Recent Researches Issue 01 in Year 02 Apr.-May-Jun. Social Sciences & 2015 Humanities ISSN 2348–3318

[ National Refereed Journal ] Editorial Office 787, New Shiv Puram, Near Pushp Vidya Mandir Chief Editor School, Paniyala Road, ROORKEE - 247667 Anita Sharma Distt.-Haridwar [ Uttarakhand ] Associate Professor & Head, Contact : +91-9412999793, 9319056411 Department of English, B.S.M. (P.G.) College, Roorkee E-mail : [email protected]

Editor website: Ÿ Dr. Purnima Srivastava, Asstt. Professor & Head, Department of Education, K.L.D.A.V.P.G. www.recentjournals.in College, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand Ÿ Dr. Chandra Shekhar, Sr. Asstt. Professor, Department of Psychology, Jammu University, Jammu (J&K) Ÿ Dr. Rakam Singh Sandhu, Professor & HOD, Department of Physical Education, © 2015-16 by Recent Researches Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra (Haryana) in Social Sciences & Ÿ Dr. Vidyapati, Head & Dean, Faculty of Education, Ewing Christian College, An Autonomous Humanities. Constituent College of Central University, Allahabad All rights reserved

Assistant Editor Ÿ Dr. Santosh Kr. Singh, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni, Authors are requested Distt.-Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand to submit the manuscript Ÿ Dr. Neelam Kumari, Asstt. Prof. Deptt. of Education, Kumaun University, Nainital, Uttarakhand electronically by E-mail to : Advisory Board [email protected] Ÿ Dr. Rajesh Chandra Paliwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, B.S.M. P.G. College, Electronic File in Roorkee, Distt.-Haridwar, Uttarakhand MS-Word are preferred. Ÿ Dr. Tirth Prakash, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College, Chobattakhal, Distt.- However, PDF files are Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand also acceptable. Detailed instructions on the preparation of papers are available on the journal website. Publisher Ritesh Kr. Gupta C/o Well Press Publications 787, New Shiv Puram, Near Pushp Vidya Mandir School, Paniyala Road, ROORKEE - 247667 Print By: Distt.-Haridwar [ Uttarakhand ] Contact : +91-9412999793, 9319056411 Shiv Computer & Printers E-mail : [email protected] 787, Shiv Puram, Roorkee - 1 - Chief Patron Ÿ Dr. Yogendra Nath Sharma 'Arun’ Former Principal, B.S.M. (P.G.) College, Roorkee Ÿ Prof. Neelam Sood Head, Department of Inclusive Education, NUEPA, New Delhi

SEBUBJECT XPERT OARD:

Philosophy Ÿ Dr. V.K.Maheshwari, Ex. Principal, D.A.V. P.G. College, Roorkee (UK) Ÿ Dr. Asha Devi, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Philosophy, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni (UK) Ÿ Dr. Shiv Kumar, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Philosophy, Agra College, Agra (UP)

Psychology Ÿ Dr. Hemadri Kumar Sao, HOD, Deptt. of Clinical Psychology, Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar Ÿ Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Psychology, D.A.V.P.G.College, Muzaffarnagar Education Ÿ Dr. Harish Chand Singh Rathor, Head & Dean, Faculty of Education, Banaras Hindu University, Varansi (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Rita Arora, HOD, Deptt. of Education, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Rajasthan) Ÿ Dr. Indira Dull, Professor, M. D. University, Rohtak (Haryana) Ÿ Dr. R.P.Pathak, Professor, Deptt. of Education, Shri Lal Bahadur Sanskrit Vidyapeeth (Deemed University), New Delhi Ÿ Dr. N.N.Pandey, Professor, Department of Education, M.J.P. Ruhelkhand University, Bareilly, U.P. Ÿ Dr. Poonam Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Education, J.V.Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Ghosiya, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Education, Bareilly College, Bareilly (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Kavita Suri, Asstt. Prof., Department of Life Long Learning, Jammu University (J&K) Ÿ Dr. S.C. Bahuguna, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Education, Govt. P.G. College, Gopeshwar, Distt.-Chamoli (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Gaurav Aggarwal, Asstt. Prof., Department of B.Ed., J.N. Kaul Institute of Education, Bheemtal (Nainital) Uttarkhand

Economics Ÿ Dr. Alok Kumar, Professor, Department of Economics, St. John's College, Agra (UP) Ÿ Dr. Archana Mishra, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Economics, S.S.D.P.C.Girls PG College Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK) Ÿ Dr. Sanjeev Bharadwaj, Asstt. Prof., Department of Economics, Government Girls PG College, Sirsaganj, Firozabad Ÿ Dr. Surjeet Singh, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Economics, B.S.M.(P.G.) College, Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK) Ÿ Dr. V. K. Sharma, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Economics, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

Sociology Ÿ Dr. D. K. Singhal, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Ravinder Kr. Saini, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. P.G. College, Ram Nagar (UK) Ÿ Dr. Hemlata, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. P.G. College, Ram Nagar (UK) Ÿ Dr. Deepak Paliwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Vidya Rai, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. P.G. College, Ram Nagar, Nainital (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Kiran Bala , Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, S.S.D.P.C.Girls PG College Roorkee (Haridwar) (UK) Ÿ Dr. (Km.) Poonam Bhushan , Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Sociology, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

Physical Education Ÿ Dr. Hema Pant, Physical Trainer, Deptt. of Sports, I.I.T. Roorkee (UK) Ÿ Dr. Chandra Shekhar, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Phy. Edu., Sanskrit University, Haridwar (UK)

Geography Ÿ Dr. Jyoti Singh, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Geography, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Gayatri Prasad, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Geography, Govt. P.G. College, Chobatta Khal, Pauri (UK)

- 2 - Ÿ Dr. Dinesh Pathak, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Geography, M.L.PG College, Dubey Chhapra, Distt.- Balia (Bihar) Ÿ Dr. A.K.Dwiviedi, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Geography, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Mamta Sharma, Prof., Deptt. of Geography, Govt. P.G. College, Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (UK)

History Ÿ Dr. Sanjay Kumar, Associate Prof., Deptt. of History, Govt. P.G. College, Jahrikhal, Distt.-Pauri (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Seema Chaudhary, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of History, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Ashok Kr. Singh, Asst. Prof. , Deptt. of History, Govt. P.G. College Munsyari, Bageshwar. Ÿ Dr. Anurag Srivastava, Asst. Prof. , Deptt. of History, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (UK)

Political Science Ÿ Dr. Parvind Malik, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Pol. Science, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. D. S.Chauhan, Associate Professor, Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College. Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (UK) Ÿ Dr. M.K.Pathak, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College Munsyari, Bageshwar Ÿ Dr. Aabida, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Pol. Science, Govt. P.G. College. Augustyamuni (Uttarakhand)

Law & Criminology Ÿ Dr. A. K. Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Law, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Sakshi Tyagi 'Advocate', Principal & Head, Deptt. of Law, Dhanauri Law College, Dhanauri, Uttarakhand Ÿ Puneet Singhal, Sr. Advocate, Civil Court, Tehsil Compound, Roorkee

Computer & Internet Ÿ Dr. Girish Kr. Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of MCA, Bhai Parmanand Inst. of Busi. Studies, Sakarpur, Delhi Ÿ Dr. Deepak Arya, HOD, Deptt. of IT, Roorkee Institute of Technology, Roorkee (Haridwar) U.K. Ÿ Dr. Sarvjeet Singh Bhatia, Prof., Deptt. of Comp. Science, Khalsa College, Patiala Ÿ Dr. Rekha Chaudhary, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Comp. Science, Govt. Engg. College, Bharatpur, Rajasthan

Commerce Ÿ Dr. S.C. Bhatnagar, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Commerce, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP) Ÿ Dr. Naveen Kr. Garg, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, Sambhu Dayal P.G. College, Ghaziabad (UP) Ÿ Dr. A.K.Jain, Associate Prof. Deptt. of Commerce, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP) Ÿ Dr. M. L. Gupta, Associate Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, S.S.V.P.G.College, Meerut Ÿ Dr. Anurag Agarwal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, S.S. P.G. College, Shahjahanpur (UP) Ÿ Dr. Chandrapal, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Commerce, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK)

Visual Art Ÿ Dr. Ram Sabad Singh, Retd. Head, Deptt. of Drawing & Painting, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP) Ÿ Dr. Alka Arya, Associate Professor, Department of Drawing & Painting, S.S.D.P.C. Girls PG College, Roorkee (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Ishwar Chand Gupta, Associate Professor, Department of Fine Arts, D. S. (P.G.) College, Aligarh (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Madhu Jain, Associate Professor, Department of Drawing & Painting, M.L.J.N.K. Girls PG College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Mahesh Kumar, Associate Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Drawing & Painting, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (UP)

Journalism / Media Ÿ Dr. Yogesh Yogi, Bureau Chief, Amar Ujala City, Haridwar, Uttarakhand Ÿ Mr. Shiveshwar Dutt Pandey, Publisher/Owner/Chief Editor, The Gram Today, Distt.- Haridwar, Uttarakhand

Environment Ÿ Dr. Manjul Dhiman, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Botany, D.A.V.P.G. College, Roorkee (Haridwar) Uttarakhand

Home Science Ÿ Dr. Renu Gautam, Asst. Prof., Deptt. of Home Science, Govt. PG College, Augustyamuni (UK) Ÿ Dr. Hemlata Sexena, Retd. Prof., Deptt. of Home Science, M.K.P. Girls P.G. College, Dehradun (U.K.) Ÿ Dr. Bindu Nautiyal, Lecturer, Govt. Girls Inter College, Purola, Distt.-Uttarkashi (U.K.)

- 3 - Social Work Ÿ Mrs. Shashi Rani, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Social Work, University of Delhi, Delhi Ÿ Dr. Uma Bhahuguna, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of Soc./Social Work, HNB Garhwal Central Uni., Srinagar (Uttarakhand)

LINGUISTICS (Hindi, English & Sanskrit) :

English Ÿ Dr. Nalini Jain, Associate Prof. & HOD, Deptt. of English, S.M.J.N. P.G. College, Haridwar (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Indu Sharma, Associate Prof., Deptt. of English, J.V.Jain College, Saharanpur (UP) Ÿ Dr. Madhuri Rawat, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of English, Deptt. of English, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Parul Jain, Asstt. Prof., Deptt. of English, B.S.M. P.G. College, Roorkee, Distt.-Haridwar, Uttarakhand Ÿ Dr. Praveen Kumar, Principal, Ch. Bharat Singh Institute of Educational Courses, Jhabrera, Distt.-Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

Hindi Ÿ Dr. Bihari Lal Yadav, Asso. Professor, Deptt. of Hindi, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni, Rudraprayag (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Nirmala Sharma, Asso. Prof., Deptt. of Hindi, M.L.J.N.K. Girls P.G. College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Vidula Singh, Retd. & Head, Deptt. of Hindi, J.V. Jain College, Saharanpur (U.P.) Ÿ Dr. Nidhi Chhabra, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Hindi, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni (UK)

Sanskrit Ÿ Dr. Sita Ram Naithani, Asstt. Professor, Deptt. of Hindi, Govt. PG College. Augustyamuni (Uttarakhand) Ÿ Dr. Sanjeev Bhatt, Asstt. Prof., Govt. PG College, Pokhaal, Tehri Garhwal (UK)

RECENT NATIONALREFEREEDJOURNAL ISSN 2278-5949 EDUCATIONAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCHES

Y Apr.-May-Jun. Journal Published Jul.-Aug.-Sep. Quarterly Oct.-Nov.-Dec. on Jan.-Feb.-Mar. 15th of the Apr., Jul., Oct., Jan.

QUARTERL

Email : [email protected] www.recentjournals.in

- 4 - EDITOR’s Desk...

Dearly esteemed readers, We feel honoured to bring to you the second issue of our National Refereed Journal “Recent Researches in Social Sciences & Humanities' with multi-disciplinary approach. This issue brings together twenty nine scholarly papers by academicians and professionals. We hope that to the students, scholars and researchers engaged unwearied in the edifying job of exploring hidden treasures, unfathomed and unmeasured as yet, this journal will offer a richly precious and rewarding reading. This journal offers a sumptuous feast of knowledge and learning in the guise of papers on a fascinating variety of subjects viz English Literature, Economics, Education, Psychology, Law, Sociology, Social Work, Political Science, Visual Art, Physical Education, Commerce and Language Hindi. We extend our thanks and greeting to all of you for your kind support in making it a success.

- Chief Editor

Editorial Office

787, New Shiv Puram, Near Pushp Vidya Mandir School, Paniyala Road, ROORKEE - 247667 Distt.-Haridwar [ Uttarakhand ] India

Contact : +91-9412999793, +91-9319056411 E-mail : [email protected]

All rights reserved

- 5 - CONTENTS S.No. Titles & Author/s Pages

1. ASSESSMENT OF THE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE: THE CASE STUDY OF GEDEO ZONE MUNICIPALITIES Ram Prasad Pal & Tagesse Mathewos 8-16 2. PEER ASSISTED LEARNING FOR STUDENTS ATTEMPTING COMPETITIVE EXAMS Sangeeta N. Pawar 17-19 3. PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND ADJUSTMENT OF HOSTLER AND NON-HOSTLER STUDENTS OF JAMMU UNIVERSITY Chandra Shekhar, Princy Koul & Farhana Akhtar 20-24 4. AN ANALYSIS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY OF MARGINALIZED POPULATION IN INDIA Shashi Rani 25-28 5. ROLE OF BOARD OF DIRECTORS IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Dinesh Sharma, Jayalaxmi Sharma & Mohd Arif 29-36 6. GENDER ISSUE INCLUDING WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND HIV/AIDS Krishna Chandra Choudhary 37-43 7. NEW ELECTRONIC MEDIA – A HARBINGER OF UNITY AND CO-OPERATION AMONG SAARC NATIONS Santhosh Mathew 44-50 8. A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS Jitendra Kumar 51-58 9. MORTAL BEAUTIES PASS AWAY, NONE, BUT NOT THOSE OF ART… Anita Sharma 59-63 10. BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA VISION 2020 Ajay Singh Yadav 64-68 11. IMPACT OF SELECTED YOGIC EXERCISES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIABLES Kamlesh Sandhu, Rakam Singh Sandhu & Usha 69-73 12. POSITION AND STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE NILMATAPURANA Mohammad Yaqoob Allie 74-75 13. ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ij ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds izHkko dk v/;;u xkSfl;k ,oa fiz;adk lDlsuk 76-82 14. vuwlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ,oa fpUrk Lrj dk v/;;u ftrsUæ dqekj 83-88 15. fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k ,oa Hkkjr eqds'k dqekj xqIrk 89-93 16. cSafdax dk fodkl iFk & lkgwdkj ls bZ&cSafdax rd olq/kk vxzoky 94-97 17. iapk;rhjkt ,oa efgyk l'kDrhdj.k iwue Hkw”k.k 98-101

- 6 - CONTENTS S.No. Titles & Author/s Pages

18. jktLFkku ds /kkfeZd lfg’ .kqrk ds lao/kZu esa tSu ewfrZdyk dk ;ksxnku jfoUæ Vsyj 102-107

19. vkradokn %% jk’ Vªh; lqj{kk ds le{k pqukSrh larks”k dqekj flag 108-112

20. ngst ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk ,d v/;;u fdjuckyk ,oa rjUuqe tgkW 113-117

21. mÙkjk[k.M ds ifjizs{; esa fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u & f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj euksjek 'kekZ 118-121

22. nqX/k mRikndksa dh dk;Z n'kk,sa ,oa leL;kvksa dk lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u doythr dkSj 122-126

23. rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ ds ifjçs{; esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u jktho dqekj 127-132

24. dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk esa f'ko ds fofo/k Lo:i ¼ dqekÅ¡ e.My ds lanHkZ esa ½ latho vk;Z ,oa dSyk'k flag 133-136

25. ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk :i laLFkkiu vuqjk/kk vk;Z 137-138

26. dqekÅ¡ ds e/;fgeky; {ks= esa dk’ B vk/kkfjr gLrf'kYi latho vk;kZ ,oa uhye fc”V 139-142

27. dchj ok.kh esa yksdrRo Hkkouk vxzoky 143-146

28. Xk<++oky ls fgUnh dfo;kas ds dkO; esa ukjh psruk deys'k dqekj feJ 147-151

29. lekt esa ukjh dk LFkku jkt th oekZ 152-157

The views and ideas expressed in the articles are the exclusive opinions of the authors and has nothing to do with the opinions of Recent Educational & Psychological Researches. Publisher and Editorial Board does not own any responsibility. Authors are liable for any copyright clearance, Factual inaccuracies and views expressed in their papers.

- 7 - RECENT RESEARCHES in NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2 SOCIALSCIENCESHUMANITIES& REFEREED JOURNAL Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 08 - 16 ISSN 2348 – 3318 ASSESSMENTOFTHECHALLENGESAND PROSPECTSOFGOODGOVERNANCE:THECASESTUDY OFGEDEOZONEMUNICIPALITIES

Ram Prasad Pal Tagesse Mathewos Assistant Professor* Lecturer* *Deptt. of Public Adm. and Development Management, Dilla University, P.O. Box 419, Dilla, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT 'If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, no controls on government would be necessary. In framing a government of men over men, the great difficulty lies in this: You must first enable the government to control the governed, and in the next place oblige it to control itself.' - James Madison This study is concerned with some of the municipalities found in Gedeo zone. This is mainly because, especially in Ethiopia where many people are poor, municipalities are very sensitive areas because of the nature of services they provide to the citizens. On the other hand, because of different challenges and constraints, municipalities are also among the areas commonly blamed for lack of good governance. So, it is highly susceptible area that can be exposed to bad governance. Because of this, according to the researchers, currently municipalities are different at least to some extent, from other offices in the public sector. The researchers of this study, because of above reasons, strongly believe that municipalities are one of the most important areas that need the realization and existence of practical good governance. In Gedeo zone, there are about six woreds and two town administrations. There are also various municipalities at different levels. In the municipalities of the zone, there is a variety of challenges that are negatively contributing to the development of the culture of good governance and practicality of its indicators. Meanwhile the municipalities have opportunities that are not properly utilized to realize good governance. This study is based on both primary and secondary data, the main data collection tools employed in this study were questionnaires, interview and documentary review. This study showed that the condition of good governance in the municipalities of Gedeo zone is not satisfactory. Thus, it is recommended that the municipalities should promote accountability, transparency and rule of laws, enhance the participation of local communities in municipal developments. It is also recommended that municipalities should find qualified and competent human resource administrators for municipal service provision as much as possible.

Key words & Abbreviations Challenges of Good Governance : constraints that are hindering the effective implementation of the issues and principles of good governance. Prospects of Good Governance : opportunities which are there but not properly used in the process of exercising good governance. Woreda : refers to administrative subdivision of a Zone, which is the basic administrative unit of a national or regional government

INTRODUCTION Background of the study There is strong evidence that governance matters in accelerating development and in reducing poverty in most countries of the world. Advocates have linked the advancement of a variety of issues to improved governance. Since the end of the 1980s, the issue of good governance, as an instrument for sustainable development and poverty

- 08 - ASSESSMENTOFTHECHALLENGESAND RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL PROSPECTSOFGOODGOVERNANCE:THECASE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 08-16 , ISSN 2348 – 3318 STUDYOFGEDEOZONEMUNICIPALITIES Ram Prasad Pal & Tagesse Mathewos

alleviation, has gained widespread acknowledgment, especially among international organizations. It has also been dominating the international discussion about development and international assistance to developing countries. The idea of good governance was first introduced by the World Bank in 1989 to characterize the crisis in sub Sahara Africa as a crisis of governance has become increasingly popular among the donors. The term good governance became a buzzword in this era and has swept public attention in the last decades. In recent years, good governance has got the interest of public administrators, economists, political scientists, lawyers, politicians, national institutions and institutions of World Bank (WB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF). Good governance promotes accountability, transparency, participation, efficiency, effectiveness, equitability and rule of law in public institutions at all levels. It also allows for sound and efficient management of human, natural, economic, and financial resources for equitable and sustainable development. Moreover, under good governance, there are clear decision making procedures at the level of public authorities, civil society participation in decision-making processes, and the ability to enforce rights and obligations through legal mechanisms. Sustainable development, social cohesion and environmental management are dependent on governance and efficient public sector management. Hence, good governance is representative of successful public sector reform programs that promotes equity and sustainable development.1 Good governance creates a good environment to higher income, reduces poverty, and provides better social and political indicators. It is crucial to the development process because it is mainly concerned with averting abuse of power and corruption, and promoting respect of the rule of law in the process of decision-making. It is very difficult to think effective management of a country's social and economic resources in a manner that is transparent, accountable, and equitable without the existence and practical applicability of the indicators of good governance. A weak governance system compromises the delivery of services and benefits to those who need them most.2 Citizens of many developing countries would be better off, if public life were conducted within institutions that are recognized for practically applying the indicators of good governance which may include; fairness, judiciousness, transparency, accountability, participation, responsiveness, well- management, efficiency and effectiveness among others. In other words, many of the conditions and indicators of good governance are laudable goals in and of themselves; the efficient use of resources, the effective delivery of services, responsiveness to the poor majority. Good governance is also pointed out as one of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and an agenda for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. It is perhaps the single most important factor in eradicating poverty and promoting development.3 To achieve the economic and social development, strengthening good governance is assumed to play a key role especially in mobilizing human and capital resources. With regard to this, the current government of Ethiopia has committed itself to eradicate poverty by introducing proven economic strategies in tandem with good governance. As part of Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), the government planned and has been striving to realize and strengthen the implementation of good governance and to address the bottlenecks in its implementation processes among other measures. However, the government still is facing many challenges in the effort to put the principles of good governance into ground. Hence, strengthening good governance and democratic system is crucial and paves ways to economic and social development.

Statement of the Problem Good governance is a very broad and multi-dimensional concept. However, some of the common parameters that are going to be addressed in one way or another are the level of accountability, transparency, participation, efficiency, effectiveness, equitability and inclusiveness, responsiveness, rule of law, fairness, and well-management in public institutions at all levels including municipalities. Good governance allows for sound and efficient management of human, natural, economic, and financial resources for equitable and sustainable development. The success of development is dependent on good governance; therefore, it is an essential precondition to ensure positive changes particularly in developing nations like Ethiopia. On the other hand, lack of good governance distorts the economy through the waste and misallocation of scarce resources and neglects citizens' fundamental need for food, shelter, health, and education. Its inadequacy also results in creating an artificial need for external assistance to compensate for irresponsible management of local resources. Lack of good governance hampers the efficient and effective delivery of goods and services to the large public in a transparent and responsive way. It also leads to deep-rooted corruption. This finally results in extreme poverty and also seriously affects the move towards development. Nowadays, in all parts of the world, it is very difficult to assume transformation towards positive ends without good-governance. In other words, it is unthinkable to think multidimensional and

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sustainable development particularly in developing countries without having proper and practical good governance. This is because lack of good governance paves the way to mismanagement of scarce public resources. This, on the other hand, undermines social, political and economic development of the already less developed countries of the world. It also greatly hampers the efforts and strives made by these developing nations, like Ethiopia, to get out of chronic poverty. The current government of Ethiopia has committed itself to eradicate poverty by introducing proven economic strategies in tandem with good governance. To realize these strategies and programs, presently the Government has prepared Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) and is making effort to implement it in an efficient and effective way. This plan is assumed to be achieved in the next two years. In line with this, one of the most important concerns of the GTP is how to improve the good governance situation of the country. Therefore, good governance is assumed to play a key role in increasing public trust and allocation of public resources in an efficient and effective manner for the development of the country. With this regard, the government has given special emphasis to put the principles of good governance into ground in all the sectors of the economy. However, still there are many challenges that are not properly controlled until recently. Despite the efforts of the local and national governments and the assistance of the international community to the development and realization of good governance, the current state of good governance in Ethiopia is not satisfactory. This is mainly because of varied constraints in putting the indicators of good governance into practice particularly at the lower levels of the governments and their municipalities. As a result, there are growing threats in delivery of efficient and effective public services to the community and in ensuring sustainable development. When we come to the Gedeo Zone municipalities, the present condition of good governance is inadequate. There are challenges in realizing the principles of good governance in the municipalities. Specifically, existence of rent seeking thinking and spread of corruption in the delivery of municipal services, and non-uniform and discriminatory application and implementation of laws, regulations, and policies in the process of municipal service provision are among the major constraints. In addition, the leadership of the municipalities' has shown less commitment in realizing good governance. Moreover, ensuring commitment from the employees', filling positions with qualified and competent workforce, and preparing published performance standards are among the challenges that are given less emphasis. Lack of budget that helps to provide trainings on the principles of good governance, lack of sufficient understanding, both from the employees and the leadership side, on the principles of good governance, and lack of institutional capacity of the municipalities are some of the common challenges that the municipalities have been facing. The researchers of this study have been working in the zone where this research was conducted for the past six years. This has given the researchers an opportunity to be familiar with the situations of good governance in the municipalities of the zone. This has also enabled them to observe some of the challenges mentioned above. In addition, though municipalities in Ethiopia are one of the commonly blamed areas for lack of good governance, there are no sufficient literatures and research works conducted on the topic under the study particularly in Gedeo zone and its municipalities. Because of these, the researchers believe that it is an appropriate and priority issue to assess the challenges and prospects of good governance in the municipalities of Gedeo zone.

RQESEARCH UESTIONS 1. What are the major challenges or constraints of good governance in Gedeo zone municipalities? 2. What are the measures taken by the municipalities to solve the major challenges and problems of good governance? 3. What are the opportunities in the municipalities for the possible success of good governance in the future? 4. To what extent the principles of good governance are aware to the employees of each municipality so as effectively carry out them? 5. What do you think of the solutions to the major challenges of good governance and how to harness the prospects of good governance for its future success in Gedeo zone municipalities?

OSBJECTIVES OF THE TUDY A. General Objective To assess the challenges of good governance in Gedeo zone municipalities so as to forward some workable recommendations and to examine opportunities for its future success. B. Specific Objectives

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· To identify the major challenges of good governance in Gedeo zone municipalities. · To identify the measures taken, by the municipalities in the zone, in order to solve the essential challenges of good governance. · To identify the opportunities in the municipalities of the zone for the success of good governance in the future. · To analyze to what extent the elements of good governance are aware to the employees of the Gedeo zone municipalities. · To give workable recommendations to the basic challenges of good governance based on the major findings of the study so as to ensure efficient and effective public services delivery in the municipalities of the zone.

SSIGNIFICANCE OF THE TUDY Many Researchers are mainly conducting researches either to solve practical social problems or add valid knowledge to the existing ones. Therefore, this study, in one way or another, is expected to have the following significance. · To identify the major challenges and the prospects of good governance in the study area. · To identify some of the measures taken by the municipalities of the zone in order to solve the basic constraints of good governance in the municipalities. · To provide valuable information to information seekers regarding the major challenges of good governance in the municipalities of the zone. · To provide an input to authorities of the municipalities and decision makers for the future actions. · Leave ideas for further research.

RMUESEARCH ETHODOLOGY SED The purpose of this study was to assess the challenges and the prospects of good governance. Therefore, a mixed research design was used to conduct the research. Both quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used. Target Population The target population for this study was all the municipalities in Gedeo zone.

Sample size and Sampling Techniques There are six woredas and two town administrations in the zone under the study. So, using simple random sampling technique, three woreda municipalities were selected. Yirgachaffee and Dilla town administrations were included as part of the study purposively. This is because the two town administrations are relatively older and assumed to have sufficient experience. In order to gather sufficient and relevant data for the study, all of the employees from the three woreds and Yirgachafee town administration were included as a source of primary data using census. This is because of their small size. In the case of Dilla town administration, from the 81 total populations, about 50 were selected as part of study using simple random sampling technique which is more than proportional to their size. Generally, a total of 124 respondents were included as part of the study. Data Collection Tools Both primary and secondary sources of data were used in this study. The primary data was gathered through questionnaires distributed to 124 respondents and returned only 106 (85.5%), interview conducted with 10 interviewees. Thus, it makes a total of 116 respondents. Secondary data was obtained from relevant books, references and annual reports and other unpublished materials. Therefore, the main data collection tools employed in this study were questionnaires, interview and documentary review. Data Analysis The data collected from primary and secondary sources using various methods and techniques were then documented, organized and analyzed. The major findings were also summarized and presented using descriptive statistical tools like frequency distribution and percentages. Data Interpretation To obtain relevant information with regard to the topic under this study, a questionnaire comprised closed - 11 - ASSESSMENTOFTHECHALLENGESAND RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL PROSPECTSOFGOODGOVERNANCE:THECASE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 08-16 , ISSN 2348 – 3318 STUDYOFGEDEOZONEMUNICIPALITIES Ram Prasad Pal & Tagesse Mathewos

and open-ended questions. Interview questions were also included. However, all the distributed questionnaires were not returned by the respondents. For instance, of the total 124 questionnaires, 106 questionnaires were returned whereas 18 were not returned due to different reasons. In general, of the total number of 124 questionnaires, 106, which represent 85.5%, returned. So, these returned questionnaires together with responses from the interview were analyzed and interpreted, the results of which are as follows. Table 1 shows the general characteristics of the respondents of the study in terms of their age, sex, work experience and educational status. Table 1: Background of respondents

Respondents

No Items Percentage (No) 1 Sex A.Male 80 75.5 B. Female 26 24.5 2 Age A. 18-20 years 06 5.7 B. 21-30 years 56 52.8 C. 31-40 years 34 32 D. 41-50 years 10 9.5 E. 51 years and above - - 3 Educational Status A. 10th or 12th Complete 09 8.5 B. College Diploma 54 50.9 C. BA/BSC 35 33 D.MA/MSCandabove 08 7.5 4 Study Areas A. Accounting and Finance 09 8.5 B. Public Administration 21 19.8 C. Engineering fields 12 11.3 D. Business Management 17 16 E.M Economics 15 14.2 F. Urban Management 23 21.7 G.Others 09 8.5 5 Work Experience A. Below 5years 23 21.7 B. 6-10 years 57 53.8 C. 11-16 years 20 18.9 D. 17-20 years 6 5.6 E. Above 20 years - - Total 106 100%

Item no.1, relating to sex, in table 1 shows that of the total respondents 80(75.5%) are males and only 26(24.5%) are females. So, it can be concluded that most of the municipalities of the zone are managed and dominated by the male civil servants. Item no. 2 of the same table shows that in relation to respondent's age 56(52.8%) were found in the age group of 21-30, 34 (32%) in 31-40, 10(9.5%) in 41-50 years. From this, it can be said that most of the municipalities of the zone are managed by those civil servants who are in the productive age group. Item no.3 of the above table which shows that 9(8.5%) have completed only secondary education, 54(50.9%) hold diploma and 35(33%) hold graduate degree and only 8 (7.5%) hold post-graduate qualifications. Therefore, the conclusion is that most of the civil servants of the municipalities are not qualified and have not the capacity to fit the position. Item no. 4 indicates that of the total respondents 9 (8.5%) are Accounting and Finance, 21(19.8%) Public Administration, 12 (11.3%) Engineering fields, 15(14.2%) Management Economics,23 (21.7%) urban management and public administration. Finally, with regard to respondents' work experience, item no.5 indicates that of the total respondents 23(21.7%) have below 5 years experience in current sector, 57(53.8) have 6-10 years experience, 20 (18.9%) have 11-16 years experience and 6(5.6%) of respondents have 17-20 years in this current sector. This indicates that most of the civil servants of the municipalities have not much experience.

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Table 2 Present condition of Good Governance in the Municipalities of Gedeo Zone Respondents No Items Responses No % 1 Is there a separate department in Yes - - your municipality responsible for No 97 91.5 provision of trainings on the reform I don’t know 9 8.5 issues including good governance? Total 106 100 2 Do you think that the present Yes 11 10.4 condition of good governance in your No 89 83.9 municipality is adequate I don’t know 6 5.7 /satisfactory? Total 106 100

From the above table (2), item 1 relating to department and provision of trainings of the municipality, majority 97(91.5%) of the total respondents confirmed that there is no separate department and the provision of trainings on the issue of good governance in their municipalities, again 9(8.5%) responded that they don't know whether there is a separate department in their municipality so as to provide trainings on reform issues. Thus, from the above analysis, it could be understood that the municipalities in the zone have no separate department to provide appropriate and effective trainings on the reform issues including good governance. On the item no.2 in the same table, in regard to the present condition of good governance, the great majority 89(83.9%) of the total respondents responded that the condition is not satisfactory, 11(10.4%) agreed that the present condition of good governance is adequate, and 6(5.7%) replied that they don't know whether the present condition of good governance is adequate. In addition, the information gathered through the interviews made with the heads of the municipalities and discussion made with focused group participants indicates that the present condition of good governance is unsatisfactory. Therefore, overall conclusion is that the present condition of good governance in Gedeo zone municipalities is not adequate.

Table 3 Challenges that has been facing in the effort to exercise Good Governance Respondents No Items Responses No % 1 Do you think that there are major Yes 104 98.1 challenges your municipalities No 2 1.9 have been facing to exercise good I don’t know -- governance in a complete way? Total 106 100 2 If your response for question no. 1 Lack of qualified man power 95 93.1 is “Yes”, which of the following Lack of standardized performance standards 85 83.3 challenges of good governance are Lack of commitment of the employees 98 96 common in your municipality? Lack of Institutional Capacity 72 70.6 Lack of commitment from the management 100 98 realizing good governance. Lack of inputs or budget that help to exercise 75 73.5 the principles of good governance. From the above table (3), item 1, relating to major challenges of the municipalities, 104(98.1%) expressed that their municipalities have been facing challenges in the process and effort to exercise good governance, only 2(1.9%) disagreed. The interviews made with the coordinators/heads and the discussion made with focus group participants show that the municipalities have been facing challenges to exercise good governance in its complete way. This implies that all of the municipalities in the zone have been facing challenges in the exercise of good governance. On the item no. 2, in the same table (3), which concerns with challenges of good governance, are common in their municipality, about 100(98%) of the total respondents responded that lack of commitment of the management in realizing good governance, and 98(96%) and 95(93.1%) responded lack of commitment from the employees and - 13 - ASSESSMENTOFTHECHALLENGESAND RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL PROSPECTSOFGOODGOVERNANCE:THECASE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 08-16 , ISSN 2348 – 3318 STUDYOFGEDEOZONEMUNICIPALITIES Ram Prasad Pal & Tagesse Mathewos

lack of qualified manpower respectively. Overall conclusion is that lack of commitment of the management and of the employees', and lack of qualified manpower are common challenges in the exercise of good governance in the most of municipalities of the zone. Table 4 Measures taken to address the challenges of Good Governance Respondents No Question Items No. % 1 What are the measures A. Conducted employment of qualified and 19 18.3 taken by your skilled man power. municipality to solve the B. Provided training to the employees on major challenges of good the issues and principles of good 23 22.1 governance? governance. C. Published performance standards for various public services provided by the 15 14.4 municipality. D. Participated employees, customers and other stakeholders on the decision 12 11.5 making process of the municipality. E. Punished and dismissed employees who 09 8.6 are found corrupt. F. Effectively implemented the change tools 27 25.5 like BPR, BSC and Kaizen. G. Formation of different groupings. 32 30.7 From the above table (4), items relating to measures taken to address the challenges of good governance in the Municipalities, 19(18.3%) of the respondents replied that the municipalities have conducted employment of qualified and skilled manpower, again 23(22.1%) responded that it has provided training to the employees on the issues and principles of good governance, about 15(14.4%) of the respondents answered published performance standards for various public services provided by the municipality, 12(11.5%) responded that the municipalities participated employees, customers and other stakeholders on the decision making process, again 9(8.6%) said that it has punished and dismissed employees who are found corrupt, again 27(25.5%) replied that it has effectively implemented the change tools like BPR,BSC and Kaizen and the rest 32(30.7%) answered formation of different groupings. Overall conclusion is that implementing the tools of management or change like BPR and BSC, providing training to their employees on the issues and principles of good governance and conducting employment of qualified and skilled man power were the most important measures the municipalities have taken to solve the challenges of good governance. Table 5 The opportunities in the municipalities for the success of good governance No Question Items Respondents 1 In your opinion, A. A greatest concern is given for good governance by the 3 2.8 what are the government at the country level. opportunities or B. Strong implementation of the tools of change like BPRand 6 5.6 prospects in your BSC so as to ensure good governance. municipality for C. Determination of your municipality’s leadership in taking 2 1.9 success of good initiation to realize the principles of good governan ce. governance in the D. Formation of different groupings and its effective future? implementation in order to provide effective and efficient 5 4.7 services to the customers. E. Development of implementation and awareness packages 5 4.7 on good governance. F. All of the above are answers 85 80.2 Total 106 100%

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From the above table (5), items relating to opportunities in the municipalities for the success of good governance, 3(2.8%) of the respondents replied that a great concern is given for good governance by the government at the country level, 6(5.6%) said that the strong implementation of the tools of change like BPR and BSC so as to ensure good governance, only 2(1.9%) responded that determination of municipality's leadership in taking initiation to realize the principles of good governance, again 5(4.7%) replied that formation of different groupings and its implementation in order to provide effective and efficient services to the customers, again the same percentage responded that the development of implementation and awareness packages on good governance and majority 85(80.2%) agreed all of the above were answers. The overall conclusion is that the greatest concern given for good governance by the government at the country level, strong implementation of the tools of management or change like BPR and BSC, determination of leadership in taking initiation to realize the principles of good governance, and formation of different groupings and its effective implementation in the process of providing effective and efficient services to the customers are the major opportunities that can effectively be used by the municipalities to their success in exercising good governance. Table 6 Suggested solutions to the challenges of good governance in Dedeo Zone Municipalities Respondents No Question Items No % 1 What do you think the A. Filling positions with qualified and skilled man po wer 10 9.4 solutions to the major B. Providing series of trainings on the issues of good 36 33.9 problems or challenges of governance to officials and employees of the municip ality. good governance and to C. Creating awareness about good governance on the part of its future success in your the municipal service users in order to enable them to 12 11.3 municipality so as to challenge in the absence of good organization governa nce. ensure efficient and D. Establish institutional framework for good governance 6 5.8 effective public service implementation follow up. delivery? E. Having published performance standards and manualsof 3 2.8 good governance. F. Building institutional capacity of the municipaliti es. 7 6.6 G. Commitment from the management/leadership. 28 26.4 H. Carrying out various activities of the municipalities benchmarking or centering the principles of good 4 3.8 governance. From the above table (6), items relating to suggesting solutions to the major challenges of good governance, particularly, to its future success in the municipalities of Gedeo Zone and to ensure efficient and effective public service delivery, 36(33.9%), 28(26.4%), 12 (11.3%), and 10(9.4%) of the total respondents have identified providing series of trainings on the issues of good governance to the officials and the employees of the municipalities, commitment from the management/ leadership, creating awareness about good governance to the municipal service users in order to enable them to challenge in the absence of good organizational governance, filling positions with qualified and skilled man power are identified as important solutions to the challenges of good governance respectively. The remaining 7(6.6%), 6(5.8%), 4(3.8%), and 3(2.8%) of the total respondents responded that building institutional capacity of the municipalities, establishing institutional framework for good governance implementation follow up, carrying out various activities of the municipalities benchmarking or centering the principles of good governance, and having published performance standards and manuals of good governance are some of the solutions to the challenges of good governance respectively. Overall conclusion is that providing series of training on the issues of good governance to officials and employees of the municipalities, commitment from the management, creating awareness about good governance to the municipal service users in order to enable them to challenge in the absence of good organization governance, and filling positions with qualified and skilled man power are the major solutions to the challenges of good governance and to its future success in the municipalities as well as to ensure efficient and effective public service delivery. FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Findings The main purpose of this study was to assess the challenges and prospects of good governance in Gedeo Zone Municipalities. - 15 - ASSESSMENTOFTHECHALLENGESAND RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL PROSPECTSOFGOODGOVERNANCE:THECASE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 08-16 , ISSN 2348 – 3318 STUDYOFGEDEOZONEMUNICIPALITIES Ram Prasad Pal & Tagesse Mathewos

From the analysis and interpretation of the data, the following findings can be identified. · In regard to present condition and consequences of good governance, about 91.5% of the respondents revealed that there was no separate department in the municipalities responsible for the provision of trainings on the issues of good governance. · 83.9% confirmed that the condition of good governance in the municipalities of Gedeo zone is not satisfactory. 96% reported negative consequences to happen to the municipalities if there is no good governance and lack of efficient and effective service provision by the municipalities to their clients. · 98.1% of the responses show that lack of commitment from the management/leadership and employees, lack of qualified man power are common challenges of good governance in the municipalities of the zone. · 80.2% of the respondents responded that the though greatest concern given for good governance by the government at the country level, still there is problem in its effective implementation. · 78.3% of the respondents' emphasized that there was no practice of providing awareness creation trainings to the employees and the managers of the municipalities on the issues of good governance. CONCLUSION Based on the data analysis and interpretation, particularly the major findings, the conclusion drawn is that the municipalities in Gedeo zone have been facing challenges. Lack of commitment from the leadership and the employees, lack of qualified and skilled manpower, lack of proper implementation of laws, regulations, and policies in the process of municipal service provision are identified as the major challenges of good governance. In addition, the municipalities have been facing challenges because of absence of efficient and effective service delivery to the customers. However, the municipalities didn't prove necessary effort and commitment to solve the severe challenges of good governance. Therefore, municipalities should have a separate department to train their employees on the issues and principles of good governance. Though there were many opportunities already existing in the municipalities so as to satisfactorily implement good governance, the municipalities did not utilize these prospects in the process of exercising good governance as to the expectations. With this regard, the leadership in the municipalities of the Gedeo zone was not playing a leading role particularly in the process of familiarizing good governance. This has led to the low level of development of good governance in the municipalities. Therefore, by providing proper trainings and awareness creating on the issues of good governance, filling positions with qualified and skilled man power, among other things, it is possible to solve the challenges of good governance in the municipalities. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the identified findings, the following possible recommendations may be made for better working of the municipalities in Gedeo zone. · It will be better to promote accountability, transparency, participation, efficiency, effectiveness and rule of laws in public institutions including municipalities. On the other hand, if governance of a given organization is filled with challenges, it can never achieve its objectives and goals for which it is established. · It is very important to make local communities aware or understand the way good governance operates. This can help to enhance the participation of local communities in municipal development. · It will be better, if the municipalities have to provide series of trainings to the officials and the community to solve the challenges of good governance. These trainings must focus on the issues of corruption in the delivery of municipal services, implementation of laws, regulations and policies in the process of municipal services and principles of good governance. · The study shows that lack of qualified and competent man power can affect the development of municipalities. Thus, it will be better, if adequate and continuous training is provided to those persons who are recruited to the municipalities. · The municipalities should take proactive measures in order to solve the challenges of good governance. REFERENCES 1. Mezgebe Gebrekiristos (2007): Beginning to Begin: Good Governance in the Next Ethiopian Millennium. 2. Adel.M.Abdellatif (2003): “Good Governance and its Relationship to Democracy and Economic Development” a paper presented at the Global Forum III on Fighting Corruption and Safeguarding Integrity, Seoul. 3. Merilee Grindle (2008): Good Governance: The Inflation of an Idea, Harvard Kennedy School, Faculty Research Working Paper Series. - 16 - RECENT RESEARCHES in NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2 SOCIALSCIENCESHUMANITIES& REFEREED JOURNAL Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 17 - 19 ISSN 2348 – 3318

PEERASSISTEDLEARNINGFORSTUDENTS ATTEMPTINGCOMPETITIVEEXAMS Sangeeta N. Pawar Associate Professor in Commerce Department of Commerce, University of Mumbai

ABSTRACT Remedial coaching is provided to students and learners who can cope up with their normal course work of who are slow learners. Such students take more time to understand a concept or a any subject due to low grasping level, low intelligence level Some students are low in mental speed, numerical ability, comprehension or even communication. Students who are slow learners may have difficulty in their cognitive system or have memory failures. In this research paper the researcher has observed and studies the Peer Assisted Learning (PAL) Strategy as a successful measure for making the slow learners to learn better. In this paper the researcher has tried to work out a specific planning of the PAL for Students who are selected through screening CET test for admitting them for the UPSC –Competitive Exam Guidance Centre at University of Mumbai. The students have been selected for the experimentation on PAL and a specific strategy is adopted to arrive at appropriate results in improving the performance of slow learners. 32 students who are regular in attendance but have some or the other problem related to grasping of studies , out of the batch of 50 students who are admitted in the coaching center are selected.

INTRODUCTION Statistics show that two out of every ten students in a class are slow learners. There are two kinds of slow learners. The first is the student who does not learn successfully due to general socio-cultural problems, frustrating past classroom experiences, inadequate use of strategies, or lack of interest. The second type of slow learner is the student formally diagnosed as "learning-disabled" by specialists in child psychology. Remedial teaching is a specialised instructional programme provided to those learners who are unable to cope up with the normal learning pace and who need special attention. In this study the students selected are from competitive exam guidance centre. These students are selected through screening test by a state funded autonomous agency at Pune and are operating coaching centres at various universities in Maharashtra. The students are mostly from rural background and have completed their graduation and Post Graduation from Nagpur, Latur, Aurangabad, Nashik, Amravati, Jalgaon, Pune etc. The UPSC exam Course Plan is divided in different subjects namely General studies and CSAT as follows PAPER I: GENERAL STUDIES 1. Current events of national and international importance 2. History of India and Indian National Movement 3. Indian and World Geography‐ Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World. 4. Indian Polity and Governance‐ Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc. 5. Economic and Social Development‐ Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc. 6. General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio‐‐ diversity and Climate Change that do not require subject specialization 7. General Science PAPER-II:(CIVIL SERVICES) APTITUDE TEST 1. Comprehension 2. Interpersonal skills including communication skills; 3. Logical reasoning and analytical ability - 17 - PEERASSISTEDLEARNINGFORSTUDENTS RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL ATTEMPTINGCOMPETITIVEEXAMS REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 17-19 , ISSN 2348 – 3318 Sangeeta N. Pawar

4. Decision making and problem solving 5 General mental ability 6. Basic numeracy (numbers and their relations, orders of magnitude, etc.) (Class X level), Data interpretation (charts, graphs, tables, data sufficiency etc Class X level) 7. English Language Comprehension skills (Class X level).

SAMPLING The PAL strategy was tried out on a sample of 32 students from Competitive exam guidance centre of University of Mumbai. There is batch of 50 students and the identified students who are slow learners were 32. These students were admitted in the centre through a screening test. Out of 50 students 32 students were from non English speaking background, they had their schooling in their mother tongue marathi These students were divided in equal numbers 32 each into experimental control groups.

M:ETHODOLOGY A pre test post test experimental group design was formed. A pre test of 25 marks was conducted to both the groups. The experimental group students were made to learn the topic for a period of 15 days through PAL every day sparing a time of 1 hour. A post test conducted revealed the effectiveness of the PAL.

RDESEARCH ESIGN The research paper is exploratory in nature and through observation, interviews, and tests based on experimental analysis the data interpretation is derived.

HYPOTHESIS H1- Peer Assisted Learning is effective mechanism for slow learners

PEER A SSISTED L EARNING (PAL) Peer Assisted Learning programme is a remedial teaching programme which is carried out through the peer group such as class mates, school mates, hostel mates or students living in same residential vicinity

NEED FOR PAL Slow learners or Learning disabled students lack confidence, feel inferior, and feel uncomfortable to expose their inability to learn. It is a usual phenomenon that they do not want to ask their difficulties in a big group like class room or in public. Sometimes they may not be very much comfortable with the teacher due to certain unexplainable reasons.

PSROFILE OF TUDENT Table 1 [ Age ]

Table 2 [ Education ]

Table 3 [ Family Background ]

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FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION 1. 90 % of the students with Family or cultural back ground of the learner-such as agriculture, joint family, business family, political back ground family etc., 2. 90 percent of the students said that Ineffective methods of teaching resulted -The methods that are used in the class rooms do not suit the slow learners as they are not able to conceive the contents that are taught for average or above average students. Most have done their SSC from Marathi medium schools in village level and in cities at BMC schools. 3. Most of them are not very familiar with e-content, e-journals or use of ICT in their studies especially the students who have come from village background to study in Mumbai. Mumbai based students have knowledge of electronic gadgets and are good in it 4. Ineffective handling of the learners: The slow learners are usually misunderstood as lazy or mischievous. They are not handled effectively and motivated to learn. 5. Overcrowded classrooms: The class rooms in Indian schools are usually overcrowded and diversified, It is challenging for a teacher to cater to all the diversities at a time at the school level and so the slow learners are prone to learning in this type of environment. 6. Over stuffed syllabus etc: Now a days a trend observed is of including more and more components in the syllabus and stuffing it more than usual. This may not be suitable for the slow learners to cope up with such a magnitude, that too by following usual methods of teaching. 7. Personality traits of the learner: The diversified personality of the learners may not be captured in a single frame and following a uniform strategy of teaching. Especially the slow learners should be treated individually and with additional care 8. Unskilled personnel dealing with the learners: The usual trend in the privately managed educational institutes in India is tuning the programmes more towards year end examinations. The educational system concentrates more on preparing the students in scoring more marks in the examinations than developing the other essential capacities. This all is due to unskilled personnel handling the learners in most of the privately managed schools, colleges and universities. THESTING OF YPOTHESIS The hypothesis H1 was proved correct as slow learners have gain confidence, increased their grasping power, are able to communicate well, fear of language slang is reduced, diction is improved, are able to understand phonetic languages, have changed their personality etc. PAL AS EFFECTIVE MECHANISM TO TEACH AND TRAIN SLOW LEARNERS TO OVERCOME THEIR LEARNING FEARS Ÿ Identification, Classification, Pairing/Grouping, Orienting, Assigning Task/S, Execution, Supervision/Guidance, Feedback, Reinforcement, Follow Up Ÿ Teachers can target students to monitor Ÿ Students practice reading aloud for better communication and comprehension Ÿ More likely to receive immediate corrective feedback Ÿ Efficient use of time, Consistent reinforcement, Accountability CONCLUSION PAL is a very effective learning methodology and works wonders with slow learners when the slow learners are exposed to peer groups and taught by peer groups who are above average groups – the result is fast. A teacher can assess through pre and post test the grasping level, memory level and improvement in the talking, writing, learning skills of the students. REFERENCES Ÿ Dr. S.S.Patil., Department of Post Graduate Studies and Research in Education,: Peer Assisted Learning –A remedial learning programme for slow learners , Kuvempu University, Nana Sahyadri, Shankaraghatta-577451. Shimoga District, Karnataka State, India Ÿ Fuchs, Lynn,S., etal.,.(1999) Effects of Peer Assisted Learning Strategies on High School Students with Serious Reading Problems. Remedial and Special Education.20 Nov 5, pp 309-318 Ÿ Krishnakumar, P, Geeta, Palat, Ramakrishnan,.(2006) Effectiveness of Individualized Education Program for Slow Learners. Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 73, pp 135-137.

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PSYCHOLOGICALWELL-BEINGANDADJUSTMENTOFHOSTLER ANDNON-HOSTLERSTUDENTSOFJAMMUUNIVERSITY

Chandra Shekhar Princy Koul Farhana Akhtar Sr. Asstt. Prof. Research scholar Post-Graduate Student *Post-Graduate Department of Psychology,University of Jammu (J&K)

ABSTRACT Adjustment is supposed to be a key factor for social and emotional well being as a person has to play many roles in his society. The study was aimed to assess the well being and adjustment among hostler and non-hostler students in Jammu region of Jammu & Kashmir. In this study, a sample of 100 students (50-male/50-female) under the age group of 17-25 was taken. P.G.I Well being, scale by S.K. Verma / Amita Verma. (1989) and Bell's adjustment inventory by S.Mohsin(1987)were used for the study. After analysis of data, result of the study showed that Non-hostlers were better than Hostlers on Social Adjustment, whereas hostlers obtained higher scores than non-hostlers on Emotional Adjustment and Educational Adjustment. On the Total Adjustment Patterns hostlers were found to have higher mean value than non-hostlers. It was also observed that on well being hostlers were better than non-hostlers on Responsibility and Ego Strength. On the total Adjustment, boys were found better than girls. The results showed that there exists no significant difference between male and female students. Result also indicated that male and female differ in perceiving and solving problems related to their social life Key words : well-being, adjustment, hostler and non-hostler.

INTRODUCTION Psychological well being is the subjective feeling of contentment ,happiness, satisfaction with life's experiences and of one's role in the world of work, sense of achievement, utility, belongingness and no distress, dissatisfaction or worry etc. Ryff and Keyes (1995) in their study on psychological well being gave importance to positive factors growth and development. There frame six components of psychological well being; having a positive attitude towards oneself and one's past life (self acceptance), having goals and objectives that give life meaning (purpose in life); being able to manage complex demands of daily life (environmental mastery); having a sense of continued development and self realization (personal growth) possessing caring and trusting ties with others (positive relation with others) ;and being able to follow one's own convictions (autonomy) Psychological well being is a multidimensional concept cheerfulness, optimism, playfulness, self control, a sense of detachment and freedom from frustration, anxiety and loneliness have been accepted as indicators of psychological well being by researchers. Well-being is not dependent on a single factor but a combination of multiple factors that overlap different areas as they are related to each other how a person behaves and deals within society depends largely on it. So, we need a community that makes people healthy again after facing a trauma or stress. So, we must connect all areas of well being. Well being is only possible to the degree to which one is open, responsive, sensitive, awake and empty. It means that a person must be fully related to man and nature effectively, to overcome separateness and alienation, to arrive at the experience of oneness with all that exists, and, yet to experience 'myself', at the same time as the separate entity. That means he must adjust with others in the society and also maintain his unique identity. (Fromm, 1976). As there are many problems related to psychiatric illness, we attempted to identify demographic, individual, and behavioral factors linked to university students' psychological health. The authors used a self-report questionnaire including valid and reliable psychometric instruments for all study variables. They conducted multiple regression analyses to examine associations among study variables using a cross-sectional design. More favorable health states (ie, greater psychological well-being and less distress) were positively associated with optimism, health values, and religiousness and were negatively associated with spirituality and number of sexual partners .Results demonstrated

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that multiple protective and risk factors contribute to the psychological well-being and distress of university students. Health promotion practitioners should adopt strategies that strengthen the personality characteristics and values associated with university students' psychological health.(Burris, J.L , Brechting, E.H , Salsman, J , Carlson, C.R,2009). ADJUSTMENT Adjustment doesn't means adaptation to physical environment but to social demands also. No human- being can live alone in a society he lives and interacts with other peoples that is why we call him a social animal. Can live apart from his physical environment. There is action and reaction chain going on between the individual and his environment. Then there are social pressure and demands of socialization. To these may be added the individual's personal demands such as the satisfaction of physiological needs. All this compiled functioning becomes still more complicated when his interaction conflict with the requirement of the other situation. Strictly speaking, the term denotes the results of equilibrium, which may be affect by either of these processes (Monroe, 1990). It is used to emphasize the individual's struggle to along or survive in his or her social and physical environment. Ryff, C, D. Love, G. D, Urry, H.L, et.al. (2003) in a research found that psychological well-being and mental maladjustment are related biologically. Both psychological well being and ill-being are two sides of the mental health and are positively related to each other. Adjustment can be defined as a process of altering one's behavior to reach a harmonious relationship with their environment. Adjustment process involves four parts: a need or motive in the form of a strong persistent stimulus, the thwarting or non fulfillment of this need, varied activity, or exploratory behavior accompanied by problem solving, and some response that removes or at least reduces the initiating stimulus and completes the adjustment. Social and cultural adjustments are similar to physiological adjustments. People strive to be comfortable in their surroundings and to have their psychological needs (such as love or affirmation) met through the social networks they inhabit. When needs arise, especially in new or changed surroundings, they impel interpersonal activity meant to satisfy those needs. People always believe that their needs in society will be met through their social network. Ongoing difficulties in social and cultural adjustment may be accompanied by anxiety or depression. The study investigates whether university student staying at home and hostel do differ significantly from each other in some of the important personality variables such as self-efficacy and emotional intelligence. The study was conducted on a sample of 200 students; both groups were selected from different Department of Karanatak University. General Self- Efficacy Scale and Self-Rated Emotional Intelligence Scale were used to collect the data. The data were analyzed and the results revealed that university students staying at home have significantly higher self-efficacy and over all emotional intelligence compared to hostelities. An incidental analysis also revealed that demographic variables such as age, gender, order of birth, and caste have significantly contributed to the self-efficacy and emotional intelligence of PG students staying at home and hostel. (Madhavi, S. Waddar, Vijayalaxmi, A. Aminabhavi ,2010).

