications the name derives from homaria or jomaría (meaning records of C. album have originated in sites located red) (Colmeiro 1870). within contemporary or recent distribution areas with It has been used as an ornamental green fill plant only two finds recorded outside this area. It is, (Sóñora Gómez 1994), particularly in religious however, noteworthy that the current distribution ceremonies (Fernández de la Cigoña 1988). likely does not accurately reflect the original breadth Portuguese crowberries are prominent in folklore of distribution which may have stretched over a much songs and toponyms (Sóñora Gómez 1994), as well as larger area (Figure 2) based on a wide range of in legends. Despite all the above, the plant's presence evidence, such as relict populations (Aguilella and in ethnobotanical compilations of the Iberian Laguna 2009; Euro+Med Plantbase 2016) and recent Peninsula is infrequent or vague (de Cortes Sánchez- naturalizations (Lainz 1971; Bock 2016). It is not only Mata and Tardío 2016). the references to the plant in the ethnobotanical historical literature that seem to have decreased in the Historical Sources last centuries, but also the scientific literature, The distribution of Portuguese crowberries across the produced throughout the last half century, which has Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula has been witnessed progressive disappearance of Portuguese recorded in the botanical literature since the crowberry at an alarming pace (e.g., Álvarez-Cansino eighteenth century (Sóñora Gómez 1994). Since 1779, et al. 2013; Boratyński and de la Puente 1995; when it was first introduced to the United Kingdom Marques 2007). This has led to the inclusion of the at the Royal Botanic Gardens of Kew, and during the species in regional Red Lists of Threatened Species nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, it was grown (Aguilella and Laguna 2009) and to research focused as an ornamental shrub and featured in a wide range on the possible causes of its disappearance (Clavijo et of popular nursery books (e.g., Sweet 1826). The plant al. 2002; Gil López 2011). was also grown in France (kept in greenhouses in The oldest find of C. album in the winter; Desfontaines 1809), and contemporary archaeobotanical record is a Pleistocene fossil find in botanical dictionaries suggest the plant was also the Midlands, United Kingdom, dated to 700,000 yrs known in Germany and Italy. (Parfitt et al. 2005). This find could either evidence a The fruits have traditionally been made into a much wider past distribution or the existence of refreshing acidic drink (Desfontaines 1809; Brehm events of long-distance dispersal by endozoochory. 1880-1883) used as an antipyretic (Baillon 1867; An alternative and remotely possible explanation for Bellynck and Segovia y Corrales 1883-1885) and as a this find could be a rare case of contamination with vermifuge (Gomez de Ortega 1784); its leaves were recent material, potentially present in the area due to also used against scurvy (Hurtado de Mendoza 1840). so-called “reintroduction” efforts (which consider the In Estremadura, a region in southern Portugal, species to be previously native) that seem to have crowberries gathered at dawn on the last Sunday of been made in the past century (Fernández de la August were thought to have special healing Cigoña 1988), or due to its widespread cultivation as properties (Pimentel 1899). In Galicia, Northern an ornamental plant two centuries ago (Sweet 1826). Portugal, and Southern Spain, the berries were Though an accidental presence may account for intensively gathered for commercial purposes during this particularly early find, it is unlikely to be the case the first half of the twentieth century, when the in other archaeobotanical records, since Portuguese distribution of the plant was broader (Gil López crowberry is and has been historically considered a 2011). The branches have also been used as fuel in useful plant in many respects: for medicinal, pottery production (Gomez de Ortega 1784). technological, or culinary purposes, whether raw, cooked, or transformed in products like jams and Discussion liquors (Gil-López 2011). Still, an accidental pathway Portuguese crowberry plant remains, in different should always be considered as a possibility for its preservation conditions, feature in several presence in archaeological deposits, due to the archaeological contexts across and outside of the potential arrival of the seeds in animal droppings or current natural distribution area of the taxon, in sites within the digestive system of hunted animals. with occupation deposits from the Early Neolithic to Unfortunately, (from the archaeologist's point of the Medieval period. Most of the archaeological view), as the plant is adapted to endozoochory, excreted seeds are usually intact (Calviño-Cancela,