OBJECTIVES To assess the well-being of hostler and non-hostler students of Jammu University. To assess the Adjustment of hostler and non-hostler students of Jammu University.

HYPOTHESIS There will be a significant difference in well-being of hostler and non-hostler students of Jammu University. There will be a significant difference in adjustment between hostler and non-hostler students of Jammu University. RMESEARCH ETHODOLOGY Variables: Independent Variable: Hostler and non-hostler students. Dependent Variable: Well-being and Adjustment. Experimental Design: A purposive sampling method consisting of one independent variable (hostler and non-hostler university students) and two dependent variables (Well-being and adjustment) will be used. SAMPLE The sample for this study consists of (120) university students out of which (60) was hostler and (60) was non-hostler. The sample will be selected by using the random sampling technique. The samples of those Students

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staying in hostel and non-hostler who are willing to participate were taken for this study.

TOOLS Bell's Adjustment Inventory: Bell adjustment Inventory (1987) by S.M. Mohsin (Hindi Version) was used to measure home, health, social and emotional adjustment. It is one of the most widely used personality inventories developed by H.M. Bell in 1934. It is adopted in Hindi by Mohsin-Shamshad. It has 124 items and measures adjustment in four areas home, health, social and emotional separately and provides a reliable score of overall adjustment. The reliability of the inventory is 0.932 and validity is 0.785. P.G.I. General Well-being Measure: P.G.I. General Well-being measure was developed by Dr. Santosh K. Verma and Ms. Amita Verma in (1989). It consists with 20 items to be enclosed in yes (√ ) or no (×) format. This can be self administered or can be verbally answered also. Items are such that they do not cause any embarrassment to the subject in the presence of others. This scale is available in Hindi language too. The authors of Hindi medium are (Moudgil, Verma, Kaur and Kaur, 1986). A score of 1 is given for 'yes'and 0 for 'no' response. Thus the range of scores may vary from 0 to 20. High score indicate better well-being.

PROCEDURE The present investigation was conducted “To assess and compare the level well being and adjustment of hostler and non-hostler students of Jammu University to fulfill this purpose well-being and bell adjustment inventory were administered on 120 university students

RDESULTS AND ISCUSSION The study was aimed to analyze the psychological well-being and adjustment among hostlers and non- hostlers students of Jammu university. After the data collection and scoring the data was put to statistical analysis so that the formulated hypothesis could be tested.

TABLE- 1 Dimension wise Mean, S.D and t-test for adjustment among hostlers and non-hostlers.

Std. Dimensions Population N Mean df T (P value) Deviation Home Non Hostler 70 9.69 5.633 138 .216 .830 Hostler 70 9.69 6.120 138 .216 .830 Health Non Hostler 70 9.56 5.157 138 1.405 .162 Hostler 70 10.87 5.888 138 1.405 .162 Social Non Hostler 70 12.13 4.256 138 1.016 .311 Hostlers 70 12.86 4.230 138 1.016 .311 Emotional Non Hostler 70 12.04 4.859 138 1.442 .152 Hostler 70 13.29 5.327 138 1.442 .152

Table-1 shows the means, standard deviation and t value for adjustment scale along with its sub scales. This scale provides descriptive statistic for two groups i.e. hostler and non-hostler students. The above table shows the mean, S.D and t-values on the dimensions of home for the two groups (Hostler and Non-hostler). Mean and Standard deviation on dimension of home for non-hostler was found to be 9.69 and 5.633 and Mean and Standard deviation of hostler on home dimension was found to be 9.90 and 6.120 't'- value (.216) indicates that the difference is insignificant at 0,05 and 0.01 levels. Mean and S.D.of non-hostler on health dimension was found to be 9.56 and 5.157 and Mean and S.D. of hostler on health dimension was found to be 10.87 and 5.888. 't'- value (1.404) indicates that the difference is insignificant .Mean and S.D. of non-hostler on social dimension was found to be 12.13 and 4.255 and mean and S.D. of hostler on social dimension was found to be 12.86 and 4.230..'t'- value (1.016) indicates that the difference is in significant at0.05 and 0.01 level. Mean and S.D. of non-hostler on

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emotion dimension was found to be 12.04 and 4.859 and Mean and S.D. of hostler on emotional dimension was found to be 13.29 and 5.327. t-value (1.442) indicates that the difference is insignificant at0.05 and 0.01 The total mean score on adjustment of hostler is 46.71,S.D-21.56 and t-ratio is .070 and Non-hostlers mean is 43.78,S.D-19.90 and t-ratio is .070 which shows an insignificant difference between both on adjustment.. This proves that there is no difference between the adjustment of non-hostler and hostler. Hence our hypothesis -1 is rejected. Graph 1

TABLE -2 Mean,S,D and t-ratio for well-being among hostlers and non-hostlers.

Std. Population N Mean t df P Deviation Non Hostlers 70 5.73 4.755 1.502 138 .135 Wellbeing Hostlers 70 7.10 5.979 1.502 138 .135 The above table shows Mean, S.D. and t-value on psychological well-being for the two groups (Non-hostler and Hostler). Mean and S.D. of non-hostler on psychological well-being was found to be 5.73 and 4.755 and Mean, S.D. of hostler on this dimension was found to be 7.10 and 5.979, t-value of (.135) indicates that the outcome is insignificant at both levels i.e 0.05 and 0.01 level.This proves that there is no difference between the psychological well-being of non-hostler and hostler. Hence our hypothesis – 2 is rejected.

Graph-2

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Results of the research study show that (Non-hostlers) Day Scholars were better than Boarders (Hostlers) on Social Adjustment, whereas Boarder obtained higher scores than Day Scholar on Emotional Adjustment and Educational Adjustment. On the Total Adjustment Patterns Boarders were found to have higher mean value than Day Scholars. It was also observed that Day Scholars were better than Boarders on Responsibility and Ego Strength. On the total Adjustment, boys were found to have higher mean value than girls. Boys also obtained higher mean values than girls According to a study (Renuka, Mitali, Gupta.2010) the girls possessed higher values than boys on Emotional Stability and Dominance Total Personality indicating that boys and girls possess significantly differ from each other on these dimensions but the present study of adjustment found that there is no difference between non- hostler and hostler. The experience same emotions, are equally sociable are at good in health. In the field of psychological well-being same result were found, there were also no difference between two groups (non-hostler and hostler) as one of the research study observed that racial differences influence the psychological well being among students. Black university students in South Africa reported lower mean rated psychological well-being than U.S. subjects. Social and political factors may contribute to these differences. Usmani, Aisha (2002)

CONCLUSION Findings of the present study indicate that insignificant difference was found between Non-hostler and Hostler students in terms of total scores obtained on the adjustment scale and psychological well-being scale. The reason may be that hostlers are provided facilities like home in hostels so they don't face any adjustment problems and remain physically and mentally healthy.

REFERENCES Ÿ Bell,H,M. (1987) by S.M. Mohsin (Hindi Version) Ankur publications,New Delhi. Ÿ Burris,J.L, Brechting, E.H , Salsman J , Carlson, C.R .(2009) Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington.http.ncbi.nih.gov. Ÿ Madhavi S. Waddar and Vijayalaxmi A. Aminabhavi (2010) Self-Efficacy and Emotional Intelligence of PG Student. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology vol.36, No.2, 339-345. Ÿ Monroe, P (1990). International encyclopediaof education. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications Ÿ Santosh K. Verma and Ms. Amita Verma in (1989). P.G.I. General Well-being. National psychological corporation.Agra. Ÿ Renuka Joshi Ms. Malti Gupta(2010)Adjustment and personality pattern among boarders and day scholars adolescents. Shodh, Samiksha aur Mulyankan -International Research Journal.Issue-13,pp.43 Ÿ Ryff ,C. (1991). Scale of psychological well-being.journal of personality and social psychology, 57: 1069-1081. Ÿ Ryff C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995).The structure of psychological well-being revisted.Journal of personality and social psychology, 69(4): 719-727 Ÿ Ryff,C,D.Love,G.D,Urry,H.L,et.al (2003) Psychological well-being and ill-being;do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? Psychotherapy Psychosomatics, retrieved from www.karger.com.pp.75:85–95 Ÿ Usmani, Aisha (2002) Correlates of University Adjustment Among Malaysian Students. Master's thesis, University Putra Malaysia.http.google.com

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ANANALYSISOFOCCUPATIONALHEALTHANDSAFETY OFMARGINALIZEDPOPULATIONININDIA Shashi Rani, Asstt. Prof. Deptt. of Social Work, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

ABSTRACT The paper is an attempt to highlight the Occupational Health and Safety of Marginalized Population and the risk at work place. Health is state subject and it is the responsibility of the State and the Directive Principles of constitution of India, provides direction to state, forsecuring the health and strength of workers, men and women, that the children of tender age are not abused, that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter avocations unsuited to their age or strength, just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief are provided and that the Government shall take steps, by suitable legislation or in any other way, to secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings, establishments or other organizations engaged in any industry. In this context it is important to analyze the state of marginalization in relation to occupation and it would be worth to discuss the issue of Occupational Health and Safety in order to bring attention of state and to advocate for action in protecting workers interest in changing economic scenario and government policies. Keywords : Marginalization, Occupational Health and Safety

INTRODUCTION India is one of the leading nations among developing countries. According to census of India the total population is 1210.85 million. The rural population is 833.74 million and urban population is 377.11 million. Out of this the productive age group (between 15–59 yr old) of the population is 60.3%. As far as main working population is concerned it, is about 362.57 million (Census 2011).1 In recent times the debate on occupational health safety is taking its place in at national and at international level. Occupational health not only covers the work related injuries and diseases but it also encompasses all direct and indirect factors that affect workers' health. With the changing economic scenario, the role of the government agencies working for the Occupational Health becomes more important and demanding especially when engagement of population is so huge in both the organized and unorganized sector. Also globalization and rapid industrial growth in the country added to complexities of occupational health related issues and if the country aspires to achieve economic development and growth, the state of occupational health need to be improved and maintained. People who are experiencing marginalization are likely to have tenuous involvement in the economy. The sources of their income will vary. Some will be waged and some will depend on state benefits, marginal economic activity such as casual work, or charity (see for example, Sixsmith, 1999). It is not unusual for people to combine, or move between, these various ways of getting money in their struggle for survival. Poverty, dependency, and feelings of shame are everyday aspects of economic dislocation and social marginalization. These experiences affect men and women differently and vary with age. Poverty and economic marginalization have both direct and indirect impacts on people's health. Thus the aim of this paper is to draw attention towards the role of the state and to advocate for action in protecting workers'interest in changing economic scenario and government policies in India. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF MARGINALIZED POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY Occupational health services are available only to 10–15% of the workers of the world. In industrialized countries the coverage varies between 15% and 90%, and in developing countries it ranges between a few % and 20%.3 Worldwide, occupational diseases continue to be the leading cause of work-related deaths. According to ILO estimates, out of 2.34 million occupational fatalities every year, only 3,21,000 are due to accidents. The remaining 2.02 million deaths are caused by various types of work-related diseases, which correspond to a daily average of more than 5,500 deaths. The inadequate prevention of occupational diseases has profound negative effects not only on - 25 - ANANALYSISOFOCCUPATIONALHEALTH RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL ANDSAFETYOFMARGINALIZED REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 25-28, ISSN 2348–3318 POPULATIONININDIA Shashi Rani

workers and their families but also on society at large due to the tremendous costs that it generates; particularly, in terms of loss of productivity and burdening of social security systems.4 In India a large majority of workers and citizens at large are still facing serious occupational health problems including general health problems like high mortality rates, birth control and gender imbalance, violence, accidents, communicable and non-communicable diseases, malnutrition, poor environs, lack of clean potable water, insufficient nutrition, poor sanitation and inadequate medical care. Globalization and rapid industrial growth (about 5% annual economic growth) in the past few years have further intensified the problems and complexities of occupational health related issues. The most prevalent occupational practices that increase the risks for morbidity and mortality include lack of training in occupational health safety; lack of personal protective gear; poor quality of protective equipment; high workplace pollution; inadequate training for handling chemicals and machinery; and long and odd hours of work. The situation is further compounded by over crowdedness and poor sanitary conditions. The current burden of accumulated occupational diseases in India is estimated to be at around 18 million cases.5 The geographical and environmental factors have impact on livelihood of the population in many ways. It is evident that due to regional socio-economic factors poor people migrate to urban areas in search of their livelihood. They work in formal and non-formal sector and sustain their life. In India poor and marginalized population have no control over resources and they are forced to work under social norms and compulsion. Therefore for majority of the poor population, the economic activities are purely based on social compulsion and pressure for livelihood than as per their skills and knowledge. As per Planning Commission, 21.9% population is below poverty line (BPL) with per capita income of Rs 816 for rural and Rs 1000 for urban. Further unemployment in young and educated of 15-29 age group for both males and females and in urban and rural areas are significantly higher than the average level of unemployment of all persons. In this scenario the source of livelihood for poor and marginalized population is as per socio-economic compulsion rather based on education, skills, choice and interest. Child Labour : As per Census 2011, total 43.53 lakh working children in the age group of 5-14 years are engaged in different occupations. It shows that the children of tender age are not only deprived of their basic rights but also exposed to hazardous occupation and difficult situations to sustain their lives. Despite the existence of law that prohibit a paid work from children under age 14 years, an estimated 70-115 million children are part of Indian work force. Child labor in the agriculture sector accounts for 80% of child laborers in India and 70% of working children globally. A study from three districts of West Bengal highlights occupational morbidity among agricultural child labour. The main health hazards reported to be heat-induced disorders, mechanical injuries, insect bites and toxic effects of chemicals. The children employed in carpet weaving in the Jaipur City provided an evidence of acute respiratory problems compare to normal children live in the same community (26.4% vs. 15.2%; P= 0.005), which may be associated with cotton dust. Among the children working in the leather industry acute physical pains are reported as work related risks. In Sivakasi, an estimated 1,25,000 children make up the child labor force, comprising 30% of the entire labor force. Apart from deaths due to explosions and fire, coughing, sore throat, dizziness, methemoglobinemia, and anemia are common effects of ingestion or inhalation of chlorate dust. Inhalation of sulfur dust causes respiratory infections, asthma, eye infections, and other chronic lung diseases. Among the occupational hazards, commercial sex work in India has been associated with higher HIV rates compared to other urban centers in the world.6 Women Workers: The contribution of women in formal and informal sector cannot be ignored and they are integral part of national workforce. As per Census 2011, the total number of female workers in India is 149.8 million and female workers in rural and urban areas are 121.8 and 28.0 million respectively. Further if we look at the division of women worker as per sectors out of total 149.8 million female workers, 35.9 million females are working as cultivators and another 61.5 million are agricultural labourers. Of the remaining women workers, 8.5 million are in household Industry and 43.7 million are classified as other workers. As per the last Employment Review by Directorate General of Employment & Training (DGE&T), on 31st March, 2011, about 59.54 lakh women workers were employed in the organised sector (Public and Private Sector). Of this, nearly 32.14 lakh women were employed in community, social and personal service sector.7 Poor working women are exposed to multiple health problems. At one side they are exposed to occupational health hazards on the other side they are overburdened by household responsibility which further add to health adversity. According to NIOH in occupational hazards women are exposed to musculoskeletal disorder due to repetitive work, weight lifting, and postural problems. They are affected by Stress due multiple and overlapping responsibilities as housewives, mother, and workers. Also unequal - 26 - ANANALYSISOFOCCUPATIONALHEALTH RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL ANDSAFETYOFMARGINALIZED REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 25-28, ISSN 2348–3318 POPULATIONININDIA Shashi Rani

payment, sexual harassment and job insecurity increased the stress level among women. They also suffer from reproductive health problems due to exposure to different chemicals, dust, fumes, and pesticides.8 Domestic Women Workers: Women workers in the informal economy consist of the most vulnerable working segments in society. They came from a marginalized population whose legal, economic and political status limit their ability to demand their rights. These women include domestic workers whose social and economic contributions to society are invisible to the public, the law and policies of the country. They face challenges because their work is not considered rural work so that their rights to minimum standards of decent work are continually violated. The unique feature of their work place, which is the home of their employer, makes them vulnerable to abuses and exploitation. This is because the state would always be reluctant to consider a home a workplace that they can regulate. The lack of capacity, support and unity as that in organized sector make the challenges they face doubly difficult.9 Construction Workers: Construction workers are one of the most vulnerable segments of unorganised labour in the country who are exposed to a wide variety of serious occupational safety and health hazards. In India, it is the largest economic activity after agriculture and since it is a labor-intensive industry consist 44% of all urban unorganized workers. This work force comprises 55% of unskilled labor, 27% skilled labor and rest the technical and support staff. The two broad categories of construction works are building and civil engineering. Construction workers in both categories are at a greater risk of developing certain health disorders and sickness than workers in many other industries. They are exposed to multiple physical, chemical and biological agents, which make them vulnerable to various health problems that include - injuries, respiratory problems, dermatitis, musculo-skeletal disorders and gastro-intestinal diseases. Apart from this, in most of construction projects the workers employed are unorganized in nature and often not guided by the legislations made for the health and welfare of the workers and hence are not eligible for free or subsidized care.10 Workers Engaged in Mining: It is anticipated that the direct average daily employment in the mineral industry at present is about 1 (one) million. The persons employed in the mines are exposed to a number of hazards at work which adversely affect their health. Some of the important ones are dust, noise, heat, humidity, vibration etc. In recent times, there has been increasing awareness among mining industry and the workers about occupational diseases such as Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis, Silicosis, Manganese Poisoning, Hearing Impairment etc. caused by exposure to health hazards at work. Almost all occupational diseases are known to cause permanent disablement and there is no effective treatment. From the reported figures and surveys conducted by DGMS and other organizations like NIOH etc. It is revealed that there have been some new trends in the occupational health scenario other than the conventional diseases like Silicosis, Pneumoconiosis, Asbestosis etc. These new trends are emerging with the changes in the mining industry: these are, Musculo-skeletal Disorder, Noise Induced Hearing Losses, Health impact due to diesel particulates from emission of diesel operated vehicles and equipment, Hand-arm Vibration, Whole- body Vibration due to use of Drills etc. There is also a change in the ownership and management structure of the public sector, private sector, and joint sector of public & private companies including Multi-National Companies (MNCs) which are entering into mineral sector. This has brought in a mixed and overlapped sphere of duties and responsibilities resulting in to shifting of onus of responsibilities of unproductive liabilities to the contractors. Thus a class has been created in the labour sector called regular employee and temporary, casual or contractual worker with very wide gaps in salaries and facilities including the provisions of safety, health and welfare for such workers. This structural change in employment has resulted into exploitation and insecurity amongst the young workforces. Hence it is pertinent to review the safety and occupational health status of the mining industry of this country to work out a road map for its effective mitigation.11 Workers Engaged in Industries: Participation of workforce in Industrial sector is on raise since independence in 1947. Occupational health studies in this sector initiated as early as seventies on tobacco workers, among those exposed to tobacco, an elevated level of nicotine was observed in the urine samples that was causing several physical problems. Among the tannery workers of Kanpur industrial slums, occupational morbidly was recorded as 28 percent. A study in Aligarh on the lock factory workers revealed that 73% of subjects are suffering from respiratory tract problems. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are frequently diagnose and increasing with duration of work. Adult carpet weavers in Mirzapur also reported respiratory problems as major occupational risk, the causal factors are carpet dust particles. Regional occupation health center, which is a sister agency of Indian council for medical research (ICMR), conducted an epidemiological study in Bangalore on workers of incense sticks. The results - 27 - ANANALYSISOFOCCUPATIONALHEALTH RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL ANDSAFETYOFMARGINALIZED REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 25-28, ISSN 2348–3318 POPULATIONININDIA Shashi Rani

highlights the possible inhalation of pollutants and related health hazards, this study also suggested a need for social workers, medical personnel and industrial hygienists to explore the possibilities of minimizing possible hazards. In a retrospective epidemiological study conducted on southeastern coal mine workers revealed the overall prevalence of pneumoconiosis was about 3 % in India. An increase in the deterioration of lung function was observed in Tamil Nadu among the workers who are exposed to asbestos dust compared to the general workers in a manufacturing unit. Normally workers in the salt industry exposed to sunlight, salt dust and contact with brine. In a knowledge, attitude andpractice study it was revealed that there is a huge gap between knowledge and practice of protective devises, despite of universal knowledge about the devises only one-third use them in practice.12

OHSCCCUPATIONAL EALTH ERVICES AND ITS OVERAGE There is no provision to report accidents at work for large number of workers in different economic sectors. In 2005, ILO published its estimates on accidents in India (Introductory Report; Decent Work-Safe Work). According to this report, based on 2001 figures, economically active population in India was 443.8 million. ILO estimated 40,133 fatal accidents in India. It also estimated 2,61,891 fatal work-related diseases. Against this estimation, official data reported 1346 deaths at work and we have no estimation of our own. In India there is only 1 factory Inspector for every 506 factories (the number has increased from 415 in the year 2008). Some of the states like Punjab have a ratio of 1:1601 and Andhra Pradesh 1:795. Except a few pilot surveys, no authentic statistics at the national level are available on accidents and occupational diseases in the unorganised sector. Construction is considered as one of the highly hazardous industries and the rate of fatal accidents is believed to be 4 to 5 times than in the factories. Compared to factories, even the mining industry has a higher proportion of fatal and nonfatal injuries (almost two to three times more).13 For its budget, occupational health in India has still to compete with primary & curative health care services. While 3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) is spent on health care, almost 75% of this is spent on curative health care services. Invariably, a negligible amount is spent on occupational health care.14 AAAREA OF TTENTION AND CTION In India in the comprehensive safety and health statutes for regulating safety and health of persons at work exists only in respect of three sectors – namely, factories, docks and construction sectors and these statutes are highly sector-specific and the country lacks in uniformity and a well-coordinated approach for safety and health in all other sectors of the economy. There is an urgent and strong need for a uniform policy and legislation covering safety and health aspects of workers employed in all sectors of economy with general applicability to all work-sites. However, it would require effective implementation and commitment to protect workers and reduce injuries and illnesses at work place. That could be achieved with proper awareness and training of workers. There is need of evidence based research studies for all sectors for proper assessment of occupational health and safety status. In the era of privatization and liberalization the country need to reflect and discuss on the methods of State intervention and role of ownership, control and management of economic sector. In view of maximization of the social welfare state need to regulate the unorganized economic sector with strong measures. There is need to preserve the good health and safety of marginalized poor people in order to maintain the dignity of lives and state of social justice guaranteed by constitution of India. REFERENCES Ÿ Agnihotram Ramana kumar V. 2005. An Overview of Occupational Health Research in India. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. January-April Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 10-14. Ÿ Akram, Mohammad. 2014. Occupational Disease and Public Health Concerns of Migrant Construction Workers: A Social Epidemiological Study in Western Uttar Pradesh. Online, Available at: Ÿ http://www.academia.edu/7922205/Occupational_Disease_and_Public_Health_Conce rns_of_ Migrant_ Construction_Workers_A_Social_Epidemiological_Study_in_Weste rn_Uttar_Pradesh paper. Ÿ Census of India, 2011. Online, Available athttp://www.censusindia.gov.in . Ÿ http://www.amrc.org.hk/system/files/India_0.pdf paper . Ÿ John K Domestic Women Workers In Urban Informal Sector, National Monthly Refereed Journal Of Research In Arts & Education Volume No.2, Issue No.2 Issn 2277-1182 Online, Available at: www.Abhinavjournal.Com Ÿ International Labour Office (ILO). 1950. Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Industrial Hygiene. Report of the First Meeting. Aug 28 –Sept 2 1950. Geneva: ILO. Ÿ International Labour Organisation. Safety and Health at Work. Online, Available at: http://www.ilo.org /safework/ events/safeday/lang--en/index.htm.

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ROLEOFBOARDOFDIRECTORSINCORPORATEGOVERNANCE

Dinesh Sharma Jayalaxmi Sharma Mohd Arif Professor, Associate Professor, Research Scholar Department of Commerce BBD University, Department of Commerce University of Lucknow, Lucknow Lucknow University of Lucknow, Lucknow

ABSTRACT In todays complex business scenario, the role of corporate governance has become very crucial. It is a system by which the affairs of the corporation are directed and controlled. It is concerned about ethical performance of the corporate business. The crucial element of good corporate governance is a well functioning Board of Directors (BOD). The Board needs to perform various roles for achieving the corporate objective. They are the brains of the company which have a body and the company can and does act only through them. This paper is an attempt to discuss the role performed by the Board in governance of the company. Keywords: Corporate Governance, Board of Directors (BOD), Board, OECD, Code of Conduct, Company. JEL Classification : G34, G30

INTRODUCTION The term “corporate governance” is not precisely defined anywhere. It has different meanings for different people. We can understand the concept of corporate governance in two sense i.e. narrow and broader sense. In narrow sense, corporate governance means a set of relationship amongst the company management, Board of Directors, shareholders, auditors, employee, customer and other stakeholders. Through these relationships the objectives are to be set, and the means to achieve those objective should also be determined. In broader sense, corporate governance means the extent to which companies are directed and controlled in an open and honest manner. In general, corporate governance refers to the system of structures, rights, duties, and obligations by which corporations are directed and controlled. The governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among different participants in the corporation and specifies the rules and procedures for making decisions in corporate affairs. In simple words, corporate governance is a system by which companies are directed and controlled. Corporate governance is a system by which companies are run, and the means by which they are responsive to their shareholders, employees, and society. It is concerned with the ethics, values, and morals of a company and its directors. The boards of directors are responsible for governance of companies. According to Cadbury Committee (U.K.), “Corporate governance is defined as the system by which companies are directed and controlled”. According to Rafael La Porta et al, “Corporate governance to a large extent is a set of mechanisms through which outside investors protect themselves against expropriation by the insiders”. Corporate governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goals and between individual and community goals. It enables the corporation to realize their corporate objective, protect shareholders rights, meet legal requirement and demonstrate company practices to the public. Thus, corporate governance can be defined as a set of systems and processes which ensure that a company is managed to the best interests of all the stakeholders. As regarded to the role of corporate governance, it is to ensure that the directors of a company are subject to their duties, obligations, and responsibilities to act in the best interest of their company, to give direction, and to remain accountable to their shareholders and other stakeholders for their actions. A good governance company builds goodwill & credibility, manage the company efficiently and transparently and prevent the various corporate fraud or scams etc. - 29 - ROLEOFBOARDOFDIRECTORS RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INCORPORATEGOVERNANCE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 29-36, ISSN 2348–3318 Dinesh Sharma, Jayalaxmi Sharma & Mohd Arif

The day-to-day affairs of the company are directed and controlled by the Board of Directors or Board. The board has a responsibility to formulate long term strategy and address critical issues. The role of board is evolved from law, custom, tradition and current practice, while it gets its power from the shareholders. It is the broader responsibility of the board to ensure that the management works in the best interests of the corporation and the shareholders to enhance the net wealth. PCGRINCIPLES OF ORPORATE OVERNANCE The main objective of corporate governance is to maximize the shareholder wealth. Therefore, good governance should address all issues that lead to a value addition. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) was one of the earliest non-governmental organizations, which spell out the certain principles to achieve the above objectives. The principles recommended in the Cadbury and OECD reports are as follows: 1) Rights and Equitable Treatment of Shareholders: This is the prime principle of corporate governance. The system should be such that they protect and encourage the shareholder to exercise their power and rights. All the shareholders including minorities, foreign and individuals should be treated equally and fairly in all the aspects. Every Shareholder should redress when rights are forfeited by the majority of shareholder or in any other situation. 2) Interests of Other Stakeholders: The corporate governance system not only protects the rights and interest of shareholder but also the interest of other stakeholders. Stakeholder consist those person or parties who have a significant interest on companies operation. The company has various stakeholders (excluding shareholder) such as creditors, employees, customers, investors, suppliers, society, and government. Company has an obligation (legal, contractual, social, market) towards them. Therefore, the governance system should be such that it facilitates cooperation among stakeholders. 3) Role and Responsibilities of the Board: This is another important principle of corporate governance. The Board is responsible for corporate governance in company. It is the Board, which directs and controlles the company affair. They set the guidelines, which need to be followed throughout the company in order to achieve the objective. So, the role and responsibility of the Board should be clearly defined, it cannot be relegated to the management. 4) Integrity and Ethical Behavior: A good corporate governance system should follow the principle of integrity and ethics. There should be an integrity and ethic in financial statement preparation, selection and compensation of Board member etc. The system should be as such that they encourage ethical environment in corporate setting. 5) Disclosure and Transparency: The corporate governance system should ensure timely and accurate disclosure on all material information. The company should disclose the performance of corporate, management and ownership of the business. Transparency means accurate, adequate and timely disclosure of relevant information to the stakeholders. Without transparency, it is impossible to make any progress towards good governance. OSBJECTIVE OF THE TUDY The objective of the study is to discuss the role of Board of Directors in Corporate Governance of the company. RMESEARCH ETHODOLOGY This research is a fundamental type of research which uses exploratory research design for its study. The research is purely based on the secondary data which has been collected from the various sources such as books, reports, journal, thesis, newspaper, publications, websites etc. Board of Directors (BOD) A company is an artificial person created by law having a perpetual succession and common seal. It cannot act by itself. It acts through a human agency. A person through and by whom it acts are known as directors. The directors of the company collectively referred to as the Board of Directors or Board [Sec 252(3), 1956]. The term Board of Directors (BOD) means a body duly constituted to direct, control and supervises the activities of affair of a company. The BOD is the directing mind and will of the company. The term Board of Directors, Board and Directors used interchangeably. According to Sec. 291(1) of Companies Act 1956, “Board of Directors of a company shall be entitled to exercise all such power and to do all such acts and things, as the company is authorized to exercise and do.” According to Neuile J, “Board of Directors are the brains, the only brain of the company which is the body and the company can and does act only through them.” - 30 - ROLEOFBOARDOFDIRECTORS RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INCORPORATEGOVERNANCE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 29-36, ISSN 2348–3318 Dinesh Sharma, Jayalaxmi Sharma & Mohd Arif

According to Sec. 2(10) of Companies Act, 2013, “Board of Directors or Board in relation to a company, means the collective body of the directors of the company.” Size and Composition of Board: The Board of Directors should have an optimum combination of executive, non- executive, independent and non-employee directors. The Board of every company shall consist of individual as Directors. As regard to the minimum number, it is 3 directors in the case public company, 2 in the case private company and 1 in the case of One Man Company. As regard to the maximum number of directors, it is 15 directors [Sec. 149(1), 2013 Act]. By passing a special resolution, a company can appoint more than 15 directors in its Boards. Such class of companies shall also have at least one woman director. The Boards of every company shall consist of one resident director i.e., director who stay in India for more than 182 days in previous calendar year. The governance and nominating committee reviews the size and composition of Board to identify the qualifications and expertise required. Selection of Directors: The Articles of Association provides authority to Board of Directors to fill the vacancies in the Board and appoint additional directors. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee do the screening process with the help of Chairman and CEO. The committee will consider all factors which they deems to be appropriate such as qualification, experience, financial literacy, decision making, leadership, judgment, communication and analytical skill etc. while making the selection. Chairman of the Board and CEO: The Chairman and CEO position of the Board are held by the same person, except in some circumstances such as during a CEO transition. Independent Directors: Section 149(6) of the Companies Act, 2013 provides the provision of independent directors. It is first time in the corporate history of India, the concept of independent directors has been so clearly defined. An independent director means a director other than a managing director or a whole-time director or a nominee director of a company. All the listed companies (listed in any stock exchange) shall have at least one-third of the Board as independent directors. The Central Government through notification can direct some class or classes of public companies to appoint such number of independent directors as they think so. An independent director shall not be entitled to any remuneration other than sitting fee, reimbursement of expenses for participation in the Board and other meetings and profit related commission as may be approved by the members. Duties of Directors: Section 166 of the Companies Act, 2013 explains the provision regarding director's duties. A director of a company should perform the following duties: 1) They act in accordance with the articles of the company. 2) They act in good faith in order to promote the objects and best interests of the company & stakeholders. 3) They perform their duties with due and reasonable care, skill and diligence and shall exercise independent judgment. 4) They do not involve in a situation where interest conflict occurs. 5) They do not achieve or attempt to achieve any undue gain or advantage to themselves in any forms. 6) They do not assign their office and any assignment so made shall be void. Key Managerial Personnel: Section 203 (1) of the Companies Act, 2013 provided that every prescribed class or classes of companies shall have a whole time Key Managerial Personnel (KMP). In relation to a company, KMP includes: 1) Chief Executive Officer or the managing director or the manager 2) Company Secretary 3) Whole-time director 4) Chief Financial Officer and 5) Such other officer as may be prescribed Committees of the Board: The Board of Directors has several committees such as Audit Committee, Nomination and Remuneration Committee, Compensation Committee, Stakeholders Relationship Committee Corporate Governance Committee, Corporate Social Responsibility Committee and Finance Committee. Almost all the above committee is mandatory for every prescribe class or classes of companies. Resignation from the Board: A director may resign at any time by giving notice in writing. The Board shall, on receipt of such notice, intimate the Registrar and places such resignation in subsequent general meeting of the company. The director shall also forward a copy of resignation along with reasons for the resignation to the Registrar. - 31 - ROLEOFBOARDOFDIRECTORS RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INCORPORATEGOVERNANCE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 29-36, ISSN 2348–3318 Dinesh Sharma, Jayalaxmi Sharma & Mohd Arif

Such resignation shall take effect upon receipt thereof or at any later time specified therein. If all the directors of a company resign from their office, the promoter or in his absence the Central Government shall appoint the required number of directors to hold office till the directors are appointed by the company in General Meeting. Penalty: If a director of the company contravenes the provisions of this section he shall be punishable with fine which shall not be less than one lakh rupees but which may extend to five lakh rupees. Corporate Governance Code and Board of Directors The desirability of bringing out a voluntary code of good corporate practices was identified and recognized by the Institute of Company Secretaries of India, as its theme in the year 1997. After that different committee was setup to proposed new code and guidelines on corporate governance. Some of them were discussed below with their guideline regarding Board. CONFEDERATION OF I NDIAN I NDUSTRY (CII) Confederation of Indian Industry takes the first ever-institutional initiative in Indian industry. The CII issued a comprehensive code titled “Desirable Corporate Governance: A Code” in 1997. Some salient features regarding the Board are as follow: 1) The key to good corporate governance is a well-functioning board of directors. The board should have a core group of excellent, professionally acclaimed executive and non-executive directors who understand their dual role of appreciating the issues put forward by management and of honestly discharging their fiduciary responsibilities towards the company's shareholders as well as creditors. 2) A single board can ensure desirable corporate governance. The board should meet at least six times a year preferably at intervals of two months. 3) Any listed company with a turnover of Rs. 1 crore and above should have professionally competent and acclaimed non-executive directors. They should constitute at least 50 per cent of the board if the chairperson and managing director is the same person and 30 per cent in other cases. 4) Directors who have not been present for at least 50 per cent of the board meetings should not be re-appointed 5) Directors must be active with clearly defined responsibilities in Board 6) All key information's must be placed before the board of directors. KMBCUMAR ANGALAM IRLA OMMITTEE SEBI had constituted a Committee on Corporate Governance on 7 May 1999, with 18 members under the Chairmanship of Kumar Mangalam Birla with a view to promote and raise the standard of Corporate Governance in respect of listed companies. The SEBI in its meeting held on January 25, 2000, considered the recommendations of the Committee and decided to make the amendments to the listing agreement. In accordance with the guidelines provided by SEBI, the stock exchanges in India have modified the listing requirements by incorporating a new Clause 49, so that companies make proper disclosure for ensuing corporate governance. Some recommendations regarding the Board are as follow: 1) Board of Directors should have an optimum combination of executive and non-executive directors. The board has to perform dual functions efficiently i.e., directs and controls the management of a company and accountable to the shareholders. 2) The non-executive directors should comprise atleast 30 per cent of the Board if one of them is the Chairman. The non-executive directors should comprise atleast 50 per cent of the board if the Chairman and the managing director is the same person. 3) The role of Chairman should be different from that of the CEO. 4) The company should be disclosed all the relationship or transactions of directors in the Annual Report 5) The Committee has made a non-mandatory recommendation that the Board should set-up a remuneration committee for determine the remunerations of directors. 6) The board should meet at least four times a year with a maximum time gap of 4 months between two meetings. 7) A director shall not be a member in more than ten committees. NCCRARESH HANDRA OMMITTEE EPORT To examine the various corporate governance issues, Department of Company Affairs (DCA) under the Ministry of Finance and Company Affairs appointed a committee on August 2002 under the Chairmanship of Mr. Naresh Chandra. This high-level committee submitted its report in December 2002. Some of the important recommendations of the committee regarding Boards are as follows: 1) The CEO and CFO should have certified that to the best of their knowledge and belief the final accounts and - 32 - ROLEOFBOARDOFDIRECTORS RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INCORPORATEGOVERNANCE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 29-36, ISSN 2348–3318 Dinesh Sharma, Jayalaxmi Sharma & Mohd Arif

other document show the true and fair picture of the company. 2) The independent directors should not have any pecuniary relationship with the company. 3) The Board should have more independent directors. Narayana Murthy Committee Report The committee was setup by SEBI, under the Chairmanship of Mr. N. R. Narayana Murthy, to review Clause 49 and suggest measures to improve corporate governance standards. The Committee submitted its report in February 2003. Some of the important recommendations of the committee regarding Boards are as follows: 1) The Companies should provide training to their Board members to understand the company operation, risk profile and environment thoroughly. 2) There should be a Code of Conduct, which are obligatory for all Board members and senior management of a company. It shall be shown on the website of the company. 3) There shall be no nominee directors. If an institution wishes to appoint a director on the Board, such appointment should be made by the shareholders. 4) The compensation paid to non-executive directors may be fixed by the Board and should be approved by shareholders in general meeting. The companies should publish their compensation philosophy and statement of entitled compensation in respect of non-executive directors in their annual report. 5) The composition of the Board of Directors of the holding company should be made applicable to the composition of the Board of Directors of subsidiary companies. 6) At least one independent director on the Board of the parent company shall be a director on the Board of Directors of the subsidiary company 7) The evaluation of performance of non-executive directors should be made by a peer group comprising the entire Board of Directors, excluding the director being evaluated. CONFEDERATION OF I NDIAN I NDUSTRY (CII) T ASKFORCE ON C ORPORATE G OVERNANCE The CII setup a Task Force under the Chairmanship of Mr. Naresh Chandra in February 2009 to recommend ways of further improving corporate governance standards and practices in both letter and spirit. They made recommendations on the following issues: 1) Nomination Committee with appointment of an ndependent director 2) Duties, liabilities and remuneration of independent directors 3) Remuneration Committee of Board 4) Role of board in shareholders and related party transactions 5) Executive Sessions of Independent Director 6) Attending Board and Committee Meetings through Tele-conferencing and video conferencing 7) Separation of the offices of the Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer CORPORATE G OVERNANCE V OLUNTARY G UIDELINES 2009 In December 2009, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) published a new set of “Corporate Governance Voluntary Guidelines 2009”, designed to encourage companies to adopt better practices in the running of boards and board committees. Some important guidelines regarding Boards are as follows: 1) The companies should issue formal letters of appointment to Non-Executive Directors (NEDs) and Independent Directors as the case of employees and Executive Directors. 2) The offices of Chairman and the Chief Executive Officer should be separate 3) Nomination Committee for appointment of various directors 4) Duties, liabilities, Tenure and remuneration of independent directors 5) Director's remuneration and its composition 6) Remuneration Committee of Board 7) Responsibility of the Board RBDOLE OF OARD OF IRECTORS A large enterprise usually has an apex policy-making body, which is generally referred as the Board of Directors (BOD). The members of the BOD have collective authority and responsibility for the functioning of the company. They direct and controll the company operations. The members of the BOD have to act as professional managers to help the company to adjust in the changing environment. They need to perform the following roles: 1) Work with Good Faith and Focus on Stakeholder Interest: It is the prime function of the Board of Director. The Board should be act ethically and in good faith in all the matter of the company. The directors have a duty to act - 33 - ROLEOFBOARDOFDIRECTORS RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INCORPORATEGOVERNANCE REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 29-36, ISSN 2348–3318 Dinesh Sharma, Jayalaxmi Sharma & Mohd Arif

bona fide for overall benefit of the company. The utmost care and due diligence should be taken in performing their duties which result in maximum benefit to the stakeholder. This indicates that Board is required to act in the long term interests of stakeholders. They ought to build healthier relationships among company, management, employees, customers, suppliers, or any other kind of investment that would serve the long-term interests of stakeholders. 2) Keen Insight on Corporate Affair: The Board of Directors (BOD) should keep a keen insight on all the affairs of the company. The Board delegates the authority and responsibility to the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The CEO with the help of senior management and other members manages the day-to-day operation of the company for the benefit of stakeholder. 3) Long Term Strategy Formulation: It is another important role of BOD. The Board is responsible for formulating sound strategies. Sound strategies are the basis for long-term survival of any corporate. Therefore, the Board should discuss long-term strategies in every board meeting. Due to the importance of strategic planning in corporate success, a Board can call a special meeting for that. After that, it is been forwarded to CEO and other senior managers for implementation. 4) Promote Ethical Environment for Business: The objective of good corporate governance can be achieved by promoting the ethical working environment. Therefore, it is the Board duty that they establish an ethical benchmark for all the affair of the company. The Board should ensure that the spirit of laws and rule should be follow strictly. They also make an assurance that any transactions, which are unethical or required to compromise company principles and integrity, required to avoid. For ethical encouragement, the Board can also prepare a Code of Conduct that should be followed strictly in the company. 5) Directors Training: The Board is also responsible for the training of directors. Proper training is the prerequisite of operation success. The Board should adopt such methods and system, which ensure that every director should know their power, role, duties, responsibilities and liabilities. Through training, the directors should aware about the company policies, business and environment. Training is also necessary to understand the technical term and jargons used by the company and to enrich the knowledge. 6) Selection and Succession Planning of Chairman and CEO: The Board needs to perform another important task i.e., selection, compensation, monitor and control of Chairman and CEO and their succession plan. The Board should select well qualified, informed, efficient and ethical Chairman and CEO who work in the best interest of stakeholder. They also appoint or approve other members of the team. As regard to succession planning, they review the ability of key senior manager and their successor annually and periodically. The board replaces the Chairman, CEO and other member with their successor when they think so. They also review the succession planning process periodically and annually. 7) Evaluation of Chairman and CEO Performance: The Board has the responsibility to evaluate the performance of Chairman and CEO,. They should adopt a formal and rigorous mechanism to evaluate the performance annually as a part of normal course of action. It performance evaluation should be linked to their respective compensation. The Board can delegate the work of performance evaluation to specified board member or other committee, if they think so. 8) Rules and Regulations: The Board shall prepare comprehensive rules and regulations besides Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association and Byelaws to supervise the management and employee in the case of any conflict. If any conflict arises in any provision of the above stated document, these rules and regulation provides the guidance framework and suggest the way to overcome that conflicts. 9) Risk Management: The Board has also performed the risk management function. They need to identify and manage the risks facing the company. The Board and senior management together decide the corporate risk profile and ensure that the risk profile is consistent with strategic profile. The Board should establish a structure for risk identification, risk minimization and risk optimization; the structure should be review once in every six month. The Board discloses the risk management strategies and policies adopted by them in their report to the members. 10) Reviewing and Monitoring of Implementation of Strategies: Besides the strategies formulation of the Board needs to perform the function of reviewing and monitoring of implementation of those strategies. They should review the strategic plan and monitor it regularly to ensure whether it is being implemented in best and efficient manner or not. If there is any deviation, the Board should take a corrective action to minimize that deviation. 11) Anticipate Business Events: The Board should be able to anticipate business events that would determine

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success or lead to failure if not approached in time. The directors should be alert to such situations and be ready with the strategy to meet them. 12) Advising Management on Important Issues: The Board can offer their advice to the management on various important issues such as acquisition, dividend policy, business definition etc. The board members have very rich experience on various perspectives. They provide advice to the management in formal board and committee meetings and by discussion with the CEO and senior management in informal way. 13) Legal and Ethical Compliance: It is the responsibility of the Board that they ensure the company's commitment towards the integrity, legal and ethical compliance. The Board should implement such system and mechanism that informed them about the compliance program and significant compliance issues that may arise. 14) Integrity and Clarity of Financial Statements: The Board is also responsible for financial statement's integrity and clarity. The Board in consultancy with audit committee should ensure that the financial statement shows the true and fair picture of company financial position. They also ensure the validity and suitability of various accounting practices followed by the company in preparing the accounts. 15) Other Roles: Besides the above role, the Board also performs the following roles: i) To define the vision, mission, objectives and values by which the company will perform its daily duties ii) To ensuring accountability of the organization to its investors and authorities iii) To manage major acquisitions and divestitures iv) To establish decision support system v) The Board should shows the commitment to the Company vi) To ensure a formal and transparent board member nomination & election process and communication process vii) To steer the discussions properly viii) To review management's plans for business resiliency ix) To review of internal control system to ensure the compliance of law.

Figure 1: Role of Board in the Dynamics of Corporate Governance According to a worldwide consensus of 200 directors from eight countries, i.e., Canada, France, Germany, Finland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Venezuela, the following five responsibilities of Board were listed in order of importance:

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1) Setting corporate strategy, overall direction 2) Hiring and firing the CEO and the top management 3) Controlling, monitoring or supervising the top management 4) Reviewing and approving the use of resources 5) Caring for shareholders' interests Considering the liberalization process the BODs in the Indian context should ensure the following: 1) The enterprise remains effective on technical parameters 2) The enterprise continues to achieve healthy market growth 3) Diversification and divestment are done on sound lines 4) Productivity and quality are not sacrificed for short-term profitability 5) A judicious earnings retention policy is adopted 6) Build a sound system of human values and corporate culture

CONCLUSION The innumerous corporate fraud and crisis have catched the attention of all about the corporate governance. Some of the leading company actively pursue the high standards of governance. Basically, corporate governance is a set of systems and processes which ensure that a company is managed to the best interests of all the stakeholders. The direction and management of company is overseen by the BOD. They are brains of the company. So, understanding of the role of BOD is vital for both understanding of corporate behavior and formulating and setting up the policies. The Board has to perform very crucial role in governance of the company. They have a direct responsibility toward the attainment of corporate and shareholder objectives. For smooth functioning of the board and corporation, the Government of India setup the various committees on corporate governance to issues the guidelines for good governance. With the increase in the complexity and diversity of business, the roles of Board have also become complex and diverse. They deemed to perform new roles in complex environment. So, there is a need of proper guidelines regarding the upcoming role of the Boards.

REFERENCES Ÿ Clarke Thomas (2004) "Theories of Corporate Governance: The Philosophical Foundations of Corporate Governance," London: Routledge Ÿ Chandra Naresh (2009), Report of the CII Taskforce on Corporate Governance Ÿ Confederation of Indian Industry (1998), “Desirable Corporate Governance: A Code ”, recommendation Ÿ Fernando A.C (2006), “Corporate Governance, Principles, Policies and Practices”, Pearson Education, New Delhi. Ÿ Singh Anand (2011), “Business Ethics and Indian Value System”, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. Ÿ Principles of Corporate Governance: A report by OECD Task Force on Corporate Governance (1999) Ÿ Kumara Managalam Birla Committee Recommendations on Corporate Governance Ÿ Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India, Corporate Governance Voluntary Guidelines, 2009 Ÿ Narayana Murthy Committee Recommendations on Corporate Governance Ÿ Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Clause 49 of listing agreement Ÿ The Companies Act, 2013. Ÿ www.mca.org Ÿ www.google.co.in Ÿ www.wikipedia.org.

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GENDERISSUEINCLUDING WOMEN'SREPRODUCTIVEHEALTHANDHIV/AIDS

Krishna Chandra Choudhary Faculty Member, National Institute of Public Cooperation & Child Development, Gommatgiri, Indore - 453112 (M.P.) (Ministry of Women and Child Development, Govt. of India)

ABSTRACT HIV infection is a significant health problem as well as one of the most important social issues of the 21st century. The present paper ventures to discuss in this regard ‘Gender Equality’ and ‘Empowerment of Women’. Critical Gender Issues and Family Welfare, Women’s reproductive health, strategic Gender Needs (of women) and HIV/AIDS, strategies for intervention, future challenges; rights for Sexual and reproductive health etc. are the equally important issues and so have been given due attention in the study. Keywords : HIV, Health, Gender Equality, Women and Empowerment.

HIV infection is not only a significant health problem but also one of the most important social issues of the 21st century. The population policies in general in India are concerned with demographic targets ignoring fundamental needs of women such as reproductive and sexual health and their right to reproductive choice. The goal of identifying women as primary uses of population programmes, devoid of coercion with recognition to their human rights having control over their own bodies and sexuality is a long uneven path. The challenges are many ranging from patriarchal ideology to traditional social structures to institutions that reinforce gender discrimination. The broader concept and social issues in this regard are 'Gender Equality' and Empowerment of women. The power within women is to make informed decisions and redistribution of resources for a change in the existing imbalances in overall power relation and for getting greater control. The changes can be initiated through supportive social system, educational process and state support mechanism, gender awareness in the society, women's own perception of self in the wider context, self-esteem and confidence in their gender and women's ability to defend their rights including their own body.

Critical “Gender Issues” and Family Welfare Historically, India is the first country to launch National Family Planning Programme (NFPP) in 1952. The centrally administrated target oriented programme came under the heavy criticism and could not deliver much, either to reduce the country's enormous population growth or its high Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) i.e. 178 (SRS, 2013) per one lakh live births, women much more than men suffered under this programme. On the other hand, MMR - number of women who die of pregnancy-related causes per one Lakh (1,00,000) live births - coming down to 178, India is inching forward to meet its global commitment to reduce the ratio to 109 by year 2015.finally, the latest MMR figures for 2010-2012, released by the Registrar-General of India suggest that the MMR had come down to 178 from 212, an annual decline of 5.7%. Realising the shortfalls of the earlier programme as also the commitment in International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD, 1994), 4th World Conference Women (Bejing, 1995), the government of India has started new target free approach in 1996. The approach broadened the concept of Mother and Child Health (MCH) to Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) which is following on National Rural Health Mission (NRHM, 2005) than National Urban Health Mission (NUHM, 2013) and in coming future it will focus on National Health Mission. Another important feature of the NUHM was the inclusion of urban-centric issues: domestic violence, sexual

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exploitation, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes (HIV/AIDS), trafficking, and child and drug abuse, and gender-related matters. However, the new approach does not include women outside reproductive age group and also intra household discrimination against young girls, disabilities of old women and various other issues and problems under divergent socio-economic setting. The new approach is also facing many challenges which were the problems in the order programmes and it's not break through in itself.

WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH World Bank defines “Reproductive Health as a state in which people have the ability to reproduce and regulate their fertility. Women are able to go through pregnancy and birth safely; The out-come of pregnancy is successful in terms of maternal and infant survival and well being; and couples are able to have sexual relationship free of fear of pregnancy and of contracting disease”. “The principal goal of the reproductive health programmes includes among others high quality health service to the need of Individuals”. However, the approach of women's reproductive health and right are new concepts in India. They are never placed at centre stage in a holistic way in its planning, policy or implementation of programmes. Women health is generally limited to the context of her child bearing functions. It has already been debated in various forms, whether women's reproductive health should be advocated as a separate activity. In this context, the spread of HIV/AIDS in India especially among the younger people is of critical importance. Other disturbing fact in this regard is that latest surveillance indicates an increase in incidence among pregnant women thereby increasing the possibility of increase in mother to child transmission or Prevention of Parent-to-Child Transmission (PPTCT).

PROGRESSION OF HIV

ESTIMATED RISK AND TIMING OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD (MTCT) HIV TRANSMISSION

Overall without breast feeding 20-25% Overall with breast feeding till 6 months 25-30% Overall with breast feeding till 18-24 months 30-35%

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PPTCT : PROTOCOL

Offered ANC Group Education HIV Test

Post-Test HIV Pre-Test Counselling TEST Counselling

HIV ‘+’ HIV ‘-’

Participant Primary Prevention

UNAIDS / WHO 4 Prong Strategy for prevention of Parent-To-Child HIV Transmission

Child bearing age women I. Prevent HIV infection

II. Prevent unintended pregnancies HIV-infected women III. Prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission

HIV-infected women, their infants and IV. Provide care and support (PPTCT-Plus) families

GENDER ISSUES IN HIV/AIDS Studies have indicated that women are biologically and epidemiologically more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Male to female transmission of HIV is twice as efficient as female to male. Moreover, majority of Indian women being anaemic 51% and 56% adolescent girls, it has become more or less a convention to practice blood transfusion during child birth. Coupled with various social factors lick lack of independence, early marriage and repeated pregnancies, lack of information, poverty led forced prostitution, husbands promiscuity etc. make them more vulnerable to this disease. The impact of HIV/AIDS on women is also much more severe and critical. Firstly, for transmission of HIV form infected mother to child. Secondly, the rejection and obstracisation of women and girls are much more than that of male. Further women and girls suffer disproportionally from the burden of the disease. The traditional gender role of women in sick acre compels women even when they themselves are infected/ sick to look after the other sick members. Girls of HIV affected families often have to leave school for sick care. Strategic Gender Needs (of women) and HIV/AIDS HIV/AIDS have also opened our eyes to the inadequacies and inequalities in the health care system of our country. The disease raised many difficult cultural, ethical, social and practical questions. The problem is intricately intertwined with longstanding gaps of health system as also sensitive areas of female sexuality. This also poses challenges for optimal service delivery to meet women's preventive health care need as also for coping with certain condition of ill health with strong stigma and gender bias operative within the social system. Men's involvement in the reproductive health decision is also focused primarily on “ABC” approaches of abstinence/delay of sexual debut, being faithful/partner reduction and Condom use - is key to understanding and combating sexual transmission of HIV. Be faithful, and Use condoms.... However, there is this proportionate towards the use of condoms.

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Poverty, powerlessness and dependency are critical factors in women's lives. Why HIV infection is increasingly becoming condition of many young women is a serious question. Today, it is known that largest group of women infected are single partner housewives. Lack of assertiveness and negotiation skills as also poor information base of common rural women push them into a stigmatised existence without any support.

Gender Concern Reproductive Health · Patriarchal Ideology · Traditional social System and Insinuations · Gender Perception and Gender bias in the family and at large · Gender inequality in access and control over resources · Women's powerlessness and inferior status · Women's own self perception · Lack of will power and commitment · Lack of self-esteem, confidence, assertiveness and negotiation skill in women · Lack of women friendly support mechanism specially link between general health and reproductive health of women, · Inadequate resources for health delivery, poor infrastructure across rural India · Poverty and related issues

Strategies for Intervention In the context of women's reproductive health and HIV/AIDS, government initiatives are:- The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) run project for dealing with women's health under Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme (CSSMP), Universal Immunisation. Prophylaxes are against nutritional, anaemia and training of dais (Midwives), Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA), Auxiliary Nurse Midwife (ANM) and so on. The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) under the MoHFW is implementing the National AIDS Control programme (NACP) I to IV (2012-2017) in our country. NACO is working to contain the spread of HIV infection, to reduce people's vulnerability to HIV, to promote community and family based care to infected persons as also to alleviate social and economic effect. The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MoWCD) has health service component under Integrated Child Development Service (ICDS) with Crèche and Day Care Centres of Children of working/ailing mother and nutrition, immunisation programmes etc. World Bank assisted ICDS projects offer additional services of training for women. Adolescent girl's schemes in the 11-18 years aimed at meeting their special needs in nutrition, health education and skill development. In addition to health specific inputs department works for over all development and empowerment of women through various programme and schemes like Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women – (STEP), Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (RGSEAG) - SABLA, Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (IGMSY), Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS, 2009), Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 etc. The Ministry of women and Child Development apart from financial assistance to Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) in the form of project schemes etc. is working in major way for Women's Development through its research and training support body the National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development (NIPCCD). NIPCCD is working extensively for gender equality, removal of gender bias and creating awareness (Gender Sensitisation) in administrators, implementers, researchers, Law Enforcement Agencies, NGOs and so on. The NGO initiatives and support for delivery of services even to rural and remote areas need special mention be it women's reproductive health care or (STI/STD) or (HIV/AIDS) related awareness, education information, counselling and at times hospice care also are being provided by the NGOs. In this context, the support of international and bilateral agencies and others is being acknowledged. FCUTURE HALLENGES In traditional society like India, future challenges are too many ranging from patriarchal social system and institutions. To mind set and attitude of people to divergent cultural inhibition to multiple religious faiths and values operative in systematic discrimination and propagation of gender biases.. The situation is further aggravated by rampant poverty and financial crunch on state. The debt issues and structural adjustment programmes are further limitations of government for extending support on the issue be it

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development of infrastructural facilities or support to development programmes specially women's empowerment programme. In addition, the globalization of economy, privatization, liberalisation process, unimaginable growth of information technology has exposed today's younger generation to other definition of “Masculinity'' and “Femininity”. Femininity (also called womanliness or womanhood) is a set of attributes, behaviours, and roles generally associated with girls and women. Consumerism has pushed people to more pleasure seeking avenues. The traditional societies especially in the urban areas increasingly giving way to individualistic existence and drastic changes are creeping in social, behavioural and moral values. Ironically the backlash of all these are borne by the people of rural areas specially and disadvantageous growths of women of this country. The largest democracy of the world with unequal relation between population, land and opportunity will need very careful thinking for the future. The situation demands thoughtful planning specially at local level, effective implementation, stern monitoring and evaluation at regular interval to meet future challenges between the countries. There is urgent need for strengthening of public health delivery system including diagnostic facilities, gender sensitisation of national machinery up to grass root level specially health officials and functionaries community education and awareness generation about the disease – it transmission - high risk behaviour and also clarification of gender roles in transmission specially role of women, HIV/AIDS education and awareness in adolescent groups through school education , non information group activities at local level in rural and remote areas, special attention for development of economically backward areas know for labour migration. Tourist interest places, port towns and coastal belt, villagers by the rides of highways, customary prostitution practice areas, disaster and draught prone areas. Areas know for human trafficking need special attention. In this context, the of role of voluntary organisation, local group, women's organisation are of critical importance. The state machinery which mostly lacks both in manpower and understanding of local issue will need the support of committed NGOs big or small to face the future threats of HIV/AIDS infection looming over the country. Media especially mass media (print media, electronic media, internet, social media or new media) traditional folk media have to up for awareness generation. Academicians and researchers have to contribute in their own way by studying the success and failures in tackling the disease. Both Indian and other country had experiences to be analysed and fed into our own implementation strategies. RSRHIGHTS FOR EXUAL AND EPRODUCTIVE EALTH “Women's sexual and reproductive roles have largely determined their psychosocial status, economic opportunities and self-worth. Ironically, for most women child-bearing has been both overvalued and under supported”. Changes have taken place in the last few decades (1981-2011). The percentage of couples using some form of modern contraceptive has skyrocketed, from 15% in 1960 to nearly 60% across the developing world and 70% elsewhere. And women's ability, at long, last to control their fertility is changing power relation between the sexes. But women still carry much heavier and largely avoidable burden poor health to reproduction and sexuality.

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Women's Perspective Challenge HIV/AIDS for Women Ÿ Poor Women Health Status Ÿ Women Biologically more Vulnerable Ÿ Epidemiologically Vulnerability of Women Ÿ Women are Vulnerable to HIV Transmission Ÿ Psychosocial Vulnerability to HIV Ÿ Lack of Independence of Women in our society Ÿ Due to Early Age of Marriage in Indian context Ÿ Lack of Information and Knowledge Ÿ Poverty forces Women into Commercial Sex Worker (CSW) Ÿ Risk form Bisexual Husband Ÿ Migration Increases a Women's Vulnerability to HIV Infection

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which causes Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) spreads in four major ways: · Through unprotected (without condom) sexual intercourse especially with multiple partners which could be between heterosexual men and women between bisexual men and women and between homosexual men. · Sharing and re-use of inadequately sterilized needles, blade and syringes by injection drug users or within health care settings. · By transfusion of HIV infected blood and blood products and · From infected mother to child. · Sexual Intercourse · Blood Transfusion · Sharing Needles, Blade and Syringes · From Infected Mother to Child

Routes of Transmission of HIV

Source: CMIS, NACO, 2012.

HIV positive cases detected, mother to child transmission accounts for 5.0%, Infected Syringe and Needle 1.7%, Homosexual 1.5% and contaminated blood and blood products account for 1.0% of HIV infections detected during 2011-12.

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Routes of Transmission of HIV

Source: NACO, 2013. AIDS was first case recognized as a disease among homosexual males in America in 1981. Later on, the first AIDS case in India was detected in 1986, attacking sex workers in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. At the beginning of the epidemic AIDS was thought to be a disease of men and women were considered to be on the periphery of the epidemic. Today, with the accumulation of data, millions of women find themselves at the centre the crisis.

REFERENCES Ÿ Choudhary, K.C. (2011): HIV/AIDS in Policy and Practice: An Overview, Social Welfare Vol.58, No.9, New Delhi, pp 31-34. Ÿ Choudhary, K.C. (2012): HIV/AIDS Prevention Among Youth People: A Psycho-Social Overview, Social Welfare Vol.59, No.9, New Delhi, pp 27-31. Ÿ Cornish F., Banerji R. & Shukla A., (2010), Health Illness and Medicine (Ethnographic Readings), Orient Banck Swan, Publication. Ÿ D'Cruz P. (2004), Family care in HIV/AIDS, SAGE India, publication. Ÿ De Waal, Alex. (2003). A disaster with no name: The HIV/AIDS Pandemic and the Limits of Governance. In Learning from HIV and AIDS, ed. George Ellision, Melissa Parker and Catherine Campbell, 238-67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ÿ Dutta, T. (2012). Responding to HIV and AIDS in India; Yojana, Ministry of Information and Broadcating, GoI, New Delhi; April, Pp 23-25. Ÿ Edited by Misra A. (2010), Health Illness and Medicine (Ethnographic Readings), Orient BanckSwan, Publication. Ÿ Ghosh R. (2007). The necessary contradictions of 'communityled' health promotion: A Case Study of HIV Prevention in an Indian Red Light District. Social Science and medicine 64:496-507. Ÿ http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/(accessed 21 October 2014) Ÿ NACO (2006), National AIDS Control Programme Phase III (2007-2012): Strategy and Implementation Plan. New Delhi: NACO. Ÿ NACO (2005) report “India resolves to Defeat HIV/AIDS,”, Ministry of health and family welfare, Govt. of India. Ÿ NACO, (2007) HIV Data Available online at http://www.nacoonline.org/ Quick_Links/HIV_Data/(accessed 11 March 2015). Ÿ NACO, (2007); Targeted Interventions for High-Risk Groups (HRGs) Operational Guidelines. Vol. 1. Core High Risk Groups, New Delhi Ÿ National AIDS Prevention and Control Policy (2002); NACO; Govt. of India. Ÿ www.nacoonline.org (accessed 19 March 2015).

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NEWELECTRONICMEDIA–AHARBINGEROFUNITY ANDCO-OPERATIONAMONGSAARCNATIONS

Santhosh Mathew Asstt. Prof. Centre for South Asian Studies, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry

ABSTRACT The paper aims to strengthen linkages among research, through improved use of Electronic Media. The focus will be on sharing experiences relating to problems that are common to member countries and exchange expertise and programmes for serving interest of each other. This study envisages in reduction of threats through exchange of information and Building capacity at local, National and Regional level. This paper explores the development of appropriate research in New Media. It may further verify and review the success of initiatives in these action areas. The paper forays into regional co-operation activities which may boost the exchange of media software and technology transfer, planning and data exchange on New Media appreciation & application. Among the modern communication systems, the use of mobile phones, internet and online media is increasing rapidly and these technologies are growing faster than older forms of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The study may pinpoint the use of internet and online media in SAARC countries and its prevalence over other forms of media. The paper investigates to promote mutual trust building exercise amongst the new media professionals and organizations to foster purposeful capacity building for better understanding and faithful interdependence in the region. Keywords : New Media Capacity Building; Media Software & Technology Transfer; New Media Appreciation and Application; Trust building – New Media Professions; Threat reduction.

INTRODUCTION Profound are the changes that are taking place in Asia to take the centre-stage for the first time in modern history. The year 2010 is of significance in the development of South Asia relations. The initiation of many measures in the recent past has provided a brighter development prospect for cultural exchanges between the SAARC nations including the media circles. Currently, the means and situation of news transmission as well as media ecology are undergoing profound tansformations. With the rapid development of information technology represented by digitization and networking, emerging media such as the Internet and mobile phones is on the sudden rise, and traditional media, such as newspapers, radio and TV, are facing unprecedented challenges. Facing the challenges, we should explore opportunities among the challenges, turn and challenges into opportunities. Although new media has changed the pattern of information dissemination and the situation of the media industry, "the content is king," and that it is still the nature of information dissemination. New media should not be an opponent of traditional media, but a cooperative partner to create a win-win situation. New media will bring new vigor and vitality into traditional media, making it even more influential than ever before through multimedia and other new technologies. Innovation in thoughts, systems, and technologies is the key to build modern media. There is a need to combine traditional and new media in order to build diverse and attractive dissemination patterns amongst the SAARC nations so that they can learn more from each other, and thus create a louder "voice of Asia" in the international arena. With new technology for mobile phones and the internet, the spread of new media is likely to increase, enhancing greater interactivity. As part of the implementation of the SAARC nations on Information and Media Cooperation, we could consider enhancing online information sharing using the existing SAARC Web sites and content such as the SAARC television and radio networks. Considering a relatively young population – about half of the 580 million people. The new media – blogging, social networks, video sharing, podcasting etc - may appeal more to them than traditional media. There is a need to focus on the current development of new Web sites, trends and applications of new media technology. The huge young population is one of our action lines in the SAARC Socio-Cultural

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Community Blueprint states: we can enhance the use of and the capability to utilize new media technologies such as digital broadcasting to promote SAARC awareness and identity and facilitating SAARC media industry collaborations to showcase SAARC Member States' culture, developments and talents. With new technology for mobile phones and the internet, the spread of new media is likely to increase, enhancing greater interactivity. SAARC members are facing the serious challenge of those Western developed countries who use their technological advantage in the Internet field, financial strengths and talent advantage, seeking the Internet hegemony of Western culture, ideology, and values. SAARC countries are all developing countries. The key to the strategic partnership between SAARC nations lies in in-depth understanding of each other. News media should play a role in communication and bridging gaps.The conventional media now must adapt to the changes in technology to sustain its existence where it involves the building of its human resources. This means reporters and editors must not only be media savvy but also IT literate. The SAARC media industry must cope with the cost of building the IT infrastructure and having to face the ever changing technology. With the accessibility of information through the various new media channels, there is an influx of information. The public have a role to choose and judge the news and information available on the internet. The media have the responsibility to relay responsible journalism towards the public. NMA&AEW EDIA PPRECIATION PPLICATION What is new media? According to Wikipedia, new media encompasses the emergence of digital, computerized, or networked information and communication technologies. New media has enabled people to connect more easily. New media technologies have enabled faster exchanges of information, including news, through the internet. New media technologies continue to reshape our world. Statistics show that SAARC's internet subscribers/users have grown from 3 per 1000 persons in 1998 to 115 per 1000 persons in 2008. The numbers of mobile phone units per 1000 persons continue to increase in South Asian Member States as well, although the disparity remains wide among the countries. With new technology for mobile phones and the internet, the spread of new media is likely to increase, enhancing greater interactivity. In the case of digital broadcasting, to meet the demand for digital content, the Information Ministers of SAARC countries need to have more collaboration among member states to co-produce digital content and promote exchanges of content. Can we all collaborate in this area? In this globalised and interconnected world, what is happening in other countries or other parts of the world can affect our lives. Hence, it is important for the people to receive information in an accurate manner. According to Internet World Stats, with over 780 Million Internet users, Asia Pacific is already the region with the largest online population. Yet the penetration rate for Asia is only at around 20%, which signals continued rapid growth ahead. Building on the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals, and the mandate given at the Second Phase of the World Summit on the Information Society in Tunis in 2005, the IGF (Internet Governance Forum) is a United Nations activity initiated in 2006 as a global platform for multi-stakeholder policy dialogue on prevailing and emerging issues on Internet governance so as to foster the sustainability, robustness, security, stability and development of Internet. The Internet has become an integral part of people's life. Despite the advantages, misuses and abuses lead to social problems, such as digital divide, Internet addiction, information safety, security, privacy and other evolving issues. These issues have no respect to national borders, and therefore require collaboration between countries and territories to address. The IGF approach is an open forum for knowledge sharing between stakeholders across borders, which in turn inform local policy development.While the global IGF is already in its fifth and final year of its initial charter, and Regional IGFs have been established in many other regions, including Africa, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, to date, South Asia has seen no parallel forum for discussing Internet governance issues at a regional level. For the first time, the APrIGF is therefore being convened with objectives to raise awareness and encourage participation of relevant stakeholders around the region on Internet governance issues, as well as to foster multi-lateral, multi-stakeholder discussion about issues pertinent to the Internet in South Asia. EMIXCHANGE OF EDIA NTELLIGENCE Technologies and new ideas will always continue to evolve due to the impact of globalization.The proliferation of new media is unstoppable.Today we are facing another challenge which is the New Media. Dissemination of information or news took a new turn where it no longer is dependable solely on conventional method such as through newspapers, television and radio. The new medium such as; blogging, podcasting; Face book, Twitter, YouTube, RSS and others are fast becoming the leading preference for information or news dissemination. - 45 - NEWELECTRONICMEDIA–AHARBINGER RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL OFUNITYANDCO-OPERATION Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 44-50, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL AMONGSAARCNATIONS Santhosh Mathew

I propose to evolve a Cross border media exchange on a bilateral basis as already takes place widely between developed nations across globe. A unique feature of this arrangement may be the involvement of an Independent Media Manager to develop this information based on intelligence and distribute periodically to the member nations. This would facilitate a greater dependency and mutual trust between the nations and the data so received would be used for betterment and progress of the nations. The key data that is envisaged to develop in this process would largely depend upon the possible links emanating from the much talked about terror groups and the petty issues which are often seen as the tumbling blocks between the peace processes. Notwithstanding the prevalence and occupation of the intelligence of the respective nations this core group media manager would not interfere to any of the established institutions of the memberstates, so that they do not look this upon suspicion. Also this has to be ensured so as to have a greater acceptance and permeability. However, the key issues to be settled before the cross border media exchange flow is concretized are the cost of information transmission line and its sharing mechanism; the determination of media tariff; need and willingness, technical means, national institutions and regional operations and contractual issues. The payment mechanism including the currency and the channel to be used like Asian Clearing Union and most importantly the ownership sustainability and its geo-political immunization. It is very crucial to maintain a fair balance in the sovereign media security equation in order to avert the risk of 'trade and fade'. The pool-based approach, also known as media-based, integrated simulation, can possibly provide support to develop competitive long run media equilibrium in regional political arena. In this context, establishing a Regional Media Exchange Corporation (RMEC) would be highly beneficial to launch this type of media mechanism in SAARC region also. This could be called “SAARC-RMEC” which could provide media feed- back to individual nations as well as the people as consumers. To facilitate the process of setting up of SAARC- RMEC, it is rather essential to assess and understand the nature, direction and extent of intra-country media exchange of the South Asian Countries. However, currently the media exchange is in its infancy in South Asia region.

CPMIOMMON ROBLEMS EDIA NTERFACE Wars are fought in the minds of people, not just on the borders of countries. This has been the case increasingly with proliferation of news media and emergence of new communication technologies. We need to understand how news media, specifically those in the conflict regions, cover and portray the warring parties. In today's media-dominated world, news and views could aggravate a conflict situation or provide a healing touch or facilitate a peace process. News media have become part of policy-framing apparatus of governments. Studies are yet to be undertaken to evaluate the role of media in peace process in our part of the world. Peace building is not an event, but a process, and so calls for an entirely different approach to evaluating media coverage; reporting, positioning, analyses and editorial writing. As in “Controlled mass communication in interstate conflict the case of Indo-Pak Conflict” (1970), these aspects of communication should be tracked and analysed periodically so that understanding, trust and confidence-building process between countries in conflict is sustained. If news media takes proactive interest in the peace process, it can radically alter the geo-political template of the sub-content. Before focusing on the nature of coverage of “peace process”, it is essential to know the extent and nature of coverage of neighboring countries by news media of India, particularly the regional news media. It could tentatively be summed up that Indian media is largely confined to Indo-Pak relations. Despite two decades of its existence, South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has hardly promoted media coverage and cooperation between news media agencies of the region. Media exchange efforts of SAARC apparently is limited to state-owned All India Radio and Doordarshan. The coverage of neighbors is too little to make any impact. Peace process becomes substantive only when news media covers it more consciously and consistently. Beyond sports coverage, there is no serious and sustained coverage of neighbors, as in the case of coverage of financial markets. Too little and only occasionally the “peace process” gets coverage. The coverage, however, is mostly limited to peripheral aspects. Relatively little news originates out of these countries. News agencies are the prime source of news from these neighboring countries. Peace process apparently does not fit into the format of news bulletin and priorities of news channels for coverage. Substantial issues involved in the conflict/relations between the countries in context get least coverage. 58 countries operate in South Asia whereas Indian media organizations have their bureaus or staff reporters at hardly 10 locations, including Pakistan and Nepal. At one time Indian news agencies had 10 senior journalists posted overseas and another 12 Indians as stringers. The situation perhaps sums up the status of Indian news media's priorities with “foreignnews”. The Indian media as they stand today are not only one of the pillars of our vibrant country as their freedom and power are in themselves symbols of the depth and width of our democracy. Is it not remarkable that

- 46 - NEWELECTRONICMEDIA–AHARBINGER RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL OFUNITYANDCO-OPERATION Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 44-50, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL AMONGSAARCNATIONS Santhosh Mathew

India's free press is quoted in corporate or development presentations across the world to convey the strength of our democracy?The situation is essentially encouraging. This country's media continue to highlight many evils of the society and help bring wrongdoers to book. The media have been at the forefront of initiating discussions on important topical subjects. Just look at the huge role played by the media in bringing the Right to Information Act to the people. But unpleasant aspects also have to be considered before they assume threatening dimensions. Private media houses use the business model of advertising to sustain the costs of the media product. This has over time led to corporate influence or should we say interference on media content and thus media freedom. The clear mission ascribed to newspapers to report the truth and raise hell appears to have been blurred by corporate pressures.Firstly, a number of large media houses tend to be owned by large industrial corporations. The media are no longer neutral agents, but essential gears in the machinery of corporate giantism. I would call it ownership-driven interference. Media as can be easily perceived are a means for corporate to become more powerful within the system by virtue of the access and respectability this gives them. Do the owners of corporations permit their media wings to write or broadcast anything against them or their friends? I very much doubt it. Now if certain information is not allowed to be brought into the open regularly, the truth and those partaking the truth pay a price. RTPEDUCE HREAT ERCEPTION Media is an important tool to shape matters in a country and more so in a democratic one. Regional and international situation is also contingent upon the media in moulding the public opinion. However, it remains a matter of debate whether media follows objectivity in keeping the people posted about the developments without a bias or often seeks to influence the views in its own way. Probably, bias is not a general pattern, but certainly media's role is not above controversy. However, there is no dispute over the prowess of the media and this seemingly unassailable strength increases as more and more people appear to veer towards the media - print or electronic - obviously because it covers a huge segment of the people and its impact is increasing with the technological advancement of the information-related areas. In the process the role of media is also being discussed with greater intensity and larger seriousness though its influence can be positive and negative depending on how individuals view it in introspection. Media largely plays a constructive role, where peace and harmony whether within a country or transcending national boundaries, are the essence of an avowed objective. Media has a strong role in South Asia -- the home to more than one fifth of the mankind -- and where overwhelmingly majority is governed under democracy. Undoubtedly, media is to be reckoned as a force with immense power primarily in the representative system since it plays a valuable role in shaping up public opinion. Print media has been playing this role for a pretty long time while the electronic media is being noticed increasingly for such a job. The presence of print media in the South Asian countries is massive with the number of newspapers, journals and other publications galore while televisions and radio stations are increasing rapidly. In the process, both print and electronic media are seen as powerful tools in shaping up public sentiment. However, print remains the main ingredient of the media. Major South Asian countries are multilingual even if there is one main language and so the importance of the language media can hardly be overemphasised. English and Hindi are the languages that are expected to form a common thread throughout the vast Indian Republic - the biggest of the South Asian nations. But vernacular publications have a greater impact in the regions where people use such languages in speaking and writing with ease. India has many component states in the federal structure and most of these states are quite big - much bigger in both size and population than some South Asian countries. For instance, the Uttar Pradesh, the largest state population wise, has more people and a bigger size than Bangladesh, the third biggest country in South Asia. Pakistan, with second largest population in South Asia after India, too has component states (provinces) where vernacular publications impact heavily on the masses. If Urdu or English are the common vehicle for communication, other languages do play an important role. Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives have primarily one language other than the English, which is evidently a common language in all the regional countries though it is seen as alien, which has crept into South Asian nations because of historical background. If Sri Lanka has more than one vernacular language, for Bangladesh it is only the Bengali which covers the entire people after English. The language newspapers or journals have a tremendous impact in all the South Asian countries since they have a large following and readership. In India, the Hindi press has a large readership in the northern belt while Malaylam, Tamil, Telegu or other languages have a great impact on the southern region of the country. Bengali language is the only vernacular vehicle of communication in the West Bengal as much as it is in Bangladesh. There are other regional languages as well in India. Language newspapers' circulation and readership is quite big. Similarly, in Pakistan, Urdu newspapers are very influential along with some other language publications. In terms of following and impact, language newspapers are definitely far ahead of the English ones, though the latter greatly influences - 47 - NEWELECTRONICMEDIA–AHARBINGER RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL OFUNITYANDCO-OPERATION Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 44-50, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL AMONGSAARCNATIONS Santhosh Mathew

policymakers. Several English-language dailies and other publications in South Asia are well known as of high standard both in quality of production and material even outside the region where English is the primary language. South Asia can boast of this distinction since it speaks of advanced English journalism. However, it is the language newspapers that influence the masses considerably in the countries where English language is still somewhat inaccessible to many. So, language print media assumes enormous significance in South Asia and plays a catalytic role in shaping up public opinion. The same also applies to the electronic media since radio and television largely rely on the languages understood by most people. For instance, in Bangladesh, the state-run Bangladesh television or several private TV channels, which have come up in recent times, mostly air programmes in Bengali language. Peace and harmony in South Asia across the political, religious, ethnic and other differences are among the major objectives of the forums like the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) at the government and South Asia Free Media Association (SAFMA) at the non-government levels. Other such forums comprising different professional groups also aim at promotion of regional fraternity by abandoning inherent mistrust and inhibitions that often characterize interstate relations in South Asia. While all these forums are trying to advance their causes of fellowship through various forms of cooperation, their efforts are also often bedevilled or are not being advanced the way promoters of peace would like to see. Here, certainly the language journalism -- print and electronic -- can play a pivotal role in moulding public opinion in favour of developing bilateral and regional ties in South Asia. South Asia is afflicted by bilateral disputes, mostly between the two big members, India and Pakistan. Though differences cannot be resolved easily, a far greater positive ambience can be created in the region. Some progress is discernible in that direction. Neighbourliness also spawns problems as much as provides opportunities for friendship. For instance, ties between India and Bangladesh are at times marked by strains and misunderstandings over issues which essentially stem from being neighbours. Here, forums like SAFMA can play an invaluable role regardless of the official stances. It can encourage the media in shedding negative postures and work for better understanding among South Asian people. The language media -- both print and electronic -- is an integral and valuable component of the exercise. It can contribute effectively towards shaping the policies and moulding the mind both at the official and the people's level for creating peace and harmony in South Asia. TB–MPRUST UILDING EDIA ROFESSIONALS It is believed that if journalists can move freely and can report each other's country better in their media, many misunderstandings in the region would disappear. Information deficiency remains the main cause of mistrust and acrimony among the nations in the region. If journalists are allowed to report accurately and make objective analysis of the events on first hand information, at least a favourable climate would be created for promoting regional cooperation. Leaders of all the countries in the region plead for liberal visa regime for the journalists. But when it comes to decision-making, it hardly moves. The visa regime in Bangladesh, Pakistan and India remains restrictive despite assurances by the leaders of these countries to allow journalists to move freely. We should continue our struggle for this right. South Asia has a huge potential to grow as a major political and economic power in Asia if these countries can work together. Unfortunately, SAARC remained hostage to Indo-Pakistan rivalry for long and fortunately now a silver lining is visible on the western horizon. But eastern horizon is getting clouded for no valid reason. The media should be mobilized by SAFMA to play a vital role in removing the unfounded mistrust, mobilizing the media to create opinion in favour of resolution of all problems bilaterally. Neighbours will have problems but there are examples elsewhere in the world that they can be solved amicably. Many arch enemies (neighbours) have now become the best development partners and their cooperative efforts are helping improve the standard of living of the people. If others can do it, why can't the South Asians? Journalists can become a major player in peacemaking in South Asia both by using their pen as well as their organisational might. I hope SAFMA will be able to promote this noble cause. Senior Indian journalist B.G. Verghees said over a period of 50 years, the Indian national languages media has gone through a change and emerged as a giant. The phenomenon is not only restricted to the Indian media as the national languages media in other countries of the South Asia have undergone similar change. The Indian national languages media now enjoys a far greater and better influence than what he called the so-called English newspapers. Its' large circulation at the grassroots also gives it an edge over others in being a “cutting-edge tool” for social change. He said with national languages media focussing on local news as evident from their multiple editions, catering to several districts, the emphasis on the international and the regional developments stood somewhat compromised. This gives rise to nationalist or local media. It is not a negative trend because unless the media reaches the people, we cannot have what we call the - 48 - NEWELECTRONICMEDIA–AHARBINGER RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL OFUNITYANDCO-OPERATION Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 44-50, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL AMONGSAARCNATIONS Santhosh Mathew

popular media, he said. At the same time the Indian languages media newspapers should know that unless we are the citizens of the world, and know about our regions, we are in the danger of falling into another kind of trap. The globalisation necessitates keeping track of the news pertaining to international commerce and key players in the world like the US, Europe and Japan. But in our jump from local to global news, we must not skip the regional developments. It is far more important to know what is happening in Pakistan, Sri Lanka and India (South Asian region) than France because whatever happens to them (South Asian countries), happens to us. The problem inside one country becomes an international problem because we share a national resource region, and unless we usher in good understand, we are deeply at sea. The interpretation of what is news is not being determined by the need to know of a citizen but by the need of the consumer being largely driven by business driven market. A balance in what was being printed driven mainly by the media's needs to sell their product and what was required to be provided to the readers. The coverage given to a single cricket match between India and Pakistan would be given more space than political and social situations in neighbouring countries get in six months. There is a need for prioritising news content in newspapers for benefiting not only from global news but regional and local ones. The regional coverage could be increased in the South Asian region if journalists were allowed to access each other's countries. If we are interested (in travelling to neighbouring countries), we don't get visas. We don't get visas because we don't give them visas. The bias against South Asian journalists stationed in other countries of the region had been obvious because they were not allowed to move freely. Besides, no one would like to speak to them. It means that states do come in the way of dissemination of information. The need was to promote understanding in the region and held out the hope that the next South Asian Free Media moot would deliberate on the subject. Peace begins in the minds of men and therefore the newspapers, which set agendas and shape up opinion, carry the responsibility of promoting understanding in their home about their neighbours. Unless it was achieved, peace would remain a remote possibility in the South Asian region DISCUSSION In the next 25 years, Asia will have the two largest economies of the world -- with China becoming the No.1 and India becoming the No.3 economic power. Seen inthe South Asian context, the region as a whole could become the hub of the second largest economy, leaving United States behind. And with China bordering four states of the subcontinent, China and South Asia together can become the largest economic regional grouping with no comparable rival. The centre of economic gravity will for the first time tilt in favour of South Asia, if China also joined the grouping at some stage. Consequently, the dynamic of current globalisation that favors more developed countries of the West will turn in the service of Asia. In this 21st century, which belongs to Asia, and in the next two decades, South Asia and China can together reshape history with half the world population residing here. But are we preparing for the role the 21st century is going to assign us? The skeptics, who live in the past, may drag their feet, but the historic opportunity is there to be grasped by those who see history moving to their side. The time has, for once, come to support formerly colonised people. Given our common history of national resistance to colonialism that most of us lost in 1857, the history will, however, not repeat itself in colonialism-by-reverse. With the most contiguous region of the world, a common history to share and similarities of cultures, South Asia has fewer baggage(s) to shed than Europe or the Far East. The road to evolving South Asian Fraternity is quite easy, if viewed purely from our people's viewpoint and ecological harmony; it is far more complicated, if taken from the perspective of bureaucratic establishments or merchants of hate. Indeed there are disputes, and there have been wars, that hinder progress towards our real goals of freeing our people from the yoke of poverty and backwardness. But there could be no cause greater than the emancipation and progress of our people. The conflict over disputes, such as on Kashmir, must give way to reconciliation and resolution that must at the same time allow, rather than hinder, regional cooperation to address the demands of our common destiny. The lines of conflicts must change into the bridges of friendship and the ironed- barred borders must melt before the urge of South Asians to become a fraternal and indivisible community of people with nation states joining hands in submitting before the will of their real sovereigns -- the People. Steps can be simultaneously taken towards South Asian Free Trade Area, South Asian Union (Water/Energy/Communication/Information/Tourism/Economic), South Asian Currency, South Asian Parliament and South Asian Collective Security. However, to take a leap forward, there will have to be no hegemon, nor a ganging up by the small against the big-one. A new paradigm of equitable partnership must evolve to reshape our relations. However, trade and investment will not move ahead unless tariffs are lowered, the negative-list kept to most minimum, para and non-tariff barriers removed and standards harmonised. This will, subsequently, translate - 49 - NEWELECTRONICMEDIA–AHARBINGER RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL OFUNITYANDCO-OPERATION Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 44-50, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL AMONGSAARCNATIONS Santhosh Mathew

into a South Asian Customs Union which may lead to a common exchange rate policy that will, eventually, result in adopting a South Asian Currency underwritten by macro-economic management at the regional level. No less important is the cooperation in the transport and communication sectors envisaging an integrated transport infrastructure that allows uninterrupted travel across and beyond our region and communication highways facilitating free flow of information To realise this immense economic transformation, interstate and intrastate conflicts and attendant security threats and perceptions of political hostility will have to be addressed. The main obstacle to regional cooperation and economic integration remains political and strategic. The prevailing barriers to cross-border movements make neither commercial nor logistical sense and originate in the pathologies of interstate, as well as domestic, politics. Therefore, the political leadership in the countries of South Asia, whether in government or opposition, must show courage, flexibility and statesmanship to resolve interstate and intrastate conflicts and dismantle political barriers to regional economic takeoff and elimination of the scourge of poverty. They should get out of the straitjacket of enmity and look beyond the traditional notions of security and focus on an integrated South Asian Cooperative Security that recognises interdependence that binds South Asia. The states ought to act in their enlightened self-interest to resolve their conflicts and differences through peaceful means and to the mutual benefit of our people. The choice is often, erroneously, posed between regional cooperation and conflict resolution. We urge all states to simultaneously move forward to address long-standing political disputes and intensify economic cooperation and people-to-people contact. Beyond cooperative security, South Asian nations must ultimately move towards South Asian Human Security by placing people -- their well being and rights to peaceful life and development -- at the centre of security concerns, rather than continuing with the arms race. To include the excluded, governments of South Asia take concrete steps to implement the SAARC Social Charter and give priority to poverty eradication. It is imperative for the South Asian countries to agree to a South Asian Human Rights Code and set up institutions under the Paris Principles and purposefully set about creating the required mechanisms. There is an urgent need to allow greater interaction among the policy-makers, parliamentarians, businessmen, media practitioners, professionals and the leaders of civil society. To enable this to happen, it is necessary that India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, who have the most restrictive visa regimes, drastically revise their visa policy and remove impediments to free movement of people. To overcome information deficit about the countries of the region, it is essential that all restrictions on access to and free flow of information are removed forthwith and media persons and products are allowed free movement across frontiers. In this regard we refer to SAFMA's Protocols on 'Free Movement of Media Persons and Media Products' and 'Freedom of Information' which must be adopted by the national legislatures/governments and at the next SAARC Summit. The media, on their part, should give special attention to coverage of the countries of South Asia that remain under-reported. Similarly, all scholars, academicians and researchers be freed from all visa restrictions and allowed joint researches in every conceivable field. The scope of collaboration in the sphere of culture, sports, tourism, education, research, human resource development, poverty alleviation and environment is infinite. Let a South Asian fraternity defy all restrictions imposed by the past and usher in a new era in which our people could become the master of their destiny while contributing tremendously to the progress of whole humanity regardless of geography, ethnicity, nationhood, gender, creed and color. Let us put together our collective wisdom to evolve a South Asian Vision and join hands to evolve a South Asian Fraternity. REFERENCES Ÿ Andrejevic, M. 2008. iSpy: Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. Ÿ Bagdikian, B. 2004.The New Media Monopoly , Boston: Beacon Press Ÿ Cao, J and Y, Zhao. 2008 The Political Economy of Communication: A Reader, Vol 1 and 2. Shanghai: Fudan University Press Ÿ Chadha, K and A, Kavoori. 2005. Globalization and National Media Systems: Mapping Interaction in Policies, Markets formats in J Curran and M Gurevitch (eds), Mass Media and Society. London: Hodder Arnold Ÿ Gomery, D. 1989, Media Analysis: Terms of References, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 6(2): 46-30 Ÿ Herman, E S and N Chomsky, 2002. Manufacturing Consent: the political Economy of Mass Communication, NY: Pantheon Books Ÿ Herman, E S and R Mchesney, 1997. The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism, London: Cassel Academic.

- 50 - RECENT RESEARCHES in NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2 SOCIALSCIENCESHUMANITIES& REFEREED JOURNAL Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 51 - 58 ISSN 2348 – 3318

ACOMPARATIVESTUDYOFEMOTIONALINTELLIGENCE OFSECONDARYSCHOOLTEACHERS

Jitendra Kumar R.S.P. Inter College Seohara (Bijnor) U.P.

ABSTRACT Teachers are the pillar of the nation. It is, therefore, essential that teachers need to be highly emotionally intelligent to be successful. The present study attempts to study the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of district Haridwar. The main purpose of the study is to compare the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers in terms of their gender, area, medium of instruction, type of school and administrative set up. This study is based on normative survey method.The teachers working in the secondary schools situated in the urban and rural locality constituted the population for the present study. 700 teachers were selected by adopting random sampling technique. Mean, S.D. and't' test were used for the statistical analysis. Findings revealed that female teachers, urban teachers, co-education school teachers, teachers of English medium school and non-government secondary school teachers possessed the greater level of emotional intelligence than the male teachers. Keywords: Emotional Intelligence and Secondary School Teachers.

INTRODUCTION ± Emotions are personal experiences that arise from complex interplay among psychological, cognitive and situational variables. When we use the emotions in proper and balanced manner, they can lead our life towards success. But when the emotions are out of control, it can bring out disaster. This control and balance of emotions has given rise to the concept of emotional intelligence.Goleman, D. (1998) coined the term emotional intelligence and said that “it is the capacity of recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves and for motivating emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships”. Emotional intelligence is a type of social intelligence that includes the capability to control own and others' emotions, make a choice between them and the ability of using these emotions to set his life(Hans et al., 2013) . Bar-On (2006) defined emotional intelligence as the sum of social and emotional competencies of individuals communicating with him-self and others in order to cope with environmental pressure and demands. He also explained that emotional intelligence is a series of collection of unknown capabilities, competencies and skills which can have a strong effect on individual's capabilities in order to succeed in life. ± Research done in the area of emotional intelligence shows its importance in individual's life especially in the life of a teacher. Many studies have revealed that emotional intelligence plays a vital role for the success in any profession as well as in teaching. Teachers are the main pillar of education system on which the future of any nation is built up. For the prosperous future and present we need such teachers who are able to express, recognize, control and balance their own emotions as well as emotions of their students.Singh (2003) found that the different professionals need different level of emotional intelligence for success. It is, therefore, essential that teachers need to be highly emotionally intelligent to be successful. Krishnamurthy and Varalakshmi (2011) revealed that the improvement in the emotional intelligence would increase the motivation and effectiveness of the teachers.Zahra et al. (2012) found that self-efficacy of physical education teachers had significant positive relationship with emotional awareness and empathy.Edannur, S. (2010) observed that teacher educators possessed average emotional intelligence and gender as well as area of the teacher educators did not make any significant difference in their emotional intelligence. Kauts, A. and Saroj, R. (2012) found that teachers with high emotional intelligence were having less occupational stress and more teaching effectiveness.Mousavi, H. S. et al. (2012) revealed that emotional intelligence increased the level of job satisfaction among physical education teachers.Mahmoudi, A. (2011) concluded that the emotional intelligence among the B.Ed. teachers was normal.

- 51 - ACOMPARATIVESTUDYOFEMOTIONAL RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INTELLIGENCEOFSECONDARY Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 51-58, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL SCHOOLTEACHERS Jitendra Kumar

± The above review of literature shows that emotional intelligence has been studied with different variables. But the researcher could not found any study which aimed to study the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of district Haridwar. Therefore, the present study is conducted with a view to assess the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of district Haridwar. An attempt is also made to observe whether gender, locality, medium of instruction, type of school and type of administrative setup make any significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers. AIM OF THE STUDY ± The main purpose ofthis study was to compare the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers with regard to their sex, area, medium, type of school and administrative setup. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ± Following objectives were framed to achieve the purpose of the study: 1. To compare the emotional intelligence of secondary school male and female teachers. 2. To compare the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of rural and urban area. 3. To compare the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers teaching in single-sex and co-education school. 4. To compare the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of Hindi and English medium schools. 5. To compare the emotional intelligence of government and non-government secondary school teachers. HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY ± Following hypotheses have been formulated in order to achieve the objectives of the study: 1. There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school male and female teachers. 2. There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of rural and urban area. 3. There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers teaching in single-sex and co-education school. 4. There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of Hindi and English medium schools. 5. There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of government and non-government secondary school teachers. DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The proposed study was delimited to the male and female teachers working in the government and non- government secondary schools situated in the urban and rural locality of Haridwar district (Uttarakhand State). METHODOLOGY In the present study, the current status of secondary school teachers on their emotional intelligence has been measured. The problem was selected to seek the facts with regards to the existing condition of Emotional Intelligence of secondary school teachers. So the Normative survey research method was adopted in the present research work as this method is directed towards ascertaining the prevailing conditions. POPULATION OF THE STUDY The teachers working in the secondary schools situated in the urban and rural locality constituted the population for the present study. The investigator found there are following types of secondary schools in Haridwar districts, viz., Government High Schools, Public High Schools (BHEL's Schools, SaraswatiVidyaMandir Schools, Sri Ram VidyaMandir), Central Schools, Christian Missionary Schools, D.A.V. Public Schools, etc. More than 1000 teachers were working in these schools. All these teachers constituted the population of the present research work. SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE The investigator visited District Education Office (DEO) Haridwar and from the office record prepared the separate lists of the government run High schools/Inter colleges, aided and recognized secondary schools, non- aided secondary schools and the KendriyaVidyalayas situated in the urban and rural areas in the district of Haridwar. These lists were prepared in alphabetical order. Every third of these schools were included in the sample. In this way the schools were selected in the sample. Further in these schools only those teachers were selected in the sample for the study who were available on that very day when the investigator visited in those schools for administering the data collection tools. As such teachers were selected by adopting random sampling. The final

- 52 - ACOMPARATIVESTUDYOFEMOTIONAL RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INTELLIGENCEOFSECONDARY Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 51-58, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL SCHOOLTEACHERS Jitendra Kumar

sample structure remained as under: Sampling Framework Teachers Locality Male Female Total Urban 200 250 450 Rural 150 100 250 Total 350 350 700 TOOL USED Emotional intelligence was measured by employing the “Emotional Intelligence Scale” constructed and validated byTewary, Mala and Joshi, J. K. (1996) . This is a three point scale and contains 30 items spread over the five dimensions (self-awareness, managing emotions, motivating one self, recognizing emotion and handling relationships). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ± Mean, S.D. and't' test were used for the statistical analysis. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Hypothesis No. 1 There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school male and female teachers Table-1 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of secondary school male and female teachers Sex N Mean S.D. t-value Result Level of significance Male 350 64.460 6.5267 5.445** Significant 0.01 level Female 350 67.268 7.1088 At df = 698, t-value to be significant at± 0.05 level = 1.96* ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.01 level = 2.58** ± It is clear from the above table that the female teachers were found to possess more emotional intelligence than the male teachers in terms of mean values (67.268 > 64.460).The S.D. value of female teachers with regards to emotional-intelligence is more than the male teachers. It shows that the degree of emotional intelligence among the female teachers varied in more extent than that of male teachers (7.1088 > 6.5267). The degree of difference between male and female teachers with regards to emotional intelligence estimated in terms of t-value was found to be significant beyond 0.01 level. It confirms that the male teachers and female teachers possess significantly varied level of emotional intelligence among more than 99% cases. It leads to approve that the null hypothesis no. 1, “There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school male and female teachers” stands to be rejected. Hence, it can be deduced that sex variable puts a significant impact on the degree of emotional intelligence of the higher secondary school teachers.The bar-diagrammatic presentation also exhibits the similar results:

400 350 350 N 350 Mean

300

250

200

150

100 64.46 67.268 50

0 Male teachers Female teachers

Figure-1 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of secondary school male and female teachers - 53 - ACOMPARATIVESTUDYOFEMOTIONAL RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INTELLIGENCEOFSECONDARY Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 51-58, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL SCHOOLTEACHERS Jitendra Kumar

Hypothesis No. 2 There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of rural and urban area. Table-2 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of Secondary School Teachers of Rural and Urban Area Area N Mean S.D. t-value Result Level of significance Urban 450 67.233 7.422 7.231** Significant 0.01 level Rural 250 63.400 5.219 At df = 698, t-value to be significant at± 0.05 level = 1.96* ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.01 level = 2.58** ± It is depicted from the above table that urban school teachers were found to possess more emotional intelligence than the rural school teachers in terms of mean values (67.233 > 63.400).The S.D. value of urban school teachers with regards to emotional intelligence was observed more than in the rural school teachers. It shows that the level of emotional intelligence among the urban school teachers varied to more extent than that of rural school teachers (7.422 > 5.219). The degree of difference between urban and rural school teachers with regards to emotionalintelligence was estimated in terms of t-value which was found to be significant beyond 0.01 level. It highlights that the urban and rural school teachers possess significantly varied level of emotional intelligence among more than 99% cases.It leads to confirm that the null hypothesis no. 2, “There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of rural and urban area” stands to be rejected. Hence, it is concluded that locality of the school puts its significant impact on the degree of emotional intelligence of the school teachers. It might be due to the better environment of the urban schools than to that in the rural schools. The relationship of teachers with students, non-teaching staff, principal and the guardians might be more condensed in case of urban school teachers than those of rural schools. The bar-diagrammatic presentation also exhibits the similar results:

500 450 N 450 Mean 400

350

300 250 250

200

150

100 67.233 63.4 50

0 Urban school teacher Rural school teacher

Figure-2 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of Secondary School Teachers of Rural and Urban Area Hypothesis No. 3 There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers teaching in single-sex and co-education school. Table-3 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of Secondary School Teachers Teaching in Single-Sex and Co-Education School Type of School N Mean S.D. t-value Result Level of significance Single-sex 231 63.861 5.672 5.45** Significant 0.01 level Co-education 469 66.850 7.323

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At df = 698, t-value to be significant at± 0.05 level = 1.96* ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.01 level = 2.58** ± It is exhibited from the above table that co-education school teachers were found to possess more emotional intelligence than the single-sex school teachers in terms of mean values (66.850 > 63.861).± The S.D. value of co- education school teachers with regards to emotional intelligence was found more than the single sex school teachers. It shows that the level of emotional intelligence among the co-education school teachers varied to more extent than that of single-sex school teachers (7.323 > 5.672). The degree of difference between single-sex and co-education school teachers with regards to emotional- intelligence was estimated in terms of t-value which was found to be significant beyond 0.01 level. It depicts that the single sex and co-education school teachers possess significantly varied level of emotional intelligence among more than 99% cases. Hence the null hypothesis no. 3, “There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers teaching in single-sex and co-education school” stands to be rejected. It might be due to the reason that in co-educational schools teachers interact with boys and girls both whereas in single-sex schools, teachers interact with only boys or girls which sometimes may become monotonous or bored emotional feelings.Thus, type of sex of the pupils puts a significant impact on the degree of emotional intelligence of the teachers.The bar-diagrammatic presentation also exhibits the similar results:

500 469 N 450 Mean 400

350

300

250 231

200

150

100 63.861 66.850 50

0 Single-sex school teachers Co-education school teach ers

Figure-3 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of Secondary School Teachers Teaching in Single-Sex and Co-Education School

Hypothesis No. 4 There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of Hindi and English medium schools. Table-4 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of Secondary School Teachers of Hindi and English Medium Schools Medium N Mean S.D. t-value Result Level of signific ance Hindi 356 63.553 5.662 9.48** Significant 0.01 level English 344 68.255 7.370 At df = 698, t-value to be significant at± 0.05 level = 1.96* ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.01 level = 2.58** ± It is clear from the above table that English medium school teachers were found to possess more emotional intelligence than the Hindi medium school teachers in terms of mean values (68.255 > 63.553).The S.D. value of English medium school teachers with regards to emotionalintelligence was found more than Hindi medium school teachers. It shows that the level of emotional intelligence among the English medium school teachers varied to more extent than that of Hindi medium school teachers (7.370 > 5.662). The degree of difference between Hindi and English medium school teachers with regards to

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emotionalintelligence was estimated in terms of t-value which was found to be significant beyond 0.01 level. It depicts that Hindi and English medium school teachers possess significantly varied level with regard to emotional intelligence among more than 99% cases. It leads to conclusion that the null hypothesis no. 4, “There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers of Hindi and English medium schools” stands to be rejected. Thus, medium of instruction in school puts a significantly impact on the emotional intelligence of the school teachers. Further, in English medium schools, the teachers find more varied opportunity of interaction with students in comparison to the teachers working in Hindi medium schools. The bar-diagrammatic presentation also exhibits the similar results:

400 356 N 344 350 Mean

300

250

200

150

100 63.553 68.255 50

0 Hindi medium school teachers English medium school teachers

Figure-4 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of Secondary School Teachers of Hindi and English Medium Schools Hypothesis No. 5 There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of government and non-government secondary school teachers. Table-5 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of Government and Non-Government Secondary School Teachers Level of Teachers N Mean S.D. t-value Result significance Government 262 64.973 6.532 2.63** Significant 0.01 level Non-Government 438 66.397 7.161 At df = 698, t-value to be significant at± 0.05 level = 1.96* ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.01 level = 2.58** ± It is exhibited from the above table that non-government school teachers were found to possess more emotional intelligence than the government school teachers in terms of mean values (66.397 > 64.973).± The S.D. values of non-government school teachers with regards to emotionalintelligence ware found more than the governmentschool teachers. It shows that the level of emotional intelligence among the non-governmentschool teachers varied to more extent than that of government school teachers (7.161 > 6.532). The degree of difference between government and non-government school teachers with regards to emotional intelligence was estimated in terms of t-value which was found to be significant beyond 0.01 level. It confirms that the government and non-government school teachers possess significantly varied level with regard to emotional intelligence among more than 99% cases. It leads to conclude that the null hypothesis no. 5, “There is no significant difference in the emotional intelligence of government and non-government secondary school teachers” stands to be rejected. Thus, type of administrations of the school puts a significant impact on the emotional intelligence of school teachers. Further, in non-government schools, teachers might get more opportunity to interact with students, staff and guardians in comparison to those in governmentschools. The bar-diagrammatic presentation also exhibits the similar results:

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500 438 N 450 Mean 400

350

300 262 250

200

150

100 64.973 66.397 50

0 Govt. school teachers Non-govt. school teachers

Figure-5 Comparison of Emotional Intelligence of Government and Non-Government Secondary School Teachers

CONCLUSIONS 1. Female teachers possess the greater level of emotional intelligence than the male teachers. It shows that sex variable puts a significant impact on the emotional intelligence of the secondary school teachers. 2. Urban school teachers possess greater level of emotional intelligence than that of rural school teachers. It shows that locality variable puts a significant impact on the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers. 3. Co-education school teachers possess greater level of emotional intelligence than that of single-sex school teachers. It seems that type of the institution puts a significant impact on the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers. 4. English medium school teachers possess greater level of emotional intelligence than that of Hindi medium school teachers. It confirms that medium of instruction in school puts a significant impact on the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers. 5. Non-government school teachers possess greater level of emotional intelligence than that of government school teachers. It demonstrates that type of administration of the school puts a significant impact on the emotional intelligence of secondary school teachers.

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATIONS Findings of the present research may be helpful to teachers as well as all the persons who are related to the education system. In the present context, emotional intelligence plays an important role in one's adjustment in the profession and in the society. The same is true for teachers. By working on the present research work, the researcher recommends that secondary school teachers should be attracted or be advised to know about their degree of emotional intelligence. The school administrators may also be motivated to survey the emotional intelligence of school teachers. The school administrators should also provide a line of action for improving the better work culture in educational institutions. The present scenario of one's emotional intelligence plays a significant role not only in his personal life but also gives him success in job. So, the school administration must also be always alert on providing amicable school environment to the teachers. It should also analyze the level of emotional intelligence of its teachers time to time by calling their meetings and encouraging them for proper interaction. Further, the job-situations should also be improved and teachers should be taken in confidence while planning their job-activities. They may also be intrinsically and extrinsically motivated for having emotional attachment with their job and the schools.

REFERENCES Ÿ Bar-On (2006). The Bar-On Model of Emotional Social Intelligence in Psicathema 18 (Suppl.): Pp. 13-25

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Ÿ Edannur, S. (2010). Emotional Intelligence of Teacher Educators, International Journal of Educational Science, 2 (2) Pp. 115-121. Ÿ Golemen, D. (1998). Working with Emotional Intelligence, New York: Bantam Books Ÿ Hans, A.; Mubeen, S.A. and Rabani (2013). A Study on Emotional Intelligence among Teachers: A Case Study of Private Educational Institutions in Muscat, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, Vol. 2, Issue. 7, Pp. 359-366 Ÿ Kauts, A. and Saroj, R. (2012).Study of Teacher's Effectiveness and Occupational Stress in relation to Emotional Intelligence among Teachers at Secondary Stage,Journal of History and Social Sciences , Vol.3, Issue 2. Ÿ Kirshnamurthy, M. and Varalakshmi, S. (2011). Emotional Intelligence–A Study with Special Reference to the Employees of Salalah College of Technology, International Journal of Research in Commerce and Management, Vol. No.2, Issue-1, Pp. 27-34. Ÿ Mahmoudi, A. (2011). Emotional Intelligence among the B.ED Teachers Trainees, International Conference on Humanities, Society and Culture, IPEDR, Vol. 20., Pp. 302-305., IACSIT Press, Singapore. Ÿ Mousavi, H.S; Yarmohammadi, S.; Nosrat, B.A. and Tarasi, Z. (2012). The relation between Emotional Intelligence and Job Satisfaction of Physical Education Teachers, Scholars Research Library, Annual of Biology Research 3 (2) Pp. 780-788. Ÿ Singh, D. (2003).Emotional Intelligence at Work: A Professional Guide,New Delhi : Sage Publications. Ÿ Zahara, Sara and Kioumarsi (2012). Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Self-efficacy in Research among Tehran Physical Education Teachers,European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2(6), Pp. 2337-2343.

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MORTAL BEAUTIES PASS AWAY, NONE, BUT NOT THOSE OF ART…

Anita Sharma Asso. Prof., B.S.M. P.G. College, Roorkee Distt.-Haridwar (Uttarakhand)

ABSTRACT The great odes of John Keats exhibit clearly that he is haunted by the poignant awareness that all wordly attractions and blissful moments are ephemeral. He longs for a world in which such moments may endure. He is preoccupied with the problem of finding some way to perpetuate the fleeting moments of beauty and joy. The present paper undertakes to analyse Keats’s ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ and ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’ which seem to provide a satisfactory solution to the problem. Both, the ‘Nightingale’ and the ‘Urn’ answer that the transitory human happiness is imparted permanence in the realm of art.