López-Dóriga. 2018. Ethnobiology Letters 9(2):19–32 27 Research Communications pers. comm.; Piazzon et al. 2012; with the exception those of cereals, is strongly suggestive of processing. of badgers, which destroy them, Fedriani and Delibes Portuguese crowberries were still exploited in the 2009) and no macroscopic differences can be seen sixteenth century in Lisbon, as attested in the between digested and undigested seeds. Preservation assemblage recovered from a gully with domestic does not vary according with differences in seed gut- refuse in Praça do Município (Mateus et al. 2003). passage time, in lizards (Piazzon et al. 2012), gulls, In addition, crowberry remains have been recently blackbirds, rabbits, and hares (Calviño-Cancela and identified in the case of the Newport Medieval Ship Martín-Herrero 2009). Although the positive site (reported as “Unidentified common items B” by identification of pellets might be easily carried out, the Carruthers 2014), found in Wales, United Kingdom, only secure method for ruling out animal dispersal in but containing a cargo from the Iberian Peninsula. As the case of detached seeds would depend on potential Carruthers points out, the remains could correspond microscopic traces which need to be further to sewage and the use of the berries as food, or the researched. Still, the contextual information for most use of the branches as dunnage. A further, potentially of the archaeological finds to date is, in the case of more interesting explanation would be their deliberate the seeds, strongly suggestive of human intentionality. use as an anti-scurvy medicine, a function recorded in It is difficult to ascertain what type of technological some historical references (Hurtado de Mendoza uses could have been made of the branches and stems 1840). This interesting find suggests the possibility of through the charred wood fragments (Hopf 1981), encountering the plant outside its natural distribution which only indicate the likely final use as fuel. area as an object of trade, especially via the sea. Given Archaeologically, the culinary use potentially the importance and the range of Iberian maritime documented as early as the Early Neolithic in the case trade in late medieval and early modern history, the of Lapiás das Lameiras, where a pressed berry was potential presence of the taxon in the archaeological found (López-Dóriga 2015-2016). Further finds in record is very high for many different parts of the assemblages with other edible plant remains and world. processing byproducts, such as Early Neolithic S. The role played by C. album in human interactions Pedro de Canaferrim (López-Dóriga 2015-2016) or with the wild plant resources might have been until Chalcolithic Alcalar (Stika and Heiss 2014) are also now undervalued due to scientific bias: crowberry evocative of its intentional exploitation. Due to its remains found in archaeobotanical samples have likely recovery within an assemblage of plant remains remained in the category “indeterminate” or strongly suggestive of arboricultural practices (Pérez- “unidentified” (e.g. Carruthers 2014). Although the Jordà et al. 2017), it can be hypothesized that C. album plant remains can turn up far removed from the might have also been the object of some sort of current habitat, as the case of Newport has shown, management in Phoenician times, together with archaeobotanists knowledgeable in more general grapevines, olive trees, pomegranates, and almond floras would have not necessarily been aware of its trees. Two exceptionally well preserved Medieval existence due to the fairly limited current distribution deposits in Lisbon, Rua dos Correeiros (Bugalhão and of the taxon and its rarity in modern botanical Queiroz 2005) and Casa dos Bicos (Queiroz and reference collections. In addition, difficulties in the Mateus 2011), which were dominated by waterlogged taxonomic determination of wood remains and pollen assemblages of edible taxa with a very likely sewage grains from the Ericaceae and related families origin, have provided unmistakable evidence of the (Queiroz and van der Burgh 1989, Kim Nilsson and use of the plant in Andalusian times. More examples Praglowski 1988, Mateus 1989) hamper the have probably been found in other assemblages identification of other types of remains in the studied by these authors but for which grey literature archaeological record. reports are currently unavailable. In Rua dos Further work is needed to correctly understand Correeiros, a few seeds from a sediment sample the past history of this plant, both for a better accounting for just 7% of the total volume of the comprehension of its role in human subsistence but deposit could involve more than 50 seeds of also for an additional insight into its current crowberry in the whole deposit. The Andalusian case conservation problems. This work should include of Alto da Vigia (Jesus et al. 2017) is still under study revisions of unidentified plant remains from and an interpretation cannot yet be made; however, assemblages of maritime archaeological origin from the carbonized remains of crowberries, together with