“Mortal beauties pass away, none, but not those of art…” a phrase of Leonardo used by De Selincourt seems to arrest most effectively the keynote of the two immortal spring odes “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and “Ode to a Nightingale” of John Keats. The Urn has been taken as an object of enduring beauty; and Nightingale, seems to have been blessed with the similar fate “thou wast not born for death, Immortal Bird”. The use of the capital letter 'B' in the line makes more than clear the poet's intention of converting the singing nightingale into a symbol of immortality. These two odes have given rise to the liveliest and interesting disagreement among critics with regard to their themes and meanings. They have tried to explore them on emotional, psychic, sensuous, actual and ideal, and artistic levels. Leave all these differences of opinions apart, one thing that stands firm is that these two odes constitute the best comments on Keat's aesthetic. The present paper ventures to touch the delicacies of Keatsian aesthetic rendered with a soft touch even though somewhere with a touch of agony of an artist into these two which with a remarkable ease pass through the world of “Mortal Beauties and 'Heard Melodies' and candidly enter and wander fearlessly and delightfully , the realm of the beauties of 'art' and 'unheard' Melodies where there is no agonizing experience of the fleeting nature of beauty where the moments of beauty and sweetness whether of the song of the nightingale or of the marble urn are beyond the clutches of Time. Ode to a Nightingale shot from the poetic aura of Keats when he had lost his younger brother, Tom, only few months ago. Tom died a tragic death and Keats had deeply experienced this crushing personal bereavement. The agonizing memory of this tragedy visits the third stanza but this does not al all mean that the poet is contrasting his own unhappy lot with the happy lot of the bird, even though the poem's opening may easily lure us to think that way: My heart aches and drowsy numbness pains my sense… It is rather his own instant rapturous experience of the bird's song and his own involvement in the unruffled, undisturbed world of nature with nightingale as the sovereign of melodious plot that combined together make the experience a unique one. The moments of the rise, advancement and setting of the exquisite delight are recorded with all finer shades of intensity and impart an artistic excellence and finesse to the ode. The opening stanza is a superb pairing of the light and shade in that it sets the human conditions suggested by 'My heart aches and drowy numbness pains / my seuse”, against the happy lot of the nightingale dealt with the same intensity, fullness, ease and spontaneity that mark the melodious song of the bird: “... thou, light winged Drayad of the trees, in some melodious plot of beechen green and shadows numberless Singest of summer in full-throated ease. This honest and simple sharing in the celebration of the beauties, sweetness and delicacies of summer - 59 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES MORTAL BEAUTIES PASS AWAY, NONE, NATIONAL BUTNOTTHOSEOFART… REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 59-63, ISSN 2348–3318 Anita Sharma

makes the poet long for an escape from the torpor of his own world into the blissful world of the nightingale. The poet pines for a draught of vintage: O for a beaker full of the warm South, Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene. The soft and smooth transition from 'hemlock'to 'Hippocrene' is a big artistic feat and illustrates the ease with which the poet can introduce symbolically transition from one condition of human mind to the other. The 'true' wine as inspiring as the water of the fountain Hippocrene will make his flight quite smooth and the poet will forget the fret and fury of this world. Ode to a Nightingale can be taken as the poet's musical statement on his imaginative participation in the untroubled life of nature, away from his 'sole self'tinged with the enduring awareness of the inevitable nature of 'the weariness, the fever and the fret', the curse of worldliness : 'What thou among the leaves hast never known”. In the fourth stanza the desire for escape into the idyllic world of the bird sounds more urgent : “Away! away! for I will fly to thee”. The agency 'a draught of vintage' of second stanza is plainly rejected. He will rely instead on the power of imagination and fly away on 'the viewless wings of Poesy', even though the 'dull brain perplexes and retards' his flight. In the very next breath he imagines himself with the nightingale in the deep and dense forest. The fourth and the fifth stanzas are drenched in the beautiful, vivid and precise imagery and provide us an easy access into the luxuriant deep woody melodious plot of beechen green: … tender is the night, and haply the Queen Moon is on her throne, cluster'd around by all her starry Fays; Gifted with a wonderful sense-perception, Keats depicts each and every beauty of the woodland world in the early spring, be it 'soft incense' that hangs upon the boughs or on the grass, the thicket, the fruit tree wild; be it the musk rose, full of dewy wine or the murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves”. And under the spell of this enchanted land of rapturous melody, the poet abandons himself totally to the bliss of the ecstatic song. The irresistible charm of the melodious song makes the poet long for death. He expresses death-wish: 'for many a time I have been half in love with easeful death. ... ……………… Now more than ever seems it rich to die, To cease upon the midnight with no pain, While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad In such an ecstasy ! However, Keats's death-wish should not be taken as an act of cowardice or as a solution to the problems of life. He simply wishes to die while enjoying the fullness and intensity of such ecstatic moments and thus convert his death experience into a 'rich' one. Graham Hough makes a noteworthy observation about keats's death-wish that it is “the desire of the cell to resist encroachment of outside experience to remain enclosed in its own kind of contentment. So, the romantic poet's desire for death is not a longing for extinction; it is the desire to make a happiness that he knows to be transient last for ever.” So the poets death-wish seems to be the only method of perpetuating a blissful moment at a certain point of time. One more significant point that immediately catches our notice is that the poet has been only half in love with easeful death; and Graham Hough observes : “the other half of his consciousness knows well enough that this answer is only the negation of any possible answer. But art offers a type of permanence, and by a startling transformation in the seventh stanza, the nightingale becomes a symbol of the artist and its song a symbol of art.” In the seventh stanza, the poet confers immortality upon the bird. Generations of greedy human beings cannot crush this bird. Some critics find fault with Keats's logic here. Nightingale as a bird is as mortal as man and has perhaps shorter span of life than man. But Keats, infact, is addressing not the bird itself but its song. He is pondering over the immortality of the species of nightingale as well as that of the art of music represented by its song. In the process of immortalizing the bird, he refers to antiquity when the same music was heard by emperor and clown; it consoled the heart of Ruth in the moments of home-sickness. The poet also refers to the Middle Ages when some beautiful maiden was captured and imprisoned in a magic castle. The song of the nightingale fell into the ears of the damsel through the open windows of the castle and provided a solace to her touubled heart. It is in this sense that the - 60 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES MORTAL BEAUTIES PASS AWAY, NONE, NATIONAL BUTNOTTHOSEOFART… REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 59-63, ISSN 2348–3318 Anita Sharma

mightingale becomes immortal and it is in this sense only that we can confer immortality on poets. The immortality of the bird's song stands as a symbol for the enduring nature of poetry. This stanza marks the consummation of the imaginative experience. The use of the word 'forlorn' in the last line of the seventh stanza comes to the poet as a shocking reminder of his own desolate state in the actual world. It makes him withdraw himself from the world of the nightingale; Forlorn ! the very word is like a bell To toll me back from thee to my sole self. He bids adieu to Nightingale, records the passing away of the consummate moment and conveys to the worldlings: … The fancy can not cheat so well. as she is famed to do, deceiving eff. This comment is, in no way, “as Satyanarain Singh observes “a repudiation of imagination but an anguished complaint at the brevity of poetic spell”. The return journey of the poet to the habitual self is vividly depicted with the gradual receding of the song: Past the near meadows, over the still stream. Up the hill-side; and now tis buried deep In the next valley-glades. The song fades away in the distance, and the poet comes back, half dazed, half bewildered, to the actual world. The concluding lines, containing a query, effectively describe the impact of the breaking of a magical and miraculous experience: Was it a vision, or a waking dream ? Fled is that music – do I wake or sleep ? Ode on a Grecian Urn enjoys a bewildering variety of responses from critics whose disagreement on the essential meaning has added to the richness and depth of it in turn, So much at variance with one another, their voices meet to become one in calling it a great poem. Keats looks at, describes and comments upon two different scenes carved on two sides of the Urn. Scenes differ in their temper. The first is a love scene of 'mad pursuit'. This scene occupies the first three stanzas. The second scene of sacrificial procession is depicted in the fourth stanza and presents a clear contrast to the first. The final fifth stanza is an earnest attempt at catching and conveying the significance of the message of the urn. At the very outset, the poet addresses the Urn: Thou still unravish'd bride of quietness ! The central notion is that of silence and is effectively emphasized by the poet in the references that quietness is Urn's bridegroom, 'Silence and slow time are her foster parents. These three have taken a special care of the Urn and have kept it unspoilt and unharmed. The second stanza makes a noteworthy statement: Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter…” The music of silence is the ideal music which can be conceived through our imagination. Such a music is ever fresh, 'forever piping songs for ever new'. Silence signifies the imaginative ideal of music, beyond the sensuous and infinitely superior to it. What applies to music, can equally be applied to all great arts. The true appeal of every great art is not sensuous but spiritual and imaginative. It stirs our imagination and suggests something beyond the merely sensuous plane. Silence of the Urn is more than eloquence, very dynamic, enclosing within its folds mad pursuit, music of pipes and timbrels and wild ecstasy. After singing aloud the praise of unheard melodies the poet comes to analyse music, fair youth and the eternal spring. In the luxuriant greenery of the spring, a lover is pursuing his beloved. These intense moments, the mad pursuit, spring, musician and his music, bold lover and his beautiful maid all have been perpetuated in the world of art. They have been fixed in unchanging form. Art's is the timeless realm showering generously eternal bliss and immortal zest upon those entrapped hirein and devoted to their deerly cherished pursuits. Art seems to make a promise and thus assurers: “Forever wilt thou love, and she be fair” Actual human experiences of love are marked by satiety, frustration and sorrow. Love in the actual world

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brings grief, repentance and agitation in its wake and “… leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd, A burning forchead, and a parching tongue. The love as depicted on the Urn and visualized by the artist's vision knows no such drawbacks like the weariness, the fever and fret not known to the bird 'among the leaves', all these curses do not fall to the share of the lover in this pastoral world of Art. Having been transfixed, these intense moments will ever remain changelessly the same. The scene depicted in the fourth stanza makes a complete departure in nature from the love scence depicted in the earlier three stanzas. It pertains to a sacrificial procession. Here also the poet has so many questions to ask. The persons coming to the sacrifice, the little town they come from, location of the town and above all the desolation of that town – all are the matters of concern for the poet. The description evokes the picture of deep religious devotion. From the forms engraved in the procession scenes, the poet finds himself drawn to think in terms of the desolation of the town that “Is emptied of its folk, this pious morn?” The desolation of the town has become permanent. The emphatic use of the word 'desolate' is accompanied with a sense of sadness. The total picture emerges quite pathetic and registers our sympathy for the little town. He himself seems to sympathize even though he doesn't make any mention. The word 'desolate' says all. The theme of timelessness continues even in the fifth stanza. The Urn is beautiful embellished “with brede/of marble men and maidens”. But at the same time, the poet feels obliged to say, “Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of thought As doth eternity : cold pastoral. At this stage, it appears worthwhile to refer to the observation made by Dr. M.S. Ansari: “As in Ode to a Nightingle, the poet's endeavour to imagine a timeless realm ends in his facing a desolation, an absence of human life. And again, wordplay restores a thoughtful distance between speaker and object, in this case the oxymoron “Cold Pastoral” and the witty puns on “brede” and “overwrought” reveal the paradox informing the poen all along”. The Urn may be 'cold', yet we agree with what “the scenes had appeared to him so luminous with life and so intense with the warmth of human desire and joy”. The mighty paradox of the Urn seems to be a baffling one. The poet does not allow us to fall a victim to any such temptation. He simply intends to say that such works of art are not to be apprehended through intellect and relate to the timeless realms where we can travel on the wings of imagination. It does not take the poet even a moment to consider the urn as “a friend to man”. These obviously are the two different ways of looking at the same object which one may find difficult to reconcile. The two, the poet himself does not try to reconcile, nor does he ask the reader to do so. All the questions, both explicit and implicit, raised by the two different scenes, are answered in the last lines of the Ode, not by the poet but by the urn. He himself does not assert but makes the urn speak for itself: “Beauty is truth, truth beauty – that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know” These lines contain the message of the urn. Message dwells on the identification of Beauty and Truth. This is the highest knowledge attainable by and required for man. These two lines have evoked a bewildering variety of responses in critics. Some important ones may be dealt with at this stage. Robert Bridges and Graham Hough think that the lines present the view point of an artist, for whom beauty is truth or enduring element, because it can be perpetuated through art. Garrod and Ridley interpret 'Truth' as 'Real'. Bowra interprets 'Truth' as ultimate ‘reality’ perceived not by the reasoning intellect but by imagination. Middleton Murry goes a step further while he widens the range of the message contained in the lines. According to him, the words 'Truth is beauty' mean that every fact, including sunny and seamy, ugliness and sorrow is lovable and therefore beautiful. We can love every fact and see flashes of beauty coming from it, provided we view it with detachment from our passion. These lines contain a lofty message not only for an artist but a complete philosophy of life for all. The message teaches us how to explore beauty in every truth including ill and evil. Variety of interpretations may be bewildering but definitely hints at the depth and significance of the meaning. These divergent interpretations affect in no way the beauty of the ode which, like the intense moments of life, has been perpetuated so easily, nicely and above all artistically by the poet. Urn's is a world expressing the states of mind when animated under the impact of the ardent pursuit of our dearly held desires be they Dionysian or Apollonian. Urn's is a world absolutely free from the drawbacks of the real. All the doubts fade far away and - 62 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES MORTAL BEAUTIES PASS AWAY, NONE, NATIONAL BUTNOTTHOSEOFART… REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 59-63, ISSN 2348–3318 Anita Sharma

'dissolve' in an absolute aestheticism that proclaims the power of art to transform the fleeting moments of love, beauty into enduring ones. Ode on Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale are the things of beauty and hence the sources of joy for ever. Like the scenes carved on both sides of the Urn and the bird ever pouring forth its soul abroad in ecstatic song, the two odes rally the poet's responses and of the readers as well round them. We, despite the questions they pose, the paradoxes they dwell on, under the impact of their irresistible appeal to our spirit, hear ourselves applaud them somewhat like Leonardo did 'Mortal beauties pass away, non , but not those of art', and more like Keats did “Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter.” The ideal world of art abounds in the beauties which know no decay, no death and enjoy the bliss of permanence.

Work Cited : Ÿ Ansari, M.S. John Keats and His Poetic Development : Sarup Book Publishers New Delhi (2013). Ÿ Dr. Gupta, O.S. John Keats : Selected Odes. International Publishing Home; Meerut. Ÿ Hough, Graham ; The Romantic Poets, Bombay : B.T. Publications Pvt. Ltd., 1953 Ÿ Khali, Vishwanath. The Poetry of John Keats Metaphysical Elements. Atlantic Publishers. New Delhi. Ÿ Singh, Satyanarian John Keats : A study of His Poetics. Arnold Heinemann Publishers (India).

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BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA VISION 2020

Ajay Singh Yadav JRF, SRF (Senior Research Scholar), Deptt. of Commerce, University of Lucknow, Lucknow [U.P.]

ABSTRACT India Vision 2020 envisages improving the ranking of India from the present 11th to 4th among 207 countries given in the World Development Report in terms of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It also envisages moving the country from a low-income nation to an upper middle-income country. To achieve this objective, the India Vision aims to have an annual growth in the GDP of 8.5% to 9% over the next 20 years. India Vision 2020 sees a nation of 1.3 billion people who are better educated, healthier, and more prosperous. Vision of India in 2020 is of a nation bustling with energy, entrepreneurship and innovation. To realize the above objective, India need a financial system, which is inherently strong, functionally diverse and displays efficiency and flexibility. The banking system is, by far, the most dominant segment of the financial sector, accounting for as it does, over 80% of the funds flowing through the financial sector. It should, therefore, be our endeavor to develop a more resilient, competitive and dynamic financial system with best practices that supports and contributes positively to the growth of the economy. The case for transforming the existing banking structure into a more dynamic banking structure stems from several considerations. It is felt that there is scope for increasing the size and capacity of the banking structure. There is also an imperative need for increasing the outreach of the banking structure. With the size of the economy increasing, banks require a large international presence. Several gaps exist in providing credit to certain sectors. These gaps need to be filled. There is also a need for the presence of specialised and niche banking entities to cater to the specific needs of a growing and dynamic economy. Present paper analyses progress of Schedule Commercial Banks in period between 2001 and 2013 and also looks into trends in NIM (Net Interest Margin) and NPA (Non Performing Assets) of Indian Banking Sector with respect to India Vision 2020. Keywords: India Vision 2020, CDR, Investment-deposit Ratio, AGR, Net Interest Margin, Non Performing Assets.

INTRODUCTION It is stated in India Vision 2020 report that "All efforts to project India's future progress get at times blinded by the question of resources, more specifically, the financial resources needed for all plan activities" (Gupta, 2002). The financial sector includes a large number of institutions such as commercial banks, financial term lending banks, insurance companies, capital markets like the stock exchange, and so on. Despite voluminous growth in the banking and insurance sectors, processing and transactions have been carried out by largely manual means. A national network of banking and the insurance business has to emerge. This lack has adversely affected efficiency and is a major cause of the high rates charged for financial services (Abdul Kalam and Rajan, 1998) India Vision 2020 envisages improving the ranking of India from the present 11th to 4 th among 207 countries given in the World Development Report in terms of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). It also envisages moving the country from a low-income nation to an upper middle-income country. To achieve this objective, the India Vision aims to have an annual growth in the GDP of 8.5% to 9% over the next 20 years. India Vision 2020 sees a nation of 1.3 billion people who are better educated, healthier, and more prosperous. Vision of India in 2020 is of a nation bustling with energy, entrepreneurship and innovation. To realize the above objective, India need a financial system, which is inherently strong, functionally diverse and displays efficiency and flexibility. The banking system is, by far, the most dominant segment of the financial sector, accounting for as it does, over 80% of the funds flowing through the - 64 - BANKINGSECTORININDIA RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL VISION 2020 REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 64-68, ISSN 2348–3318 Ajay Singh Yadav financial sector. It should, therefore, be our endeavor to develop a more resilient, competitive and dynamic financial system with best practices that supports and contributes positively to the growth of the economy. The case for transforming the existing banking structure into a more dynamic banking structure stems from several considerations. It is felt that there is scope for increasing the size and capacity of the banking structure. There is also an imperative need for increasing the outreach of the banking structure. With the size of the economy increasing, banks require a large international presence. Several gaps exist in providing credit to certain sectors. These gaps need to be filled. There is also a need for the presence of specialised and niche banking entities to cater to the specific needs of a growing and dynamic economy.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The main objective of the study is to analyse progress of Schedule Commercial Banks in period between 2001 and 2013 and also looks into trends in NIM (Net Interest Margin) and NPA (Non Performing Assets) of Indian Banking Sector with respect to India Vision 2020.

SOURCE OF DATA AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The present study is mainly based on secondary sources and data were collected from Statistical Tables Relating to Banks in India and trends and progress reports of Reserve Bank of India for the period of 2001 to 2013 and analysis is done by calculating percentage, AGR, CGR for different parameters.

BANKING SECTOR IN INDIA It is recognised that the existing banking structure in India is elaborate and has been serving the credit and banking services' needs of the economy. However, since 1991, the Indian economy has undergone significant transformation in terms of its size and composition. The economic structure has diversified substantially and the economy has been opening up in its quest to further integrate with the global economy. If the real economy is dynamic, the banking system needs to be flexible and competitive in the emerging milieu. Viewed from this perspective, there is a need and scope for further growth in the size and strength of the existing banking structure to cope with the multiple objectives and demands made on it by various constituents of the economy. Banks play a major role in not just purveying credit to the productive sectors of the economy but also as facilitators of financial inclusion. Although the Indian banking sector exhibited considerable resilience in the immediate aftermath of the global financial crisis, it has been impacted by the global and domestic economic slowdown over the last two years. The year 2011-12, against the backdrop of a muted domestic growth, witnessed a slowdown in the overall growth of the banking sector coupled with deterioration in asset quality and lower profitability (RBI 2012, TPR). There are opinions on the role of the banking industry in recovering the economy through financial intermediation. The cost of intermediation is considered to be a major part of total financial cost. There is a strong connection among cost, degree of financial intermediation and economic growth (Kasman et al., 2010; Maudos et al., 2004 and Dumicic et al., 2012). The cost of funding affects the investment potential and capital allocation of the banks. The increasing cost of intermediation negatively affects the growth potential of the economy. The increasing financial intermediation cost affects banks' profitability and thus, being a reason for decreasing efficiency of the banking sector as a whole (Garcia-Herrero et al., 2009). High interest margin is also considered 'negatively' as it leads to 'disintermediation' (Brock et al., 2000). Progress of Schedule Commercial Banks in India is presented in Table 1. It can be observed that accessibility to banking system is increased as number of branches increases from 67,937 in 2001 to 1,09,811 in 2013 with overall increase of 61.64%. There is enormous growth in aggregate deposits (582.46%) and credit (893.31%) of schedule commercial banks between the periods of 2001 to 2013. In comparison to deposits and credits, growth in investments is less (446.35%) showing better implementation of policies and planning, which is re-confirmed by analysing trends in Credit-deposit Ratio and Investment-deposit Ratio of Schedule Commercial Banks in period of 2001 to 2013, as CDR has maintained an increasing trend whereas Investment-deposit Ratio has decreasing trends for the same period.

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Table No. 1 Key Indicators of Scheduled Commercial Banks in India (Amount in Rs. Crore) No. of Bank Aggregate Investment - Year Credit Investments CDR (%) Offices deposits Deposit Ratio (%) 2001 67937 989141 529271 367184 53.5 37.1 2002 68195 1131188 609053 437482 53.8 38.7 2003 68500 1311761 746432 547546 56.9 41.3 2004 69170 1504416 840785 677588 55.9 45.0 2005 70373 1700198 1100428 739154 62.6 47.3 2006 72072 2109049 1507077 717454 70.1 40.0 2007 74653 2611934 1931190 791516 73.5 35.3 2008 78787 3196940 2361913 971714 74.6 35.5 2009 82897 3834110 2775549 1166410 73.8 35.7 2010 88203 4492826 3244788 1384753 73.7 36.4 2011 94019 5207969 3942083 1501619 76.5 34.3 2012 102377 5909082 4611852 1737787 78.6 34.6 2013 109811 6750454 5260459 2006105 79.1 35.2 Overall growth (%) 61.64 582.46 893.91 446.35 - -

Source : Statistical Tables Relating to Banks in India, 2008-09 & 2012–13, RBI, Mumbai.

TRENDS IN NET INTEREST MARGIN A sizeable body of literature exists for the banks in emerging and developing economies. Khan et al. (2010) used a panel data set up to model NIM (Net Interest Margin) for the Pakistani banks and found operating cost and cost of funding were the main determinants for banking spread in Pakistan. Marginal influence of macroeconomic variables and market condition on NIM was reported by them. Sarkar et al. (1998) studied the relationship between ownership pattern and Indian banks' performance. They have considered NIM as the performance parameter for banks. With limited number of banks' specific variables, they found that ownership was significantly affecting the banks' performance. Kannan et al. (2001) examined the relationship between NIM and the variables representing the health of the banks and the nature of their operations in the post liberalization period. They concluded that the fee income and NPA significantly affected the movement of NIM, but not size. Sensarma et al. (2004) considered a panel data set up and found similar results as observed by Kannan et al. (2001). But they found that the size affected the NIM significantly. Negative relation between NIM with investments in government securities and NPA were reported by them, while total loan and regulatory requirement exhibited positive impact. The increasing NPAs posed major challenges for the Indian banks to maintain their margin. Banks changing focus to wards long term assets could be a possible reason for decline in asset quality (Mohanty, 2013). A recent study by Sharma et al. (2012) indicated that the banks' interest income was affected by the economic and financial cycles.

TRENDS IN GROSS ADVANCES AND GROSS NPAs An analysis of trends in gross advances and gross NPAs during the last decade brings out the following trends.

The period since mid-2000 was marked by a sustained improvement in the asset quality of SCBs. However, with the turn of the decade, the signs of asset quality impairment soon came to the fore with the reversal in the declining trend of NPA ratio. The gross NPA ratio (gross NPAs as a per cent of gross advances) witnessed a sequential decline from 12 per cent as at end March 2001 to 2.4 per cent as at end March 2011. Thereafter, the NPA ratio rose to 3.4 per cent as at end-March 2013.

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Table No. 2 Total Gross Advances and Gross NPAs of SCBs (Amt in Rs. crore) End- Total Gross Gross Gross NPAs as a %age Growth in Gross Growth in March Advances NPAs of Gross Advances Advances Gross NPAs 2001 5,29,271 62,896 11.88 - - 2002 6,09,053 71,113 11.68 15.07 13.06 2003 7,46,432 70,042 9.38 22.56 -1.51 2004 8,40,785 63,538 7.56 12.64 -9.29 2005 11,00,428 58,024 5.27 30.88 -8.68 2006 15,07,077 51,243 3.40 36.95 -11.69 2007 19,31,190 49,997 2.59 28.14 -2.43 2008 23,61,913 55,695 2.36 22.30 11.40 2009 27,75,549 68,216 2.46 17.51 22.48 2010 32,44,788 81,808 2.52 16.91 19.92 2011 39,42,083 94,121 2.39 21.49 15.05 2012 46,11,852 1,37,102 2.97 16.99 45.67 2013 52,60,459 1,83,854 3.50 14.06 34.10

Source: Statistical Tables Relating to Banks in India, 2008-09 & 2012–13, RBI, Mumbai.

Growth in NPAs outpaces the growth in credit : During the period 2001-2012, three distinct phases are discernible in terms of growth in gross advances and growth in gross NPAs. (a) First Phase: 2001 to 2006: This period was marked by a sharp decline in the growth of gross NPAs and gradual acceleration in the growth of credit. In fact, during the pre-crisis period, bank credit expanded at a robust pace, averaging at over 25%. Several factors, such as increased financial deepening, increased competition, improvement in asset quality of banks and rapid product innovations contributed to the rapid credit expansion. Infrastructure, SMEs, farm credit and retail sectors primarily powered the growth of bank credit during this period (RBI, RCF, 2008). It may be recalled that by the mid 1990s, a large magnitude of resources of credit institutions had become locked up in unproductive assets in the form of non-performing loans. Apart from limiting the ability of credit institutions to recycle their funds, this also weakened them by adversely affecting their profitability. The Reserve Bank and the Central Government, therefore, initiated several institutional measures to recover the past dues to banks and FIs and reduce the NPAs. These were Debt Recovery Tribunals (DRTs), Lok Adalats (people's courts), Asset Reconstruction Companies (ARCs) and the Corporate Debt Restructuring (CDR) mechanism. Settlement Advisory Committees were also formed at regional and head office levels of commercial banks. Furthermore, banks could also issue notices under the Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI) Act, 2002 for enforcement of security interest without intervention of courts. Further, banks, Fls and NBFCs (excluding securitisation companies/reconstruction companies) were permitted to undertake sale/purchase of NPAs. Thus, banks and other credit institutions were given a menu of options to resolve their NPA problems. As a result of these reform measures, there was significant improvement in the asset quality, particularly from the year 2000, partly as a result of expansion of loan volumes and partly on account of write-offs and recovery of past dues. Thus, rapid credit expansion from 2002-03, to an extent, was encouraged by improvement in asset quality as credit intermediation function was impaired in the mid-1990s on account of high level of NPAs (RBI, RCF, 2007).

(b) Second Phase: 2006 to 2009: This period witnessed a reversal in the earlier trends with growth in NPAs showing a sharp spurt and growth in credit registering a gradual slowdown. This was also a period when the divergence between the growth in credit and NPAs narrowed down. In the post-crisis period, credit growth - 67 - BANKINGSECTORININDIA RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL VISION 2020 REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 64-68, ISSN 2348–3318 Ajay Singh Yadav averaged at around 19% partly on account of the pressures from global financial crisis. Banks and other financial institutions were impacted by the indirect spillovers of the crisis during 2008-09. Indian banks faced the stress because foreign investors pulled out of the economy and created a liquidity crunch. There was suddenly less money available to borrow or lend. The tight global liquidity situation in the period immediately following the failure of Lehman Brothers in mid-September 2008, coming as it did on top of a turn in the credit cycle, increased the risk aversion of the financial system and made banks cautious about lending (Subbarao, 2009) (c) Third Phase: 2009 to 2012: During this period, growth in credit as well as NPAs slowed down in 2010. However, by end-March 2012, there was a sharp contrast in the movement of both, with credit growth witnessing a sharp contraction and growth in NPAs trending up. NPAs grew at around 46% as at end March 2012, far outpacing credit growth of around 17%. This widening divergence in the growth of credit and NPAs has implications for the asset quality in the near term. The decline in credit growth during this period could be attributed to the general economic slowdown that set in as a result of combination of domestic and global factors. The rising prices erode the disposable incomes and impinge on the repaying capacity of borrowers. Moreover, high inflation passes through to nominal interest rates, making debt servicing more onerous. On the other hand, high inflation may help borrowers, whose debt is denominated in nominal terms, as it erodes the real value of debt (Bofondi and Ropele 2011). There is also evidence in the literature that banks' write-off ratio increases after increase in retail price inflation and nominal interest rates (Hoggarthet al. 2005) CONCLUSION Trends analysis reveals that there is enormous growth in aggregate deposits and credit of schedule commercial banks between the study period. In comparison to deposits and credits, growth in investments is less showing better implementation of policies and planning, which is re-confirmed by Credit-deposit Ratio and Investment-deposit Ratio of Schedule Commercial Banks in said period. The stress tests for banks show that even under a scenario in which 30% of restructured advances become NPAs, bank stress remains contained and banks sufficiently capitalized. The position is not alarming at the current juncture and some comfort is provided by the sound capital adequacy of banks, which ensure that the banking system remains resilient even in the unlikely contingency of having to absorb the entire existing stock of NPAs. Nevertheless, it is worth to recognise the problem in its early stages and initiate corrective measures in the right earnest. REFERENCES h Abdul Kalam, A.P.J. and Rajan, Y.S. (1998), India 2020 : A Vision for the New Millennium, Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi. h Brock, P.L. and Rojas Suarez, L. (2000), Understanding the Behaviour of Bank Spreads in Latin America, Journal of Development Economics, 63(1), 113-34. h Dumicic, M. and Ridzak, T. (2012), Determinants of Banks' Net Interest Margins in CEE, The eighteenth Dubrovnik Economic Conference, organized by Croatian National Bank. h García-Herrero, A.; Gavilá, S. and Santabárbara, D. (2009), What Explains the Low Profitability of Chinese Banks,Banco de Espana , Working Paper 0910 . h Gupta, S.P. (2002), Report of the Committee on India Vision 2020, Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi. h Kasman, A.; Tunc, G.; Vardar, G. and Okan, B. (2010), Consolidation and Commercial Bank Net Interest Margins: Evidence from the Old European Union Members and Candidate Countries, Economic Modeling , 27, 648-55. h Maudos, J. and Fernandez de Guevara, J. (2004), Factors Explaining the Interest Margin in the Banking Sectors of the European Union,Journal of Banking and Finance, 28, 2259–81. h Mohanty, D. (2013), Perspectives on Banking in India, Speech delivered at 5th Indian Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Banking Summit, at Kolkata (India) on May 18, 2013, h Sarkar, J., Sarkar, S. and Bhaumik, S.K. (1998), Does Ownership Always Matter? Evidence from the Indian Banking Industry,Journal of Comparative Economics , 6(2), 262-81. h Sharma, E. and Mani, M. (2012), Impact of Macroeconomic and Financial Market Indicators on the Banking Sector: Some Evidence from India, International Journal of Research in Finance & Marketing, 2, 172-85.

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IMPACTOFSELECTEDYOGICEXERCISES ONPHYSIOLOGICALVARIABLES Kamlesh Sandhu Rakam Singh Sandhu Usha Principal, Prof. & Head Ph.D. Scholar R.K.S.D College of Edu., Deptt. of Physical Education Deptt. of Physical Edu. Kaithal (Haryana) Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra Kurukshetra

ABSTRACT Main aim of the study was to find out effect of selected yogic exercises on pulse rate, blood pressure, red blood cells and white blood cells. On the basis of sample of 60 P.G. girls students perusing their study in C.D.L.U. campus, Sirsa. It was found that: 1. There are positive effect of yoga exercises on pulse rate of the P.G. Girls students of C.D.L.U. Campus, Sirsa. 2. There are no positive effect of yoga exercises on the blood pressure of the P.G. Girls students of C.D.L.U. Campus, Sirsa. 3. There are positive effect of yoga exercises on red blood cells of the P.G. Girls students of C.D.L.U. Campus, Sirsa. 4. There are positive effect of yoga exercises on white blood cells of the P.G. Girls students of C.D.L.U. Campus, Sirsa. Result of the study was discussed among the P.G. Girls Students of C.D.L.U Campus, Sirsa regarding various effects of selected yogic exercises on pulse rate, blood pressure, red blood cells as well as white blood cells.

INTRODUCTION Yoga is as a science as well as method that permit a person to live a peaceful life while favoring his spiritual progress through the control of mind and body. Yoga is not as religion rather it is a philosophy of life based on certain Physiological & Psychological facts and its aim is to develop the perfect balance between the body and mind that permits union with divine. Yoga is a practice which not only help one perfect health, stay young and live longer, but is designed to develop the inner force that enables us to overcome our failing (weakness). Through constant practice of yoga can overcome all difficulties and eradicates all weakness and pain can be transmitted into blessing. Similarly, sorrow can be converted into enjoy and sickness into the perfect and sound health. A popular conception/notion is that yoga is not meant for common man but it is only for the selected persons. However, this is not true yoga but it is good for all human being to be a good human. In modern times, it has been practiced by the house holders, businessman and common people of the society to create fitness of health and to maintain the soundness of body and mind. It has been practicing in all over the world for many years. It indicates that many disorders concerned to the body and mind of human are being eradicated through the yogic practices. Yoga is associated with the idea of motor fitness and supernatural acts. This is linked with the picture of 'Yogi' who is supposed to do acts that other like being naked in cold water during winters, sitting in a place covered with fire from all sides during summers, making himself buried under ground for days together, put the pieces of glasses, lying on a thorny bed, stopping of the heart beats etc. In fact, aim of yoga in recent age is to build sound citizens with the help of yoga activities like asanas, pranayamas, dharana and dhyana etc. DYEFINITION OF OGA According to Patanjali "Yogashchittavritinirodha" i.e. withdrawal of sense organs from the worldly objects and their control is yoga. Therefore, it can be said that control of sensory and motor organs and mind is called yoga.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are the following:-

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1. To see the effect of yogic exercises training on the blood pressure of the post graduate girls students 2. To see the effect of yogic exercises training on the pulse rate of the post graduate girls students 3. To see the effect of yogic exercises training on the red blood cells of the post graduate girls students 4. To see the effect of yogic exercises training on the white blood cells of the post graduate girls students HYPOTHESIS Impact of yoga exercises training on blood pressure, pulse rate, white blood cells and red blood cells will be positive. DELIMITATION 1. It was delimited upto 60 regular P.G. girls students of C.D.L.U. campus, Sirsa. 2. In this study only four physiological components i.e. pulse rate, blood pressure, white blood cells and red blood cells were taken. 3. The selected yogic exercises training were given to the experimental group upto six month in the morning except holidays. 4. The entire girl student between the age of 22-25 years were included in the present study. LIMITATION 1. There is no doubt, researcher was unable to control the caste bar because the selected samples belonged from the various castes. 2. Past history and socio-economical cultural status of the samples students could not be controlled because the students were from various categories of society. 3. Level of the intelligency of the selected samples were also remained out of control for the researcher. 4. Extra activities schedules of the samples could not be controlled because some samples belonged from the rural areas. 5. Rural & Urban criteria in the selection of the sample was also remained out of control for the researcher.

DEFINITION OF THE TERMS USED Blood Pressure Blood Pressure has been defined as exerted pressure of the blood on the blood vessel walls during the contraction of the ventricles of the heart. Pulse Rate Pulse means expansion and elongation of the arterial walls passively produced by the pressure changes during systole and diastole of the ventricles. Red Blood Cells They are small circular in size by concave discs. There are about 50,000 cells in each cubic millimeter of blood. The red blood cells need protein for their structure derived from the amino-acids, they also need iron, so that a balanced diet containing some iron is necessary for their replacement. White Blood Cells: It is transparent, colourless, larger and thinner than the red. These are from 6,000 to 10,000 in each cubic millimeter of blood. The average life of white blood cells is about 21 days. W.B.Cs also called leukocytes, are an important part of the immune system. These cells help to fight against infection by attacking bacteria, Viruses and germs that invade the body. White Blood Cells originate in the bone marrow, but circulate through the blood stream.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Orso (2009) conducted a study on heart rate in coronary syndromes and heart failure. In the past 2 decades, there have been growing evidences that resting heart rate might be a marker of risk or even a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This article reviews current evidences concerning the relation between heart rate and patients' outcome in different clinical settings such as acute coronary syndromes, left ventricular systolic disfunction, and heart failure. The relationship between resting heart rate and the development of coronary artery disease, as well as all-cause and cardiovascular mortality has been found to be strong, graded, and independent from other risk factors. Several lines of research indicate that heart rate plays and important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and in the clinical manifestations of coronary artery disease and it is an independent prognostic factor in all coronary syndromes. The prognostic value of elevated heart rate in patients with heart failure has been tested in several clinical trials evaluating pharmacologic heart rate-lowering agents (e.g. beta- - 70 - IMPACT OF SELECTED YOGIC RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL EXERCISESONPHYSIOLOGICAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 69-73, ISSN 2348–3318 VARIABLES Kamlesh Sandhu, Rakam Singh Sandhu & Usha blockers). It is difficult to determine which percentage of the clinical benefit obtained with beta-blockers is related to induce bradycardia because cardiac slowing is only one of the effects of these drugs. In the beautiful trial, a subgroup analysis conducted in patients with resting HR more than 70 beats per minute showed that treatment with ivabradine was able to improve outcome. According to the results presented in this review, we can conclude that heart rate is a predictor of death in both stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes. Elevated heart rate is also able to negatively predict clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure. However, it is still unclear if heart rate reduction per se can improve prognosis. Oak and Bhole (1993) “say in their study that very slight decrease in pulse rate was observed during three attempts of bahaya kumhhaka while it was found increase slightly with protected condition of the abdominal wall. It almost remained unchanged during the first minute after 3 cycles of pranayama breathing.” Raja Purkar (1995) “concluded that physiological functions were studied in 12 healthy and trained subjects (7 male and 5 female) in the age group of 23 to 35 of G. S. College of Yoga and Cultural Synthesis, Kaivalyadhama, Lonevala (Pune) before and after 10 minutes Kapalbhati.”

TRAINING SCHEDULE: This is the traditional system to perform the yogic exercises. In this training seventeen asnas consisting of two relexive asnas, seven paranayamas two shatkarmas were included in the yogic training schedule which was given upto the six months in the morning session to the experimental girls group of the students between the age group of 22-25.

SAMPLE For conduct of present research, a purposive sampling method was used to select sample from C.D.L.U Sirsa university of Haryana as many as sixty girl students (30 for experimental group and 30 for Control group) were selected from C.D.L.U Sirsa campus Haryana. These 60 girl students from classes M.B.A., M.A. English, M.Tech., M.A. Education, M.A. Economics, M.C.A., L.L.B. were selected on random basis. These students were further divided into two groups i. e. experimental and control Groups between age group 22 to 25. Both the groups had 30 girl students each i.e. experimental and control Groups. The stratification of the sample can be seen below: Showing Number of Girls Students Experimental Group Control Group 30 30 It was necessary to educate both the groups as per term and condition of the study. So, every type of instructions in respect of the study were given to both the group i.e. experimental and control group. Unless both the groups are educated, one can not arrive at a conclusion, which can be said to be authentic. Experimental study is a bit different from other types of studies. One has to be extra careful in matching both the experimental and control groups.

DCATA OLLECTION The investigator selected 30 P.G. girls students in experiment group and 30 P.G. girls students in the control group. The investigator started the work and collected data as per instructions given in all the tests. The present study was an experimental study, to achieve the objectives, the investigator was used physiological variables test and laboratory. Blood Pressure:- Measured manually by Stethoscope and Sphigomemnometer. Pulse Rate:- It was counted from wrist of the right hand upto one minute. Red Blood Cells:- It was tested in the laboratory. White Blood Cells:- It was also tested in the laboratory.

AINALYSIS AND NTERPRETATION OF THE DATA Table: 1 Control Group 22-25 Years v/s Experimental Group 22-25 Years (Components Pulse Date) Group N Mean S.D. Control 30 76.03 3.27 Experimental 30 73.90 3.12

- 71 - IMPACT OF SELECTED YOGIC RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL EXERCISESONPHYSIOLOGICAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 69-73, ISSN 2348–3318 VARIABLES Kamlesh Sandhu, Rakam Singh Sandhu & Usha

Table: 2 Comparison of two group using't' tests Group SED Df ‘t’ Ratio Control 0.59 29 2.582 Experimental 0.57 **Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. The table 2 shows that the computation of 't'. The calculated 't' value between the experimental group and control group after comparing the mean difference scores are found to be 2.582 which is significant at 0.05 level. Thus there is significant difference between to mean scores. As the mean difference score for the experimental group is less than the control group. There is larger change after the Yoga training. Hence, hypothesis, "The specific Yoga training has positive effects on psychological variable (Pulse Rate) is accepted. Table: 3 Control Group 22-25 Years v/s Experimental Group 22-25 Years (Components Systolic Blood Pressure) Group N Mean S.D. Control 30 11.65 8.95 Experimental 30 11.83 8.38 Table : 4 Comparison of two group using 't' test Group SED Df ‘t’ Ratio Control 1.63 29 0.788 Experimental 15.3 Not-Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. The table 4 shows the computation of 't' the mean difference score for the experimental and control group are compared the calculated 't' value 0.788 between the experimental and control group is found to be not significant. It implied that there is no significant difference between the mean scores to therefore, hypothesis "the specific Yoga training has positive effects on physiological variable (Systolic Blood Pressure.) is rejected. Table: 5 Control Group 22-25 Years v/s Experimental Group 22-25 Years (Components Diastolic Blood Pressure) Group N Mean S.D. Control 30 76.33 5.17 Experimental 30 77.40 4.58 Table: 6 Comparison of two group using 't' test Group SED Df ‘t’ Ratio Control 0.94 29 0.812 Experimental 0.91 Not-Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. The table- 6 explains the computation of 't'. The mean difference scores for the experimental and control groups are compared the calculated 't' value (0.812) between the experimental and control group is found to be none- significant. It implied that there is no significant difference between the mean score of control and experimental group. Thus, the adopted hypothesis of specific Yoga training programme has positive effects on physiological variable (Diastolic Blood Pressure). Therefore, hypothesis is rejected. Table: 7 Control Group 22-25 Years v/s Experimental Group 22-25 Years (Component - Red Blood Cells) Group N Mean S.D. Control 30 4.10 0.40 Experimental 30 4.41 0.46 - 72 - IMPACT OF SELECTED YOGIC RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL EXERCISESONPHYSIOLOGICAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 69-73, ISSN 2348–3318 VARIABLES Kamlesh Sandhu, Rakam Singh Sandhu & Usha

Table: 8 Comparison of two group using 't' test Group SED Df ‘t’ Ratio Control 0.07 29 2.692 Experimental 0.08 **Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. The table - 8 shows that the computation of 't'. The mean difference scores for the experimental and control groups are compared. The 't' value between the experimental and control group is found to be 2.692 which is significant at 0.05 level. Hence, the two mean difference scores difference significantly. Since the mean difference score for the experimental group is larger than control group. It is because of specific Yoga training. Hence Yoga trapping has positive effects on experimental group. Therefore, hypothesis for the specific Yoga training has positive effect on physiological variable (Red Blood Cell) is accepted.

Table: 9 Control Group 22-25 Years v/s Experimental Group 22-25 Years (Component White Blood Cells)

Group N Mean S.D. Control 30 95.40 1.45 Experimental 30 95.46 1.44

Table: 10 Comparison of two group using 't' tests Group SED Df ‘t’ Ratio Control 2.65 29 0.124 Experimental 2.63 Not-Significant at 0.05 level of confidence. The table-10 shows the computation of 't'. The mean difference scores for the experimental and control groups are compared. The' t' value between the experimental and control group is found 0.124 which is not significant. Since the both groups were not differ significantly. Hence Yoga training has no significant effects on experimental group. Therefore, hypothesis for specific Yoga training has positive effect on physiological variable (White Blood Cell) is rejected.

REFERENCES Ÿ Bhole, M.V. & Oak, J.P. (1993), 'Rehabilitation of Patients with acute and Mild Hypertension, Yoga Mimamsa, Vol. 26, No.2, pp.7-15. Ÿ Blood wikipedia, the free encyclopedia .www.google.com Ÿ C.C. Chatterjee, Human Physiology 6th edition Calcutta, Books and Allied Pvt. Ltd., 1966, p. 164. Ÿ M.L. Gharote, “A Psycho-physiological Study of the Effects of Short-Term Yogic Training on the Adolescent High School Boys” Yoga Mimamsa V. XIV (April-July 1971), 93-98. Ÿ Patanjali Yoga Sutra, Verse-3, Chapter1.

- 73 - RECENT RESEARCHES in NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2 SOCIALSCIENCESHUMANITIES& REFEREED JOURNAL Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 74 - 75 ISSN 2348 – 3318

POSITIONANDSTATUSOFWOMENINTHENILMATAPURANA

Mohammad Yaqoob Allie Ph. D. Research Scholar, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.)

ABSTRACT Women enjoyed remarkable freedom, wielded ample power and exercised responsibility which gave them a high status in the society. They had acess to good and liberal education. There is no reference of any veil worn by her and she moved freely in the society. They inherited property and managed it in their own right. They worked for the religious and cultural promotion of their state. They were honoured and respected in all stages of their life. They were never killed for dowry and were never violated as in present days. They were the authority on customs and traditions and they were consulted as such. They were far better in status than their contemporary women in the other countries of ancient world.

One of the best ways to understand the spirit of a civilization and to appreciate its excellence and to realize its limitations is the study of history of position and status of women in it. The sources of ancient Indian history and culture are: (i) literary sources, (ii) archaeological finds: inscriptions, coins, monuments, etc., and (iii) foreign accounts. Amongst the numerous and diverse literary sources thePuranas are an important and rich source of ancient history and culture. ThePuranas constitute a rich branch of Sanskrit literature quantitatively and qualitatively. The Puranas trace their antiquity to the Vedic literature and have come to be recognized as the fifth Veda. They are said to have been created for the benefit of the sudras and the women, and this tends to suggest the importance of the Puranas, especially, for the study of the status and position of women in ancient and medieval India. The first literacy source about Kashmir history isNilamatapurana ". The date of the Nilamstapurana is uncertain. But Kalhana's reference to it as a work of high antiquity may suggest a date earlier than the accession of the Karkotas. The mention of Buddha in the work as an incarnation of Vishnu has led some scholars to assign the book not much earlier than the 7th century A.D. Nilamatapurana is an ancient Sanskrit text dealing with thetirthas (Sacred places) rituals and ceremonials of Kashmir. It also deals incidentally with the legends of the origin of Kashmir, the myths relating to its original inhabitants and their gradual displacement by others. In dealing with rituals and ceremonies of worship and the duties to which they are to be offered,Nilamata throws a great deal of light on the social conditions of ancient Kashmir. Buhler described it "as a real mine of information regarding the sacred places of Kashmir and their legends. Nilamatapuranaprovides the social background to Rajatarangini's dynastic and political history. It shows Kashmir as a place of devout people, worshiping their gods, firmly believing in the sacredness of their land, celebrating numerous festivals and generally leading happy life.Nilmata throws welcome light on many aspects of Kashmir's life. The most relieving feature of the family life of Kashmir as seen in theNilamata , is the position of women. We learn that the first part of a women's life was spent in her father's house when liberal education was imparted to her. According toNilmatapurana she was trained in fine arts. Bilhana extols the women of Kashmir for their learning which allowed them to speak fluently both Sanskrit and Prakrit. Nowhere is she considered 'the living torch illuminating the way to hell or the devourer of the intellect of men. There is no reference of veil worn by her and she moves quite freely in the society. There was no attempt to marginalize them, or deculturise their personality. The freedom that women enjoyed in Kashmir society is something which one does not come across elsewhere in north India. Participating joyfully in the numerous festivals - 74 - POSITIONANDSTATUSOFWOMEN RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES NATIONAL INTHENILMATAPURANA REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 74-75, ISSN 2348–3318 Mohammad Yaqoob Allie prescribed in theNilmata , they would go to the gardens in the company of their men folk without any inhibition or fear of approbation. Women are allowed to participate in the celebration of festivals and religious ceremonies. In the moonlit night ofKaumudi Mahotsava , we find her sitting besides the sacred fire in the company of her husband, children, servants, and husband's friends. On the day ofIramanjari - Punjana a festival of flowers the ladies were honored with presents of flowers and garlands. Such was the spirit of the times that young maiden were enjoyed to go and enjoy water sports. Plying with men was allowed to women. Women were honored on the new snowfall day. They were honored on the 4th of the bright of Magha and on the 4th day of Asvayij and Jyestha. Once the girl had completed her education, she was to be married suitably. As a wife she was loved and honored by her husband. There wasMadana Trayudashi festival in honor to the god of love. On this special occasion the wife receives bath by her husband personally with sacred water. There were special occasions when men were to make ladies of the house happy by giving them new cloths as presents. Not only this, the gifts were also given to the friends’ wives. It is important to mention here that it could have happened only in a free atmosphere where ladies could move freely and talk friendly with everyone. A mother was respected both in theory and in practice. Mother could even be installed on the throne on the demise of her sonless husband-king. Women performed various rites, rituals and ceremonies. The significant feature was that mother Goddess cult had occupied a central place in the religious beliefs of Kashmir. Gods were always mentioned with their consorts. The goddesses Asokika, Syama, Durga, Sri, Karisini, Bhadrakali, Bheda, Kapinjali, Suresvari, Bhadresvaei, Gaudri, Suvijaya, Sakuni, Brahmacarini, Cakresvari, and Grhadevi were worshiped by the people of Kashmir. In fact it would appear fromNilmata that women in Kashmir not only enjoyed considerable freedom but were looked upon with honor and respect.

REFERENCES Ÿ A.S. Altekar, The position of women in hindu civilization, Delhi, 1978, p. 1. Ÿ R. C. Majumdar and A. D. Pusalker,The vedic age , London, 1951, pp.47. Ÿ L. P. Tripathi, position and status of women in ancient india, vol‐ii, Varanasi,1992, p.59. Ÿ SC. Ray "Early history and culture of Kashmir " New Delhi 1970 P‐190. Ÿ Ved Kumar, "TheNilmatapurana Srinigar, 1988, pp.90.91.

- 75 - izLrqr v/;;u ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k ij ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds izHkko dks tkuus gsrq fd;k x;k gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dks tkuus ds fy;s gkbZLdwy ijh{kk esa dqy izkIrkadksa dh tkudkjh yh xbZ rFkk ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds ekiu gsrq MkW0 chuk “kkg ¼1990½ }kjk fufeZr ^^ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ekiuh** ijh{k.k dks iz;qDr fd;k x;kA v/;;u esa vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okyh Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k leku ik;h x;h tcfd vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh rqyuk es vf/kd ik;h x;hA izLrkouk ekuo tkfr dh leLr laHkkouk;sa cky leqnk; esa fodflr gksrh gSA ftl izdkj feV~Vh dks xhyh vkSj dPph voLFkk esa fofHkUu :iksa esa

- 76 - ckr dks n`f" Vxr j[krs gq, izLrqr v/;;u dh vko”;drk eglwl gq;hA v/;;u ls izkIr ifj.kke fuf”pr gh bl fn”kk esa egRoiw.kZ lq>ko izLrqr dj ldsaxsA v/;;u ds mn~ns ;' izLrqr “kks/k fuEu mn~ns”;ksa dks izkIr djus gsrq fd;k x;k gSA · Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa ds ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA · Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA · vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA · vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA · vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okyh Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA · vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA · izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA ifjdYiuk;sa izLrqr v/;;u gsrq fuEu ifjdYiuk;sa fu/kkZfjr dh x;ha gSaA · Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA · Nk= o Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA · vuqdwy o izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA · vuqdwy o izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA · vuqdwy o izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA · vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= o Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA · izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= o Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA

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- 77 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 76-82, ISSN 2348–3318 ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds izHkko dk v/;;u xkSfl;k ,oa fiz;adk lDlsuk

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mn~ns”; % 2 Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;u Rkfydk la0 2 Nk= o Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed fooj.k fo|kFkhZ laa[;k e/;eku Ekkud fopyu Økafrd vuqikr lkFkZdrk Lrj Nk= 55 67-68 6-56 1-19 lkFkZd ugha Nk=k;sa 45 66-16 6-17 Rkkfydk la0 2 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd leLr Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk e/;eku Øe”k% 67-68 rFkk 66-16 rFkk nksuksa lewgksa dk ekud fopyu Øe”k% 6-56 rFkk 6-17 gSA nksuks lewgksa ds e/;ekuksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij Økafrd eku 1-19 izkIr gqvk tks fd lkFkZdrk ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gS vFkkZr Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vkd`fr 2

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- 78 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 76-82, ISSN 2348–3318 ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds izHkko dk v/;;u xkSfl;k ,oa fiz;adk lDlsuk

Rkkfydk la0 3 vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed fooj.k ikfjokfjd la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu Økafrd vuqikr lkFkZdrk Lrj okrkoj.k vuqdwy 52 68-15 5-83 okrkoj.k 1-88 lkFkZd ugha vuqdwy 48 65-75 6-81 okrkoj.k Rkkfydk la0 3 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk e/;eku Øe”k% 68-15 rFkk 65-75 rFkk ekud fopyu Øe”k% 5-83 rFkk 6-81 gSA nksuksa lewgksa ds e/; Økafrd eku 1-88 izkIr gqvk] tksfd lkFkZdrk ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vkd`fr 3&

mn~ns”; % 4 vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;uA Rkkfydk la0 4 vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed fooj.k Nk= la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu Økafrd vuqikr lkFkZdrk Lrj vuqdwy 27 69-54 5-85 okrkoj.k 2-14 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd vuqdwy 28 65-89 6-81 okrkoj.k Rkkfydk la0 4 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk e/;eku Øe”k% 69-54 rFkk 65-89 rFkk ekud fopyu Øe”k% 5-85 rFkk 6-81 gSA nksuksa lewgksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij Økafrd eku 2-14 izkIr gqvk tksfd lkFkZdrk ds Lrj 0-05 ij lkFkZd gSA vr% lkaf[;dh; vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj vk;k gSA vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa ls vf/kd gSA vkd`fr 4

- 79 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 76-82, ISSN 2348–3318 ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds izHkko dk v/;;u xkSfl;k ,oa fiz;adk lDlsuk mn~ns”; % 5 vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okyh Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;uA Rkkfydk la0 5 vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okyh Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed fooj.k Nk=k,a la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu Økafrd vuqikr lkFkZdrk Lrj vuqdwy 25 66-64 5-53 okrkoj.k 0-57 lkFkZd ugha vuqdwy 20 65-55 6-98 okrkoj.k Rkkfydk la0 5 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okyh Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk e/;eku Øe”k% 66-64 o 65-55 rFkk ekud fopyu Øe”k% 5-53 o 6-98 gSA nksuksa lewgksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij Økafrd eku 0-57 izkIr gqvk] tksfd lkFkZdrk ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj dks ugha n”kkZrkA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqdwy rFkk izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okyh Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k leku gSA vkd`fr 5

mn~ns”; % 6 vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;uA Rkkfydk la0 6 vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed fooj.k vuqdwy ekud ikfjokfjd la[;k e/;eku Økafrd vuqikr lkFkZdrk Lrj fopyu okrkoj.k Nk= 27 69-54 5-85 1-85 lkFkZd ugha Nk=k;sa 25 66-64 5-53 Rkkfydk la0 6 ls Li"V gS fd vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk e/;eku Øe”k% 69-54 o 66-64 rFkk ekud fopyu Øe”k% 5-85 rFkk 5-53 gSA nksuksa lewgksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij Økafrd eku 1-85 izkIr gqvk tksfd lkFkZdrk ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vkd`fr 6

- 80 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 76-82, ISSN 2348–3318 ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds izHkko dk v/;;u xkSfl;k ,oa fiz;adk lDlsuk mn~ns”; % 7 izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k oky Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed v/;;uA Rkkfydk la0 7 izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk rqyukRed fooj.k izfrdwy ekud ikfjokfjd la[;k e/;eku Økafrd vuqikr lkFkZdrk Lrj fopyu okrkoj.k Nk= 28 65-89 6-81 0-16 lkFkZd ugha Nk=k;sa 20 65-55 6-98 Rkkfydk la0 7 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dk e/;eku Øe”k% 65-89 o 65-55 rFkk ekud fopyu Øe”k% 6-81 o 6-98 gSA nksuksa lewgksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u djus ij Økafrd eku 0-16 izkIr gqvk tksfd lkFkZdrk ds fdlh Hkh Lrj ij lkFkZd ugha gSA vr% lkaf[;dh; vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd izfrdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vkd`fr 7

fu"d"kZ v/;;u ls izkIr egRoiw.kZ fu"d"kZ fuEuor gS& Ÿ ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa ds ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA Ÿ Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA Ÿ vuqdwy ,oa izfrdwy okrkoj.k okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA Ÿ vuqdwy ,oa izfrdwy okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k izfrdwy okrkoj.k okys Nk=ksa dh rqyuk es vf/kd ik;h x;hA Ÿ vuqdwy ,oa izfrdwy okrkoj.k okys Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA Ÿ vuqdwy ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k okys Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA Ÿ izfrdwy okrkoj.k okys Nk= ,oa Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA lq>ko ek/;fed Lrj esa v/;;ujr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lQy ,oa mTTkoy Hkfo"; ds fuekZ.k esa ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k dh vge Hkwfedk gSA ifjokj dh lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr] ekrk&firk dh f”k{kk vkSj mudk ckSf)d Lrj] ifjokj dk vkdkj] ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dk O;ogkj ckyd dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k dks izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :i ls izHkkfor djrs gSaA vr% izLrqr v/;;u ds fu"d"kks± ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd ekrk&firk esa f”k{kk ds izfr LoLFk n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk pkfg, ftlls fd os vius ckydksa dh i<+kbZ&fy[kkbZ dh mfpr O;oLFkk dj ldsa rFkk ckyd dh “kkjhfjd vkSj euksoSKkfud vko”;drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrq mfpr okrkoj.k iznku dj ldsaA ekrk&firk dks cPpksa ds “kSf{kd fØ;kdykiksa esasa :fp ysuh pkfg, rFkk mudks mPp f”k{kk gsrq izksRlkfgr dj djuk pkfg, lkFk gh le;≤ ij fo|ky; tkdj muds v/;kidksa ls cPps ds “kSf{kd fØ;kdykiksa o leL;kvksa ds fo'k; esa ckrphr djuh pkfg,A - 81 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k ij NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 76-82, ISSN 2348–3318 ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds izHkko dk v/;;u xkSfl;k ,oa fiz;adk lDlsuk

ekrk&firk dks ifjokj dk okrkoj.k vuqdwy cukus dk iz;kl djuk pkfg,A ifjokj dk vuqdwy okrkoj.k ckyd dks lnkpkjh] pfj=oku o vuq”kkflr cukrk gS tcfd izfrdwy okrkoj.k ckyd esa nqjkpkjh] pfj=ghu o vijk/kh izo`fRr dks fodflr dj ldrk gSA vr% ekrk&firk dks vuqdwy okrkoj.k dk l`tu djuk pkfg, rkfd ckyd dk fodkl mfpr fn”kk esa fujarj gksrk jgsA lUnHkZ lwph Ÿ vgen ,l0 vkSj flUgk vkj0 ¼2008½&^^fd”kksjks dh “kSf{kd fu"ifRr ij x`g ds vuqdwy ,oa izfrdwy okrkoj.k ds izHkko dk v/;;u^^ Hkkjrh; f”k{kk “kks/k if=dk] o'kZ&27] vad&2 tqykbZ&fnlacj 2008] i`"B la[;k&7- Ÿ vkye ,0 ¼2011½&**gSnjkckn ds mnwZ ek/;e ds ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk=ksa ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd Lrj o “kSf{kd fu"ifRr dk v/;;u^^ Hkkjrh; f”k{kk “kks/k if=dk o'kZ 30] vad&2 tqykbZ& fnlacj 2011- Ÿ ckcw vkj0 vkSj eqewfrZ vkj0 ¼2012½&^^ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds laca/k esa mPprj ekf/;ed Lrj ds Nk=ksa dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;uA^^ ,M~;wVªSd okWY;we 11]ua0 6] ekpZ 2012 i`"B la[;k&16- Ÿ HkkxZo] ,e0 ¼2010½& ^^vk/kqfud euksfoKku ijh{k.k ,oa ekiu^^ gjizlkn HkkxZo] vkxjk- Ÿ nqvk vkj0 ,oa “kekZ ,u0 ¼2012½&**ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk=ksa ds ekufld LokLFk; ij ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k ds izHkko dk v/;;uA^^ Hkkjrh; f”k{kk “kks/k if=dk o"kZ 31] vad&1] tuojh&twu 2012-

- 82 - fd'kksjkoLFkkthou dh egRoiw.kZ voLFkk gSA ftl izdkj ,d ikS/ks dks mfpr iks"k.k] laj{k.k o vuqdwy okrkoj.k iznku fd, tkus ij og dqN vof/k i'pkr ,d cM+s Qynkj o`{k ds :i esa ifj.kr gks tkrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj ;fn ge cPpksa dks fodkl ds leku rFkk leqfpr volj iznku djsa] rks os Hkh fuf'pr gh Hkfo"; esa ,d mÙkjnk;h ukxfjd ds :i esa vius ns'k dh lsok djus ds fy, rRij jgsaxsA izLrqr v/;;u dk izeq[k mís”; vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k rFkk fpUrk Lrj dk v/;;u djuk FkkA bl v/;;u ds fy, 900 vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼450 Nk= o 450 Nk=k,a½ dk ;kn`fPNd U;kn”kZ p;u izfof/k ds }kjk p;u fd;k x;kA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fpUrk dks Kkr djus ds fy, ,0ds0ih0 flUgk rFkk ,y0,u0ds0 flUgk ds }kjk fodflr ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA iznRrksa ds fo”ys"k.k ds fy, e/;eku] ekud fopyu rFkk ^Vh* ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA “kks/k ifj.kkeksa ls Kkr gqvk fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpark Lrj eas lkFkZd varj gSA vkSlr 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fpark esa fyax Hksn dk izHkko ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpark Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpark eas lkFkZd varj gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPPk o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds e/; fpark esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA tcfd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPPk o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvkaas ds e/; fpark esa lkFkZd varj gSA Keywords % vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj fo|kFkhZ] fpUrk Lrj ,oa “kSf{kd miyfC/kA izLrkouk vk/kqfudhdj.k rFkk oS”ohdj.k ds dkj.k rsth ls gks jgs ifjorZuksa us orZeku le; dks fpUrk;qqDr rFkk ruko;qqDr le; esa ifjf.kr dj fn;k gSA bl dkj.k O;fDr;ksa esa fofHkUu ekufld o euksoSKkfud vlarqyu mRiUu gks jgs gSA fpUrk Hkh ,d ,slh euksoSKkfud vlarqyu dh fLFkfr gS tks lHkh O;fDr;ksa ij fo”ks"kr% fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds ”kkjhfjd] ckSf}d] lkekftd] ”kSf{kd rFkk laosxkRed fodkl ij viuk dqizHkko Mky jgh gSA ;|fi izR;sd O;fDr vius thou ds izR;sd {ks= eas fpUrk dk lkekU;r% lkeuk djrk gS ijUrq ”kSf{kd {ks= esa fpUrk tSlh vlkekU; n”kk dh vogsyuk ugha dh tk ldrh D;ksafd ;g ckyd ds ekufld LokLF; ij udkjkRed izHkko Mkyrh gS ftlls ckyd dh izHkko”khyrk] vfHk:fp] vfHko`fÙk] vkREk&izR;; rFkk O;fDrRo fuekZ.k esa ck/kk vkrh gSA fpUrk ,d lkekU; euksoSKkfud vlarqyu gS tks Ldwy vk;q ds cPpksa rFkk fd”kksjksa esa lkekU;r% ik;k tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa fd”kksjksa esa ik;h tkus okyh fpUrk dk izeq[k dkj.k vfHkHkkodksa dh mPp ”kSf{kd vis{kk,a rFkk ”kSf{kd miyfC/k dk ruko gS ¼nsc] 2001½A fd”kksjkoLFkk ckY;koLFkk ls izkS

- 83 - us fd”kksjksa dh ”kSf{kd fpUrk dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj ik;k fd ”kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= ds fd”kksjksa rFkk Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA nsc ¼2010½ us vius v/;;u esa ik;k fd Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa fpUrk dk Lrj mPp gSA bl v/;;u esa ;g Hkh ik;k x;k fd e/;e lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj ds fd”kksjksa dk fpUrk Lrj mPp rFkk fuEu lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj ds fd”kksjksa ls mPp gSA xkSre ¼2011½ us ik;k fd Nk=ksa dk lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj muds fpUrk Lrj dks lkFkZd :Ik izHkkfor djrk gSA mijksDr ”kks/kksa ls ;g iw.kZr% Li"V gS fd fd”kksjksa esa fpUrk dk lkekU; o mPp Lrj ik;k x;k gS vkSj muds ”kSf{kd thou rFkk thou ds {ks=ksa ij foijhr izHkko Mkyrk gSA ns”k rFkk lekt dks izxfr ds iFk ij iz”kLr djus dk eq[; mRrjnkf;Ro fd”kksjksa dk gksrk gSA vr% lHkh oxZ ds fd”kksjksa dk pkgs og vuqlwfpr tkfr ds gks] vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds gks rFkk lkekU; tkfr ds] mudk fpUrk eqDr rFkk ekufld :Ik ls LoLFk gksuk furkUr vko';d gSA vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fy, rks ;g fo”ks"k :Ik ls vko”;d gS fd osa viuh euksoSKkfud fLFkfr ij vko”;d fu;a=.k dj vkxs vk, rFkk vius lekt dks vkxs c<+kus dh fn”kk esa iz”kLr dj ldsaA ”kks/kdrkZ dk fo”okl gS fd ;g ”kks/k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksjksa dks mudh fpUrk Lrj rFkk ”kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Lrj dk ladsr nss ldus esa l{ke gksxk ftlls mUgsa viuh ”kSf{kd miyfC/k dks mPp djus dh izsj.kk feysxhA mís’; izLrqr v/;;u ds fy, fuEufyf[kr mís”;ksa dks fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gS& 1- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa dsfpUrk Lrj dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA 2- fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA 3- vkSlr “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA 4- mPp “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrjdk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA 5- mPp ,oa fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fpUrk Lrj dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA 6- mPp ,oa fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk Lrj dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA 7- mPp ,oa fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k dh vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj dk rqyukRed v/;;u djukA ifjdYiuk,a izLrqr “kks/k esa fuEufyf[kr ifjdYiukvksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gS & 1- vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA 2- fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA 3- vkSlr “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA 4- mPp “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA 5- mPp ,oa fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA 6- mPp ,oa fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA 7- mPp ,oa fuEu “kSf{kd miyfC/k dh vuqlwfpr tkfr dh Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA ‘kks/k fof/k izLrqr “kks/k esa losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA U;kn'kZ ,oa U;kn'kZ izfof/k izLrqr “kks/k esa “kks/kdrkZ us ;kn`fPNd U;kn”kZ p;u izfof/k }kjk tuin gfj}kj ds d{kk 11 ,oa 12 esa v/;;ujr vuqlwfpr tkfr ds 900 fd”kksj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ¼450 Nk= ,oa 450 Nk=kvksaas½ dk p;u fd;k gSA U;kn”kZ dk p;u mRrjk[k.M cksMZ] jkeuxj ds “kkldh; ,oa v”kkldh; b.Vj dkystksa ls fd;k x;k gS ftlesa xzkeh.k ,oa “kgjh nksuksa {ks=ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA midj.k Ø flUgkt dEizsgsfUlo fpUrk ijh{k.k% vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh fpUrk dks Kkr djus ds fy, ,0ds0ih0 flUgk rFkk ,y0,u0ds0 flUgk ds }kjk fodflr ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA bl iz'ukoyh esa 90 iz'u fgUnh esa gSaA iz'ukoyh ds izR;sd iz'u dk lEcU/k O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ls gSA iz'ukoyh esa izR;sd iz'u dFku ds :i esa gS ftlds nks fodYi ^gk¡* vFkok ^ugha* esa gSaA

- 84 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES vuwlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 83-88, ISSN 2348–3318 ,oa fpUrk Lrj dk v/;;u ftrsUnz dqekj Ø “kSf{kd miyfC/k % vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd”kksj Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh “kSf{kd miyfC/k ds fy, muds }kjk mRrjk[k.M cksMZ dh 10oha d{kk esa izkIr izkIrkadksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA lkaf[;dh; izfof/k;k¡ ,df=r iznÙkksa dk fo”ys"k.k djus ds fy, e/;eku] ekud fopyu rFkk Vh&ijh{k.k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA O;k[;k ,oa ifj.kke lkj.kh la0 1 Nk=&Nk=kvksa dss fpUrk Lrj ds e/; vUrj dh lkFkZdrk fpUrk lalala[;k la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu LokrU=; ek=k Vh eku lkFkZdrk Lrj Nk= 450 26.1956 15.55 898 0.070 vlkFkZd Nk=k,a 450 26.2711 16.40 lkj.kh la0 1 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk ijh{k.k ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 26-1956 o ekud fopyu 15-55 rFkk Nk=kvksa ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 26-2711 o ekud fopyu 16-40 gSA rkfydk ls Li"V gks tkrk gS fd Nk=ksa ds fpUrk ijh{k.k ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 26-1956] Nk=kvksa ds izkIrkadksa ds e/;eku 26-2711 ls de gS rFkk Nk=ksa ds izkIrkadksa dk ekud fopyu 15-55] Nk=kvksa ds izkIrkadksa ds ekud fopyu 16-40 ls de gS vFkkZr e/;eku] o ekud fopyu Nk=kvksa dk vf/kd gSA Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/;ekuksa rFkk ekud fopyuksa ls x.kuk djus ij Vh eku 0-070 vkrk gS] tks LokrU=; ek=k898 ds lkj.kh eku 0-05 Lrj ij 1-96 o 0-01 Lrj ij 2-58 ls de gS izkIr Vh ewY; 0-070] lkj.kh eku 1-96 ¼0- 05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij½ ls 1-89 de gSA tks Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh LorU= pj fpUrk ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj dks ugha n'kkZrkA vFkkZr Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ij Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA lkj.kh la0 2 fuEu 'kSf{kd mifyC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj ds e/; vUrj dh lkFkZdrk fpUrk lalala[;k la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu LokrU=; ek=k Vh eku lkFkZdrk Lrj Nk= 150 25.0800 14.89 298 2.496* lkFkZd Nk=k,a 150 29.7667 16.79

* = 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd lkj.kh la0 2ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk ekiuh izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 25-0800 o ekud fopyu 14-89 gS rFkk Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 29-7667 o ekud fopyu 16-79 gSA Nk=ksa ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 25-0800] Nk=kvksa ds izkIrkadksa ds ek/;eku 29-7667 ls de gS rFkk Nk=ksa dk ekud fopyu 14-89] Nk=kvksa ds ekud fopyu 16-79 ls Hkh de gSA Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds e/;eku o ekud fopyu ls x.kuk djus ij Vheku 2-496 izkIr gksrk gS] tks LokrU=; ek=k 298 ij lkj.kh eku 0-05 Lrj ij 1-97 ls vf/kd gS rFkk 0-01 Lrj ds lkj.kh eku 2-59 ls de gSA vFkkZr lkj.kh eku ds 0-01 Lrj ij Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS tcfd lkj.kh eku 0-05 Lrj ij Nk= Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA izkIr Vh ewY; 2-496] lkj.kh eku 1-97 ¼0-05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij½ ls 0-52 ls vf/kd gS tks nksuks ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj dks n'kkZrk gS tcfd 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkj.kh eku 2-59 gS tks Vh ewY; 2-496 ls 0-10 gh de gSA ;|fi lkj.kh vuqlkj ;g vUrj lkFkZd ugha gS fdUrq izkIr Vh ewY; 2-496 dks 0-01 lkFkZdrk Lrj ds utnhd gksus ds dkj.k udkjk ugha tk ldrkA vr% Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds e/; LorU= pj fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA lkj.kh la0 3 vkSlr 'kSf{kd mifyC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj ds e/; vUrj dh lkFkZdrk fpUrk lalala[;k la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu LokrU=; ek=k Vh eku lkFkZdrk Lrj Nk= 150 26.1867 16.81 298 0.581 vlkFkZd Nk=k,a 150 25.0733 15.93

- 85 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES vuwlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 83-88, ISSN 2348–3318 ,oa fpUrk Lrj dk v/;;u ftrsUnz dqekj lkj.kh la0 3 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vkSlr 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk ekiuh izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 26-1867 o ekud fopyu 16-81 gS rFkk vkSlr 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 25-0733 o ekud fopyu 15-93 gSA Nk=ksa ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 26-1867] Nk=kvksa ds izkIrkadksa ds ek/;eku 25-0733 ls vf/kd gS rFkk Nk=ksa dk ekud fopyu 16-81] Nk=kvksa ds ekud fopyu 15-93 ls Hkh vf/kd gSA Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds e/;eku o ekud fopyu ls x.kuk djus ij Vheku 0-581 izkIr gksrk gS] tks LokrU=; ek=k 298 ij lkj.kh eku 0-05 Lrj ij 1-97 o 0-01 Lrj ij 2-59 gS izkIr Vh ewY; 0-581] lkj.kh eku 1-97 ¼0-05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij½ ls 1-39 de gS tks lkFkZd vUrj dks ugha n'kkZrkA vFkkZr Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds LorU= pj fpUrk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vr% Li"V gks tkrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vkSlr 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh la0 4 mPp 'kSf{kd mifyC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk Lrj ds e/; vUrj dh lkFkZdrk fpUrk lalala[;k la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu LokrU=; ek=k Vh eku lkFkZdrk Lrj Nk= 150 27.3200 14.88 298 1.934 vlkFkZd Nk=k,a 150 23.9733 15.99

lkj.kh la0 4 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk ekiuh izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 27-32 o ekud fopyu 14-88 gS rFkk mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 23-9733 o ekud fopyu 15-99 gSA Nk=ksa ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 27-32] Nk=kvksa ds izkIrkadksa ds ek/;eku 23-9733 ls vf/kd gS rFkk Nk=ksa dk ekud fopyu 14-88] Nk=kvksa ds ekud fopyu 15-99 ls de gSA Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds e/;eku o ekud fopyu ls x.kuk djus ij Vheku 1-934 vkrk gS] LokrU=; ek=k 298 ij lkj.kh eku 0-05 Lrj ij 1-97 ,oa 0-01 Lrj ij 2-59 gSA LokrU=; ek=k 298 ij 0-05 lkFkZdrk Lrj ij lkj.kh eku 1-97] izkIr Vh ewY; 1-93 esa ek= 0-04 dk vUrj gS tks nksuks ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj dks ugha n'kkZrkA vFkkZr Nk= o Nk=kvksa ds LorU= pj fpUrk Lrj ds e/; dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA

lkj.kh la0 5 mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds fo|kfFkZ;kas ds fpUrk Lrj ds e/; vUrj dh lkFkZdrk

fpUrk lalala[;k la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu LokrU=; ek=k Vh eku lkFkZdrk Lrj mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds 25.6466 300 15.44 Nk=&Nk=kvksa dkfpUrk 5 Lrj 598 1.97 lkFkZd fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds 27.4233 300 15.84 Nk=&Nk=kvksa dkfpUrk 5 Lrj * = 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd lkj.kh la05 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh fpUrk izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 25-64665 o ekud fopyu 15-44 gS rFkk fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 27-42335 o ekud fopyu 15-84 gSA mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 25-64665] fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk izkIrkadksa ds e/;eku 27-42335 ls de gS rFkk mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk dk ekud fopyu 15-44] fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ds ekud fopyu 15-84 ls de gS tks cgqr gh utnhd gSA mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ds izkIrkadksa ds e/;ekuksa ,oa ekud fopyuksa dh x.kuk djus ij Vheku 1-97 izkIr gqvkA LokrU=; ek=k 598 ij lkj.kh eku 1-96 ¼0-05 Lrj ij½ o 2-58 ¼0-01 Lrj ij½ gSaA VhewY; 1-97] lkj.kh eku 1-96 ds yxHkx cjkcj gS tks 0-01 dk vUrj n'kkZrk gS o 2-58 eku ls de gSA tks lkFkZd vUrj dks ugha n'kkZrk gSA vFkkZr mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; LorU= pj fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj gSA

- 86 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES vuwlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 83-88, ISSN 2348–3318 ,oa fpUrk Lrj dk v/;;u ftrsUnz dqekj lkj.kh la0 6 mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk Lrj ds e/; vUrj dh lkFkZdrk fpUrk lalala[;k la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu LokrU=; ek=k Vh eku lkFkZdrk Lrj mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds 150 27.32 14.88 Nk=ksa dkfpUrk Lrj 298 1.84 vlkFkZd fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds 150 25.08 14.89 Nk=ksa dkfpUrk Lrj lkj.kh la0 6 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k okys Nk=ksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadks dk e/;eku 27-32 o ekud fopyu 14-88 gS rFkk fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k okys Nk=ksa dh fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 25-08 o ekud fopyu 14-89 gSA mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 27-32] fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa ds e/;eku 25-08 ls vf/kd gSa rFkk mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa dk ekud fopyu 14-88] fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa dk ekud fopyu 14-89 ls va'kksa esa vf/kd gSA tks cgqr gh leku gSA mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa dh fpUrk ds izkIrkadksa ds e/;ekuksa ,oa ekud fopyu ls x.kuk djus ij Vheku 1-84 izkIr gqvkA LokrU=; ek=k 298 ij lkj.kh eku 1-97 ¼0-05 Lrj ij½ o 2-59 ¼0-01 Lrj ij½ gSaA Vheku 1-84] lkj.kh eku ds 0-05 Lrj ij 0-13 de gS tcfd 1-97 eku ds cgqr djhc gS fQj Hkh lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vFkkZr mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds e/; LorU= pj fpUrk Lrj esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA lkj.kh la0 7 mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=kvksa dh fpUrk Lrjds e/; vUrj dh lkFkZdrk fpUrk lalala[;k la[;k e/;eku ekud fopyu LokrU=; ek=k Vh eku lkFkZdrk Lrj mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds 150 23.9733 15.99 Nk=kvksa dkfpUrk Lrj 298 4.32 lkFkZd fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds 150 29.7667 16.79542 Nk=kvksa dkfpUrk Lrj * = 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd lkj.kh la0 7 ds vuqlkj vuqlwfpr tkfr dh mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 23-9733 o ekud fopyu 15-99 gS rFkk fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ekiuh ds izkIrkadksa dk e/;eku 29-7667 o ekud fopyu 16-79 gSA mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa dk e/;eku 23-9733] fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa ds e/;eku 29-7667 ls de gS rFkk mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa dk ekud fopyu 15-99] fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa ds ekud fopyu 16-79 ls de gSA mPp o fuEu mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa ds fpUrk ds e/;ekuksa ,oa ekud fopyuksa ls x.kuk djus ij Vheku 4-32 izkIr gqvkA LokrU=; ek=k 298 ij lkj.kh eku 1-97 ¼0-05 Lrj ij½ o 2-59 ¼0-01 Lrj ij½ gSaA tks Vheku 4-32] lkj.kh eku ds 0-05 Lrj ls 2-35 vf/kd gSA vFkkZr mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k okyh Nk=kvksa dh LorU= pj fpUrk ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj gSaA fu"d"kZ izLrqr “kks/k ls ;g fu"d"kZ izkIr gqvk gSa vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fd'kksj Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa ds e/; LorU= pj fpUrk esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vFkkZr fyax Hksn dk fpark ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+rkA Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds rhuksa lewg fuEu] vkSlr] mPp lewgksa dh fpUrkLrj dk v/;;u djus ds i'pkr fuEu fu"d"kZ fudkys x;s& · vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpark Lrj eas lkFkZd varj gSA vFkkZr gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk esa 33 izfr'kr ls 44 izfr'kr ds e/; vad izkIr djus okys Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpark Lrj esa lkFkZd varj gSA tks bl lewg ij fyax Hksn ds izHkko dks n'kkZrk gSA · vuqlwfpr tkfr ds vkSlr 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpark Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vkSlr 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fpark esa fyax Hksn dk izHkko ugha fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA · vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPp 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpark Lrj esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA vFkkZr Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds fpark Lrj esa fyax Hksn ds izHkko dks ugha n'kkZrkA · vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpark eas lkFkZd varj gSA Nk= rFkk Nk=kvksa

- 87 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES vuwlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ‘kSf{kd miyfC/k NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 83-88, ISSN 2348–3318 ,oa fpUrk Lrj dk v/;;u ftrsUnz dqekj dh vyx&vyx lkFkZdrk Kkr djus dk ij fuEu fu"d"kZ ik;s& · vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPPk o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=ksa ds e/; fpark esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha gSA · tcfd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPPk o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvkaas ds e/; fpark esa lkFkZd varj gSA

izkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij fu"d"kZ :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; fpUrk Lrj esa dksbZ lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA fyax Hksn dk izHkko fpUrk ij ugha iM+rk gSA tcfd Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh vkUrfjd lkFkZdrk esa ik;k fd ftu Nk=&Nk=kvksa us 33 izfr'kr ls 44 izfr'kr vad gkbZLdwy cksMZ ijh{kk izkIr fd;s mudh fpUrk Lrj ds e/; cM+k vkSj lkFkZd vUrj gSA izkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij dg ldrs gSa fd vuqlwfpr tkfr ds mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh fpUrk ds e/; lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS tcfd vkUrfjd lkFkZdrk esa mPp o fuEu 'kSf{kd miyfC/k dh Nk=kvksa dh fpUrk ds e/; cM+k lkFkZd vUrj ik;k x;kA 'kSf{kd egRo cPpksa ds Hkhrj gh ns'k dk Hkfo"; fdlh u fdlh :i esa fufgr gksrk gS] rks dksbZ vfr';ksfä ugha gksxh] ijUrq okLro esa ;g ge ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ge viuh bl cky lEink dk lnqi;ksx ,oa laj{k.k fdl :i esa ,oa fdl Hkkouk ls djrs gSaA ;fn gekjh uhfr cPpksa dks mTToy Hkfo"; iznku dj muds thou dks lkdkj :i nsus dh gS vkSj blh vk'k; ls ge muds oS;fäd xq.kksa dk fodkl djrs gq, mUgsa mfpr f'k{kk o ekxZn'kZu ns jgs gSa rks vkus okys le; esa] jk"Vª ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds ekxZ esa ys'kek= Hkh ck/kk mRiUu ugha gksxhA Hkkjrh; yksdrU= dh lQyrk ,d lqO;ofLFkr] lqf'kf{kr vkSj dq.Bk jfgr lekt ij fuHkZj djrh gSA lekt dh f'kf{kr] fodflr vkSj lg;ksx dh Hkkouk gh lekt dks vkxs c<+krs gSaA ;g lksp fdlh ,d oxZ dh ugha] vfirq lEiw.kZ lekt dh gksuh pkfg,] ftlesa lHkh tkfr] /keZ vkSj oxZ dk cjkcj lg;ksx gksA ;fn ,d Hkh oxZ fiNM+k jg x;k rks lekt dk ldsaxs rFkk ,d ,sls ifjos”k dk fuekZ.k djus esa le{k gks ldsaxs tgk¡ ckyd Lo;a dks LorU= ,oa leku vuqHko djsaA ;g “kks/k vuqlwfpr tkfr ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds mi;qDr lek;kstu esa Hkh lgk;d fl) gksxk ftlds }kjk mudh ;ksX;rkvksa o {kerkvksa dk mPpre iz;ksx dj mudh “kSf{kd miyfC/k;ksa esa vk”p;Ztud :Ik ls o`f) dh tk ldsxhA lanHkZ xzUFk Ÿ dkWy] yksds”k]^^”kSf{kd vuqla/kku dh dk;Z iz.kkyh**] fodkl ifCyf”kax gkml izk0fy0] efLtn jksM+] taxiqjk] ubZ fnYyh&110014] izFke fgUnh laLdj.k&1998 Ÿ HkVukxj] vkj0ih0 ,oa HkVukxj] ehuk{kh] ^^f”k{kk vuqla/kku**] b.Vjus”kuy ifCyf”kax gkml] esjB&250001] laLdj.k&f}rh;] 2007 Ÿ xqIrk] ,l0ih0,] ^^Hkkjrh; f”k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl ,oa leL;k;sa**] “kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn] 2004 Ÿ L;ksDokW vkSj vyksdk,] ^^n fjy“kuf“ki fcVfou ,atkbfV ysoy ,.M ,dsMfed vphoesaV veax LVwMsUVl bu lysDVM lSds.Mjh LdwYl bu ykaxrk fMfLVªDV**] dsU;k] tuZy vkWQ ,tqds“kuy ,.M lks“ky fjlpZ] oksY;we&4] uEcj&5] i`0la0 403&4132014 Ÿ nsc] ^^, LVMh vkWu n uxsfVo bQSDVl vkWQ ,dsMfed LVªSl**] isij iztsUVsM ,V n bUVjus“kuy lsfeukj vkWu yfuZax ,.M eksfVo“ku] eysf“k;k 2001 Ÿ nsc] ^^,UtkbfV veax gkbZLdwy LVwMsUVl bu bf.M;k% dEiSfjtu vØkSl tsUMj Ldwy Vkbi] lks“ky LVªSVk] ijlSI“ku vkWQ DokfyVh Vkbe fon iSjsUVl**] vkLVªsfy;u tuZy vkWQ ,tqds“kuy ,.M MoyiesUVy lkbDykWth] oksY;we&10] i`0la0 18&312010 Ÿ vQksy;ku rFkk vU;] ^^fjys“kuf“ki fcVfou ,UtkbfV ,.M ,dsMfed ijQksZesUl vkWQ uflZax LVwMsUVl] ukbxj MsYVk ;wfuoflZVh] ck;yslk LVsV] ukbthfj;k**] ,MokUlst bu viykbM lkbUl fjlpZ] 4¼5½ i`0la0 25&33 2013 Ÿ xkSre] ^^LdsMfed ,UtkbVh vkWQ vcZu ,.M :jy ,MksyslsUV xYlZ bu fjys“ku Vw ns;j lksf“k;ks bDukWfed LVsV~l**] bUVjus“kuy jsQjsM fjlpZ tuZy] oksY;we&III, b“;w&33] i`0la0 36&37 2011 Ÿ dqekj rFkk “kekZ] ^^, LVMh vkWQ ,UtkbVh vkWQ ,MksyslsUV**] vfHkuo us“kuy eUFkyh jsQjsM tuZy vkWQ fjlpZ bu vkVZl ,.M ,tqds“kuy] oksY;we&1] vad&5] i`0la0 1&5 2010

- 88 - gekjs ns”k esa ,Q0Mh0vkbZ0 dk vkxeu Lora=rk ds lkFk gh izkjEHk gks x;k Fkk ysfdu 1991 ls IkwoZ ;g dqNsd {ks=ksa tSls& eSU;qQSsDpfjax ¼fuekZ.k½ vkSj iVªksfy;e rd lhfer FkkA o"kZ 1991 esa vkjEHk dh xbZ mnkjoknh uhfr;ksa ds QyLOk:Ik gekjs ns”k esa fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k ,Q0Mh0vkbZ0 dk rsth ls izlkkj gqvk A ,Q0Mh0vkbZ0 ds dkj.k gekjs ns”k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa rhoz lq/kkj gqvk vkSj fo”o esa lcls rst vkfFkZd fodkl djus okys ns”kksa esa “kqekj gks x;k ,Q0Mh0vkbZ0 ls dsoy Ikawth dk gh vkxeu ugha gqvk] cfYd blds lkFk&lkFk ubZ&ubZ rduhds Hkh xbZ ftlls ns”k esa fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vis{kkd`r lLrs vkSj xq.koRrk Ikw.kZ miHkksDrk oLrq,a] midj.k] lqfo/kk vkSj lsok,a vklkuh ls miyC/k gqbZ gSaA blls gekjs ns”kokfl;ksa dk thou Lrj igys ls csgrj gqvk gSA blds lkFk gh ,Q0Mh0vkbZ0 ds dqN nq"ifj.kke Hkh lkeus vk, gS ftlesa csjkstxkjh] xjhch ] lkekftd fo"kerk esa o`f) bR;kfn “kkfey gSA vr% vkt gekjs ns”k esa ,Q0Mh0vkbZ0 uhfr dks rdZ laxr cukus ds fy, lq/kkj dh t:jr gSA rkfd og ns”k vke ukxfjd o xjhcksa ds fy, Hkh dY;k.kdkjh fl) gks ldsa vkSj lr~r ,oa lekos”kh fodkl dh vo/kkj.k dks lkdkj djus esa lg;ksx nsaA Keywords % fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k] vk;kr izfrLFkkiu uhfr] mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k] Hkwe.Myh;dj.k] O;kikj?kkVkA fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k dk vFkZ fdlh ns”k dks ,d dEiuh }kj nwljs ns”k esa oLrqvksa o lsokvksa ds mRiknu o forj.k esa lh/ks fuos”k djuk ;k ml ns”k dh fdlh dEiuh dks [kjhnuk fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k dgykrk gS bl izdkj ds fuos”k vf/kdka”kr cgqjk'Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds }kjk fd, tkrs gSa ,Q Mh vkbZ esa dEifu;k¡ Ikw¡th vkSj izkS|ksfxdh nksuksa vius lkFk ykrh gS ;k yk ldrh gSaA Hkkjr dh fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k uhfr Hkkjr esa ,Q Mh vkbZ dk vkxeu Lora=rk ds lkFk gh “kq: gks x;k Fkk vkSj mnkjhdj.k dh izfØ;k ls IkwoZ gekjs ns”k esa ,Q Mh vkbZ esa fujis{k :Ik ls egRoiw.kZ o`f) ls vU; {ks=ksa fo”ks'kdj [ku~u o isVªksfy;e dh vis{kk fofuekZ.k {ks= gh T;knk ykHkkfUor gqvk Fkk ,slk gekjh vk;kr izfrLFkkiu uhfr ds dkj.k gqvk Fkk ysfdu 1990 rd fcxM+ pqdh Hkkjrh; vFkZO;OkLFkk dks lq/kkjus ds fy, 24 tqykbZ 1991 ls Uk;h vkS|ksfxd uhfr ds rgr vusd lq/kkjoknh dne mBk;s x;s ftUgsa mnkjhdj.k] futhdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myh;dj.k dgk tkrk gSA bUgh lq/kkjoknh uhfr;ksa ds rgr Hkkjr us viuh fons”kh izR;{k uhfr tkjh dh gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk bl fossns”kh izR;{k uhfr ds izeq[k mn~ns”; bl izdkj gS& Rofjr vkfFkZd lao`f) ds fy, ?kjsyw Ikw¡th] izkS|ksfxdh vkSj dkS”ky dks c<+kok nsusA Hkkjr dks fo”o ds “kh"kZ vkS|ksfxd ns”kksa esa “kkfey djuk] jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o`f) djuk] fons”kh mUur izkS|ksfxdh dks vkdf"kZr djuk o viukuk] O;kikj ?kVkus dks de djuk ?kjsyw m|ksxksa dk oSf”od izfrLi/kkZ ds ;ksX; cukuk] vke turk dks xq.koRrk iw.kZ oLrq, ,oa lsok,a miyC/k djkuk vkSj lr~r ,oa lekos”kh fodkl djuk A Hkkjr ljdkj us bu mn~ns”;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, fons”kh fuos”k lEc}Zu cksMZ ,Q Mh vkbZ dk xBu fd;k blds vfrfjDr flD;qfjVh ,.M ,Dlpsat cksMZ vkWQ bafM;k ¼lsch½ Hkkjrh; fjtZo cSad ¼vkj0ch0vkbZ½ foRr ea=ky; Hkh fØ;k”khy gSA Hkkjr ljdkj viuh bu laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls viuh ,Q Mh vkbZ uhfr ds mn~ns”;ksa dks izkIr djus ds fy, le; ij viuh ,Q Mh vkbZ uhfr dh leh{kk djrh gSA QyLo:Ik mldh ,Q Mh vkbZ uhfr tks ¼10 vizSy 2012½ ykxw gSssss½ ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr {ks=ksa dks NksM+dj lHkh {ks=ksa esa ,Q Mh vkbZ dh vuqefr gS bu {ks=ksa dks fuf'k) {ks= dgk x;k gSA ;g gSSSSSS& · [kqnjk O;kikj ¼,d czkaM mRikn [kqnjk O;kikj ds vykok½ · ljdkjh futh ykVjh] vkWu ykbu ykVjh vkfn lfgr ykVjh O;kikj A · dSlhuks vkfn lfgr tqvk [ksyuk vkSj lV~Vk yxkuk A · fpM QaM

- 89 - · fuf/k dEiuh] gLrkarj.kh; fodkl vf/kdkjksa esa O;kikj ¼Vh0Mh0vkj½ A · LFkk;h lEink O;kikj vFkok QkWeZ gkmlksa dk fuekZ.k A · flxjsV] flxkj rFkk flxjsV dk rEckds vFkok rEckdw ds mRikn · futh {ks= fuos”k ds fy, izfrcfU/kr {ks= ;k xfrfof/k;k¡ tSls Ikjek.kq mtkZ 14 flrEcj 2012 ls Hkkjr ljdkj us [kqnjk O;kikj esa 49 izfr”kr rd ,Q Mh vkbZ dh vuqefr nsdj bl {ks= dks ,Q Mh vkbZ fuf"k) {ks= ls ckgj dj fn;k gSA 5 vizSy 2009 ls Hkkjr ljdkj us eYVhczkaM [kqnjk O;kikj {ks= esa ljdkjh vuqeksnu ekxZ ds rgr fu/kkfjZr “krksZ ds vk/khu 51 izfr”kr ,Q Mh vkbZ dh vuqefr ns nh gSA ;|fi ljdkj ds bl fu.kZ; ds fo:) foi{kh jktuhfrd nyksa o laxBuksa dk fojks/k tkjh gSA izR;{k fons’kh fuos’k ds ekxZ bu mi;qZDr {ks=ksa@ xfrfof/k;ksa ds vfrfjDr vU; {ks=ks@ xfrfof/k;ksa esa fofHkUu “krksZ ds v/khu fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k dh vuqefr gSA ftu {ks=ksa esa fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k dh vuqefr gS muesa fuos”k ds nks ekxZ gS& ,d Lor% vuqeksnu ekxZ vkSj nwljk ljdkjh vuqeksnu ekxZ Lor% vuqeksnu ekxZ ds vUrxZr vf/kdrj {ks=ksa esa “kr izfr”kr rd ,Q Mh vkbZ dh vuqefr gSA bl ekxZ ds vUrZxr ,Q Mh vkbZ ds fy, u rks ljdkj vkSj u gh Hkkjrh; fjtZo cSad dh izkFkfed vuqefr ysus dh vko”;drk gSA fuos”kd dks dsoy ckgjh /ku izkfIr ds 30 fnuksa ds Hkhrj vkj0ch0vkbZ0 ds lEcfU/kr {ks=h; dk;kZy; dks lwfpr djuk gksrk gSaA vkSj fosns”kh fuos”kdksa dks tkjh “ks;jksa ds 30 fnuaksa ds Hkhrj vko”;d dkxtkr mlh dk;kZy; esa nkf[ky djus gksrs gSA Lkjdkjh vuqeksnu ekxZ ds vUrZxr fosns”kh fuos”k gsrq izLrkoksa ij ,Q vkbZ ih ch }kjk fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkjh ekxZ ds vUrxZr xSj fuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa vkSj ,dy czkaM mRikn dh [kqnjk fcØh esa ,Q Mh vkbZ ds vykok lHkh ,Q Mh vkbZ vkosnu foRr ea=ky; ds vkfFkZd ekeyksa ds foHkkx Mh bZ0 , esa izkIr fd;sa tkrs gSA ,u-vkj-vkbZ- vkSj ,dy czkaM mRikn dh [kqnjk fcØh ds fy, ,Q Mh vkbZ vkosnu okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx ea=ky; ds vkS|ksfxd uhfr vkSj izksRlkgu foHkkx esa izkIr fd;s tkrs gSA iksVZQksfy;ks fuos”k ;kstuk ds vUrxZr ,d Hkkjrh; dEiuh dk bfDoVh IkWwth esa fosns”kh fuos”k ,Q Mh vkbZ uhfr ds nk;js esa ugha gSa rFkk vkj-ch-vkbZ- lsch ds vyx fu;eksa ds vUrxZr vkrk gSaA ljdkjh vuqeksnu ekxZ dh vyx&2 lhek gSa dqNsd {ks=ksa esa ;g “kr izfr”kr rd gSA bu nksuksa ekxZ ds vfrfjDr dqN ,sls {ks= ;k xfrfof/k;ka gS ftlesa ,d lhek rd Lor% ekxZ ds vUrxZr ,Q Mh vkbZ dks vuqefr gSA mi;qZDr ekxksZ ds v/khu vkus okys ,Q Mh vkbZ dk Hkkjr ij D;k izHkko iM+k gS bldks tkuus ds fy, Hkkjr esa ,Q Mh vkbZ dh izd`fr ij fopkj djuk vko”;d gSA Hkkjr esa fons'kh izR;{k fuos'k dh izd`fr vkSj izHkko Hkkjr esa ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg dh izd`fr vkSj izHkko ij fopkj djus ij fuEufyf[kr ckrsa mHkj dj lkeus vkrh gSSssaA Hkkjr esa mnkjhdj.k ds ckn 1991 esa 2006 rd vof/k esa dqy 38905 djksM+ vejhdh MkWyj dk ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg gqvkA o"kZ 2000ls 2014 rd dh vof/k esa dqy 217703 fefy;u vejhdh MkWyj dk fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k Hkkjr esa gqvk gS& o"kZ 2013&14 esa izkIr fosn”kh fuos”k 24]299 fefy;u vejhdh MkWyj gSA ;g vkWdM+k mnkjhdj.k ds Ms<+ n”kdksa esa ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg esa egRoiw.kZ o`f) n”kkZrk gSa fQj Hkh vU; fodkl”khy ns”kks&tSls phu] fo;ruke] b.Mksusf”k;k vkfn dks rqyuk esa gekjs ns”k esa ,Q Mh vkbZ dk izokg de gSA Hkkjr esa L=ksrokj fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k & nl “kh’kZ ns”k ¼1 vizSy 2000 ls 31 ekpZ 2014 rd½ ¼fefy;u vejhdh Mkyj½ 2000&2014 dh vof/k esa lap;h fo0iz0fu0 Ø0Lka0 fons ”kh izR;{k fuos”k dk L=ksr ns”k fu0 vejhdh Mkyj dqy fo0 iz0 oxZ ls izfr”kr 1 ekWjh”kl 78]525 36% 2 flaxkiqj 25]445 12% 3 ;w0ds0 20]764 10% 4 Tkkiku 16]268 8% 5 Lkaa0jk0vejhdk 11]927 6% 6 UkhnjyS.M 11]236 5% 7 Lkkbizl 7]446 3% 8 TkeZuh 6]513 3% 9 Ýkal 3]879 1% 10 fLotoj yS.M 2708 1% 11 vU; lHkh ns”k 30986 14% Ekgk;ksx 217]703 100% - 90 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES fons'kh izR;{k fuos’k NATIONAL ,oa Hkkjr REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 89-93, ISSN 2348–3318 eqds’k dqekj xqIrk bldk izHkko ;g gS fd gekjs ns”k dks dqy oSf”od ,Q Mh vkbZ izOkkg dk vis{kkd`r de fgLlk izkIr gksrk gSA fo”o dh nwljh lcls cM+h tula[;k okys ns”k ds rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, ;g vPNh ckr ugha gSaA bruk gh ugha fo”ys"k.kksa ls ;g Hkh Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjr esa ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg rduhdh lg;ksx dh vis{kk foRrh; lg;ksx ds :Ik esa vf/kd gSaA ,slk foRrh; {ks= ls lEcfU/kr izko/kkuksa esa iznku fd, x, NwVksa dk ifj.kke gS ,Q Mh vkbZ dh bl izd`fr dk izHkko foRrh; {ks= esa vf/kd ldkjkRed fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tcfd rduhdh {ks= esa de blds dkj.k Hkkjr rduhdh {ks= esa lk¶Vos;j {ks= dks vf/kdka”kr {ks=ksa esa vHkh Hkh izeq[k vk;krd ns”k cuk gqvk gSA

{ks=okj Hkkjr esa fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k & nl “kh"kZ {ks=d ¼1 vizSy 2000 ls 31 ekpZ 2014½ Dq0 la0 fons”kh Ø0Lka0 {ks=d izkIr fo0iz0fu0 iz0fu0ls0 1 Lksok {ks= ¼foRrh; ,oa xSj foRrh; 39]460 18% 2 fuekZ.k fØ;k, 23]306 11% 3 nwj lapkj 14]163 7% 4 dEI;wVj lkW¶Vos;j ,oa gkMZos;j 12]817 6% 5 vkS’kf/k;k¡ ,oa QkekZL;wVhdYl 11]598 5% 6 vkVkseksckby m|ksx 9]812 5% 7 jklk;fud moZjdksa NksM+dj jlk;u 9]668 5% 8 fo|qr 8]900 4% 9 esVythZdy m|ksx 8]075 4% 10 gksVy ,oa VwfjTe 7]118 3% foRrh; {ks= esa ,Q Mh vkbZ ds ldkjkRed izHkko ds rgr ns”k dh vkfFkZd o`f) vkSj ldy Ikwath fuekZ.k nj esa egRoiw.kZ o`f) gqbZ gSaA ysfdu fu;kZr vkSj cpr esa o`f) ds mn~ns”; esa ;Fks"V lQyrk ugha feyh gS blds foijhr vf/kdka”k phtksa dh dherksa esa vf/kdkf/kd o`f) gqbZ gSA [kkldj [kk| ,oa miHkksDrk oLrqvksa dh dherksa esa ;fn fdlh pht dh dherksa esa fxjkoV ntZ dh xbZ gS rks os gS nwjlapkj vkSj bysDVªkfuDl mRikn ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg ds lzksrks ij fopkj djus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd ubZ ,Q Mh vkbZ uhfr ls Hkkjr esa ,Q Mh vkbZ ds lzksrksa dk fodkl gqvk gS vc Hkkjr esa ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg djus okys ns”kksa dh la[;k 100 ls Hkh vf/kd gSA tks mnkjhdj.k ds IkwoZ 29 rd lhfer Fkh ysfdu blds ckotwn Hkkjr esa cM+s ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg okys fuos”kd ns”kksa dh la[;k vR;Ur lhfer gS bl lUnHkZ esa la[;k eqf”dy ls ngkbZ ds vad rd igq¡p ikrh gSa bruk gh ugha cM+s fuos”kd ns”kksa esa fodkl”khy ns”kksa& ekWjh”kl] flaxkiqj ] eysf”k;k] nf{k.k dksfj;k vkfn dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA ;s oks ns”k gSa ftuds lkFk Hkkjr dk fo”ks"k nksgjk djk/kku le>kSrk gqvk gS bldk udkjkRed izHkko T;knk gS] ;g dkys/ku vkSj Hkz"Vkpkj dks c<+kus okyk rFkk jktLo ds ?kVkus okyk fl) gks jgk gSS Hkkjr ds gh yksx vius dkys /ku dks lQsn djus vkSj ykHk dekus ds fy, ekWjh”kl ds jkLrs fuos”k dj jgsa gSa ;gh dkj.k gS fd ekWjh”kl Hkkjr esa ,Q Mh vkbZ izHkko dk izeq[k o izFke lzksr dsUnz cuk gqvk gSA *,Q Mh vkbZ vkdf"kZr djus okys {ks=ksa ij fopkj djus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd Hkkjr esa “kh"kZ ,Q Mh vkbZ vkdf"kZr djus okys izeq[k {ks= bl izdkj gS& fo|qr midj.k] nwjlapkj] ifjogu m|ksx] lsok {ks=] jlk;u m|ksx] [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx] nok,¡ o QkesZlh m|ksx gSA bu {ks=ksa esa ;|fi [kk| izlaLdj.k {ks= esa vis{kkd`r de ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg gqvk gSaA nwjlapkj vkSj lsok {ks= dks NksM+dj vU; {ks=ksa tSls ifjogu] fo|qr midj.k] /kkrq “kks/ku] vkfn esa ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg dh o`f) nj T;knk mRlkg++tud ugha gS ftu {ks=ksa esa Hkkjr us “kh"kZ ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg ;Fks"V ek=k esa ugha gqvk gS ftlds dkj.k lkWQ~Vos;j o vU; tSls lsokvksa esa vxz.kh ns”k ds :i esa mHkj ik;k gS vkSj vU; {ks=ksa esa vHkh Hkh fiNM+k gqvk gS [kkldj fofuekZ.k {ks= esa ftlesa mnkjhdj.k ds IkwoZ T;knk ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg gqvk Fkk vc ;Fks"V ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg u gksus ds dkj.k fiNM+rk pyk tk jgk gS ftlds dkj.k xjhch o csjkstxkjh c<+rh tk jgh gSA jkT;okj ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg ij utj Mkyus ls Kkr gksrk gS fd eqEcbZ ]ubZ fnYyh] psUubZ] cSxyksj] vgenkckn] gSnjkckn] dksydkrk] p.Mhx<+ tSls jkT;ksa esa ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg vf/kd gqvk gS vkSj vU; jkT;ksa esa vis{kkd`r de blls fl) gksrk gS fd mUgha jkT;ksa esa ,Q Mh vkbZ dk izokg jkvf/kd gqvk gS ftu jkT;ksa esa vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kk,a vis{kkd`r vPNh gSA · ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg ds dkj.k dqN jkT;ksa esa yksxksa dh izfr O;fDr vk; ugha gSa ysfdu vU; jkT; esa blesa vis{kkd`r de o`f) gks ikbZ gSA blds dkj.k /ku ds forj.k esa vlkekurk,¡ vk;h gSA

- 91 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES fons'kh izR;{k fuos’k NATIONAL ,oa Hkkjr REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 89-93, ISSN 2348–3318 eqds’k dqekj xqIrk

· ,Q Mh vkbZ ds izokg ls jktuhfrd {ks= Hkh izokfgr gqvk gS bl {ks= esa ,Q Mh vkbZ ds udkjkRed izHkko vf/kd gS blds dkj.k lkoZtfud Hkz"Vkpkj c<+k gSa fons”kh o ns”kh nksuksa rjg dh dEifu;ka ykfcax djds vius LokFkZ dh iwfrZ dj jgh gSaA vius fy;s ykHkdkjh uhfr;ka cukus ds fy, jktuhfrd iz”kklfud inks ij vklhu O;fDr;ksa dks uktk;t ykHk igqWpk;k tk jgk gSA ftlls dkys /ku dh leL;k mRiUu gks jgh gS vf/kdka”k jktusrk vkt turk ds izfrfuf/k u gksdj cM+h&2 dEifu;ksa ds ,tsaV ds rkSj ij dke djrs utj vk jgs gSa ,slk jkst u,&u, ?kksVyksa ls mtkxj gks jgk gSA ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg ds bu vofNar izHkkoksa dks nwj djus ;k de djus vkSj vf/kd ,Q Mh vkbZ vkdf"kZr dj mls vke tu ds fgrS'kh cukus ds fy, Hkkjr dh orZeku ,Q Mh vkbZ uhfr esa lq/kkj djuk vko”;d gSA

Hkkjr jkT;okj fons”kh izR;{k fuos”k ¼1 vizSy 2000 ls 31 ekpZ 2014 rd½ fefy;u vejhdh MkWyj Ø0 dqy ,Q Mh vkj0ch0vkbZ0 dk;kZy; vkPNkfnr jkT; ,Q Mh vkbZ Lka0Lka0Lka0 vkbZ izfr”kr 1 EkqEcbZ Ekgkjk’V ]nknj ,oa uxj gosyh ] 66]757 31 neu ,oa nhi 2 UkbZ fnYyh fnYyh ]m0iz0 ,oa gfj;k.kk dk 42]535 19 Hkkx 3 psUubZ rfeyukMq ] ikf.Mpsjh 13]197 6 4 caxyq: dukZVd 12]676 6 5 vgenkckn xqtjkr 9]510 4 6 gSnjkckn vkU/kz izns”k 8]646 4 7 dksydkrk Ik0caxky] flfDde] v.Mekj ,oa 2]742 1 fudksckj }hi lewg 8 Pk.Mhx<+ Pk.Mhx<+] Ikatkc] gfj;k.kk] 1]292 1 fgekyp izns”k 9 Hkksiky e/; izns”k ]p.Mhx<+ 1]115 0-5 10 DksfPPk dsjyk ] y{knhi 981 0-5 11 Ik.kth xksok 788 0-4 12 Tk;iqj jktLFkku 723 0-3 13 Hkqous”oj mM+hlk 388 0-2 14 dkuiqj m0izns”k ] mRrjkapy 372 0-2 15 XkqokgVh vle v:.kkpy izns”k] e.khiqj] 79 0 es?kky; ]fetksje ] ukxkyS.M f=iqjk 16 IkVuk fcgkj]>kj[k.M 39 0 17 tEew tEew ,.M d”ehj 0-2 0 18 viznf”kZr {ks= 55]740 25-6 ;ksx 222]2]]]17171717]]]]581581 100100- ---00000000 19 vfuoklh tek ;kstukvksa 121 &&&& ds fu{ksi ¼2000 ls 2002 Ekgk;ksx &&&&& 2]17]703 Hkkjr esa ,Q0Mh0vkbZ0 uhfr esa lq/kkj ds vk;ke Hkkjr esa ,Q Mh vkbZ esa lq/kkj ds fy, fuEufyf[kr mik; djuk visf{kr gS& 1- ,Q Mh vkbZ izokg ds }kjk fu;kZr esa o`f) ds fy, VSfjQ nj dks de djus dh t:r gS ;g vHkh Hkh fo”o esa vU; ns”kksa dh vis{kk vf/kd gSA 2- dherks esa ?kVkus ds fy, C;kt ?kVkuh gksxha vkSj eSfMd uhfr dks ,Q Mh vkbZ ds vuqdwy cukuk gksxkA - 92 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES fons'kh izR;{k fuos’k NATIONAL ,oa Hkkjr REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 89-93, ISSN 2348–3318 eqds’k dqekj xqIrk

3- dqNsd {ks=ksa rd lhfer “kh"kZ ,Q Mh vkbZ Ikzokg dks vU; {ks=ksa rd c

lkFk gh gesa ,slh ,Q Mh vkbZ uhfr cukus dh t:jr gS ftlls ;fn dksbZ {ks= gekjs ns”k ds vkfFkZd fodkl o yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh vo/kkj.kk dks uqdlku igWqpk jgk gks rks mlesa rqjUr izHkko”kkyh gLr{ksi dks xqtkba”k gks rHkh tkdj lgh ek;us esa lr~r vkSj lekos”kh fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk dks lkdkfjr fd;k tk ldsaA lUnHkZ lwph Ÿ GEORGE,(2006). “BE CAUTIOUS WITH FDI IN EDUCATION : ARJUN SINGH”, REDIFF NEWS, SEPTEMBER 21. Ÿ “POLICY-LESSSONS IN FDI (2006)”, BUSENESS STANDARD, NEW DELHI, SEPTEMBER13, Ÿ VISHWANATHAN, S., (2006). “FDI AND FALSE HOPES.” FRONTLINE, DECEMBER 1 . Ÿ SHARMA,G.D, “TRADE IN EDUCATION SERVICE: AN INDIAN RESPONSE,” NIEPA, NEW DELHI, (MIMEO) Ÿ www.dip.nic.in/english/publications/fdistatistics/fdi_statistics.98px Ÿ www.economywatch/fdi Ÿ www.indiastat.com