López-Dóriga. 2018. Ethnobiology Letters 9(2):19–32 28 Research Communications anywhere with trading connections with the Iberian wild may be purchased (subject to seasonal Peninsula and southwestern France, as well as from availability) in Semillas Cantueso S.L. deposits of those regions themselves. Ethnobotanical references from earlier periods, such as Andalusian Acknowledgements agricultural texts, also need to be researched further. I thank Banco de Sementes Parque Botânico da Tapada da Ajuda for making seeds of C. album Conclusions available within the framework of Index Seminum; Corema album has been an important plant in human María Calviño Cancela for sharing information and culture since the Holocene, as attested in pictures and discussing the dispersal of C. album by archaeological, historical, and ethnobotanical sources, endozoochory; Wendy Carruthers, Leonor Peña- and it still plays an important role, particularly in the Chocarro, Guillem Pérez-Jordá, Hans-Peter Stika, and folklore of older generations. Its historical importance Carmen Martínez Varea for discussing their finds; is still not fully understood as it is possible the taxon João Tereso, and Andrés Teira Brión for checking for has not always been correctly identified in the the appearance of crowberry (although to no avail) in archaeobotanical record, nor cited in generalist their archaeobotanical assemblages; Dorian Q Fuller ethnobotanical sources. This relative rarity of and members of the Iberian Carpology Group for references is potentially a result of the limited current encouragement; Phoebe Olsen for editing my English; distribution of the plant and the lack of awareness and the Universidad de Cantabria for the PhD among researchers from outside its habitat range. program (2009-2013) where this research started. I Unfortunately, this limited current distribution is also thank three anonymous reviewers for the likely a result of the species being currently insightful comments and suggestions to improve an threatened, due to a variety of reasons such as habitat earlier version of this paper. loss and competition from invasive species, and possibly over-exploitation. This paper has reviewed Declarations the botanical, archaeobotanical, and ethnobotanical Permissions: Not applicable. literature, with the aim to promote the identification Sources of funding: None declared. of the taxon in the archaeobotanical record. It is also Conflicts of Interest: None declared. hoped that this paper has served to raise awareness of the need to preserve this important plant in our References Cited biodiversity heritage. Aedo, C. and S. Castroviejo. 2012. Proyecto Anthos: Notes Sistema de Información de las Plantas de España [web page]. URL: http://www.anthos.es/ 1 Comparative reference material for the identification dispatch.es.html. Accessed on July 17, 2017. of C. album seeds is available at the Laboratório de Paleoecologia e Arqueobotânica of the Directorate Aguilella, A. S. F. and E. Laguna. 2009. Catálogo General for Cultural Heritage (DGPC, Lisbon, Valenciano de Especies de Flora Amenazadas. Colección Portugal), at the Departament of Environmental Biodiversidad 18: Conselleria de Medi Ambient, Archaeology of the Research Center of Biodiversity Aigua, Urbanisme i Habitatge. Generalitat and Genetic Resources of the University of Porto Valenciana, Valencia. (Portugal), at the Bioarchaeology laboratory of the Álvarez-Cansino, L., M. Zunzunegui, M. Díaz Cantabria International Institute for Prehistoric Barradas, O. Correia, and M. Esquivias. 2013. Research of the University of Cantabria (Spain), at the Effects of Temperature and Rainfall Variation on Institute of Botany of the University of Hohenheim Population Structure and Sexual Dimorphism (Germany) and at the Environmental Department at Across the Geographical Range of a Dioecious Wessex Archaeology LTD. (Salisbury, United Species. Population Ecology 55:135–146. Kingdom). Institutions qualifiying for collaboration DOI:10.1007/s10144-012-0336-3. through the Index Seminum may obtain reference Baillon, H. 1867. Histoire des Plantes. Librairie Hachette, material from the seed bank of the Tapada da Ajuda Paris. DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.40796. botanical garden in Lisbon (Banco de Sementes Parque Bellynck, A. and A. Segovia y Corrales. 1883-1885. Botânico da Tapada da Ajuda). Seeds gathered from the Curso Elemental de Botánica. Escuela Tipográfica del Hospicio, Madrid.

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