- 93 - vk/kqfud ;qx esa eqnzk ,oa cSafdax dks fodflr vFkZrU= dk es:n.M ekuk tkrk gSA vkt laiw.kZ fo”o esa NksVs&cM+s cSadksa dh vusd “kk[kk,sa /ku dh lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk mldk ykHknk;d fofu;ksx djrs gq;s jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks lEof/kZr ,oa fu;af=r dj jgha gSaA cSad O;oLFkk dk tks fodflr Lo:i fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS og vkdfLed u gksdj ekuo tkfr ds nh?kZdkyhu iz;Ru ,oa vuqHko dk ifj.kke gSA ;|fi cSad O;oLFkk dk leqfpr fodkl eqnzk iz.kkyh ,oa ys[ku dyk ds vkfo"dkj rFkk ukxfjd thou ds mRd"kZ ds lkFk gqvk fdUrq bldk vadqj.k ukxfjd thou ds mn; ds iwoZ gh vfrfjDr mRiknu esa leFkZ ,oa O;fDrxr laifRr dh vo/kkj.kk ls ifjfpr xzkE; laL—fr;ksa esa gks pqdk FkkA [kk| laxzgd ,oa vk[ksV lewg Øe”k% i”kqikyu ,oa —f"k deZ ij vk/kkfjr xzkE; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa lQy gq;sA i”kqikyu ,oa —f"k deZ ds fodkl ds lkFk gh miHkksDrk euq"; mRiknd ds :i esa izfrf"Br gqvkA Jetfur mRiknu ds dkj.k vkxs pydj lEifRr ij O;fDrxr LokfeRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvk rFkk vfrfjDr mRiknu ds dkj.k oLrq fofue; dh izFkk izpfyr gqbZA Øe”k% oLrq fofue; dh bl izfØ;k ls gh O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;k¡ fodflr gqbZA

vk/kqfud ;qx esa eqnzk ,oa cSafdax dks fodflr vFkZrU= dk es:n.M ekuk tkrk gSA vkt laiw.kZ fo”o esa NksVs & cM+s cSadksa dh vusd “kk[kk,sa /ku dh lqj{kk ds lkFk&lkFk mldk ykHknk;d fofu;ksx djrs gq;s jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks lEof/kZr ,oa fu;af=r dj jgha gSaA cSad O;oLFkk dk tks fodflr Lo:i fn[kkbZ ns jgk gS og vkdfLed u gksdj ekuo tkfr ds nh?kZdkyhu iz;Ru ,oa vuqHko dk ifj.kke gSA ;|fi cSad O;oLFkk dk leqfpr fodkl eqnzk iz.kkyh ,oa ys[ku dyk ds vkfo"dkj rFkk ukxfjd thou ds mRd"kZ ds lkFk gqvk fdUrq bldk vadqj.k ukxfjd thou ds mn; ds iwoZ gh vfrfjDr mRiknu esa leFkZ ,oa O;fDrxr laifRr dh vo/kkj.kk ls ifjfpr xzkE; laL—fr;ksa esa gks pqdk FkkA [kk| laxzgd ,oa vk[ksV lewg Øe”k% i”kqikyu ,oa —f"k deZ ij vk/kkfjr xzkE; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl esa lQy gq;sA i”kqikyu ,oa —f"k deZ ds fodkl ds lkFk gh miHkksDrk euq"; mRiknd ds :i esa izfrf"Br gqvkA Jetfur mRiknu ds dkj.k vkxs pydj lEifRr ij O;fDrxr LokfeRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gqvk rFkk vfrfjDr mRiknu ds dkj.k oLrq fofue; dh izFkk izpfyr gqbZA Øe”k% oLrq fofue; dh bl izfØ;k ls gh O;kikfjd xfrfof/k;k¡ fodflr gqbZA izkxgM+Iik dky dh bu rkez izLrj ;qxhu xzkE; laL—fr;ksa esa oLrqvksa ds :i esa _.k ds ysu nsu ds izpyu dh laHkkouk dk loZFkk frjLdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Øe”k% bUgh xzkE; laL—fr;ksa ls gM+Iik dh lk{kj ,oa ukxfjd lH;rk esa fodflr gqbZA ;g lH;rk O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dh n`f"V ls leqUur FkhA rRdkyhu eSlksiksVkfe;k ds uxjksa ls gMIik lH;rk ds fuekZrkvksa dk ?kfu"V O;kikfjd laca/k FkkA ogk¡ ls izkIr vfHkys[kksa ls ;g lwpuk Hkh feyrh gS fd eSlksiksVkfe;k ds jktdh; vUukxkjksa ls [kk|kUu ds :i esa Jfedksa dks etnwjh nh tkrh Fkh rFkk vko”;drk iM+us ij yksxksa dks _.k Hkh fn;k tkrk FkkA gM+Iik lH;rk dh fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk _.k ds ysu nsu laca/kh cSafdax ds fodkl ds fy;s loZFkk mi;qDr FkhA csohyksu ,oa flU/kq ?kkVh ds O;kikfj;ksa ds ?kfu"V laca/k ,oa csohyksu esa ykHk ds fy;s _.k nsus dk izpyu gM+Iik lH;rk ls Hkh _.k ds ysus nsus ls lacaf/kr cSafdax ds izpyu dh laHkkouk dks lqn`<+ djrk gSA gM+Iik lH;rk ds mijkUr fodflr gksus okyh oSfnd lH;rk izk—R;k xzke Fkh] fdUrq _xosn ds dqN LFkyksa ij _.k ysus nsus ds Li"V ladsr feyrs gSaA mRrj oSfnd ;qx rd laHkor% lekt esa _.k nsdj C;kt ls thfodk pykus okyk ,d oxZ vfLrRo esa vk x;kA NBh ,oa ikapoh lnh ds bZlk iwoZ rd Hkkjr esa f}rh; ØkfUr ds lkFk fodflr cSafdax iz.kkyh ds foLr`r :i esa izpyu ds izek.k feyus yxrs gSaA izkphu Hkkjr ds cSadj izk;% /ku tek djus ds O;olk; ds izfr mnklhu jgsA nwljksa dk /ku /kjksgj ds :Ik esa j[kuk ,oa ykHkghu nkf;Ro ek= le>k tkrk FkkA /ku tek djus ,oa tek /ku jkf”k ij C;kt nsus dk dk;Z bZLoh lu~ ds vklikl O;kolkf;d Jsf.k;ksa us izkjaHk fd;kA izkphu Hkkjr esa lkfgR; esa _.k nsus okys cSadjksa dks lkekU;r% dqlhfnu ,oa ok?kqf"kZd dgk x;k gSA ;|fi vlkekU; fLFkfr esa czkã.k ,oa {kf=; Hkh thfodk ds lk/ku ds :Ik esa dqlhn O;olk; viukrs FksA “kwnz viuh

- 94 - vkfFkZd nqjkoLFkk ds dkj.k dqlhn O;lk; viukus esa vleFkZ FksA ,slh fLFkfr esa _.k nsus dk dk;Z eq[;r% lEiUu oS”;ksa ds gkFk esa FkkA eqnzk iz.kkyh ds izpyu ds ckn _.k dk vknku iznku eqnzk ,oa oLrqvksa ds :Ik esa gksu yxkA Le`fr;ksa esa C;kt dh iz—fr ds vk/kkj ij _.kksa ds ukedj.k feyrs gSaA /keZlw=ksa ,oa Le`fr;ksa esa vf/kdka”kr% _.k ij C;kt dh nj 15 izfr”kr okf"kZd fu/kkZfjr dh x;h gSA ijarq O;ogkfjd thou esa _.k ij izpfyr C;kt dh njsa fu/kkZfjr C;kt nj ls vf/kd czkã.k ls 24 izfr”kr] {kf=; ls 36 izfr”kr] oS”;ksa ls 48 izfr”kr rFkk “kwnz ls 60 izfr”kr rd okf"kZd C;kt ysus dh NwV nh x;h FkhA taxyh ,oa leqnzh ekxZ ls ;k=k djus okys O;kikfj;ksa ls rks Øe”k% ,d lkS chl ,oa nks lkS pkyhl izfr”kr rd okf'kZd C;kt ysus dh NwV vFkZ”kkL= esa nh x;h gSA iwoZ e/;dkyhu Le`fr;ksa esa 24 izfr”kr C;kt dks ekU;rk nh x;h gSA bl ;qx rd tek /kujkf”k ij iPphl izfr”kr rd C;kt nj dk mYys[k gSA C;kt dh vyx&vyx njksa ds fu/kkZj.k dk izeq[k dkj.k cSafdax Hkh ,d O;kikj ,oa okf.kT; dh rjg ,d O;olk; Fkk] ftlesa C;kt dk fu/kkZj.k izk;% lacaf/kr O;fDr;ksa dh rRdkyhu vko”;drkvksa ,oa ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks n`f"V esa j[kdj fd;k tkrk FkkA eqnzkvksa ds izpyu ,oa ys[ku dyk ds izpyu ds iwoZ _.k dk ysunsu lhfer iSekus ij rFkk ikjLifjd fo”okl ds vk/kkj ij gksrk FkkA fdUrq Øe”k% eqnzk iz.kkyh ds vkfo"dkj rFkk m|ksxksa ds okf.kT; ds fodkl ds lkFk _.k dk ysu nsu foLr`r iSekus ij gksu yxkA ys[kudyk ds izpkj ds lkFk _.k dk vknku iznku fyfic) gksus yxkA ;|fi blls _.k ds ysu nsu esa dqN tfVyrk mRiUu gqbZ fdUrq blls cSafdax O;olk; O;ofLFkr gqvk rFkk fooknksa dk fu.kZ; Hkh vis{kk—r ljy gks x;kA _.knkrk vius /ku dh lqj{kk ds cnys dksbZ oLrq ca/kd j[kus ij cy nsus yxs rFkk _.k esa fn;s x;s /ku dh ek=k ,oa C;kt dh nj vkfn dks ys[kc) djus yxsA izkphu Hkkjr esa lkekU; tuksa dh fu/kZurk] jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk ,oa vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk vkfn dkj.kksa ls fu{ksi.k laca/kh cSafdax dk leqfpr fodkl ugha gks ldrkA ,slh fLFkfr esa yksx izk;% /ku dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s Hkwfe esa xkM+ nsrs FksA Le`fr;ksa ds vuqlkj fu{ksi xzg.k djus okys dks iq.; ykHk ,oa nwljksa ds /ku dh lqj{kk dk nkf;Ro ogu djuk iM+rk FkkA vlko/kkuh ds dkj.k /ku ds u"V gksus ij fu{ksi j[kus okyk O;fDr {kfriwfrZ ds fy;s mRrjnk;h gksrk FkkA blds foijhr izk—frd ladV] vkØe.k vFkok Mkdqvksa ds dkj.k ifj/ku u"V gksrk Fkk rks fu{ksi j[kus okyk O;fDr mRrjnk;h ugha gksrk FkkA ,slh ifjfLFkfr esa /ku ds fu{ksi laca/kh cSafdax fo”ks"k yksdfiz; ugha gks ldhA fczfV”k “kkludky ls igys gekjs ns”k esa cSafdax dk dksbZ [kkl fodkl ugha gqvk FkkA eqxydky esa cSafdax dk dk;Z T;knkrj lkgwdkjksa ,oa egktuksa }kjk lEiUu fd;k x;kA cSafdax dh ;k=k esa l=goha “krkCnh bl n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ gS D;ksafd blh le; fczfV”k “kkludky dk gLr{ksi gqvk vkSj Hkkjr dh lkgwdkjh foRr O;oLFkk dks xgjk vk?kkr yxkA vBkjgoha “krkCnh esa bZLV bf.M;k daiuh us cEcbZ rFkk dydRrk esa dqN ,stsUlh x`gksa dh LFkkiuk dh A tks vk/kqfud cSadksa dh rjg dk;Z fd;k djrs FksA bu ,tsUlh x`gksa dh izeq[k dk;Z bZLV bafM;k daiuh dks lSfud vko”;drkvksa ds fy;s :i;s m/kkj nsuk] —f"k mit dh fcØh ds fy;s _.k iznku djuk] dkxth eqnzk dk fuxZeu djuk rFkk yksxksa ls fu{ksi Lohdkj djuk FkkA ;wjksih; cSafdax i)fr ij vk/kkfjr Hkkjr dk izFke cSad fons”kh iwath ds lg;ksx ls ,ysDtsUMj ,UM daiuh }kjk cSad vkWQ fgUnqLrku uke ls lu~ 1770 bZ- esa dydRrk esa LFkkfir fd;k x;k fdUrq ;g cSad “kh?kz vlQy gks x;kA blds ckn ns”k esa futh va”k/kkfj;ksa }kjk rhu izslhMsUlh cSadksa dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA lu~ 180+6 esa cSad vkWQ caxky] lu~ 1840 esa cSad vkWQ ckacs rFkk lu~ 1843 esa cSad vkWQ enzkl vfLrRo esa vk;kA gkykafd ;s rhuksa futh “ks;j gksYMjksa ds cSad Fks fQj Hkh bu rhuksa cSadksa dh “ks;j iwath esa ljdkj dk dqN va”k gksus ds dkj.k ljdkj bu rhuksa cSadksa ij fu;a=.k j[krh FkhA ml le; cSadksa Ikj ljdkj dk fu;a=.k orZeku dh rqyuk esa fHkUu FkkA vkxs pydj bu rhuksa cSadksa dks feykdj lu~ 1921 esa baihfj;y cSad vkWQ bafM;k dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA tqykbZ 1955 esa bldk uke cnydj LVsV cSad vkWQ bafM;k j[kk x;kA lu~ 1860 esa la;qDr iwath vf/kfu;e ikfjr gksus ds dkj.k cSadksa dh LFkkiuk esa cgqr enn feyhA ifj.kkeLo:i gekjs ns”k esa vusd la;qDr iwath cSad LFkkfir gks x;s ftuesa izeq[k & bykgkckn cSad ¼1865½] ,yk;al cSad vkWQ f”keyk ¼1881½] iatkc us”kuy cSad ¼1894½] ihiqYl cSad vkWQ bafM;k ¼1901½ lhfer ns;rk ds vk/kkj ij 1881 esa LFkkfir vo/k def”kZ;y cSad Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk lapkfyr izFke cSad FkkA ØkmFkj dk er gS fd vk/kqfud le; esa euq"; }kjk fd;s x;s rhu vkfo"dkjksa eqnzk] ifg;k] oksV esas ls eqnzk izeq[k gSA ij eqnzk ds lanHkZ esa gekjs cSafdax {ks= dk mYys[kuh; fodkl 1906 ds ckn chloha “krkCnh esa gh gqvkA mRrjh Hkkjr esa rks cSadksa dk tky gh fcN x;k ftls dbZ vFkZ”kkfL=;ksa us Lons”kh vkanksyu ds mn; vkSj fodkl ls lac) fd;kA blh le; ns”k ds pkj izeq[k cSadksa & cSad vkWQ bafM;k ¼1906½] cSad vkWQ cM+kSnk ¼1908½ lsUVªy cSad vkWQ bafM;k ¼1911½ vkSj cSad vkWQ eSlwj ¼1913½ dh LFkkiuk dh x;h vkSj NksVh cSadksa dh la[;k ikap lkS ds djhc igqap x;hA orZeku ds oS”ohdj.k ds izkjafHkd ladsr gesa izFke fo”o ;q) ds dky esa feyrs gSaA lalkj dh lHkh vFkZO;oLFkk,sa vkil esa tqM+h gqbZ gSaA fdlh Hkh ,d vFkZO;oLFkk esa rsth ;k eanh dk vlj iwjh nqfu;k ds cSadksa o cktkjksa ij rqjar iM+us yxrk gSA - 95 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES cSafdax dk fodkl iFk & lkgwdkj ls NATIONAL bZ&cSafdax rd REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 94-97, ISSN 2348–3318 olq/kk vxzoky Hkkjr ljdkj us fjtoZ cSad vkWQ bafM;k dks “kfDr”kkyh cukus ds fy;s ,d tuojh 1949 dks mldk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k vkSj Hkkjrh; cSafdax dk lefUor fu;eu djus ds fy;s ekpZ 1949 esa Hkkjrh; cSafdax vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;kA Hkkjr ,d —f"k iz/kku ns”k gS vf/kd vkcknh xkaoksa esa gksus ds dkj.k xkaoksa esa cSafdax dk fodkl djus ds fy;s baihfj;y cSad vkWQ bafM;k dk tqykbZ 1955 esa vkaf”kd jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k x;kA blh Øe esa ns”k ds 14 ,sls cM+s cSadksa ¼O;olkf;d cSadksa½ dk jk"Vªh;dj.k dj fn;k x;kA ,d n”kd ds ckn 1980 esa fQj N% mu futh cSadkas dk jk"Vªh;dj.k fd;k x;k ftudh tek;sa nks lkS djksM+ :i;s ls vf/kd FkhaA flrEcj 1993 esa ljdkj us U;w cSad vkWQ bafM;k dk iatkc us”kuy cSad esa foy; dj fn;k ftlds dkj.k jk"Vªh;—r cSadksa dh la[;k 20 ls ?kVdj 19 jg x;hA vkt Hkkjrh; cSafdax {ks= us vius cgqvk;keh Lo:i dks vf/kd lQyrkiwoZd O;Dr fd;k gSA IykfLVd euh ds bl nkSj esa ckr ,-Vh-,e-] VSyh cSafdax] baVjusV cSafdax] eksckby cSafdax vkfn tSlh lqfo/kk;sa nsdj lsok ds oSdfYid ek/;e viuk jgs gSaA vf/kdka”k cSad lgh vFkksZa eas ^dHkh Hkh dgha Hkh^ cSafdax lsok iznku djus ds fy;s vius lHkh dk;kZy;ksa esa ^dks&cSafdax lksY;w”ku^ iz.kkyh ykxw dj pqds gSaA bysDVªksfuDl cSafdax] baVjusV] eksckby daEI;wVjh—r cSafdax “kCn ,d nwljs ls lac) gks x;s gSaA bu lcds iz;ksx dks lekfgr djrs gq;s vk/kqfud cSafdax dks lqfo/kktud :i ls bZ & cSafdax dk uke fn;k x;k gS tks vc yksdfiz; ,oa lgt Lohdkj gSA cSadksa esa ek= dkxth O;ogkjksa ds LFkku ij bysDVªksfud midj.kksa ds iz;ksx dks gh bZ&cSafdax ekuuk lhfer nk;js esa dSn djuk gksxkA foRrh; lsokvksa ds {ks= esa c<+rh izfrLi)kZ us cSadksa dks vius xzkgdksa dks iznku dh tk jgh viuh lsovksa esa izkS|ksfxdh ds fofHkUu vk;keksa us cSafdax O;olk; esa fuEufyf[kr mRiknkssa @ lsokvksa @ iz.kkfy;ksa dks “kkfey fd;k gSA · vksVksesVsM ystj iksfLVax e”khusa cSad dh [kkrk cfg;ksa esa [krkSuh gsrq yxkbZ x;h FkhA bldk iz;ksx cSadksa ds dEI;wVjhdj.k ds izkjafHkd pj.kksa esa fd;k x;k FkkA · eSxusfVd bad djsDVj fjdfXu”ku ftlds varxZr lek”kks/ku x`g esa vk;s cgqr lkjs fy[krksa dh rhoz xfr ls izkslsflax gksrh gSA bu fy[krksa ij la[;k] cSad dksM vkfn pqEcdh; L;kgh ls eqfnzr gksrs gSa ftls bl e”khu ls i<+k tk ldrk gSA · Qksu cSafdax esa vius vkbZ- Mh- uEcj ls igpkuus ds ckn cSad dEI;wVj }kjk okafNr lfoZl dksM Mk;y djus ds ckn xzkgd dks mlds iz”uksa dk leqfpr mRrj Qksu }kjk izkIr gksrk gSA · Lopkfyr xf.kr e”khu lIrkg ds lkrksa fnu] fnu ds pkSchl ?k.Vs] uxn Hkqxrku djuk] tek jkf”k;k¡ Lohdkj djuk] psd cqd izkIr djuk] [kkrk fooj.k izkIr djuk] ysu nsu [kkrksa esa “ks’k jkf”k ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh iznku djus tSlh xzkgd lsok iznku djrh gSA · “ks;MZ isesUV usVodZ flLVe ;g eqEcbZ esa LFkkfir gS bls Lo/ku ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fons”kh cSadsa] futh cSadsa rFkk lkoZtfud cSadksa ds LokfeRo okyh dbZ Lopkfyr x.kd e”khusa ,d nwljs ds lkFk bl izdkj tqM+h gSa fd ,d cSad ds xzkgd dks viuk ,Vh,e dkMZ nwljs cSad ds ,Vh,e dkMZ ds fy;s iz;ksx esa ykus dh lqfo/kk fey ldsA · IykfLVd dkMZ iksVZscy iklcqd dh rjg gS ftlesa xzkgd ds [kkrs esa orZeku “ks’k jkf”k rFkk uohure ysu nsu dk C;kSjk jgrk gSA blesa dEI;wVj izkslslj vkSj ladyu dh lqfo/kk gksrh gSA dkMZ /kkjd fdlh Hkh lgHkkxh cSad vFkok fjVsyj ds ikl tkdj /kujkf”k fudky ldrs gSa ;k [kjhnnkjh dj ldrs gSaA ;s dkMZ dbZ izdkj ds gksrs gSa & ØsfMV dkMZ] LekVZ dkMZ] MsfcV dkMZA dkMZ vk/kkfjr Hkqxrku

· cSad usV %& Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fnlacj 1991 esa cSafdax m|ksx esa laisz'k.k ds lk/ku iznku djus ds fy;s cSad usV dh LFkkiuk dh x;hA cSad iz/kku dk;kZy;ksa esa eSuÝse dEI;wVj] vkapfyd dk;kZy;ksa esa y?kq dEI;wVj] rFkk “kk[kkvksa esa ilZuy dEI;wVj dks usVodZ ds lkFk tksM+ ldrs gSaA usVodZ ds lHkh dusD”kuksa dks iksVZ dgk tkrk gSA · fLOk¶V %& fLo¶V ¼lkslkbVh QkWj oYMZ okbM baVj cSad Qk;usaf”k;y VsyhdE;qfuds”ku½ dh LFkkiuk 1973 esa dh x;hA bld eq[;ky; csfYt;e esa gSA fLOk¶V dk mn~ns”; iwjs fo”o esa lnL; ns”kksa esa lnL; cSadksa dh foRrh; lwpukvksa dks fo”o esa dgha Hkh Rofjr xfr ls igqapkus dk dk;Z djrh gSA · gkse cSafdax %& cSad dk dksbZ Hkh xzkgd ?kj cSBs vius cSad [kkrs ns[k ldrk gSA vius ilZuy dEI;wVj ls cSad dks [kkrs ls - 96 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES cSafdax dk fodkl iFk & lkgwdkj ls NATIONAL bZ&cSafdax rd REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 94-97, ISSN 2348–3318 olq/kk vxzoky jkf”k fudkydj fdlh vU; ds [kkrs esa varfjr djus dk vkns”k ns ldrk gSA · bufQusV %& bafM;u Qk;usaf”k;y usVodZ dh LFkkiuk twu 1999 esa Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad rFkk cSafdax izkS|ksfxdh ,oa fodkl laLFkku }kjk gSnjkckn esa dh x;hA oh lsV dk mi;ksx eq[;r% cSafdax] LVkWd ,Dlpsat] dkjiksjsV usVofdaZx] ekSle iwokZuqeku] varjkZ'Vªh; lsok vkj{k.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA · bysDVªksfud fuf/k varj.k %& bZ-,Q-Vh- }kjk Hkqxrku gsrq fyf[kr pSd] cSad Mªk¶V ds fcuk ,d [kkrs ls nwljs [kkrs esa ,d “kgj ls nwljs “kgj esa /ku varfjr fd;k tkrk gSA · fj;y Vkbe xzkl lsVyesUV flLVe %& fj;y Vkbe xzkl lsVyesUV flLVe dks Hkqxrku vkSj fuiVku ds fy;s iz;kl fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl iz.kkyh ls cSad viuh fuf/k;ksa dk vf/kdre iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA · vkj-ch-vkbZ- usV eqDr QkWesZV esa lans”k laizs"k.k ds fy;s Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad esa fnlacj 1994 esa vkjchvkbZ usV uke dk viuk Loa; dk lkW¶Vos;j yxk;k gSA · bysDVªkWfud lek”kks/ku lsok vFkkZr~ bZlh,l ,d vksj xzkgdksa dks muds VsyhQksu fcyksa] muds fctyh fcyksa vkfn dk Hkqxrku muds cSad [kkrs ds ek/;e ls lqyHk djkrh gS ogha dkjiksjsV {ks=] ljdkjh foHkkxksa }kjk Hkqxrku] C;kt] ykHkka”k] isa”ku] deh”ku rFkk /ku okfilh vkns”k “kkfey gSA · bysDVªkWfud MkVk baVjpsUt ,d dEI;wVj dk MkVk nwljs dEI;wVj ij fcuk fdlh ekuoh; gLr{ksi ds fd;k tkrk gSA bl iz.kkyh }kjk lHkh dEI;wVjh—r “kk[kkvksa dh lwpuk izfrfnu dsUnzh; dEI;wVj ij v|ru dh tkrh gSA · fudusV mixzg ij vk/kkfjr lwpuk lapkj usVodZ gSA bls jk"Vªh; lwpuk foKku dsUnz esa laLFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA blls lans”k varfjr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA · baVjusV usVodksaZ dk usVodZ gS blds ek/;e ls ,d nwljs ckrphr] fopkj foe”kZ] fyf[kr okrkZyki laidZ LFkkfir dj ldrs gSaA izkS|ksfxdh ds c<+rs iz;ksx us cSafdax lfgr thou ds izR;sd {ks= dks izHkkfor fd;k gSA leLr fo”o ,d oSf”od xkao cudj jg x;k gSA dqN cSad bZ fuos”k dh lqfo/kk Hkh baVjusV ds ek/;e ls ns jgs gSaA orZeku esa iwjh nqfu;k esa cSafdax lsok {ks= esa lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh us ijaijkxr O;oLFkkvksa dks rksM+dj ubZ izkS|ksfxdh ,oa cnyko ds lkFk O;ogkj] m|ksx ,oa cSafdax {ks= esa viuh txg cuk yh gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds fodkl izkphudky ls orZeku rd cSafdax lsok {ks= esa de le; o de ykxr esa vius xzkgdksa dks vf/kdkf/kd lsok nsuk] lqjf{kr lsok iznku djuk] blh ckr dks ysdj cSadksa esa izfrLi)kZ py jgh FkhA fo”o esa fcuk dkxt ds iz;ksx ds eksckby cSafdax lsok ,oa Økafrdkjh cnyko gSA fo”o vFkZO;oLFkk rduhdh Økafr dh pje lhek ij gSA cSafdax lsok esa Ikz;qDr VsDuksykWth csgrj xzkgd lsok] csgrj cktkj] fo”oluh; fØ;kUo;u] tksf[ke esa fu;a=.k ds fy;s rduhdh enn djrh gSA lwpukvksa ds vknku iznku ls xzkgdksa ds [kkrksa ls gksus okys ?kiyksa esa Hkh dkQh lhek rd deh vkbZ gSA dkxth dk;Zokgh Hkh de gksrh tk jgh gSA uxn ysu nsu esa gksus okyh pksjh] ywV ,oa MdSrh Ikj fu;a=.k gqvk gSA dEI;wVj dh tkudkjh Hkkjr esa de gksus ds dkj.k Kku dh deh buds fodkl esa lcls cM+h ck/kk gS] ;s bldk lcls cM+k udkjkRed izHkko gSA de vk; okys xzkgdksa ds fy;s ;g lsok lcls eagxh gSA lsok dj ds uke ls cSad eksVh lsok “kqYd jkf”k olwy djrs gSaA ykbV u gksus ls Hkh eksckby] baVjusV cSafdax flLVe xM+cM+k tkrk gSA dEI;wVj dk gSax gks tkuk Hkh ,d [krjk gSA bZ&cSafdax flLVe esa ikloMZ pksjh gks tkuk ,d lcls cM+k [krjk gSA xcu ds dbZ ekeys izdk”k esa vk;s gSaA fodkl”khy ns”kksa ds fy;s ,d izHkkoh iz.kkyh gSA cSafdax lsok esa vkus okyh pqukSfr;ksa vkSj “kks/k ls ;g iz.kkyh fujarj mi;ksxh curh tk jgh gSA vko”;drk gS bysDVªkWfud ek/;e esa vkus okyh dfBukbZ;ksa dks nwj djds rFkk laHkkfor xcu dks fu;af=r dj fur ubZ rduhdh dk fodkl djus dhA rHkh foKku izkS|ksfxdh lekt vkSj jk'Vª ds izfr ;g lkFkZd Hkwfedk gksxhA lanHkZ xzUFk lwph Ÿ “;keyky xkSM] bZ & cSafdax cnyrk ifjos”k cSafdax fparu vuqfparu Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad vDVwcj fnlacj 2006A Ÿ MkW- jkeizdk”k fla?ky] bysDVªkWfuDl ek/;e ls cSafadax dkjksckj esa gq;s ifjorZuA Ÿ vkjukYM V~ok;uch] bfrgkl % ,d v/;;u lwpuk foHkkx mRRkj izns”k y[kuÅ] 1966 & 67A Ÿ vkseizdk”k] izkphu Hkkjr dk lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd bfrgklA Ÿ lR;dsrq fo|kyadkj] izkphu Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk oSfnd ;qxA Ÿ ,-lh- nkl] _Xosfnd bafM;k i`"B 85 & 86A

- 97 - RECENT RESEARCHES in NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2 SOCIALSCIENCESHUMANITIES& REFEREED JOURNAL Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 98 - 101 ISSN 2348 – 3318

iapk;rhjkt ,oa efgyk l’kDrhdj.k iwue Hkw”k.k vfLkLVsUV izksQslj Lkekt ”kkL=] jkŒ LukrŒ egkfo|ky;] vxLR;eqfu tuin :nziz;kx ¼mÙkjk[k.M½

ABSTRACT xzkeh.k fodkl rFkk lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dks lQy cukus es iapk;rh jkt dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA iapk;rh O;oLFkk dk egRo blfy, Hkh gS fd osn] egkHkkjr] /keZ lw=] tkrd] vFkZ”kkL= euqLe`fr vkfn xzUFkksa esa bldk fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSA egkHkkjr dky esa iapk;r dks *lHkk* ;k *xq.k* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA 20oha lnh esa xkW/khth us igyh ckj iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks yksdrU= dk vk/kkj ekudj mUgs Ik;kZIr “kfDr;ka iznku dj iquthZfor djus gh bPNk izdV dh rkfd xzkeokfl;ksa dks lgh ek;us esa Lojkt fey ldsA LorU=rk ds ckn bl fn”kk esa igyk iz;kl lu~ 1952 esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh “kq:vkr :Ik esa fd;k x;kA 2 vDVwcj 1959 esa jktLFkku ds ukxkSj uked LFkku ls rRdkyhu Ikz/kkuea=h iaŒ tokgjyky usg: th ds }kjk iapk;rh jkt LkaLFkkvksa dk mn~?kkVu fd;k x;kA 73osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd vkSj laoS/kkfud fodkl esa ml egRoiw.kZ fcUnq dk mn~?kkVu djrk gS tgka ls Hkkjrh; jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa ,d ckj u, ;qx dh “kq:vkr gksrh gSA iapk;rksa dks vf/kd LorU= vkSj izHkko”kkyh cuk;k x;k gSaa rFkk efgykvks dks ,d frgkbZ in nsdj mUgs lekurk nsus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA orZeku esa iapk;rksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh gksus ls efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu vk;k gSA efgykvksa esa tkx:drk dk fodkl gks jgk gSA

yksdrU= dh fuEure bdkbZ iapk;r gS vkSj LFkkuh; Lo”kklu esa bldh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSaA izkphu dky ls gekjs ns”k esa bldh l”kDr ijEijk jgh gSA osn] egkHkkjr] /keZlw=] tkrd] vFkZ”kkL= euqLe`fr vkfn xzUFkksa esa bldk fooj.k izkIr gksrk gSA egkHkkjr dky esa iapk;r dks *lHkk* ;k *xq.k* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA xkao iapk;r dh lcls vf/kd n;uh; fLFkfr eqxy dky esa jgh gSA 1919 esa iapk;rksa dks iquthZfor djus ds fy, xzke iapk;r dkuwu ykxw fd, x,] mnkgj.k ds fy, caxky xzkeh.k Lo”kklu dkuwu 1919] enzkl xzke iapk;r dkuwu 1920] mÙkjizns”k dkuwu 1920] eqacbZ xzke iapk;r dkuwu] 1920 Hkkjr ljdkj vf/kfu;e mÙkj izns”k vkfnA LorU=rk iwoZ ls gh egkRek xka/khth us iapk;rhjkt O;oLFkk ds ek/;e ls fiNMs+ oxZ ds gkFkksa esa lÙkk lkSius dh dYiuk dh FkhA xka/khth dh igy ij gh Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa vuqPNsn 40 “kkfey fd;k x;kA LorU=rk ds i”pkr~ bl fn”kk esa igyk iz;kl lu~ 1952 esa lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØeksa dh “kq:vkr ds :Ik esa fd;k x;kA 2 vDVwcj lu~ 1959 esa jktLFkku ds ukxkSj uked LFkku ls rRdkyhu iz/kkueU=h iaŒ tokgjyky usg: th ds }kjk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk mn~?kkVu fd;k x;kA 73osa lafo/kku l++”kks/ku esa bl laLFkk dks iquthZou izkIr gqvkA lkFk gh blds }kjk ,d frgkbZ LFkku efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr fd;k x;kA 73osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku ds }kjk jkT;ksa ij ;g nkf;Ro Mkyk x;k fd ,d o’kZ ds Hkhrj lafo/kku la”kks/ku ds vuq:Ik vius dkuwu esa la”kks/ku djsA vU; jkT;ksa dh Hkkafr mÙkj izns”k {ks= iapk;r ,oa ftyk iapk;r jkt vf/kfu;e 1961 esa la”kks/ku dj fy;k] ftlls vU; izko/kkuksa ds lkFk efgykvksa ds vkj{k.k lEcU/kh O;kid izko/kku fd, x,A ns”k dh iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dks laoS/kkfud fLFkfr iznku djus ds fy, lu~ 1992 esa lafo/kku esa 73oka la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e Lohdkj fd;k x;kA vizSy lu~ 1993 esa 73oka 74oka lafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e ykxw dj fn;k x;kA lafo/kku dh 11oha vuqlwph esa mfYyf[kr fo’k;ksa esa ls tks fo’k; bu laLFkkvksa dks lkSis tk,axs mu ij ;g vey djk,xhA 73oka lafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e 1992 dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk,a fuEufyf[kr gSA v xzke lHkk dks iapk;rh jkt i)fr dk vk/kkj ekuk x;k gSA jkT; fo/kku e.My bls tks dke lkSisxsa vkSj tkss vf/kdkj nsaxs muds vuqlkj ;g dke djsxhA v xzke] ek/;fed vkSj ftyk Lrjksa ij rhu Lrjksa dh iapk;rs gksxhA ftu jkT;ksa dh vkcknh 2 yk[k ls vf/kd ugha gS dsoy mUgsa ek/;fed Lrj ij iapk;r u cukus dh NwV gksxhA

- 98 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES iapk;rhjkt ,oa NATIONAL efgyk l’kDrhdj.k REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 98-101, ISSN 2348–3318 iwue Hkw”k.k v izR;sd Lrj dh iapk;r ds lnL; lh/ks pqus tk,axsA bu pqukoksa ds fy, fu/kkZfjr izknsf”kd pquko {ks=ksa ls lnL;ksa dk pquko gksxkA v fdlh iapk;r {ks= esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dh vkcknh ds vuqlkj bl Lrj dh iapk;r esa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa] tutkfr;ksa vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, LFkku lqjf{kr jgsxsaA v iapk;r dk dk;Zdky 5 o’kZ gksxkA 5 o’kZ dh vof/k lekIr gksus ;k iapk;r Hkax dj nsus dh frfFk ls 6 ekg ds vUnj pquko vo”; gksus pkfg,A v izR;sd jkT; esa foÙk vk;ksx cuk,a tk;sxsA tks iapk;rksa vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp foÙkh; lk/kuksa ds caVokjs vkSj gLrkUrj.k ds ckjs esa fl)kUr fu/kkZfjr djsxsA v iapk;r dks lkSis x;s 29 fo’k;ksa dh 11oha vuqlwph lafo/kku ls tksM+ nh xbZ gSA iapk;r jkt ds }kjk efgyk l”kDrhdj.k dk lkekU; vFkZ gS] LFkkuh; Lrj ij efgykvksa dks lkekftd lsok dk;Z esa leku volj iznku djukA mUgsa bl izdkj izf”kf{kr djuk fd os jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd fo'k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr dk;ksZa esa LorU= :i ls fgLlk ys ldsA okLro esa tc lu~ 1959 esa tc iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk ykxw dh xbZ Fkh] rHkh ls ;g eglwl fd;k tk jgk Fkk fd ns”k dk lexz fodkl efgykvksa dh mis{kk djus vFkok mUgs egRo u nsdj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku us efgyk rFkk iq:’kksa ds chp fyax ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ Hksn ugh fd;k gS] vkSj nksuksa dks leku :Ik ls vf/kdkj fn;s x;s gS] ysfdu efgyk,a vius vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx /kjkry ij ugha dj ik jgh gS] rks bldk dkj.k muesa jktuSfrd o lkekftd psruk dh deh gksuk gh gSA iq:’kksa dh ekufldrk Hkh blds fy, cjkcj dh gS] vkt Hkh iq:’k iz/kku lekt efgyk dks flQZ HkksX;k cuk,a j[kus dh viuh lfn;ksa iqjkuh ekufldrk ls mcj ugha ik;k gSA blh vUrj dks de djus ds fy, gj o"kZ 8 ekpZ dks vUrjkZ"Vªh; efgyk fnol euk;k tkrk gSA bl flyflys dks O;kid #i nsus ds fy, la;qDr jk"Vª la?k us o"kZ 2000 dks fo'o efgyk o"kZ ?kksf"kr fd;k rFkk Hkkjr us 2001 dks jk"Vªh; efgyk l'kfDrdj.k o"kZ ds #i esa eukus dk QSlyk fd;kA efgykvksa ds fy, dbZ ;kstuk;sa cuk;h x;hA iapk;rh pqukoksa esa gesa ,sls ,d ugha dbZ mnkgj.k ns[kus dks feys gS ftuesa efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr LFkkuksa ij [kM+h efgyk mEehnokjksa ds iwjs pquko dk lapkyu muds ifr;ksa] Hkkb;ksa ;k vU; iq:'k fj”rsnkjksa }kjk fd;k x;k] vf/kdrj efgykvksa dks viusa vf/kdkjksa dk Kku ugha gS] vf”kf{kr gSA ftlls iq:’k oxZ vius jktuSfrd LokFkksZa dh iwfrZ djrk gSA iapk;rh jkt dk efgyk l”kDrhdj.k esa blls cM+k ;ksxnku D;k gks ldrk gS fd ;g og ek/;e gS ftlls efgyk txr ds lkekftd o jktuSfrd {ks= esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA oRkZeku yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh esa jktuhfrd “kfDr gh lekt esa fofHkUu izdkj ds ifjorZu ykrh gS pkgs ;s ifjorZu dkuwu vFkok v/;kns”k ;k lafo/kku la”kks/ku djds yk, tk,aA iapk;rh jkt i)fr jktuhfrd l”kDrhdj.k dh ,d fugk;r t:jh pht gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa efgyk;sa vkt Hkh detksj oxksZa es 'kkfey gSaA fodkl ds vf/kdrj ekeyksa esa iq#"kksa vkSj efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa Hkkjh vUrj ekStwn gSA o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj tgka iq#"k lk{kjrk 80-9 izfr'kr gS oghsa efgykvksa dk lk{kjrk izfr'kr 64-6 gSA iapk;rsk es Hkkxhnkjh ls efgyk izfrfuf/k;ksa dks vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA leL;k,a v Tkkx:drk dh deh & xzkeh.k efgyk,a fir`lÙkkRed ifjokj esa jgus ds dkj.k og iq:’kksa ij fuHkZj jgrh gSA og ifjokj dh ftEesnkfj;ksa dks gh fuHkkuk viuk drZO; lksprh gS] vkSj Lo;a ds ckjs esa ugha lksprh gSA efgykvksa esa tkx:drk rFkk psruk dk vHkko jgrk gSA v vf”k{kk & vf/kdrj efgyk,a vf”kf{kr gS] iapk;r esa Hkh dqN vf”kf{kr efgyk izfrfuf/k gS tks vius vki fu.kZ; ugha ys ldrh gS] mUgs tkudkjh ugh gS rFkk mUgs fdlh Hkh pht dks le>us esa vleFkZrk rFkk ijs”kkuh dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA v Tkkfrxr HksnHkko & efgyk izfrfuf/k;ks ds lkFk Hksn Hkko ds lkFk gh vuqlwfpr tkfr rFkk vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh efgykvkas ds lkFk tkfrxr HksnHkko fd;k tkrk gSA fuEu oxZ dh efgykvksa dks egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gS rFkk nfyr efgykvksa dks laoS/kkfud dk;Z ugha djus fn;s tkrs gSaA v Hkz’Vkpkj & ljdkjh rFkk xSj ljdkjh laLFkkvks es iwoZ ls gh Hkz’Vkpkj QSyk gksrk gS] ftlls efgyk izfrfuf/k;kas dks dk;Z djus es ;k izLrko dks vf/kdkfj;ksa ls ikl djokus esa ijs”kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA v Ikkfjokfjd lkeatL; dh leL;k & efgykvksa dks vkxs c<+us ds fy, vius fodkl ds lkFk gh ifjokj ds lkFk lkEkatL; cukus es ijs”kkuh dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA ifjokj esa gj lnL; dh ftEesnkjh rFkk Hkkoukvkas ds lEeku ds lkFk gh ikfjokfjd larqyu cukdj j[kuk iM+rk gSA - 99 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES iapk;rhjkt ,oa NATIONAL efgyk l’kDrhdj.k REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 98-101, ISSN 2348–3318 iwue Hkw”k.k v vf/kdkjksa ds izfr vufHkKrk & efgyk;sa vf/kdkj izkfIr ds ckn Hkh vf/kdkjksa dk iz;ksx ugh dj ikrh gSa D;ksafd og iapk;rhjkt dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ls vutku gksrh gSaA iapk;rh jkt es efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c jgh gSA Ÿ “kks’k.k ds fo:) tkx:drk & xzkeh.k efgykvksa dh jktuhfr esa Hkkxhnkjh ls efgyk,a vius fo:) rFkk lekt esa “kks’k.k ds fo:) vkokt mBkus yxh gS og pqipki vijk/kksa dks lgu djus ds ctk; mudk fojks/k dj jgh gSA lek/kku v pawfd iapk;r izfrfuf/k i<+us&fy[kus dh lkekU; voLFkk ikl dj pqds gS] vr% muds Lrj ij izf”k{k.k nsuk pkfg,] blds fy, LFkkuh; efgyk izf”kf{kdk vko”;d gSA v iapk;rh jkt dh lQyrk ds fy, efgykvkas dh tkx:drk egRoiw.k “krZ gS] efgykvksa dks muds vf/kdkj] “kfDr;ka vkSj dRrZO;ks ds ckjs eas izf”k{k.k nsuk vfuok;Z gSA xzkeh.k Lrj ij izf”k{k.k dsUnz yxkdj bUgs fofHkUu igyqvksa ls Hkh ifjfpr djk;k tkuk pkfg,aA v iapk;r izfrfuf/k vf/kdrj dke djus okys gSA vr% izf”k{k.k nsrs le; bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd bl izf”k{k.k ls muds thfodksiktZu eas fdlh izdkj dk O;o/kku u vk;sA v cky fookg ij jksd gks] ftlls ckfydkvksa dks iw.kZ O;fDrRo fodkl dk volj feysA v fu/kZurk fuokj.k dk;ZØekas esa efgykvkas dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kbZ tk;A v Ekfgyk fodkl dks’k ls vf/kd _.k fn;k tk; rFkk efgyk fodkl dks’k dk izpkj fd;k tk;A v gkbZLdwy ls Åij dh ckfydkvksa dks O;olkf;d f”k{kk dh O;oLFkk gksA v efgyk f”k{kk dks vfuok;Z fd;k tk; rkfd efgyk,a vk/kqfud rjhdksa fQYe] dEI;wVj vkfn dk iz;ksx dj f”k{kk ;k tkudkfj;ka izkIr dj ldsaA v efgykvksa dks le>kSrkoknh izo`fÙk dks NksM+dj viuh jk; dks egRo nsuk gksxkA v efgykvksa dks vU/kfo'okl] #<+hoknh ijEijkvksa ds fo#) tkx#drk ykuh gksxhA

- 100 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES iapk;rhjkt ,oa NATIONAL efgyk l’kDrhdj.k REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 98-101, ISSN 2348–3318 iwue Hkw”k.k v xkao esa m|e'khyrk dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk;A v efgykvksa dks laxfBr gksdj iq#"k iz/kku ekufld O;oLFkk dks cnyuk gksxk rFkk efgyk izfrfuf/k laxBu cukuk gksxkA iapk;rhjkt vkSj efgyk l’kDrhdj.k dk izHkko v iapk;rksa ds }kjk efgykvksa dks izkIr vf/kdkj jktuhfrd l”kDrhdj.k dh nsu gSA v jktuhfrd izfØ;k vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls “kklu dh xq.koÙkk esa lq/kkj vk;k gSA v iapk;rksa ds ek/;e ls lekt dh tM+rk va/kfo”oklksa] :f<+;ksa] dq”kklu] ,oa Hkz’Vkpkj ds mUewyu esa efgykvksa us izfrdwy okrkoj.k esa Hkh vPNk dke fd;k gSA v iapk;rh jkt esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ukxfjd lekt ds mUu;u] [kk| lqj{kk] ÅtkZ lqj{kk] izd`fr lalk/kuksa dk izca/ku] i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk vkfn tSlsa ToyUr ,ao laosnu”khy eqn~nkas ftudk izR;{k lEcU/k efgykvksa ls gS] ds fy, l”kDr ek/;e gSA v iapk;rksa essa efgykvksa dh Hkxhnkjh ls xzkeh.k fodkl ,oa efgykvksa dk fodkl gqvk gSA tks fd ,d ubZ psruk dk lw=ikr fd;k gSA

ljdkj us iapk;rksa esa vkj{k.k ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf'pr dj nh gS rFkk efgyk ljiapksa] iapksa ,oa vU; izfrfuf/k;ksa dks iq#"k iz/kku jktuSfrd O;oLFkk esa viuh Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy, [kM+k dj fn;k gS] ysfdu bl Hkwfedk dks lQyrk iwoZd fuHkkus ds fy, egRoiw.kZ vk/kkj iznku ugha fd;k gSA xzkeh.k efgykvksa esa “kgjksa dh efgykvksa dh vis{kk vf/kd tkx:drk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gS] os vius erkf/kdkj dk iz;ksx djrh gSA iapk;rkas esa efgykvks es viuh ftEEksnkjh c[kwch fuHkkdj fn[kk;k gS]A lekt esa efgykvksa dh orZeku fLFkfr dks ns[krs gq, ;g eku ysuk mfpr ugha gS fd dsoy lafo/kku es vf/kdkjksa dh O;oLFkk ek= ls os vf/kdkj lEiUu gks xbZ gSSA efgykvksa ds fo”ks’k lanHkZ es lekt vkSj lfoa/kku ds e/; xR;kRed lEcU/k gSA okLrfod :i esa efgykvksa dks l”kDr djus dh t:jr gS mUgas lEeku] lg;ksx vkSj lqjf{kr okrkoj.k miyC/k djkuk gSA ;fn ljdkj ;g pkgrh gS] fd iapk;rksa ds tfj;s efgykvksa dk jktuhfrd l”kDrhdj.k gks] rks ;g cgqr vko”;d gS fd mUgsa ;g crk;k tk,] fd os mPp vf/kdkfj;kaas ,oa ljdkj ls fdl izdkj dk dk;Z djok,a dSls izLrko cuk,a] dSls ctV cuk,aA dSls xzkeh.k fodkl dh :ijs[kk cuk,a vkfnA ;s Hkh crk;k tk, fd fofHkUu LFkkuh; leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k os vius Lrj ij fdl izdkj dj ldrh gSA blds lkFk gh os lkjh ck/kk,a tks muds jktuSfrd xfrfof/k;kas esa vkM+s vkrh gSA mudk Hkh fujkdj.k gksuk vR;Ur vko”;d gS tSls&vf”k{kk] vkfFkZd lgk;rk dk u feyuk] LFkkuh; iq:’kkas dk lg;ksx u feyuk vkfnA iapk;r O;oLFkk esa bu nqcZyrkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh efgykvksa us viuh igpku cukbZ gS] rFkk xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Z ls lfØ; gqbZ gSA jktuhfrd :fp o Hkxhnkjh Hkh muesa c

- 101 - tSu ewfrZ 'kkL= ds izkphure tSu 'kkL= vaxksa vkSj mikaxksa ds :i esa izfl) tSu vkxe lkfgR; ekus tkrs gSA buesa Lrwi ekuLrEHk o tSu ewfrZ;ksa dh fo'ks’krkvksa dk lekos'k feyrk gS] blds lkFk&lkFk tSu xzUFk Hkxorh lw=] moklaxnlkvksa uk;k/;Eedgkvksa esa Hkh tSu vagZrksa dh ewfrZ;ksa vkSj efUnjksa ds ckjs esa laf{kIr tkudkjh feyrh gSA Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ,oa laLd`fr ds v/;;u ds fy;s tSu dFkk lkfgR; ds egRo dks Hkh fo}kuksa }kjk Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA iwoZe/;dkyhu /kkfeZd thou ls lEcfU/kr ftrus Hkh egRoiw.kZ 'kks/k xzUFk izdk'k esa vk;s gaS] muesa tSu dFkk lkfgR; dk mi;ksx gqvk gS fdUrq bu 'kks/k xzUFkksa ds voyksdu ls ;g Li’V gks tkrk gS fd vHkh tSu dFkk lkfgR; ds dsoy ,d NksVs ls va'k dk gh vuq'khyu fd;k x;k gSA bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd vHkh Hkh cgqr ls tSu xzUFk xzUFkkaxkjksa esa vizdkf'kr ik.Mqfyfi;ksa ds :i esa gh iM+s gq,s gS] ftuds lwphdj.k dk dk;Z vHkh iwjk ugha gqvk gSA tSu lkfgR; iqjk.k dkQh fo'kky gS] fdUrq bl lkfgR; esa egkiqjk.k] in~eiqjk.k] gfjoa'k iqjk.k fo'ks’k mYys[kuh; gSA

± ikSjkf.kd lkfgR; ds vuqlkj Hkkjrh; /keksZa esa tSu vkSj fgUnw /keZ ,sls gS ftudk vkilh lEcU/k izxk<+ jgk gSA bUgksaus vkil esa ,d nwljs ls dkQh dqN fy;k gS ;k fl[kk Hkh gSA nksuks /keksZa ds v/;;u ls ;g ckrsa Li’V gksrh gSA oSfnd v/;;u esa nsorkvksa dk fo'ks’k egRo gSA dkyØekuqlkj oSfnd nsorkvksa dk Lo:i fHkUu :iksa dks /kkj.k djrk jgkA izkphudky dh fopkj/kkjk esa tks nsork ea= ds fo’k; Fks] os e/;dky esa 'kkfUr o psruk ls fof'k’V] vKs;] vkfpUR; nso cu x;s rFkk bu nsorkvksa dks Qy izkfIr ds fy;s ;Kkgqfr;ka nh tkus yxhA vk/kqfud dky rd vkrs&vkrs os tM+ rFkk izd`fr ijr inkFkZ gks x;sA vk/kqfud vuqoknksa esa osn ea=ksa esa bu nsoksa dk gh iq:’k :i eq[kfjr gqvk gSA ± fgUnw nso fodkl Øe esa ikSjkf.kd dky esa nsorkvksa dh vuqi;ksfxrk fl) dj nh vkSj bu cnyh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vU; nsorkvksa us mPp LFkku xzg.k dj fy;k] dqN dk uke Hkh Hkwyk fn;k x;kA ikSjkf.kd dky ds ckn rks nsoRo dk Lrj vkSj Hkh uhpk gks x;k D;ksafd fons'kh vkØe.kdkfj;ksa us vius /keZ dk fodkl ,oa izpkj&izlkj pkgkA ysfdu vke turk mijksDr rF;ksa ls ihfM+r ;k izHkkfor u gks ldh blfy;s /khjs&/khjs nso 'kCn vkxs c<+rk pyk tkrk jgk vkSj vc Hkh yksx bls viuh bPNk dh iwfrZ dk vk/kkj ekurs gSA blds lkFk gh fgUnwvksa esa vorkjokn dk fodkl gqvk vkSj bZ'oj 'kCn dh mRifŸk gqbZA fgUnq /keZ esa jke o d`’.k dks vorkj :i esa xzg.k fd;k x;k vkSj bUgsa bZ'oj ekuk x;kA ysfdu blds foijhr nwljh vkSj tSu /keZ esa nsork 'kCn dgha ns[kus dks Hkh ugha feyrk rFkk vorkjokn dh vo/kkj.kk Hkh n`f’Vxr ugha gksrhA ysfdu fQj Hkh fgUnw nsorkvksa dks mUgksaus egkiq:’kksa ;k fnO; iq:’kksa ds :i esa viuk;k rFkk blds lkFk gh vU; fgUnw nsoh&nsorkvksa dks vius xzUFkksa esa LFkku fn;k] D;ksafd tSu laLd`r iqjk.kksa esa fgUnw nsfo;ksa ;Fkk nqxkZ] y{eh] ikoZrh] ljLorh] :fDe.kh vkfn dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA blds vykok fgUnw nsoksa esa x.ks'k] guqeku vkfn dks izeq[krk nh xbZ gS “ykdkiq:’kksa esa jke] d`’.k] cyjke] y{e.k vkfn dks LFkku nsdj fgUnw nsoRo ds :i esa n'kkZ;k gSA tSu lkfgR; esa fgUnw nsoh nsorkvksa dk ;g o.kZu /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dk ifjpk;d gSA lIre~ v/;k; esa Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk o tSu ewfrZdyk ds leUo; dk foLrkj ls o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA tSu /keZ bZ'ojoknh ugha gS] ;g rhFkZadjoknh /keZ gSA tSu /keZ esa ^nso* 'kCn ;k ^vorkj* 'kCn ugha feyrk gS cfYd 'ykdk iq:’kksa dk o.kZu gS ftuesa 24 rhFkZadj] 12 pØorhZ] 9 izfrukjk;.k vkSj 9 cyHknzksa dks 'kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA buesa ;g ns[kus dks feyrk gS fd tSu ijEijk esa fgUnw nsoksa dks egkiq:’kksa esa LFkku feyk] blds lkFk gh tSu egkiq:’kksa ls buds ekSfyd bfrgkl ij laf{kIr izdk'k iM+rk gSA tSu lkfgR; esa fgUnw nsoh nsorkvksa dh tSu nsoh nsorkvksa ls lkE;rk us ewfrZdkjksa dks Hkh izksRlkfgr fd;kA mUgksaus lefUor ewfrZdyk dk fodkl fd;kA ftlus /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk ds {ks= esa uohu vk;ke LFkkfir fd;s vkSj jktFkku esa /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk LFkkfir djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksx fn;kA ± miyC/k izkphu Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkxoku _’kHknso ;k o`’kHk dh tks ekU;rk ,oa iwT;rk tSu n`f’V esa gS] ogh fgUnw ijEijk esa Hkh mlh dksfV dh gSA f'ko rFkk o`’kHk nksuksa gh izkphu dky ls egRoiw.kZ nso ds :i esa iwts - 102 - tkrs gS ysfdu e/; ;qx rd nksuksa nsoksa dk fofo/k :iksa esa vadu gqvk gSA gkykfd tSu o`’kHk rFkk fgUnw :nz ;k f'ko dkQh lekurkvksa ds lkFk ,d gh le>s tkrs jgs gS fQj Hkh fgUnw /keZ ijEijk ds f'ko ls lEcfU/kr tks ekU;rk;sa miyc/k gS os tSu ijEijk ls fHkUurk j[krh gSA ± Hkkjrh; nsoksa esa d`’.k dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ jgk gSA fgUnw n`f’V ls tgka d`’.k dks fo’.kq dk vorkj cryk;k x;k gS] ogh tSu ijEijk esa mUgsa Hkkoh rhFkZadj Lohdkj dj 'ykdkiq:’kksa esa LFkku fn;kA d`’.k olqnso ds iq= FksA uUn xksi ds ?kj ikyu gqvkA dal ds }kjk Ny ls cqyk;s tkus ij] bUgksaus eYy;q) esa dal dks ekj fn;kA egkHkkjr ds ;q) esa ik.Moksa dk i{k fy;k rFkk tjkla/k dks ekjdkj uoe~ ukjk;.k ds :i esa izfl) gq,sA usfeukFk dh Hkfo’;ok.kh ds vuqlkj }kjdk dk fouk'k gqvkA var esa mŸke Hkkoukvksa dk fpUru djrs tjrdqekj ds rhj ls xfr dks izkIr gq,sA ± tSu iqjk.kksa esa d`’.k dks nks n`f’V;ksa ls n`f’Vxr fd;k x;k gSA izFke mUgsa egku~ ohj ,oa 'kfDr'kkyh oklqnso 'ykdkiq:’k ds :i esa Lohdkjk x;k rFkk nwljs vk/;kfRed Hkkouk ls ;qDr jktiq:’k ds :i esa ns[kk x;kA tSu ijEijk esa d`’.k lkfgR; ds v/;;u ls Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds dbZ yqIr rF; lkeus vk;s] loZizFke ik;k fd tSu rhFkZadj vfj’Vuseh muds ledkyhu gh ugha cfYd ppsjs HkkbZ Hkh FksA tSu /keZ esa mUgsa egkiq:’k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA exj vorkjokn dh vo/kkj.kk dks ekU;rk ugha nh rFkk bZ'oj :i dks ugha LohdkjkA tSu n`f’V esa fuok.kZ izkfIr ds fy;s dBksj ri] vfgalk vkfn viukus iM+rs gS ysfdu Jhd`’.k dh e`R;q vpkud ou esa gks tkus dh otg ls os ,slk djus esa vleFkZ jgs vkSj tUe&ej.k ds tatky ls eqfDr u ik ldsA blh dkj.k ls tSu laLd`r iqjk.kksa esa d`’.k ds Hkfo’; esa ijekRek in dks izkIr djus dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ± buds vfrfjDr tSu ijEijk esa jke] y{e.k] lhrk] guqeku] jko.k ds ckjs esa Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu ekU;rk;sa miyC/k gksrh gSA jke dk uke in~e Fkk] jko.k ds n'k flj ugha Fks vkfnA fgUnw nsork x.ks'k ds ckjs esa Hkh tSu lkfgR; ls tkudkjh feyrh gSA tSu laLd`r iqjk.kksa esa x.ks'k dks ^^xkSre x.k/kj** ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA fgUnw nsodqy ds yksdfiz; nsork x.ks'k ;k x.kifr dks 11&12 'krkCnh esa tSu nsodqy esa lfEefyr fd;k x;kA ;|fi vfHk/kku fpUrkef.k esa x.ks'k dk mYys[k gS ij mudh yk{kf.kd fo'ks’krk;sa loZizFke vkpkj&fnudj esa foosfpr gSA ± fgUnw x.ks'k ds leku gh tSu x.ks'k Hkh xteq[k ,oa yEcksnj vkSj ew”kd ij vk:<+ gSA muds djks esa Lonar] ij'kq] eksMdi=] i|] vadq'k ,oa vHk; ;k ojn eqnzk iznf'kZr gSA egkiqjk.k esa xkSre x.k/kj dks iwtuh; ,oa Hkxoku :i esa ns[kk x;k gSA x.ks'k dh iwtk fgUnw /keZ esa fdlh Hkh dk;Z dks 'kq: djus ls igys dh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj tSu /keZ esa Hkh bldh mi;skfxrk n'kkZ;h x;h gSA fdlh Hkh nsork dh iwtk fdlh u fdlh mÌs'; dh izkfIr ds fy;s dh tkrh gS] tSls dqN nsork fo/uksa dk uk'k djrs gS vkSj 'k=qvksa dk neu djrs gS] mlh izdkj x.ks'k dh Hkh viuh vyx ekU;rk gSA x.ks'k ;k xkSre x.k?kj ls vPNs dke dh dkeuk dh tkrh gS] ftlls dksbZ ck/kk u vk;sA bl izdkj x.ks'kth dks tSu /keZ esa Lohdkj fd;k tkuk /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dk lwpd gS fofHkUu tSu efUnjksa ls x.ks'k th dk vadu n`f’Vxr gksrk gSA tSlyesj esa 1452 bZLoha esa fufeZr pUnzizHkq ds efUnj ls x.ks'k dh fofHkUu eqnzkvksa esa ewfrZ;k¡ izkIr gksrh gSA ± tSu /keZ esa nsoh mikluk dh Hkh ijEijk jgh gS tks furkUr fgUnw /keZ ls izHkkfor jgh gSA fgUnw nsfo;ksa ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dks tSu /keZ esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA tSu lkfgR; esa vusd nsfo;ksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ;|fi muds ukeksa] Lo:iksa] LFkkiuk] iwtk esa fujUrj ifjorZu gksrs jgs gSA Hkxorh lw= esa o.kZu vkrk gS fd jktdqekj egkcy ds fookg ds le; mls izpqj ek=k esa oL=kHkw’k.kksa ds vfrfjDr Jh] àh] /k`fr] dhfrZ] cqf)] y{eh] uUnk o Hknzk dh vkB&vkB izfrek;sa migkj esa nh xbZA blls ,slk yxrk gS fd fookg ds ckn izR;sd lEiUu dqVqEc esa ;g izfrek;sa dqy nsoh] nsork ds :i esa izfrf”Br dh tkrh FkhA ± buds vfrfjDr tSu/keZ esa dadkyh] dkyh] egkdkyh] pkeq.Mk] jksfg.kh] f=iqjk] dkek[;k] dkikfyuh] Hknzdkyh] nqxkZ] yfyrk] xkSjh] lqeaxyk] dq:dqYyk] pUnzorh] ;e?k.Vk] ØkfUreq[kk] ;enwrh] Hkqous'ojh] okjkgh] p.Mh] fo:ik{kh] oSrkyh] HkwrMkejh vkfn dh mikluk dh tkrh gSA bu nsfo;ksa dh mikluk /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dks bafxr djrh gSA tSu lkfgR; i`Foh ds Åij o uhps nsoh nsorkvksa ds fuokl rFkk Jsf.k;ksa dks foospu djrk gSA ;g Hkh mYys[k feyrk gS fd nsfo;ksa dh mikluk ls lHkh izdkj ds lkalkfjd mÌs';ksa o dkeukvksa dh iwfrZ gks ldrh gSA mRrjk/;;ulw= uked tSu xzUFk esa nsfo;ksa dk oxhZdj.k feyrk gSA ftlds foospu ls ,slk yxrk gS fd ;s nsfo;k¡ ml le; ds vU; /keksZa ls xzg.k dh xbZ gSA buesa fgUnw /keZ dh nsfo;ksa dk vf/kd izfrfuf/kRo fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ± tSu xzUFkksa ls rhFkZadjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa dks izfr’Bkfir djus rFkk muds lkFk fofHkUu nsfo;ksa o ;{k ;f{kf.k;ksa dh LFkkiuk dk mYys[k feyrk gSA ftudk o.kZu v/;k; rhu esa fd;k x;k gSA yxHkx 5oha&6oha 'krkCnh bZLoha esa vkpk;Z ;fro`’kHk }kjk jfpr xzaUFk ^^frYy;ksi..kfr** esa dgk x;k gS fd izR;sd rhFkZadj ds lkFk ,d&,d ;{k] ;f{k.kh dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg;sA blh izdkj 11oha & 12oha 'krkCnh esa vkpk;Z olqufUn }kjk jfpr ^^izfr’Bk lkj laxzg** esa Hkh ;gh ckr dgh xbZ gS fd fof/kor :i ls rhFkZadjksa ds nf{k.k ik'oZ esa ;{k o oke ik'oZ esa 'kklu nsfo;ksa dh LFkkiuk djuh pkfg;sA

- 103 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES jktLFkku ds /kkfeZd lfgI.kqrk ds lao/kZu esa NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 102-107, ISSN 2348–3318 tSu ewfrZdyk dk ;ksxnku REFEREED JOURNAL jfoUnz Vsyj

± tSu /keZ esa fofHkUu ;f{kf.k;ksa dh Lrqfr o izfr’Bk lEcU/kh dk;ksZa ds fy;s vusd xzaFk jps x;sA bu ij fgUnw /keZ esa nsfo;ksa dh Lrqfr ds fy;s jps x;s xzUFkksa dk izHkko Li’V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA tSu /keZ esa nsfo;ksa dh LFkkiuk] Lrqfr ds fy;s tks xzUFk fy[ks x;s muesa Tokykekfyuh dYi] i|korh dYi vkfn izeq[k gSA efYyos.k lwfj }kjk jfpr ^^Hkkjrh dYi** lk/oh f'kok;kZ d`r ^^ifBr lkjLorLro** oIiHkV~V d`r ^^ljLorh dYi** o ftuizHklwfj d`r ^^'kkjnk Lrou** ls ljLorh dh mikluk o izfr’Bk dh tkudkjh izkIr gksrh gSA mi;qZDr /kkfeZd xzUFkksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd fgUnw nsfo;ksa dh Hkkafr jktLFkku esa tSu nsfo;ksa dh mikluk Hkh dh tkrh gSA ± pkSchl ftuksa dh dYiuk tSu /keZ dh /kqjh gSA tSu nsodqy ds vU; nsoksa dh dYiuk lkekU;r% bUgha ftuksa ls lEcfU/kr gS ,oa muds lgk;d :i esa gqbZ gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ftuksa dh ekrkvksa }kjk ns[ks x;s 'kqHk LoIuksa ds lanHkZ esa dYilw= esa Jh y{eh dk mYys[k vkrk gSA 'kh’kZ Hkkx esa nks xtksa ls vfHkf”kDr Jh y{eh dks in~eklhu vkSj nksuksa djksa esa in~e /kkj.k fd;s fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA Hkxorh lw= esa y{eh dh ewfrZ dk mYys[k gSA tSu f'kYi dh ewfrZ ijEijk lEHkor% uoha 'krkCnh ds ckn gh yksdfiz; gqbZ ftuds mnkgj.k jktLFkku esa vksfl;ka] nsyokM+k vkfn ls ns[ks tk ldrs gSA tSu vkxfed Kku dh vf/k’Bk=h nsoh ds :i esa ljLorh dh mikluk Hkh tSu /keZ esa izpfyr gqbZA ljLorh dk yk{kf.kd Lo:i vkBoha 'krh bZLoha ds ckn ds tSu xzUFkksa esa foosfpr gSA tSu f'kYi esa ;{kh] vfEcdk ,oa pØs'ojh ds ckn ljLorh gh lokZf/kd yksdfiz; jgh gSA uoha 'krkCnh ds ckn dh ewfrZ;ksa esa fofHkUu rhFkZadjksa ds lkFk fofHkUu tSu nsfo;ksa ;Fkk fo|knsfo;ksa] ;f{kf.k;ksa vkfn dk izHkwr ek=k esa vadu feyrk gSA fgUnw nsoh nsorkvksa ls mudk Hksn Li’V djus ds fy;s tSu nsoh&nsorkvksa ds eqdqV esa muls lEcfU/kr ftu dh ewfrZ tM+h jgrh gSA ± tSu /keZ ds ,d izkphu xzaFk vkpkj fnudj esa nsfo;ksa dh rhu Jsf.k;ksa crkbZ xbZ gS ¼1½ izklkn nsfo;k¡ ¼2½ dqy nsfo;k¡ vFkkZr~ ¼3½ lEiznk; nsfo;k¡ tSu xzUFkksa esa ;{k o ;f{k;ksa dk mYys[k ftuksa ds 'kklu o mikld nsoksa ds :i esa gqvk gSA tSu xzUFkksa ds vuqlkj leolj.k esa ftuksa ds /keksZins'k ds ckn bUnz us izR;sd ftu ds lkFk lsod nsoksa ds :i esa ;{k o ,d ;{kh dks fu;qDr fd;k FkkA vkpk;Z ;fro`’kHk us fryksi..kfŸk esa rhFkZadjksa ds fudV ;{k&;{kh jgus dk fo/kku crkdj ;{k ;{kh dh ijEijkxr ekU;rk dks lkfgfR;d leFkZu iznku fd;kA ysfdu iqjkrkfRod lk{;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd rhFkZadjksa ds lkFk ;{k&;{kh dh izfrek;sa cukus dh ifjikVh NBha 'krkCnh bZLoh ls izkjEHk gqbZ FkhA ± tSu lkfgR; esa ;f{kf.k;ksa dk vyx&vyx ukeksmYys[k feyrk gS izfr’Bk xzUFkksa ls yxHkx 6&7 'krkCnha iwoZ jfpr frYyks;i..kfŸk uked vk”kZ xzaUFk esa izR;sd rhFkZadj ds lkFk ,d ;{k o ,d ;{kh dh LFkkiuk dk fo/kku crkrs gq,s fy[kk gS fd HkfDr ls la;qDr 24 ;{k o ;{kf.k;k¡ _f’k Hkknd rhFkZadjksa ds fudV jgrs gSA olqufUn us 11&12oha 'krkCnh ^^izfr’Bkuqlkj laxzg** esa ia0 vk'kk/kj us 13oha 'krkCnha esa ^^izfr’Bk ljks}kj** esa o vkpk;Z usfepUn us 15oha 'krkCnha esa ^^izfr’Bk fryd** esa 24 ;f{kf.k;ksa dk ukeksmYys[k fd;k gSA dqN uke Hksn ds vUrj ls bu ;f{kf.k;ksa dk mYys[k vkpkj fnudj o vijkftr i`PNk] izopu ljks}kj esa Hkh feyrk gSA ± tSu ijEijk esa fgUnw ljLorh dh iwtk izkphudky ls izpfyr jgh gSA ljLorh uked dksbZ LorU= O;fDrRo gks] ,slk ugha yxrk cfYd leLr }kn'kkM+~Jqr dks nsork ds :i esa ekuk gSA Jqr dh ekU;rk Hkh nso o xq: ds leku gSA blhfy;s Jqr HkfDr esa ^^HkdR;k fuR;a izoUns Jqregekf[kya loZ yksdSdlkaj** dgdj oUnuk dh xbZ gSA Jqr ds lEcU/k esa crk;k x;k gS fd Jqr ftusUnz dh ok.kh gS blfy;s ;g ftusUnz ds leku gh ekU; o iwtuh; gSA bruh ekU;rk gksus ds dkj.k mls Jqr nsoh eku fy;k x;k o blh :i esa ljLorh dh dYiuk dh xbZ gSA tSu /keZ esa ljLorh dh dYiuk fdl dky esa dh xbZ ;g rks fuf'pr :i ls ugha dgk tk ldrk] ysfdu dq’kk.k dky ¼132 bZLoha½ dh ljLorh izfrek dks izkphure ekuk tkrk gSA blls ;g ekuk tk ldrk gS fd tSu /keZ esa ljLorh dh mikluk 1800 o’kZ iwoZ izkjEHk gks xbZ FkhA blds ckn ljLorh ds ‘kksM~l :iksa dh dYiuk dk fodkl gqvk ftUgsa ‘kksM~l fo|knsfo;k¡ dgk x;k gSA vfHk/kku fpUrkef.k esa bu “kksM~l nsfo;ksa dk ukeksmYys[k fd;k x;k gSA ± bldk vk'k; ;g gqvk fd ljLorh Jqr nsork ls fHkUu ugha gS ,oa ;s fo|knsfo;k¡ Jqrnsork ds gh fofHkUu ewrZ:i gSA gfjoa'k iqjk.k esa ljLorh nsoh dk ukeksYys[k gqvk gSA mlesa crk;k x;k gS fd tc rhFkZadj usfeukFk dk fogkj gks jgk Fkk] ml le; ykSdkfUrd nso Hkxoku ds vkxs py jgs FksA in~ek] ljLorh vkfn nsfo;k¡ vius gkFkksa esa dey ysdj rFkk muds ifjokj dh vU; nsfo;k¡ gkFkksa esa eaxy nzO; /kkj.k djds Hkxoku ds vkxs py jgh FkhA;s in~ek o ljLorh nsfo;k¡ lEHkor% y{eh o ljLorh nsfo;k¡ gSA frYyks;i..kfŸk esa vusd LFkkuksa ij Jqrnsoh ¼ljLorh½ ds :i dk mYys[k feyrk gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd tSu/keZ dh f'kYidyk esa ljLorh dks iwoZ esa gh LFkku fey x;k Fkk fd tSu lkfgR; esa bl nsoh dks 9&10oha 'krkCnh esa gh O;ofLFkr LFkku fey ldkA blls ,slk yxk gS fd f'kYidkjksa us czkã.k /keZ ds vk/kkj ij ewfrZ;k¡ cukbZ gksxh ftls ckn esa tks tSu lkfgR; us Lohdkj fd;k gksxkA tSu /keZ esa ljLorh nsoh dk o.kZu vusd iqjkrkfRod o lkfgfR;d lk{;ksa esa prqHkZtkdkj

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:i feyrk gSA ftuesa nkfguh vksj dk ,d gkFk vHk;eqnzk esa feyrk gS o nwljk Kku eqnzk esa crk;k x;k gSA ck;ha vksj ds gkFkksa esa iqLrd o v{kekyk jgrh gSA nsoh dk okgu gal crk;k x;k gSA ljLorh 'osro.kZ okyh o rhu us=ksa okyh dgh x;h gSA blds ds'k ik'k esa ckysUnq 'kksHkk ikrk gSA blfy;s blh izdkj dk o.kZu fnxEcj xzUFkksa esa feyrk gSA dsoy gal ds LFkku ij eksj dks bldk okgu crk;k x;k gSA ± gsepUnz dh vfHk/kku fpUrkef.k esa 16 Jqfr;ksa vFkkZr fo|knsfo;ksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSA tSu /keZ esa Jqrnsfo;ksa ds lEcU/k esa ftrus lokZf/kd ekSfyd fopkj feyrs gSA ± 'osrkEcj ijEijk esa lksyg fo|k nsfo;ksa ds uke bl izdkj crk;s x;s gS% 1-± ljLorh ;k Jqrnsoh ± ± 2- ± izKfIr 3-± czt J`a[kyk ± ± ± 4- ± otzkadq'kk 5-± tkEcqunk ±± ± 6- ± iq:”knŸkk 7-± dkyh ± ± ± ± 8- ± egkdkyh 9-± xkSjh ± ± ± ± 10- ± xkU/kkjh 11-± ekfyuh ± ± ± 12- ± ekuoh 13-± cSjkVh ± ± ± ± 14- ± vP;qrk 15-± ekulh ± ± ± ± 16- ± egkekulh ±

± rhFkZadjksa dh 24 ;{kf.k;ksa o 16 fo|knsfo;ksa ds ukeksa esa lekurk gksus ls ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd bu 16 fo|knsfo;ksa dk dksbZ LorU= vfLrRo ugha gSA buesa 2 ;k 3 ds ukeksa dks NksM+dj izk;% lHkh uke ;{kf.k;ksa ds gSA bl lanHkZ esa vf/kdka'k tSu fo}ku ;gh ekurs gS fd ljLorh ds fofHkUu :iksa dks ysdj 16 fo|knsfo;ksa dh dYiuk dh xbZ gksxh fdUrq mudks LorU= vfLrRo ugha fn;k x;kA dkykUrj esa fo|k nsfo;k¡ xzUFk o f'kYidyk dh yksdfiz; fo’k; oLrq cu xbZA ± tSu lkfgR; esa dqN vU; nsfo;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gS buesa rhFkZadjksa dh ekrk,sa] y{eh] 'kkafrnsoh] fnddqekfjdk,sa] ;ksxfu;k¡ vFkok rkaf=d nsfo;k¡] v’Vekr`dk,¡ vkfn izeq[k gSA bu nsfo;ksa dh fgUnw nsfo;ksa ls lkE;rk /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dk ifjpk;d gSA buesa rhFkZadjksa dh ekrkvksa dks egkiq:’kksa dks tUe nsus oykh o ijksidkjh 'kfDr;k¡ ekudj iwtk dh tkrh gSA tSu /keZ ds nksuksa lEiznk; ;Fkk 'osrkEcj o fnxEcj esa y{eh mikluk izpfyr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA Hkxorh lw= esa bldh ewfrZ o Lo:i dk o.kZu feyrk gSA fnxEcj lEiznk; esa y{eh dks pkj Hkqtkvksa okyh gkFkh ij vk:<+ jgus okyh nsoh ekuk tkrk gSA tSu ewfrZdyk esa y{eh dk vadu tSu o fgUnw /keZ dh /kkfeZd lkSgnzrk dk ifjpk;d gSA jktLFkku esa vksfl;ka o nsyokM+k efUnjksa esa y{eh dk vadu feyrk gSA y{eh ds Lo:i ls ,slk yxrk gS fd tSu /keZ dh ^^Jh** vFkok y{eh dk Lo:i ckã.k /keZ dh y{eh ds lerqY; gh gSA tSu /keZ ,oa la?k dh mUufrdkfj.kh 'kkfUrnsoh dh /kkj.kk 10&11oha 'krkCnh bZLoha esa fodflr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA tSu xzUFk ^^Lrqfr prqfoZ”kfrdk** o ^^fuok.kZ dfydk** esa blds fu:i.k dk mYys[k feyrk gSA jktLFkku ds tSu efUnjksa esa bldh i;kZIr ek=k esa ewfrZ;k¡ feyrh gSA tSu xzUFkksa esa Jh] âh] /k`fr] dhfrZ] cqf)] y{eh vkfn nsfo;ksa dk fn~ddqekfjdkvksa ds :i esa o.kZu feyrk gSA budh la[;k 6 ;k 8 crkbZ tkrh gSA bUgsa xHkZ esa izfo’V gksus ij rhFkZadjksa dh lsok djus okyh dY;k.kdkjh nsfo;k¡ dgk x;k gSA bldh Hkkafr 64 ;ksxfu;ksa ;k rkaf=d nsfo;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k feyrk gSA buesa vf/kdka'k os gh gS ftudh czkã.k /keZ esa dYiuk dh xbZ gSA ± 8oha 'krkCnh bZLoha ls 13oha 'krkCnh bZLoha ds e/; jktLFkku ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa foiqy la[;k esa tSu efUnjksa o ewfrZ;ksa dk fuekZ.k gqvkA bu efUnjksa esa ;{kf.k;ksa o fo|knsfo;ksa dk fp=.k lokZf/kd yksdfiz; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA fo}kuksa dh ,slh ekU;rk gS fd egkfo|kvksa dh loZizFke ewfrZ;k¡ blh {ks= esa mRdh.kZ gqbZ FkhA ;gka ds tSu efUnjksa esa vfEcdk] pØs'ojh] in~ekorh] fl)kf;dk] ljLorh] 'kkfUrnsoh vkfn dh izpqj ek=k esa ewfrZ;k¡ miyC/k gksrh gSA ± tSu rhFkZadjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa ds lkFk fo|ksnsfo;ksa dk Hkh vadu feyrk gSa tSls& 8oha 'krkCnh dh cuh nks f=rhfFkZ;k¡ ik'oZukFk dh ewfrZ ds lkFk nks fo|knsfo;ksa dk vadu] vkcw ioZr efUnj esa 16 fo|knsfo;ksa dk vadu] J`axkj pkSjh ¼fprkSMx<+½ vkfnA ± ;{kf.k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk ;{kksa dh ewfrZ;ksa Hkh feyrh gS ftuesa t;iqj esa yw.kdj.kth ikM~a;k ds efUnj ls izkIr 18 oha 'krkCnh dh ewfrZ izeq[k gS ;g ewfrZ dcwrj ij cSBh gqbZ] ck;sa gkFk esa dqYgkM+h o nkfgus esa ekyk fy;s gq,s gS] mlds gkFkksa esa pwfM;ka o dkuksa esa ckfy;ka gS bldk vyadj.k fgUnw /keZ ls izsfjr izrhr gksrk gSA ± fgUnw nsork czãk dh cgqeq[kh ewfrZ ds leku tSu rhFkZadjksa dh ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh izkIr gksrh gS ftuesa vejlj ls izkIr chdkusj lxazgky; esa lqjf{kr ewfrZ izeq[k gSA blds vfrfjDr leolj.k dh prqZeq[k ewfrZ] tSlyesj ds pUnzizHkq tSu efUnjksa esa rhFkZadjksa

- 105 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES jktLFkku ds /kkfeZd lfgI.kqrk ds lao/kZu esa NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 102-107, ISSN 2348–3318 tSu ewfrZdyk dk ;ksxnku REFEREED JOURNAL jfoUnz Vsyj ds lkFk dqcsj dh ewfrZ;ksa Hkh feyrh gS fgUnw /keZ dh Hkkafr] tSu /keZ esa dqcsj dks /ku dk lja{kd nsork Lohdkj fd;k gSA bl n`f’Vdks.k ls dqcsj dh ewfrZ;ksa us fgUnw ,oa tSu /keZ ds chp /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dks cuk;s j[kus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA dqcsj dh ewfrZ;k¡ esokM+ ds ck¡lh xzke ls izkIr gksrh gSA fgUnw /keZ dh Hkkafr vfEcdk dh mikluk tSu /keZ esa izkphu dky ls jgh gSA tSu /keZ ds izFke rhFkZadj _’kHknso dh ewfrZ ds lkFk esa vfEcdk nsoh dh ewfrZ Hkh feyrh gS tks mldh izkphu mikluk dks izfryf{kr djrh gSA jktLFkku ds ujSuk] c?ksjk ls flag ij vk:<+ vfEcdk nsoh dh ewfrZ;k¡ izkIr gqbZ gSA ;s ewfrZ;k¡ fgUnw vfEcdk] nqxkZ dh ewfrZ ds leku gSA bl izdkj vfEcdk nsoh dh ewfrZ;ksa us Hkh fgUnw o tSu /keZ ds chp /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk cuk;s j[kus rFkk HkkokRed ,drk LFkkfir djus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;kA ± blh Hkkafr tSu ewfrZ;ksa esa fgUnw /keZ dh Hkkafr efg’kklqj efnZuh dh ewfrZ izkIr gqbZ gsA tSu efg’kklqj efnZuh dh ewfrZ;ksa esa yxHkx os gh vk;q/k crk;s x;s gS ftu vk;q/kksa ls ;qDr efg’kklqj efnZuh dh ewfrZ;k¡ fgUnw /keZ esa feyrh gSA ,d ,slh ewfrZ t;iqj ds yw.kdj.k th efUnj ls izkIr gqbZ gSA ftlesa ,d nsoh HkSlsa ij vk:<+ crkbZ xbZ gSA blh Hkkafr tSu /keZ esa czãk.kh] oS”.koh] f'kokuh dh ewfrZ;k¡ Hkh cukbZ tkrh FkhA bu ewfrZ;ksa esa c?ksjk ls czãk.kh dh ewfrZ feyrh gS ¼ftls ;f{k.kh ds :i esa crk;k x;k gS½ blh izdkj oS”.koh ¼fgUnw oS”.koh nsoh dks tSu /keZ esa pØs'ojh ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA½ dh ewfrZ;k¡ gesa vksfl;k] ?kk.ksjko o lsokM+h ls izkIr gqbZ gSA fgUnw /keZ dh bUnz bnzka.kh dh ewfrZ;ksa dh Hkkafr gesa tSu bUnz bUnzk.kh ewfrZ;k¡ gky gh esa izkIr gqbZ gSA vtesj ds fudV fLFkr fHkuk; ds ikl VkaVksVh uked xzke ls bUnz bUnzk.kh dh 6 bap Åaph 43 ewfrZ;k¡ izkIr gqbZ gSA efUnj] j.kdiqj ds vkfnukFk efUnj ls Hkh cgqeq[k ewfrZ;k¡ izkIr gksrh gS tks /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dh ifjpk;d gSA ± dkys iRFkj dh lqUnj ljLorh izfrek ckalokM+k ds vFkwZ.kk xzke ls izkIr gqbZ gS ;g prqHkqZth gS] ftlesa oh.kk] iqLrd] dey vkfn gSA nsoh ds eqdqV ij ftu dk NksVk fpUg blds tSu gksus dk izek.k gSA orZeku esa ;g jktiwrkuk E;wft;e esa miyC/k gSA ujS.kk ls 1045 bZLoha esa izkIr ljLorh izfrek dykRedrk] HkO;rk ls lEiUu gSA vtesj esa vtkjh ds tSu efUnj esa ykbZ xbZ ,d lqUnj izfrek gSA vpyx<+ esa ,d NksVh ljLorh ewfrZ gkFkksa esa oh.kk] iqLrd] deaMy fy;s gq;s gSA c;kuk ds fudV ,d [kf.Mr izfrek izkIr gqbZ gS] tks eksj ij fojkftr gSA dqN le; iwoZ gh ykMuw¡ ds fnxEcj tSu efUnj ls tSu ljLorh dh HkO; ewfrZ izkIr gqbZ gSA chdkusj {ks= esa iYyw ls izkIr lqUnj ljLorh izfrek iwoZ e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; 'kSyh dk vn~Hkwr uewuk gSA ;g prqHkqZth ,oa ojn eqnzk esa gSA ± tSu ijEijk ds vuqlkj rhFkZadjksa dks ;ksxLFk voLFkk esa] lekf/kLFk voLFkk esa crk;k x;k gS tks Hkkjrh; ;ksx n'kZu dh vkSj ladsr djrh gSA ;ksxn'kZu ds v’Vkax lk/kuk ;skx ds vkB vaxksa dk fu:i.k bl :i esa rhFkZadjksa dh ewfrZ;ksa esa fd;k x;k gS og Hkh fgUnw o tSu /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk dks izfrfcfEcr djrk gSA ± tSu ewfrZdyk ij xka/kkj vkSj eFkqjk 'kSyh dk Hkh Li’V izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS tks ckS) ewfrZ fuekZ.k dyk vkSj tSu ewfrZ fuekZ.k dyk ds chp leUo; LFkkfir djrh gSA ,slh ewfrZ;k¡ gesa clUrx<+ ¼fljksgh½ ls izkIr gqbZ gSA bu ewfrZ;ksa esa xkU/kkj 'kSyh dk izHkko Li’V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA bu izfrekvksa esa oYyHkh ls izkIr ikap loL= /kkrq izfrek;sa] cEcbZ ds fizal vkWQ osYl laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr gS] bu ij /kksrh dk oSlk Li’V izn'kZu ugha gks ik;k] tSlk fd bu nks izfrekvksa esaA ewfrZ;ksa ij ys[k gS fd lk{kkr czãk dh rjg loZ izdkj ds :iksa dks cukus okys f'kYih f'koukx us] ;s cuk;s FksA ewfrZ;ksa dk eLrd ?kaq?kjkys ckyksa ls Hkjk gqvk gSA ewfrZ;ksa ds da/kksa ij tVk,sa] ewy:i ls ,d gksrs gq, Hkh vkxs tkdj rhu Hkkxksa esa caV tkus ls] gok esa ygjkus lk dk n`'; mifLFkr djrh gSA ± tSu ewfrZ;ksa esa fgUnw nsoh&nsorkvksa rFkk egkRek cq) dh ewfrZ;ksa dh Hkkafr mHk;eqnzk] ojneqnzk n`f’Vxr gkssrh gS tks ,d /kkfeZd lfg’.kqrk vkSj lkaLd`frd ,drk dk ifjpk;d gSA jktLFkku ds fgUnw 'kkldksa us tSu rhFkZadj ewfrZ;ksa ds izfr lnSo fu’Bk ,oa lei.kZ dh Hkkouk j[khA chdkusj ds egkjkuk jk;flag o ea=h deZpUnz }kjk rqjklku[kku }kjk ys tk;h xbZ ewfrZ;ksa dks okfil ykus ds fooj.k feyrs gSA ± tSu ewfrZ;ksa esa egkiq:’kksa ds y{k.kksa dks ftl ckjhdh ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ewfrZdykvksa dh vU; fo|kvksa esa ;g de gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA egkiq:’kksa ds psgjksa ij ;ksx lk/kuk] fpUru dk tks izLrqrhdj.k fn[kk;k x;k gS og vU;= de gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA tks gekjh laLd`fr ds vk/;kfRed fpUru dh Li’V >yd dks iznf'kZr djrk gSA ewfrZ;ksa esa laHkko dks cM+s izHkkoh

- 107 - vkradokn jkT; vkSj lekt dh pfj+= dh mit gSA lekt esa O;kIr cgqvk;keh fo’kerk ,oa vlarqyu] {ks=h; vlekurk,a ,oa vkdka{kk,] lkearh vkSj vkSifuosf'kd ewy n`f’V;ka] tkrh; o o.kZxr opZLookfgrk] /kkfeZd vlfg’.kqrk] va/kfo'okl] ;q)ksUekn] izkS|ksfxdh dk ukdkjkRed iz;ksx] /keZxr jkT; o jk’Vªokn vkfn rRo vkradokn dks cht&[kkn&ty&tehu iznku djrh gSA ;gha dkj.k gS fd 21oha lnh dk vkradokn igys ls dgha vf/kd O;kid] xgjk vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cu pqdk gSA vkradokn ds fo'kky tky ls izHkkfor ,oa ihfMr jkt O;oLFkkvksa ds le{k lcls cM+h pqukSrh ;g gS fd buls fuiVk dSls tk,A ewy leL;k ;g gS fd vkradoknh ;q) rduhd fuR; u;k :i xzg.k dj jgh gS vkSj tc rd ,d rduhd ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS] ,d u;h rduhd izdV gks tkrh gSA lcls cMh leL;k ;g gS fd fdlh dks irk ugha jgrk gS fd vkradokfn;ksa dk vxyk fu'kkuk dc] dgk¡ vkSj dkSu gksxkA vkt le; vk x;k gS fd dbZ :i ls gj vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dk izfrdkj djsaA viuh ?kjsyw dfe;ksa dks nwj dj ge vUnj ls brus etcwr cu tk,a fd ckgjh fodYiksa dks vktekus esa Hkh fgpfdpkgr u gksA ge viuh iqjkuh Hkwyksa dks lq/kkjs vkSj Bksl j.kuhfr cukdj leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh fn'kk esa vkxs c

oSf'od ;qx esa vkradokn dk [krjk yxHkx lHkh jk’Vªksa ds fy, lqj{kk dh n`f’’ V ls xaHkhj fo k; cuk gqvk gSA vkradokn ,d fooknkLin eqn~nk gS] ftlesa u dsoy jk’ Vª&jkT;ksa dh HkkSxksfyd ,drk vkSj jktuhfrd LFkkf;Ro dks pqukSrh iznku gh ugha djrk cfYd oSf'od 'kkfUr vkSj {ks=h; lqj{kk dh n`f’ V ls blds nwjxkeh ifj.kke gks ldrs gSaA ;'kiky ds vuqlkj] **vkt lEiw.kZ ekuork vkradokn ls =Lr gS----- bldk [krjk vkSj c

- 108 - oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa vkardokn ,d fo'oO;kih izo`fr cu x;k gSA vkardokfn;ksa }kjk fo'ks’k izdkj dk Hk; iSnk djds jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd O;ogkj dks izHkkfor fd;k tk jgk gSA vkardokn dh ladYiuk esa fuEu fof'k' Vrkvksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gS & 1- fgalk 2- jktuhfrd mn~ns” ; 3- vkard ;k Hk; iSnk djuk 4- vlqj{kk dk fujUrj Hk; 5- y{;ksa dk lkadsfrd gksuk 6- u`'kal dk;Ziz.kkyh 7- ekaxksa dk vuqikyu fgalk esa deh dh xkajVh ugha 8- cy iz;ksx ds ek/;e ls izpkj izkIr djuk 9- ;kstukc) rFkk xksiuh;rk rjhds ls fdz;kfUor 10- Lkkewfgd d`R; 11- vlk/kkj.k ifj’d`r “kL=ksa dk iz;ksx ** vkardokn fgalk ds efgek&e.My dk izR;{k ek/;e gSA yksdrkf+U=d fo'o ds le{k vkardokn dk lkeuk djuk lcls izeq[k leL;k cuk gqvk gSA vkardokn yksdrkfU=d lajpukvksa dks fuf’Ø; cuk nsrk gSA vkardoknh fdlh jk’Vª] turk ;k O;fDr dks gh Hk;Hkhr ugha djrs cfYd ;s dkuwu ds 'kklu] lH;rk ds vkn'kZ o ekudksa ds lkFk fujUrj ;q} dh fLFkfr esa cus jgrs gSaA vkradokn dk mns~n'; dqN fof'k’V lewgksa esa HkkoukRed :i ls vfr Hk;kog fLFkfr mRiU= djuk gksrk gS ftlls og vUrr% muds O;ogkj vkSj lksp esa ifjoRkZu yk ldsa ;k lekt vFkok ljdkj dh lajpuk esa lkekU; ;k fof'k’V :i ls ifjorZu yk ldsA ,d vU; mn~ns'; vkardokfn;ksa dk vius vkanksyu rFkk mlds ewyHkwr dkj.k dk vkradh d`R;ksa }kjk izpkj vkSj izlkj djuk gksrk gSA vktdy ds vk/kqfud ;qx esa ehfM;k ,oa Vsyhfotu ds ek/;e ls vkardh d`R;ksa dk rRdky fo'oO;kih izpkj&izlkj gks tkrk gSA vkardoknh vius d`R;ksa ds }kjk fons'kh ehfM;k vkSj mlds ek/;e ls fons'kh ljdkjksa vkSj vUrjkZ’Vªh; tuer dks izHkkfor djuk pkgrs gSaA vkardokfn;ksa dk ,d vkSj mns~n'; yksxksa dks vkardokn dh rjQ izsfjr djuk rFkk ,d vU; mn~ns'; yksxksa rFkk Hkkoh lgkuqHkwfrdrkZvksa dks mxzokn dh rjQ izsfjr djuk gksrk gSA vkardokn dk iz;ksx ,d jktuhfrd ladV dks turk }kjk lSU; “kfDr;ksa ds fo:} l'kL= la?k’kZ esa ifjorZu djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkardokn dk iz;ksx izk;% leqnk;ksa ds chp lEcU/kksa dks fcxkM+us rFkk lkSgknZoknh jktuhfrd rRoksa dks u’V djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;s dqN j.kuhfrd mn~ns'; gSa vkradokn ds ftudk iz;ksx dzkfUrdkjh ;q) ds vU; izdkjksa ls vyx gVdj fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd] vkardokn xqfjYyk vfHk;ku dks j.kuhfrd leFkZu iznku djrk gS D;ksafd og lqj{kk cyksa dk /;ku vius fo:) eksM+dj mudk /;ku vlyh ;q) ls Hkax djkrk gSA dqN ifjfLFkfr;kas esa la;ksftr d>ksj fn;k gSA Hkkjrh; laln Hkou] tEew&d'ehj fo/kku lHkk] gksVy rkt vkfn ij gq, vkardh geys Hkh de Hka;dj ugha gSaA vkradokn ds dkj.k ,d ugha] vusd gSa rFkk ;s lHkh ,d&nwljs ds lkFk lEc) gSaA bu dkj.kksa esa lkekftd dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA TkSls & m:Xos dh turk }kjk lekt esa mfpr LFkku dh ekax djuk vkfnA jktuhfrd dkj.kksa esa fQyhLrhuh eqfDr laxBu] iatkc esa fl[k vkradokn] tEew&d'ehj esa ikfdLrku lefFkZr dV~Vj eqfLye vkradokn] Hkkjr ds mRrj iwoZ esa lqyxrk vkradokn] Jhyadk esa rfey vkradokn] ikfdLrku esa flfU/k;ksa] eksgkftjksa vkradokn dqN mnkgj.k gSA vkradokn dh o`f) ds fy, bLykfed /kkfeZd dV~Vjokn vR;f/kd mRrjnk;h gSA bls if'peh ,f'k;k] b.Mksusf'k;k]

- 109 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES vkradokn %% jk”Vªh; lqj{kk ds NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 108-112, ISSN 2348–3318 le{k pqukSrh larks”k dqekj flag fQyhfiUl rFkk Hkkjr esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr ds f[kykQ bldh 'kq:vkr tujy ft;k ds }kjk dh xbZ Fkh tks fcuk fdlh :dkoV ds yxkrkj tkjh gSA ^^twu 2002 dh ,d fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr ds ukS jkT;ksa esa ikfdLrku [kqfQ;k ,tsUlh vkbZ-,l- vkbZ- esa ,ts.Vksa dh HkrhZ ds fy, 65 dsUnz lapkfyr gSaA ikfdLrku esa vkbZ-,l-vkbZ dh dh lgk;rk ls vusd vkradoknh laxBu dk;Z dj jgs gSaA ftlesa y'dj&,&rS;ck lcls [krjukd gSA** vafre fo'ys’k.k esa ,d ns'k esa vkradokn dks cy nsus okys izR;{k mRrstd rRoksa ds vykok ,slh xfrfof/k;ksa ds ihNs vUnj gh vUnj mcyus okyk vlarks’k Hkh ,d dkj.k gks ldrk gSA 'kfDr'kkyh }kjk v/khuLFk dh vis{kk vkSj neu dh fLFkfr ls lekt ds mu lRrk/kkfj;ksa ds fo:} euksoSKkfud n`f’V ls ,d fo}s’k dh Hkkouk iuius yxrh gS tks vkradokn dks tUe nsus yxrh gSA xhYMLVhu dgrs gSa fd **bl izdkj dk vkradokn ,d cM+h vkcknh ij euksoSKkfud izHkko ls viuh NksVh “kfDr dk foLrkj djus yxrk gS blfy, vkerkSj ij ;g “kfDrghu dk lk/ku cu tkrk gSA** vesfjdk ij izR;{k izgkj vkSj [kkldj 11 flrEcj 2001 ds geys us leLr fo'o dks vUrjkZ’Vªh; vkradokn ds ,sls fodV tky esa Qalk fn;k gS fd vc vkradokn dk ladsr dqN lhekvksa ;k fo'o ds dqN ns'kksa ls gh ca/kk ugha jg x;k gS vkSj vc ;g viuh bPNkuqlkj vius Nwis gq, y{; rd igqWpus ds fy, fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa igqap ldrk gSA fo'o ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa vkfFkZd o jktuhfrd oS'ohdj.k esa 'kkfey i)fr;ksa vkSj rduhdksa ds lkFk vUrjkZ’Vªh; vkradokn ds ladV dks vkus okys o’kksZ esa vkSj Hkh izksRlkgu vkSj O;ogkfjd xfr feyuh r; gSA blds vykok 12 vDVwcj 2002 dks ckyh ¼b.Mksusf'k;k½ esa ce foLQksV dh ?kVuk] 16 ebZ dks eksjDdks esa ce fcLQksV] 11 ekpZ 2004 dks Lisu dh jkt/kkuh eSfMªM esa ce foLQksV dh ?kVuk] 13 flrEcj 2004 dks cslyku ¼:l½ esa ce fcLQksV] 1 tqykbZ 2005 dks yanu dh Vsªuksa esa ce /kekdk vkSj 16 vDVwcj 2006 dks fyV~Vs fonzksfg;ksa }kjk JhyadkbZ lSfudksa ij geykA ;s lHkh ?kVuk,a bl ckr dh vksj b'kkjk djrs gSa fd vkradokn dh tMs+ dkQh rhoz xfr ls QSy jgh gSaA Hkkjr esa vkradoknh ifjn`'; dh dgkuh vUrjkZ’Vªh; vkradoknh ifjn`'; ls fHkUu ugha gSA bl fj'rs dh =kln ijkdk’Bk 1984 esa iz/kkuea=h bfUnjk xkW/kh dh muds flD[k lqj{kkdfeZ;ksa }kjk u`'kal gR;k vkSj o' kZ 1991 esa muds iq= o iwoZ iz/kkueU=h jktho xkW/kh dh fyV~Vs }kjk ekuo ce mM+k;s tkus esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA lhekikjh; vkradokn dh cfy pko bl izdkj gSa& 1- nyh; fgr&vfgr vkSj pqukoh fgr&vfgr dks /;ku esa u j[krs gq, leL;k ds izkjfEHkd Lrj ij gh iwjh bPNk vkSj lkeF;Z ds lkFk mudk lek/kku kus gksaxsA muesa tkx:drk iSnk djuh gksxh vkSj muesa vkradokn ds la?k’kZ ds fy, bPNk vkSj “kfDr iSnk djuh gksxhA 6- vkradokn iuius dk ,d cgqr cMk dkj.k csjkstxkjh vkSj fo'ks’k :i ls f'kf{kr oxZ esa csjkstxkjh gSA vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd f'k{kk dks csjkstxkj ds lkFk tksMk tk, vkSj jkstxkj dk l`tu fd;k tk,A vkfFkZd vlekurkvksa dks de djuk gksxk vkSj vkfFkZd lkekftd U;k; dh fn'kk esa dk;Z djus gksaxsA 7- lHkh vokafNr rRoksa dks 'kklu vkSj iz'kklu ls vyx djus gksaxsA jktuhfrKksa }kjk vijk/kh ,oa vkradoknh rRoksa dks vkJ; nsus dh izo`fr nwj djuh gksxh vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj dks fu;fU=r djuk gksxkA 'kklu dh Nfo lq/kjus ij gh mls izfr’Bk izkIr gksxhA ;fn ;g dk;Z lgh izdkj ls fd;k x;k rks vkradokn dks fu;fU=r fd;k tk ldrk gSA 8- Hkkjrh; ekeyksa esa ikfdLrku dh n[kyankth dks lekIr djuk gksxk D;ksafd ikfdLrku] Hkkjr ds vkradokfn;ksa dks ges” kk ls Hkkjh izksRlkgu nsrk vk jgk gSA vr% vko';d gS fd ikfdLrku ds lkFk yxus okyh leLr Hkkjrh; lhek dks lhy dj fn;k tk, vkSj ljy 'kCnksa esa] ikfdLrku dks le>kuk Hkh gksxk fd og ,slh gjdrksa ls ckt vk, ftlls Hkkjrh; lqj{kk vkgr gksrh gSA ewY;kadu vkradokn jkT; vkSj lekt dh pfj+= dh mit gSA lekt esa O;kIr cgqvk;keh fo’kerk ,oa vlarqyu] {ks=h; vlekurk,a ,oa vkdka{kk,] lkearh vkSj vkSifuosf'kd ewy n`f’V;ka] tkrh; o o.kZxr opZLookfgrk] /kkfeZd vlfg’.kqrk] va/kfo'okl] ;q)ksUekn] izkS|ksfxdh dk ukdkjkRed iz;ksx] /keZxr jkT; o jk’Vªokn vkfn rRo vkradokn dks cht&[kkn&ty&tehu iznku djrh gSA ;gha dkj.k gS fd 21oha lnh dk vkradokn igys ls dgha vf/kd O;kid] xgjk vkSj 'kfDr'kkyh cu pqdk gSA vkradokn ds fo'kky tky ls izHkkfor ,oa ihfMr jkt O;oLFkkvksa ds le{k lcls cM+h pqukSrh ;g gS fd buls fuiVk dSls tk,A ewy leL;k ;g gS fd vkradoknh ;q) rduhd fuR; u;k :i xzg.k dj jgh gS vkSj tc rd ,d rduhd ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS] ,d u;h rduhd izdV gks tkrh gSA lcls cMh leL;k ;g gS fd fdlh dks irk ugha jgrk gS fd - 111 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES vkradokn %% jk”Vªh; lqj{kk ds NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 108-112, ISSN 2348–3318 le{k pqukSrh larks”k dqekj flag vkradokfn;ksa dk vxyk fu'kkuk dc] dgk¡ vkSj dkSu gksxkA vkradokfn;ksa dks ijkftr djus ;k mls lewy u’V djus ds fy, rkRdkfyd vkSj nh?kZdkyhu nksuksa gh uhfr;ksa dks lkekUrj pykus dh t:jr gSA rkRdkfyd j.kuhfr;ksa ds rgr lqj{kk vfHkdj.kksa dks vf/kd pqLr&nq:Lr djuk] U;kf;d n.M izfdz;k dks vf/kd etcwr djuk] vkradokn dks Hkkjrh; jkT; ds izfr ijks{k ugha cfYd izR;{k ;q) ekudj gj Lrj ij dk;Zokgh lqfuf'pr djuk vko” ;d gS rks nh?kZdkyhu j.kuhfr ds rgr vkradokn dh fopkj/kkjk ds fo:) jk’Vªh; vUrjkZ’Vªh; Lrj ij oSpkfjd ewghe pykuk] Hkkjrh; eqfLyeksa ds vlUrq’V rcdksa dh f'kdk;rksa dks lEcksf/kr djuk] muds HkzetU; vlarks’kksa dks nwj djukA bl yMkbZ esa Lo;a eqlyekuksa dk lg;ksx lqfuf” pr djuk] voljokfn;ksa Hkz’V le>kSrsokfn;ksa tSls rRoksa ls eqfDr fnykuk gS] ftuds pyrs u dsoy vkrad ds O;olkf;;ksa dks cfYd gj rjg ls vijkf/k;ksa ds d`R;ksa ij jksd yxkukA vkt le; vk x;k gS fd dbZ :i ls gj vkradoknh xfrfof/k;ksa dk izfrdkj djsaA viuh ?kjsyw dfe;ksa dks nwj dj ge vUnj ls brus etcwr cu tk,a fd ckgjh fodYiksa dks vktekus esa Hkh fgpfdpkgr u gksA ge viuh iqjkuh Hkwyksa dks lq/kkjs vkSj Bksl j.kuhfr cukdj leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh fn'kk esa vkxs c

- 112 - vkt mPp lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds izn'kZu ds fy, ngst fn;k vkSj fy;k tkrk gSA QyLo:i vkfFkZd :i ls lEiUu o f'kf{kr yksx Hkh ngst dh ek¡x djrs gSaA /kkfeZd d`R; ls 'kq: gqbZ ;g izFkk vkt vkfFkZd izfrLi/kkZ dk :i ys pqdh gSA ;g /kkj.kk Hkh izcy gksrh tk jgh gS fd ngst ds izyksHku esa oj i{k }kjk o/kw dh dfe;ksa dks utjvankt fd;k tk jgk gS ftldk udkjkRed ifj.kke ckn esa o/kwi{k dks gh Hkqxruk iM+rk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr dh fu;ksZX;rk,¡ ls thou lkFkh pquus dh izfØ;k lhfer jgrh gS ftlls oj i{k }kjk cM+h /kujkf'k dh ek¡x dh tkrh gS ysfdu izse fookg ls bl izFkk esa deh vk ldrh gSA ngst tSlh lkekftd leL;k dks le>us rFkk mls lekIr djus esa lkekftd psruk dk c<+rk Lrj izHkko'kkyh fl) gksrk gSA vr% ngst dh leL;k dks lekIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd vk;ke dks le>dj izR;sd Lrj ij blds fy, iz;kl djus gksxsa A

Hkkjr esa izkphu ;qx ls vk/kqfud ;qx rd ngst ds dbZ vk;ke n`f"Vxr gksrs gSa A vf/kdka'k izek.kksa ls Li"V gksrk gS fd Le`frdky ls iwoZ rd oSokfgd ekeyksa esa fL=;ksa ds vf/kdkj iq:"kksa ls vf/kd FksA euqLe`fr esa czºe rFkk iztkiR; fookg dks loksZÙke ekuk x;kA izkphu dky esa ngst dks ^nf{k.kk* ¼LosPNk½ ls fn;k x;k migkj ekuk tkrk Fkk fdUrq vkt bldk Lo:i cny x;k gSA txnh'kpUnz tSu us()Life in Ancient India, 1951 dgk gS fd eqfLye dky esa Hkh ngst ds lUnHkZ feyrs gSaA fczfV'k dky esa Hkh fookg ds gkV esa f'kf{kr ;qodksa dk mfpr ewY; gksus yxkA iwoZ fczfV'k dky esa gekjk lekt iw.kZ :i ls d`f"k iz/kku Fkk o iwjs Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk ljy FkhA blds ckn O;kolkf;d o rduhfd izlkj ds dkj.k ljdkjh ukSdjh esa MkDVj] bathfu;j] odhy] iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa vkfn dh la[;k esa c<+ksÙkjh gq;hA bl c<+ksÙkjh ds lkFk viuh :f<+oknh ikjEifjd lksp ds dkj.k ekrk&firk us viuh vkfFkZd {kfriwfrZ ds fy, ngst dks ns[kuk izkjEHk fd;kA lkFk gh ngst :ih lkSns esa dU;ki{k dks Hkh viuh iq=h dh vlqj{kk dk Hk; ges'kk cuk jgk ftl dkj.k llqjky i{k ds yksxksa dks ngst fn;k tkrk jgkA rkfd llqjky i{k [kq'k jgs vkSj mlds lkFk fdlh izdkj dk nqO;Zogkj u gks A Hkkjr ds vusd leqnk; o tkfr;ksa esa ;g ijEijk jgh gS fd iq=h dk izFke izlo vius ek;ds esa gksrk gSA bl nkSjku gq, O;; dk lkjk cks> llqjky i{k ij iM+rk gSA blds vfrfjDr llqjky i{k ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks migkj nsus dh ijEijk jgh gSA vr% dg ldrs gSa fd ngst ,d cqjkbZ ds :i esa vkfFkZd ykHk dks dekus dk ek/;e cu pqdh gSA lkFk gh ;g cqjkbZ vijk/k dk :i ys jgh gSA ;gk¡ rd fd ngst gR;k tSls dqd`R; esa [kqn efgyk,¡ Hkh 'kkfey gksus yxh gSaA ch0 vkj0 'kekZ us efgyk vijkf/k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k vkSj Li"V fd;k fd vijk/k dh izd`fr dh n`f"V ls 73 izfr'kr xEHkhj vijk/kh efgykvksa esa ls] 14 izfr'kr o/kw dks tykus tSls vijk/k dh vfHk;qDr FkhA ngst dh leL;k ls cgqvk;keh nq"izHkko gksrs gSaA ngst vkt mPp izkfLFkfr dk ladsr cu pqdk gSA ekrk&firk dh vkdka{kk Hkh ;g gksrh gS fd mudh csVh dk fookg /kuh ifjokj esa gksA ,e0 ,u0 Jhfuokl us ladsr fn;k gS fd 20oha 'krkCnh ds e/; esa Hkh /kuh o mPp oxhZ; yksx okafNr oj izkIr djus ds mn~ns'; ls ngst ds :i esa cM+h jde fn;k djrs FksA blds lkFk gh ;g n`f"Vxr gS fd tkfr&izFkk ds ncko ds dkj.k Hkh ngst dh leL;k esa o`f) gqbZ gSA viuh gh tkfr dh lhek ds dkj.k oj i{k dks vf/kd ngst ysus dk volj fey tkrk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa xka/kh th dk ;g fopkj izklafxd gS fd ^gesa fookg ds fy, pquko dk {ks= LosPNkiwoZd [kqn c<+kuk gksxkA tkfr vkSj izkar dh nksgjh nhokj rks VwVuh pkfg,A 'kknh ds fy, lcls egaxk nwYgk vkbZ0 ,0 ,l0 tSls mPp inLFk dks ekuk tkrk gS o blh Øe esa ngst dh jde djksM+ rd igq¡p tkrh gS ;fn og nwYgk vkU/kz dh jsM~Mh ;k [kEHkk tkfr dk gksA mPp e/;e oxZ ;k mPp oxZ ds fy, ngst dk eqn~nk mruk xEHkhj ugha gksrk D;ksafd os vkfFkZd :i ls lcy jgrs gSa ysfdu ngst tSlh dqizFkk dh ekj xjhc ifjokjksa rd iM+rh gS ftl dkj.k vijk/k tUe ysrk gSA ;|fi LorU=rk izkfIr ds ckn ngst fujks/kd vf/kfu;e 1961 ikfjr fd;k x;kA blds i'pkr~ 1984 esa la'kks/ku dj ngst dks v©j Hkh Li"V fd;k x;k fd fookg ds lEcU/k esa tks Hkh lEifÙk o ewY;oku oLrq oj o/kq ;k fdlh vkSj O;fDr dks nh - 113 - x;h rks mls ngst ekuk tk,xkA 1986 esa iqu% bl dkuwu esa la'kks/ku fd;k x;k fdUrq fpUrk dk fo"k; ;g gS fd oS/kkfud iz;Ruksa ds ckn Hkh leL;k esa o`f) gks jgh gSA bl lUnHkZ esa jkWfcu ckW;V us ;g fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS fd dkuwu vijkf/kd ?kVukvksa dks jksdus esa v{ke gSA laosnukvksa dks le>s fcuk ge ngst tSlh leL;k dks [kRe ugha dj ldrs gSaA vkt fLFkfr ;g gS fd ngst gR;k] izrkM+uk dh ?kVuk fdlh u fdlh :i esa c<+ jgh gSA jk"Vªh; vijk/k vfHkys[k C;wjksa ds vkadM+ksa ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 2012 esa efgykvksa ds fo:) vijk/k dh dqy 244270 ?kVukvksa esa ls ngst gR;k dh 9173 ?kVuk,¡ rFkk ngst fujks/kd ,DV ds vUrxZr 9038 ?kVuk,¡ gqbZ gSaA bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy, fofHkUu Lrjksa ij iz;klksa dh vko';drk gS ftlesa vUrZtkrh; fookg] dkuwu dh O;ogkfjdrk] yM+fd;ksa esa f'k{kk dk mPp Lrj vko';d gS] ftlds fy, tuekul esa ngst fojks/kh psruk dk fodkl t:jh gS A vr% bl n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh fo"k; izklafxd gS A v/;;u ds mn~ns'; 1& ngst rFkk blds Lo:i ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;u djukA 2& ngst dks izksRlkgu nsus okys dkjd rFkk izHkkoksa dk fo'ys"k.k djukA 3& ngst fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh Kkr djukA 'kks/k izjpuk izLrqr v/;;u o.kZukRed 'kks/k izjpuk ij vk/kkfjr gSA v/;;u {ks= esgoM+ xk¡o dh dqy tula[;k 6167 gS ftlesa ls 50 lwpuknkrkvksa dk p;u nSo fun'kZu dh ykWVjh iz.kkyh }kjk fd;k x;kA izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa rF; ladyu gsrq izkFkfed lzksr ds vUrxZr voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph dk iz;ksx rFkk f}rh;d lzksrksa esa lEcfU/kr iqLrdsa] i=&if=dkvksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k A f'kf{kr o lEiUu oxZ }kjk ngst dh ek¡x vkt vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k ls lEiUu f'kf{kr rFkk mPp lkekftd lewg }kjk ngst dh ek¡x vR;Ur xEHkhj fo"k; gSA f'kf{kr lEiUu O;fDr;ksa esa ngst ikus dh ykylk vf/kd gksrh gSA bl lEcU/k esa lwpuknkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS A lkj.kh la[;k&1 f'kf{kr] lEiUu oxZ }kjk ngst dh ek¡x Ø0la0 ngst dh ek¡x vko`fÙk izfr'kr 1 gk¡ 30 60 2 ugha 15 30 3 irk ugha 5 10 ;ksx 505050 100 mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 1 ls Li’V gS fd 60 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk n`f"Vdks.k gS fd f”kf{kr] lEiUu O;fDr;¨a dh ngst Ikkus dh ykylk vfËkd g¨rh gS tcfd 30 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd vf/kd f”kf{kr yksx ngst dh ek¡x ugha j[krs gSa rFkk 10 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dks bl fo’k; esa tkudkjh ugha gSA ngst izFkk dk eq[; dkj.k ngst dh xEHkhj leL;k ds fofHkUu dkj.k gSaA vkjEHk esa /kkfeZd fo'okl o dqyhu fookg ds fu;e ls ngst izFkk tqM+h jghA fdUrq orZeku esa vkfFkZd izfrLi/kkZ Hkh bldk izeq[k dkj.k gSA 10 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk fopkj gS fd ngst izFkk dk eq[; dkj.k yM+dh dk lq[ke; thou gS] tcfd 90 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk fopkj gS fd ngst izFkk dk eq[; dkj.k vkfFkZd izfrLi/kkZ gS ftldk fo”ys’k.k lkj.kh la[;k 2 esa n”kkZ;k x;k gSA lkj.kh la[;k & 2 ngst izFkk dk eq[; dkj.k Ø0la0 dkj.k vko`fÙk izfr'kr 1 lekt esa mPp LFkku izkIr djuk & & 2 yM+dh dk lq[ke; thou 5 10 3 vkfFkZd izfrLi/kkZ 45 90 ;ksx 505050 100

- 114 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES ngst ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 113-117, ISSN 2348–3318 ,d v/;;u REFEREED JOURNAL fdjuckyk ,oa rjUuqe tgkW yM+dh dh deh dks Nqikus ds fy, ngst ;g Hkh ns[kk tkrk gS fd ekrk&firk yM+dh dh vf'k{kk] 'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk] vf/kd mez bR;kfn dks larqfyr djus ds fy, ngst nsrs gSaA lekt esa ,sls yksxksa dh deh ugha gS tks yM+dh dh rqyuk esa /ku esa vf/kd [kpZ j[krs gSaA lkj.kh la[;k & 3 yM+dh dh deh dks Nqikus ds fy, ngst Ø0la0 deh dks Nqikus ds fy, ngst vko`fÙk izfr'kr nsuk 1 gk¡ 35 70 2 ugha 15 30 3 irk ugha & & ;ksx 505050 100 mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 3 ls Li’V gS fd 70 izfr”kr lwpuknkrk blls lger gS fd yM+dh dh deh dks Nqikus ds fy, ngst nsuk IkM+rk gS] tcfd 30 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk fopkj gS fd yM+dh dh deh dks Nqikus ds fy, ngst ugha fn;k tkrk gSSA ngst lEcU/kh okLrfod ?kVuk,¡ rFkk [kcjksa esa vkus okyh ?kVukvksa esas vUrj lekt dh :f<+oknh ekufldrk ds ncko ds dkj.k efgyk,¡ gksus okys vR;kpkjksa dk fojks/k rc rd ugha djrh tc rd fd leL;k cM+k :i u ysA lkj.kh la[;k & 4 ngst dh ?kVukvksa rFkk [kcjksa esa vkus okyh ?kVukvksa dh la[;k esa vf/kd Ø0la0 la[;k esa vf/kd vko`fÙk izfr'kr 1 gk¡ 30 60 2 ughaa 20 40 3 irk ugha & & ;ksx 505050 100 mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 4 ls Li’V gS fd 60 izfr”kr lwpuknkrk blls lger gS fd [kcjksa esa ngst ?kVuk,¡ de vkrh gS tcfd okLro esa budh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA 40 izfr”kr lwpuknkrk blls vlger gaSA izse fookg dk ngst izFkk ij izHkko tkfr O;oLFkk ds fu;eksa dk izHkko rFkk fookg lEcU/kh fu;ksZX;rkvksa ds dkj.k ngst dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA fdUrq ;fn fookg ds fu/kkZj.k esa vUrZtkrh; fookg] izse fookg ds ek/;e ls yphykiu vk, rks fuf'pr gh ngst dh leL;k esa deh vk,xh A lkj.kh la[;k & 5 izse fookg dk ngst izFkk ij izHkko Ø0la0 izse&fookg dks izksRlkgu vko`fÙk izfr'kr 1 lger 30 60 2 vlger 20 40 ;ksx 505050 100 mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 5 ls Li’V gS fd 60 izfr”kr lwpuknkrk bl ckr ls lger gSa fd izse&fookg dks izksRlkgu nsus ls ngst dh leL;k dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd 40 izfr”kr lwpuknkrk blls vlger gSa migkj ds fy, ck/; djuk Hkkjr ds dqN {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu voljksa ij iq=h dks migkj tSls iq= tUe ds le; migkj nsus dh izFkk jgh gSA ;g Hkh dgha u dgha oj i{k dk ngst ds izfr yksHk iznf'kZr djrk gSA

- 115 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES ngst ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 113-117, ISSN 2348–3318 ,d v/;;u REFEREED JOURNAL fdjuckyk ,oa rjUuqe tgkW

lkj.kh la[;k & 6 migkj ds fy, ck/; djuk Ø0la0 ck/; djuk mfpr vko`fÙk izfr'kr 1 gk¡ & & 2 ugha 45 90 3 irk ugha 5 10 ;ksx 505050 100 mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 6 ls Kkr gS fd 90 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd R;kSgkjksa ij dU;k&i{k dks migkj nsus ds fy, ck/; djuk mfpr ugha gS] tcfd 10 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd mUgsa bl fo’k; esa irk gh ugha gSA iwath ds egRo dk ngst izFkk ij izHkko vk/kqfud lekt esa lkekftd Lrjhdj.k iwath ds vk/kkj ij r; gksus yxk gSA bl Lrjhdj.k esa iwath gh mPp izfLFkfr dk ?kksrd gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ngst dks Hkh /ku ,d= djus dk ek/;e ekuk tkus yxk gS A lkj.kh la[;k & 7 iwath ds egRo dk ngst izFkk ij izHkko Ø0la0 izHkko vko`fÙk izfr'kr 1 gk¡ 30 60 2 ugha 10 20 3 irk ugha 10 20 ;ksx 505050 100 mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 7 ls Kkr gS fd 60 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd iwath dk egRo c<+us ls ngst izFkk ij izHkko iM+rk gS] tcfd 20 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd iwath dk egRo c<+us ls ngst izFkk ij izHkko ugha iM+rk tcfd 20 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dks bl fo’k; ds ckjs esa irk gh ugha gS ngst fujks/kd vf/kfu;e dh tkudkjh 1961 esa vf/kfu;e ikfjr fd;k x;k gS ftlesa fookg dh Lohd`fr ds :i esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ngst ysus vFkok nsus ij izfrcU/k yxk fn;k x;k A lkj.kh la[;k & 8 ngst fujks/kd vf/kfu;e dh tkudkjh Ø0la0 vf/kfu;e dh tkudkjh vko`fÙk izfr'kr 1 gk¡ 5 10 2 ugha 25 50 3 irk ugha 20 40 ;ksx 505050 100 mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 8 ls Kkr gS fd 10 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dks gh ngst fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ds fo’k; esa tkudkjh gS] tcfd 50 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dks ngst fujks/kd vf/kfu;e ds fo'k; esa tkudkjh ugha gS] rFkk 40 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dks bl fo’k; esa irk ugha gSA lkekftd psruk dk vHkko fdlh Hkh fo"k; ds izfr laosnu'khyrk dk Lrj lkekftd psruk dh vfHkO;fDr gksrk gS] tgk¡ lkekftd leL;kvksa ds izfr lkekftd psruk dk vHkko gksrk gS] ogk¡ leL;kvksa esao`f) gksrh gS A

- 116 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES ngst ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 113-117, ISSN 2348–3318 ,d v/;;u REFEREED JOURNAL fdjuckyk ,oa rjUuqe tgkW

lkj.kh la[;k & 9 lkekftd psruk dk vHkko Ø0la0 lkekftd psruk dk vHkko vko`fÙk izfr'kr 1 gk¡ 30 60 2 ugha 15 30 3 irk ugha 5 10 ;ksx 505050 100 mijksDr lkj.kh la[;k 9 ds rF;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd 60 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd lkekftd psruk dk vHkko ngst izFkk dk dkj.k gS] tcfd 30 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dk ekuuk gS fd lkekftd psruk dk vHkko ngst izFkk dk dkj.k ugha gS tcfd 10 izfr”kr lwpuknkrkvksa dks bl fo’k; esa dqN irk ugha gSA fu"d"kZr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkt mPp lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr ds izn'kZu ds fy, ngst fn;k vkSj fy;k tkrk gSA QyLo:i vkfFkZd :i ls lEiUu o f'kf{kr yksx Hkh ngst dh ek¡x djrs gSaA /kkfeZd d`R; ls 'kq: gqbZ ;g izFkk vkt vkfFkZd izfrLi/kkZ dk :i ys pqdh gS D;ksafd izkjEHk esa lekt dh jpuk /kkfeZd fo'oklksa ij vk/kfjr FkhA fdUrq vkt HkkSfrd vkd"kZ.k o iw¡th ds egRo us vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dks gh lekt dh jpuk dk vk/kkj cuk fn;k gSA ;g /kkj.kk Hkh izcy gksrh tk jgh gS fd ngst ds izyksHku esa oj i{k }kjk o/kw dh dfe;ksa dks utjvankt fd;k tk jgk gS ftldk udkjkRed ifj.kke ckn esa o/kwi{k dks gh Hkqxruk iM+rk gSA Hkkjrh; lekt esa tkfr dh fu;ksZX;rk,¡ ls thou lkFkh pquus dh izfØ;k lhfer jgrh gS ftlls oj i{k }kjk cM+h /kujkf'k dh ek¡x dh tkrh gS ysfdu izse fookg ls bl izFkk esa deh vk ldrh gSA ngst tSlh lkekftd leL;k dks le>us rFkk mls lekIr djus esa lkekftd psruk dk c<+rk Lrj izHkko'kkyh fl) gksrk gSA vr% ngst dh leL;k dks lekIr djus ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj ds lkekftd&vkfFkZd vk;ke dks le>dj izR;sd Lrj ij blds fy, iz;kl djus gksxsa A lUnHkZ lwph Ÿ jke vkgqtk, Hkkjrh; lkekftd O;oLFkk] jkor ifCyds”ku 2004] i`0la0&180 Ÿ B.R. Sharma, “Crime and Woman: A Prycho – Diagnostic; Study of Female Criminality”. Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi 1990. Ÿ Shrinivas, M.N., Some Reflections on Dowry in the cohesive role of Sanskritization and other essays, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1989, pp. 14 Ÿ gfjtu] 25 tqykbZ] 1936 Ÿ ykofu;k] Mk0 ,l0 ,l0] Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dk lekt'kkL=] fjlpZ] ifCyds'kUl] t;iqj] i`0la0&163 Ÿ Robin Wyatt, Broker Mirrors – “The Dowry poblems in India”. June 2011. Ÿ Crime in India, 2012 Statistics, National Crime Record Bureau, p.p. 385-391

- 117 - fpUrk dk fo"k; gS fd Hkkjr esa gksus okyh izR;sd izdkj dh e`R;q esa ls gj NBh e`R;q ,d f'k'kq dh gksrh gSA o"kZ 1991 ls o"kZ 1995 ds chp f'k'kq e`R;qnj izfr 1]000 cPpksa ij 57 jgh] tcfd o"kZ 2001 ls o"kZ 2005 ds chp bldk Lrj ?kVdj 55 izfr 1]000 ij vk;kA bl izdkj izfro"kZ izfr 1]000 f'k'kqvksa ij 2 f'k'kq e`R;q dk vkSlr vkadk x;kA lkFk&lkFk Hkkjr esa cky e`R;qnj tks o"kZ 1990 esa 117 Fkh o"kZ 2007 esa ?kVdj 72 rd vk igq¡ph Fkh tks o"kZ 2014 esa 47 izfr 1]000 rd igq¡pk gS] bl izdkj /khjs&/khjs ;g izfØ;k vius y{; rd igq¡pus ds fy, iz;kljr~ jghA izfr 1]000 dh vkcknh ij ,d izf'kf{kr vuqHkoh fpfdRld gksuk okafNr gS] tcfd gekjs ns'k esa ;g la[;k 2]000 dh vkcknh ij 1 fpfdRld dh gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx ds vuqlkj ns'k esa 6]00]000 fpfdRldksa dh deh gSA ge vuqHkoh fpfdRld rFkk fpfdRlk lqfo/kkvksa dh deh ls tw> jgs gSAWHO ds vuqlkj bl izdkj y{; izkfIr gsrq Hkkjr dks 5-5 izfr'kr dh nj ls fØz;k'khy gksus dh furkar vko';drk gSA

vjLrq }kjk cgqr le; igys dgh x;h ckr vkt Hkh mruh gh lR; lkfcr gksrh ik;h tkrh gS fd /ku gh lc dqN ugha gksrk gS] cfYd /ku ls ge dqN ,slk

- 118 - /;ku esa j[krs gq;s o"kZ 1990 ls ysdj o"kZ 2015 rd ds fu/kkZfjr le; vUrjky esa vkB y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;s ftlsMDG ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] blh vk/kkj ij blds vkB vyx&vyx y{; fu/kkZfjr fd;s x;sA ftuesaMDG-4 dks Li"V :i ls f'k'kq e`R;qnj dks fuf'pr le; o"kZ 1990 ls o"kZ 2015 rd 28 ls de djus dk y{; cuk;k x;k gSA oSls rks ;s lHkh y{; fdlh u fdlh :i esa izR;sd ns'k ,oa izR;sd O;fDr ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gS] ijUrqMDG ds y{;ksa esa ls 5 y{; ,sls gS tks izR;{k :i ls ekr`Ro e`R;q ,oa f'k'kq e`R;q ij izHkko Mkyrs gSA y{; ds vuqlkjMDG-4 esa o"kZ 2015 rd f'k'kq e`R;qnj dks 27 ds Lrj ij ykuk Fkk] fdUrq le; iwjk gksus ds dxkj ij f'k'kq e`R;qnj dk Lrj dsoy 47 izfr 1]000 ij gh vk ik;k gSA ftldh otg ls fo'o LokLF; laxBu }kjk ;g dgk x;k gS fd Hkkjr lglzkCnh fodkl y{; esa vius f'k'kq e`R;qnj dks de djus ds y{; rd igq¡p gh ugha ik;sxk] D;ksafd le; lhek ds lekIr gksus rd cgqr e'kDdr djus ds ckotwn Hkh f'k'kq e`R;qnj dk vkWdM+k 47 ls 44 rd gh igq¡p ik;sxk u fd 27 ijA bl izdkj ?kksf"kr y{; iwjk gh ugha gks ik;sxk D;ksafd MDG - 4 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa 1 o"kZ dh vk;q iwjk djus ls igys izR;sd 37 esa ls 1 cPpk e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrk gS rFkk f'k'kq e`R;qnj esa jk"Vªh; vkSlr esa ls izR;sd 20 eas ls 1 cPpk e`R;q dks izkIr gks tkrk gSA o"kZ 2010 ds vkWdM+ks ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa f'k'kq e`R;qnj dk vkSlr jk"Vªh; Lrj ij izfr 1]000 thfor tUe ij 47 f'k'kq e`R;qnj gS ¼bl izdkj y{; izkfIr gsrq Hkkjr dks 5-5 izfr'kr dh nj ls fØz;k'khy gksus dh furkar vko';drk gS½A LokLF; vk/kkfjr okf"kZd losZ{k.k o"kZ 2010&11 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa f'k'kq e`R;qnj esa /khjs&/khjs fxjkoV vk jgh gS ijUrq izR;sd LFkku ij bldh fxjkoV vyx&vyx :i ls fØ;k'khy gSA Hkkjr esa o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj o"kZ 2001 dh tux.kuk dh vis{kk 181 fefy;u tula[;k dh o`f) gqbZ gSA ijUrq vR;Ur {kksHkuh; rF; ;g gS fd cky tula[;k esa 50]48]108 cPpksa dh deh vk;h tks dqy cky tula[;k dk 5-05 izfr'kr gSA Hkkjr esa f'k'kq e`R;qnj(Infant Mortality Rate) esa Å¡pk LFkku j[kus okys jkT;ksa esa e/;izns'k loksZPp LFkku ij gSA ;gka izfr 1000 thfor tUe ij 62 f'k'kq e`R;qnj gSA mM+hlk rFkk mRrj izns'k esa 61 f'k'kq e`R;q gSA vklke esa 58] es?kky; esa 55] jktLFkku esa Hkh 55] NRrhlx<+ esa 57] fcgkj esa rFkk gfj;k.kk esa 48 f'k'kq e`R;qnj gSA e/;izns'k] fcgkj] mM+hlk] jktLFkku] mRrj izns'k ;s lHkh ,sls jkT; gS ftuesa vusd iz;klksa ds ckotwn Hkh f'k'kq e`R;qnj esa o"kZ 2005 ls ysdj vHkh rd 12 vad ls vf/kd dh fxjkoV ugha vk ik;h gSA o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj mRrjk[k.M jkT; dh dqy tula[;k 1]01]16]752 gS] ftlesa dqy cky tula[;k 13]28]044 'kkfey gSA ijUrq lEiw.kZ Hkkjr dh rjg gh mRrjk[k.M esa Hkh cky tula[;k esa o`f) dh vis{kk fxjkoV vk;h gSA o"kZ 2001 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij mRrjk[k.M dh cky tula[;k dqy 13]60]032 FkhA tks o"kZ 2011 esa ?kVdj dqy 13]28]844 jg x;h gS] vFkkZr~ dqy 31]188 cPpksa dk âkl rks gqvk gh gS lkFk gh lkFk 10 o"kksZ ds le; esa tks cky o`f+) gksuh pkfg, Fkh og vkSlr uqdlku Hkh ;fn 'kkfey fd;k tk;s rks lEiw.kZ egRoiw.kZ âkl vklkuh ls voxr gqvk tk ldrk gSA mRrjk[k.M jkT;] Hkkjr dsEAG& 9 ¼ Empowered Action Group ½ jkT;ksa esa ls ,d gSA EAG &9 jkT;ksa esa iwjs Hkkjr dh tula[;k dh dqy 48-0 izfr'kr tula[;k fuokl djrh gSA ;s jkT; vkfFkZd :i ls de fodflr gS] lkFk gh lkekftd ,oa tukafddh; lwpdks esa Hkh vU; jkT;ksa dh vis{kk fiNM+s gq;s gSAEAG jkT;ksa ¼mRrj izns'k] e/;izns'k] fcgkj] >kj[k.M] mM+hlk] NRrhlx<+] jktLFkku] mRrjk[k.M vkSj vklke½ esa lEiw.kZ ns'k dh f'k'kq e`R;qnj dk yxHkx 70-0 izfr'kr] cky e`R;qnj 75-0 izfr'kr gSA mRrjk[k.M esa f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj dk Lrj izfr 1]000 ij 43 f'k'kq e`R;q gS] tcfdMDG ds vuqlkj] bldh nj izfr 1]000 ij 28 f'k'kq e`R;q fu/kkZfjr dh x;h gSA bl xaHkhj fLFkfr ij dkcw ikus ds fy, yxkrkj uhfr fu;kstdksa rFkk fu/kkZjdksa }kjk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS] ftlds dkj.k fiNys nks n'kdksa ls f'k'kq e`R;qnj esa yxkrkj rsth ls deh vk jgh gS] ijUrq fQj Hkh bl fxjkoV dk Lrj i;kZIr ugha gSA mRrjk[k.M gfj}kj ØØØ0Ø000fff” f”””kkkk””””kqkq e`R;qnj esa o`f} djus okys eq[; dkjd ¼izfr¼izfr””””kr½kr½kr½kr½ ¼izfr¼izfr””””kr½kr½kr½kr½ 1 iw.kZ Vhdkdj.k izkIr djus okys cPps 75-4 55-3 2 ,d Hkh izfrjks/kd Vhdk u izkIr djus okys cPps 5-8 14-2 3 “olu laØe.k ls ihfM+r cPps 7-3 12-4 4 rh{.k cq[kkj ls ihfM+r cPps 20-2 41-9 5 tUe ds le; 2-5 fdxzk ls de otu okys cPps 24-1 31-6 6 fMCck cUn nw/k@i”kqvksa dk nw/k ihus okys cPps 59-2 57-6 mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj dk Lrj oSls rks jk"Vªh; vkSlr ls de gS] ijUrqMDG ds fu/kkZfjr y{; ls dkQh nwj gSA mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds 13 tuinksa esa ls dbZ tuin ,sls gS] ftuds lQy iz;klksa ls mRrjk[k.M jkT; dk f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj dk vkSlr jk"Vªh; vkSlr ls de gksus esa lQy gks ik;k gSA ijUrq dqN tuin ,sls Hkh gS tks lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj esa jk"Vªh; vkSlr ls Hkh dgha vf/kd gSA izLrqr v/;;u esa mRrjk[k.M jkT; dsa okf"kZd LokLF; - 119 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES mÙkjk[k.M ds ifjizs{; esa NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 118-121, ISSN 2348–3318 fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u & f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj REFEREED JOURNAL euksjek ‘kekZ losZ{k.k o"kZ 2010&11 ds vuqlkj] ekuo fodkl ds LokLF; lwpd ds :i esa f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj lwpdkad Kkr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa uotkr f'k'kq e`R;qnj] uotUeksRrj dky f'k'kq e`R;qnj] f'k'kq e`R;qnj vkSj cky e`R;qnj ds tuinh; Lrj ds vf/kdre~ rFkk U;wure~ vkWdM+ks dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;k gSA ¼ns[ksa ekufp= la[;k 1 ,oa 2½ ØØØ0Ø000fff ”””kkk”””kqkqkq,oa cky e`R;qnj U;wure~ ¼izfrgtkj½ vf/kdre~ ¼izfrgtkj½ 1 uotkr f”k”kq e`R;qnj 11 ¼:nziz;kx½ 50 ¼gfj}kj½ 2 uotUeksRrj dky f”k”kq e`R;qnj 6 ¼vYeksM+k½ 22 ¼gfj}kj½ 3 f”k”kq e`R;qnj 19 ¼:nziz;kx½ 72 ¼gfj}kj½ 4 cky e`R;qnj 24 ¼fiFkkSjkx<+½ 94 ¼gfj}kj½

bu vkWdM+ks ds fo'ys"k.k ds vk/kkj ij ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd mRrjk[k.M jkT; esa LokLF; lwpd f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj dk lwpdkad 0-447 gS] vkSj ;g ekuo fodkl dh rhljh Js.kh ¼fuEu½ esa 'kkfey gksrk gSA tks vR;ar {kksHk dk fo"k; gS vkSj tks mRrjk[k.M jkT; ds ekuo fodkl lwpdkad 0-490 ls dqN de gSA f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj ds vUrxZr fVgjh x<+oky ,oa gfj}kj tuin dh fLFkfr vR;ar fparktud gSA

mRrjk[k.M jkT; us fiNys dqN o"kksZ esa vkfFkZd mUufr dh ubZ ifjHkk"kk,a x<+h gS] ijUrq ;g mUufr rc rd vFkZghu gS tc rd dh ;gka izR;sd ukxfjd LoLFk u gksA Hkkjr dks Hkfo"; esa f'k{kk egk'kfDr cukus dk fopkj flQZ fopkj gh cudj u jg tk;s] blfy, izR;sd {ks= esa f'k{kk dk Lo:i vko';d :i ls cnyuk gksxkA ftlds fy, f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z fu%'kqYd ,oa leku dj nsuk pkfg, ftlls f'k{kk dk ,dek= mn~ns'; iwjk gks lds vFkkZr~ lokZaxh.k fodkl u fd flQZ /ku] in] izfr"Bk vftZr djukA fo'o LokLF; laxBu ds vuqlkj] izfr 1]000 dh vkcknh ij ,d izf'kf{kr vuqHkoh fpfdRld gksuk okafNr gS] tcfd gekjs ns'k esa ;g la[;k 2]000 dh vkcknh ij 1 fpfdRld dh gSA ;kstuk vk;ksx dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ns'k esa 6]00]000 fpfdRldksa dh deh gSA ;wa rks Hkkjr esa f'k'kq ,oa cky eqR;qnj esa fxjkoV dks"Health For All by 2000" esa izeq[k y{; dh Hkkafr fy;k x;k Fkk] ijUrq 15 o"kksZa ds ckn vkt Hkh lEiw.kZ LokLF; ,d LoIu dh Hkkafr gh izrhr gksrk gS] D;ksafd ,d vksj rks ge vk/kqfudrk dks mldh pje lhek rd viukus dk iz;kl djrs gSA ogha nwljh vkSj ge vuqHkoh fpfdRld rFkk fpfdRlk - 120 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES mÙkjk[k.M ds ifjizs{; esa NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 118-121, ISSN 2348–3318 fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u & f'k'kq ,oa cky e`R;qnj REFEREED JOURNAL euksjek ‘kekZ lqfo/kkvksa dh deh ls tw> jgs gS] rc dSls ge Lo;a dks iw.kZ :i ls bl vk/kqfud lqfo/kkvksa }kjk ykHkkfUor eku ldrs gSaA tcfd gekjs gh tSls yk[kksa ewY;oku thou ewy lqfo/kkvksa ls ehyksa nwj gS D;ksafd thou vkSj e`R;q ds chp dh nwjh dks ge le> ikus esa vl{ke gSA lUnHkZ xzUFk - Ÿ Bhall K. N. – Decentralized Development in Uttarakhand, G.B. Pant Social Science Institute, Allahabad 2002. Ÿ Debabrate Mandal, Inter State Comparisons and measurement of Human Development. Ÿ Guha, Viswajit, Human Development in India – Study of Inter State Disparity. Ÿ Haq Mahbub Ul, Human Development Centre,Human development in south Asia , 1999, Pakistan. Ÿ Haq Mahbub Ul, Oxford University,Reflection on Human Development , Delhi, 1999. Ÿ Madhya Pradesh - United Nation Development Report, An Introduction. Ÿ Save Public Health - Ensure Health for All, Make Health Care a Fundamental Right NFHS, November 2002. Ÿ Sen, A. (1981), Public Action and Quality of Life is Developing Countries, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 43(4). Ÿ 'The Week' Journalism with a Human Touch Septenber 2010 “Death by Birth”. Ÿ Website: www.savethechildren.in. Ÿ Ambpali Hastkargha Evom Hastshilp Vikas Swavlambi Sahkari Samiti Ltd.- “MMR, IMR in Selected Villages in 5 District of Bihar:- Patna, Nalanda, Kangaria, Saharsa and Rohtas, 2009. Ÿ AHS Report 2010-11.

- 121 - Ákphu dky ls gh nqX/k mRikndksa dks lekt esa ,d lEiUu O;fDr;ksa dh Js.kh esa j[kk tkrk gSA orZeku le; esa Hkh nqX/k mRikndksa dks lekt esa fo”ks’k LFkku izkIr gSA nqX/k mRiknd orZeku lekt dks lqn`<+ rFkk vkfFkZd :Ik ls vkRe fuHkZj cukus esa iz;Ru”khy gSA iq:’kksa ds lkFk&lkFk efgykvksa dks Hkh Lojkstxkj izkIr gks jgk gSA ftlls lekt esa efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd o lkekftd fLFkfr lqn`<+ gqbZ gSA ljdkj us Hkh efgyk Ms;fj;ksa dk xBu fd;k gS ftlls lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gqvk gSA lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds ek/;e ls rFkk fofHkUu ;ksutkvksa ds }kjk nqX/k mRikndksa ds fy, _.k dh O;oLFkk Hkh gks jgh gSA bl {ks= ds O;fDr Ik”kqvksa dh fpfdRlk ds fy, mÙke lk/kuksa] larqfyr vkgkj rFkk nw/k dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy, ijEijkxr lk/kuksa ds lkFk&lkFk vk/kqfud lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx dj viuh nqX/k mRiknu {kerk dks c<+kdj izxfr dh vksj ys tk jgs gSaA vk/kqfud midj.kksa] fpfdRldh; lqfo/kkvksa rFkk nqX/k mRiknu tkx:drk dk;ZØeksa ls nqX/k mRiknd fcUnq[kÙkk {ks= dks ,d u;h fn”kk iznku dj ldrh gSA lkFk gh nqX/k mRikndrk dk Lrj Hkh c<+k ldrh gSA

- 122 -

RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES nqX/k mRikndksa dh dk;Z n’kk,sa ,oa NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 122-126, ISSN 2348–3318 leL;kvksa dk lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u REFEREED JOURNAL doythr dkSj

ÁR;qRrj la[;k ÁÁÁfr”kr Áfr”kr 2&4 2 44 4&6 16 32 6&8 4 8 8 ls vf/kd 8 16 dqy ;ksx 505050 100100- ---00000000

ÁR;qRrj la[;k ÁÁÁfr”kr Áfr”kr 5 ls de 30 60 8 ls de 10 20 10 ls de 6 12 10 ls vf/kd 4 8 dqy ;ksx 505050 100100- ---00000000

ÁR;qRrj la[;k ÁÁÁfr”kr Áfr”kr [kjkc 0 0 lkekU; 26 52 vPNh 24 48 dqy ;ksx 505050 100100- ---00000000

ÁR;qRrj la[;k ÁÁÁfr”kr Áfr”kr vk/kk ch?kk 07 14 1 ch?kk 17 34 2 ch?kk 21 42 2 ch?ks ls vf/kd 05 10 dqy ;ksx 505050 100100- ---00000000 - 124 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES nqX/k mRikndksa dh dk;Z n’kk,sa ,oa NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 122-126, ISSN 2348–3318 leL;kvksa dk lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u REFEREED JOURNAL doythr dkSj

ÁR;qRrj la[;k Áfr”kr Ik”kq fpfdRld 38 76 ?kjsyw bykt 4 8 nksukas 8 16 dqy ;ksx 505050 100100- ---00000000

ÁR;qRrj la[;k ÁÁÁfr”kr Áfr”kr 5000 ls de 07 14 5000&10000 22 44 15000&20000 11 22 20000 ls vf/kd 10 20 dqy ;ksx 505050 100100- ---00000000

ÁR;qRrj la[;k ÁÁÁfr”kr Áfr”kr ckj ckj pDdj yxkus iM+rs gSa 44 88 rqjUr fey tkrk gS 1 2 flQkfj”k djuh iM+rh gS 5 10 ;ksx 505050 100

- 125 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES nqX/k mRikndksa dh dk;Z n’kk,sa ,oa NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 122-126, ISSN 2348–3318 leL;kvksa dk lekt’kkL=h; v/;;u REFEREED JOURNAL doythr dkSj

- 126 - fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh ijEijk ,oa laLd`fr ml jk"Vª dh efgykvksa ls ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA Hkkjr ds izkphu /keZ xzUFkksa esa fy[kk gS % ;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs] jeUrs r= nsork%A ;=kSrkLrq u iwT;Urs] LokZLr=kQyk% fØ;k%AA vFkkZr~ tgka ukjh dh iwtk gksrh gS ogka ij nsork fuokl djrs gaS] tgka fL=;ksa dk vuknj gksrk gS] ogka ij lkjs dk;Z fu"Qy gks tkrs gSaA ;tqosZn esa Hkh ukjh ls mldh ;ksX;rk ,oa xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij gh nsoksa ds dkj.k rFkk egku~ vkuUn gsrqa ?kj esa izfrf"Br gksus dh izkFkZuk dh xbZ gSA ^^LoSnZ{ksfirsg lhn] nsokukFk% lqeus c`grs.kk;A** Lokeh foosdkuUn dss 'kCnksa esa ^^efgykvksa dh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj yk;s fcuk nqfu;k dk dY;k.k lEHko ugha gSA ,d ia[k ls fpfM+;k mM+ku ugha Hkj ldrhA** egkRek xka/kh dh ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd ftl izdkj ls oSfnd dky esa fL=;ksa dks izR;sd dk;Z esa iq:"kksa ds leku vf/kdkj izkIr Fks] mlh izdkj vkt Hkh mudks vf/kdkj feyus pkfg,A lafo/kku ds Hkkx&4 esa mYysf[kr uhfr funsZ'kksa esa efgykvksa ds fgrksa dks lqajf{kr djus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= dk mn~ns'; mijksDr ckSfnd mikxe ds lUnHkZ esa ^^rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ ds ifjis{; esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u** dh foospuk djuk gSA mijksDr fo"k; dk pquko dsoy fo"k; dh ledkfydrk ds vk/kkj ij ugha fd;k x;k gSA bldk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ dkj.k jktuhfr oSKkfudks dh fyx&izHksn dh okLrfodrk dks udkjus dh izo`fRr ij pksV djuk Hkh gSA

Hkkjrh; lekt esa fL=;ka lfn;ksa ls fyaxkxr 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj jgh gSa] muds Lrj dks xfjek iw.kZ cukus ds fy, egkRek xka/kh us jpukRed lkekftd dk;Z izLrqr fd;sA mUgksaus vius vlg;ksx vkUnksyu esa Hkkjr ds vcyk] o`)] L=h] iq:"kksa dks lg;ksx nsus dk vkºoku fd;kA mUgksaus fL=;ksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku Lrj ij j[krs gq, mUgsa lkekftd] vkfFkZd rFkk ns'k lsok ds fy, vkxs c<+us ds fy, vkeaf=r fd;kA muds lR;xzkg vkUnksyu esa fons'kh oL=ksa rFkk oLrqavksa ds cfg"dkj esa fL=;ksa us egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA fonss'kh oLrqvksa dh nqdkuksa ij /kjuk nsus dk dk;Z fL=;ksa us c[kwch fuHkk;kA lgL=ksa fL=;ksa us xka/kh th ds dk;ZØe esa vius ifjokj dh fpUrk fd;s fcuk tsy ;k=k dh vkSj tsy esa vlgk; d"V lgsA xka/kh th Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa ds bl ;ksxnku ls vR;ar nzfor gq,A mUgksaus vius vkJeksa esa ukfj;ksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku lEeku iznku dj mUgsa lkekftd n`f"V ls vU;k; vkSj 'kks"k.k ds fo#) tkx`r fd;k gh vkSj bl izdkj jktuhfrd izf'k{k.k fn;k] ftlls fL=;ka 'kkjhfjd n`f"V ls iq:"kksa ls fucZy gksrs gqa, Hkh viuh ckSf)d {kerk dk fodkl dj lcy cu ldsaA egkRek xka/kh dh ;g ekU;rk Fkh fd ftl izdkj ls oSfnd dky esa fL=;ksa dks izR;sd dk;Z esa iq:"kksa ds leku vf/kdkj izkIr Fks] mlh izdkj vkt Hkh mudks vf/kdkj feyus pkfg,A _Xossn dky esa iq:"k dksbZ Hkh /kkfeZd vuq"Bku viuh iRuh ds cxSj ugha dj ldrk FkkA fL=;ka fo}w"kh gqvk djrh Fkh vkSj viuh ikfjokfjd e;kZnkvksa dk ikyu djus ds lkFk&lkFk osa vkfFkZd ,oa jktuhfrd {ks=ksa esa Hkh iq:"kksa ds lkFk dU/ks ls dU/kk feykdj dke djrh FkhA ,slk lk{; gS fd ?kks"kk] yksik ,oa vikyk tSlh ukfj;ka oSfnd lHkkvksa esa vius vkStiw.kZ Hkk"k.kksa ds }kjk yksxksa dks fo"kfer djrh FkhA Hkkjrh; ukjh dHkh Hkh vcyk ;k fucZy ugha jgh gSA jk"Vª dfo eSFkyh'kj.k xqIr us ukjh dks tc vcyk dgk & ^^vcyk thou gk; rqEgkjh ;gh dgkuh] vkapy esa gS nw/k vkSj vk¡[kksa esa gS ikuhA rc xka/kh th us dgk Fkk fd ukjh dks vcyk dguk mldk ?kksj vieku gSA la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds pkVZj ds vuqaPNsn&556 esa

- 127 - dgk x;k gS fd ^^Universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedom for all with out distinction as to race, sex language of religion.** Lora=rk ls iwoZ jktuhfr esa tgka vYi efgyk,a Hkkx ysrh Fkh] Lora=rk ds i'pkr mudh la[;k esa mRrjksrj o`f) gksrh xbZ] ysfdu vkt Hkh jktuhfr esa budh laa[;k ds vuqlkj Hkkxhnkjh ugha gSA Hkkjr esa ljkstuh uk;Mw] Lo:i jkuh usg:] fot; y{eh iafM+r] v:.kk vklQ vyh] lqpsrk d`iykuh] jktdqekjh ve`rk dkSj] bfUnjk xka/kh] lq"kek Lojkt] ek;korh] izfrHkk ikfVy vkfn us jktuhfr ds {ks= esa vius dk;Z dq'kyrk dk mYys[kuh; ifjp; nsdj jk"Vªh; ,oa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij [;kfr vftZr dh gSA Lora=rk mijkUr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa efgykvksa dks iq:"kksa ds leku vf/kdkj fn;s x;s gSA lafo/kku ds Hkkx&4 esa mYysf[kr uhfr funsZ'kksa esa efgykvksa ds fgrksa dks lqajf{kr djus dk izko/kku fd;k x;k gSA ljdkj ds }kjk efgykvksa ds l'kfDrdj.k dh fn'kk esa 73oka o 74osa lafo/kku la'kks/kuksa }kjk iapk;rhjkt

izLrqr 'kks/k i= dk mn~ns'; mijksDr ckSfnd mikxe ds lUnHkZ esa ^^rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ ds ifjis{; esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u** dh foospuk djuk gSA mijksDr fo"k; dk pquko dsoy fo"k; dh ledkfydrk ds vk/kkj ij ugha fd;k x;k gSA bldk ,d vU; egRoiw.kZ dkj.k jktuhfr oSKkfudks dh fyx&izHksn dh okLrfodrk dks udkjus dh izo`fRr ij pksV djuk Hkh gSA vfHkyk"kk dqekjh rFkk lkfcuk fdnobZ us viuh iqLrdILLUSION OF POWER (1991) esa mfpr gh fy[kk gS fd The most serious omission of social science in its treatment of women has been its failure to deal with women in the political system as a district entily Hkkjrh; jktuhfr oSKkfudksa ds fy, ;g ,d nksgjk lp gSA ;gka efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk vFkok lgHkkfxrk dks v/;;u vkSj 'kks/k dk fo"k; dHkh ugha cuk;k x;k gSARendel Margnerita us viuh iqLrd Women power and political system (1981)esa Li"V :i ls dgk gS fd "The power of powerful rests after all, In the powerlessness of the powerless and on the labour and resources that power can extract from them. It is a mistake to suppose that powerless are always without power, but the price the powerless have to pay for the little power that they do some times exert is disproportionally high with out an under standing of the role of the powerless. How is it possible to understand the power of the powerful ?" Among the powerless women are disproportionately numerous. vr% efgykvksa dh vkSipkfjd rFkk vuksipkfjd jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh 'kks/k ds fy, ,d egRoiw.kZ fo"k; gSA izLrqr 'kks/k i= bl 'kSf{kd ,oa lkefjd egRo ds v/;;u ls ,d fouez iz;kl gSA bl 'kks/k i= esa rsgjoha yksdlHkk esa efgykvksa dh vk;q 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe] lnu esa Hkkxhnkjh] O;olk;] iwoZ fo/kk;h vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k djus dk fouez iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

- 128 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ ds ifjizs{; esa NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 127-132, ISSN 2348–3318 efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u jktho dqekj 'kS{kf.kd n`f"V ds vk/kkj ij lkroha ls rsjgoha yksdlHkk dh efgyk lnL;ksa dh 'kS{kf.kd i`"BHkwfe izfr'kr esa rkfydk&1 esa n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA rkfydk & 1 lkroha ls rsjgoha yksdlHkk dh efgyk lnL;ksa dh 'kSf{kd i`"B Hkwfe lkroha vkBoha X;kjgoha ckjgoha rsjgoha ukSoha yksdlHkk nloha yksdlHkk Øe Lrj yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk la0la0la0izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr eSfVªd 7 25.0 3 6.8 1 3.7 2 5.56 3 8.33 3 6.97 1 2.08 b.VjehfM,V 4 14.3 14 31.8 7 25.921 1 2.78 8 22.22 3 6.97 5 10.4 izek.k i= /kkjd vUMj Lukrd ------3 8.33 - - 1 2.32 1 2.08 Lukrd 9 32.1 14 31.8 10 37.04 17 47.22 14 38.88 16 37.2 14 29.16 LukrdksRrj ¼blds 7 25.0 10 22.7 6 22.22 8 22.22 7 19.44 17 39.5 22 45.83 led{k rduhdh ;ksX;rk 'kkfey gS½ MkDVj dh fMxzh 1 3.5 3 6.8 3 11.11 5 13.89 4 11.11 3 6.97 5 10.41 vFkok vU; 'kSf{kf.kd ;ksX;rk /kkjd tkudkjh nsus okyh 28 44 27 36 36 43 48 efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k dqy Lrj 544 544 529 509 543 545 543 lzksr %& Hkkjr dh laln ¼rsjgoha yksdlHkk½ i`"B 46 rsgjoha yksdlHkk ds efgyk lnL;ksa dh 'kSf{kd i`"B Hkwfe ds fo'ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd 49 efgyk lnL;ksa esa ls Lukrd] LukrdksRrj vkSj MkDVjsV dh fMxzh izkIr efgyk lnL;ksa dk izfr'kr 85-47] tcfd ckjgoha yksdlHkk esa ;g 83-67 izfr'kr FkkA ;fn vyx&vyx Js.kh esa ckaVdj ns[ksa rks rsjgoha yksdlHkk esa Lukrd dh fMxzh izkIr efgykvksa dk izfr'kr 29-16 gS] tcfd ckjgoha yksdlHkk esa ;g 37-2 izfr'kr FkkA X;kjgoha vkSj nloh yksdlHkk esa ;g vkadM+k Øe'k% 38-88 izfr'kr vkSj 47-22 izfr'kr FkkA LukrdksRrj fMxzh izkIr efgyk lnL;ksa dk izfr'kr ckjgoha yksdlHkk esa 39-5 izfr'kr Fkk] tcfd rsjgoha yksdlHkk esa ;g 45-83 izfr'kr gS] tks vc rd dk lokZf/kd izfr'kr gSA MkDVjsV vkSj vU; led{k mPp f'k{kk&mikf/k;ksa ds /kkjdksa dk izfr'kr 10-41 izfr'kr gS] tcfd ckjgoha yksdlHkk esa ;g 6-67 izfr'kr FkkA voj&eSfVªd@ bUVjehfM,V vkSj voj&Lukrd dh fMxzh izkIr efgyk lnL;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo rsjgoha yksdlHkk esa 14-57 izfr'kr gSA rsgjoha yksdlHkk ds efgyk lnL;ksa dh 'kSf{kd i`"BHkwfe ds fo'ys"k.k ls irk pyrk gS fd rsgjoha yksdlHkk esa efgyk lnL;ksa dk 'kSf{kd :i ls c<+ksRrjh gqbZ gSA lnu esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh %& igyh ls rsgjoha yksdlHkk rd efgyk lnL;ksa ds izfrfuf/kRo ds izfr'kr dks rkfydk ds ek/;e ls n'kkZ;k x;k gSA igyh ls rsjgoha yksdlHkk rd efgyk lnL;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo rkfydk&2 yksdlHkk LFkkuksa dh dqy la[;k efgyk lnL;klnL;ksasasa dh dh la[;k la[;k dqy dk izfr'kr Ikgyh 499 22 4.4 Nwljh 500 27 5.4 Rkhljh 503 34 6.7 pkSFkh 523 31 5.9 Ikapoh 521 22 4.2 NBh 544 19 3.4 Lkroha 544 28 5.1 vkBoha 544 44 8.1 lzksr %& Hkkjr ukSoha 529 28 5.29 dh laln % Nloha 509 36 7.07 rsjgoha yksdlHkk X;kjgoha 543 40 7.36 Ckgjoha 545 44 8.07 ¼1999&2004½ Rksjgoha 543 49 9.02 i`"B 44 - 129 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ ds ifjizs{; esa NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 127-132, ISSN 2348–3318 efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u jktho dqekj efgykvksa ds izfrfuf/kRo ds lEcU/k esa rsjgoha yksdlHkk esa lcls vf/kd efgyk lnL; 49 Fkh tks fd dqy lnL;ksa dk 9-02 izfr'kr FkhA blls igys vkBoha vkSj ckjgoha yksdlHkk izR;sd esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh lcls vf/kd la[;k 44 FkhA NBh yksdlHkk esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k 19 Fkh tks dqy lnL;ksa dk 3-4 izfr'kr Fkk vkSj tks lcls de efgyk izfrfuf/kRo FkkA lkroha vkSj ukSoha yksdlHkkvksa esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k leku Fkh vFkkZr izR;sd esa 28 FkhA nloha yksdlHkk esa 'kq: esa 36 efgyk lnL; Fkh fdUrq ckn esa mudh la[;k c<+dj 40 ¼7-07½ izfr'kr gks xbZ FkhA X;kjgoha yksdlHkk esa Hkh 40 efgyk lnL; Fkh tks fd dqy lnL; la[;k dk 7-36 izfr'kr FkkA igyh] nwljh] rhljh] pkSFkh vkSj ikapoh yksdlHkkvksa esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k Øe'k% 22 ¼4-4 izfr'kr½] 27 ¼5-4 izfr'kr½] 34 ¼6-7 izfr'kr½] 31 ¼5-9 izfr'kr½ vkSj 22 ¼4-2 izfr'kr½ FkhA ;fn ge rsgjoha yksdlHkk esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk fo'ys"k.k djsa rks rsgjoha yksdlHkk viuh iwoZ yksdlHkkvksa dh vis{kk T;knk efgyk lkaln pqudj vk;h FkhA vk;q ds vk/kkj ij vk;q ds vk/kkj ij rkfydk 3 esa fooj.k fn;k x;k gSA rkfydk&3 lkroha ls rsjgoha yksdlHkk rd dh efgyk lnL;ksa dk vk;q oxZ&okj fooj.k lkroha vkBoha X;kjgoha ckjgoha rsjgoha vk;q oxZ ukSoha yksdlHkyksdlHkkkkknloha yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk ¼o"kksZ esa½ la0la0la0izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr 25&20 o"kZ - - 1 2.3 1 3.7 4 11.11 - - 2 4.54 1 2.08 31&35 o"kZ 1 3.5 2 4.5 2 7.4 3 8.33 3 8.1 4 9.09 4 8.33 36&40 o"kZ 3 10.7 3 6.8 2 7.4 4 11.11 8 21.62 4 9.09 7 14.58 41&45 o"kZ 4 14.3 5 11.4 5 18.51 8 22.22 8 21.62 12 27.27 8 16.66 46&50 o"kZ 6 21.4 7 15.9 5 18.5158 4 11.11 5 13.51 8 18.18 7 14. 51&55 o"kZ 4 14.3 9 20.4 4 14.81 2 5.56 4 10.81 3 6.81 7 14.58 56&60 o"kZ 6 21.4 5 11.4 2 7.4 5 13.89 4 10.81 4 9.09 6 12.5 61&65 o"kZ 3 10.7 6 13.6 2 7.4 3 8.33 - - 2 4.54 5 10.41 66&70 o"kZ - - 5 11.4 1 3.7 1 2.78 2 5.4 3 6.81 3 6.25 71&75 o"kZ 1 3.5 1 2.3 3 11.11 2 8.56 2 5.4 1 2.27 - - 76&80 o"kZ ------1 2.7 1 2.27 - - mu efgyk lnL;ksa 28 44 27 36 44 48 dh dqy la0 ftUgksaus lwpuh nhA dqy LFkku 544 544 529 509 545 543 lzksr %& Hkkjr dh laln % rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ i`"B 45

vk;q ds vk/kkj ij vk;q oxksZ esa foHkkftr dj mudh vk;q lEcU/kh tkudkjh dk ,d rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA lkroha yksdlHkk ds i'pkr ls tks vkadyu fd;k x;k gS] mlls tkfgj gksrk gS fd lnL;ksa dh vkSlr vk;q 55-5 o"kZ dh rqyuk esa efgyk lnL;ksa dh vk;q 48-7 o"kZ gSA rsjgoha yksdlHkk esa ,slh 12 lnL; ¼tkudkjh nsus okyh dqy 48 lnL;ksa esa ls½ gS] tks 25 ls 40 o"kZ dh vk;q oxZ esa vkrh gSaA budh la[;k efgyk lnL;ksa dh dqy la[;k dk 23 izfr'kr gSA lkroha yksdlHkk ls ysdj rsjgoha yksdlHkk dh efgyk lnL;ksa dh vk;q ds rqyukRed v/;;u ls tkfgj gksrk gS fd rsjgoha yksdlHkk esa e/;e oxZ dh vFkkZr 41 ls 45 o"kZ vk;q dh efgyk lnL;ksa dh la[;k lokZf/kd gSA 71 ls 75 o"kZ vkSj 76 ls 80 o"kZ dh vk;q dh dksbZ izfrfuf/k ugha gSA ;fn vk;q ds vk/kkj ij ge fo'ys"k.k djsa rks rsgjoha yksdlHkk dh efgyk lnL;ksa dh vkSlr vk;q viuh iwoZorhZ yksdlHkk lnL;ksa dh vis{kk de FkhA

O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij %& rkfydk 4 esa O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij efgyk lkaln lnL;ksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k x;k gSA

- 130 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ ds ifjizs{; esa NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 127-132, ISSN 2348–3318 efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u jktho dqekj rkfydk & 4 lkroha ls rsjgoha yksdlHkk dh efgyk lnL;ksa dh O;kolkf;d i`"BHkwfe lklklkrohalkroha vkBoha X;kjgoha ckjgoha rsjgoha O;olkf;d ukSoha yksdlHkk nloha yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk yksdlHkk i`"BHkwfe la0la0la0izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr la0la0la0 izfr'kr d`"kd ckxokuh 11 39.3 14 32.6 3 12.0 5 13.89 8 21.62 - 25 8 16.32 fo'ks"kK dykdkj& fQYe - - 11 2.3 2 8.0 1 2.78 2 8.40 - 2.27 1 2.04 dykdkj O;olk;h ------1 2.78 - - - 2.27 1 2.04 vlSfud] iqfyl 1 3.5 1 2.3 ------,oa lSfud lsok jktuf;d ------1 2.7 - - - - iwoZ 'kkld - - 1 2.3 - - 1 2.78 ------vkS|ksfxd Jfed - - - - 1 4.0 ------etnwj usrk i=dkj@ ys[kd - - - - 1 4.0 - - - - 4 9.09 1 2.04 odhy - - - - 1 4.0 2 5.56 2 5.4 2 4.54 4 8.6 fpfdRld - - 1 2.3 - - 1 2.78 - - 2 4.54 3 0.2 jktuhfrd vkSj 13 46.4 15 34.9 11 44.0 14 38.89 18 48.64 18 42.9 21 42.85 lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ /kkfeZd izpkjd ------1 2.27 1 2.04 v/;kid vkSj 3 10.7 8 18.6 5 20.06 10 27.78 5 13.51 4 9.09 9 18.3 f'k{kkfon~ O;kikjh vkSj - - 2 4.7 1 4.0 1 2.78 1 2.72 - - - - m|ksxifr mu efgyk lkalnksa 28 43 25 36 37 44 40 dh dqy la0 ftUgksaus lwpuk nhA dqy LFkku 544 544 529 509 543 545 543 lzksr %& Hkkjr dh laln% rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ i`"B 47 O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij lkroha yksdlHkk ls ysdj rsgjoha yksdlHkk rd efgyk lnL;ksa ds O;olk; dh fLFkfr iznf'kZr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl n`f"V ls lkekU; :i ls vf/kdrj efgyk lnL;ksa dh vfHk:fp dk eq[; {ks= jktuSfrd vkSj lkekftd dk;Z gh jgk gS tks lHkk ds lHkh lnL;ksa dh O;olk;xr fLFkfr] tgka d`f"k O;olk;h lnL;ksa dk ckgqY; gS] dh rqyuk esa fcydqy vyx gSA rsjgoha yksdlHkk esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr dk;e jgh gSA tgka jktuSfrd o lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo 42-85 izfr'kr gSA X;kjgoha yksdlHkk esa bl oxZ dk izfr'kr lokZf/kd ¼48-64 izfr'kr½ jgkA ,slh efgyk lnL;ksa] ftudk O;olk; d`f"k gS] dh la[;k 16-32 izfr'kr jgh vkSj izfrfuf/kRo dh n`f"V ls mudk LFkku rhljk gS] tcfd O;olk; lEcU/kh tkudkjh nsus okyh dqy efgyk lnL;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo 18-36 izfr'kr vkSj nwljk LFkku jgk gSA blds vykok rsjgoha yksdlHkk esa fpfdRlk O;olk; ls tqM+h efgyk lnL;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo 6-12 izfr'kr gSA dykdkjksa@fQYe dykdkjksa] O;kikjh oxZ rFkk fe'kufj;ksa dh izR;sd Js.kh ls ,d&,d efgyk lnL; gSA O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k ls Kkr gksrk gS fd T;knkrj efgyk,a lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd dk;ZdrkZ Fkh] vU; O;olk;ksa dks viukus okyh efgykvksa dh laa[;k de FkhA iwoZ fo/kk;h vuqHko iwoZ fo/kk;h vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dk fooj.k rkfydk 5 esa fn;k x;k gSA rkfydk&5 rsjgoha yksdlHkk dh efgyk lnL;ksa dk iwoZ fo/kk;h vuqHko fo/kk;h vuqHko rsjgoha yksdlHkk dsUnzh; fo/kkulHkk 0 lafo/kku lHkk 0 lzksr %& varfje laln 0 Hkkjr dh laln % yksdlHkk 30 rsjgoha yksdlHkk jkT;lHkk 4 ¼1999&2004½ jkT; fo/kku eaMy 3 i`"B 48 - 131 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ ds ifjis{; esa NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 127-132, ISSN 2348–3318 efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk v/;;u jktho dqekj rsgjoha yksdlHkk esa 49 efgyk lnL; Fkh tks dqy lnL;ksa dh la[;k dk 9-02 izfr'kr FkhA 49 efgyk lnL;ksa esa ls dsoy 19 efgyk lnL; igyh ckj pqudj vk;h Fkh] ckdh T;knkrj efgyk,a ,slh Fkh] ftUgsa iwoZ esa jkT;lHkk] yksdlHkk] fo/kkulHkk dk iwoZ fo/kk;h vuqHko FkkA fu"d"kZ %& rsgjoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ ds ifjis{; essa efgykvksa dk fofHkUu izdkj ls v/;;u djus ij dbZ ckrsa mHkj dj lkeus vk;h gS] ftlesa viuh iwoZorhZ yksdlHkk lnL;ksa dh vis{kk rsgjoha yksdlHkk lnL;ksa dh vk;q de Fkh] nwljk O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij Hkh viuh iwoZorhZ yksdlHkk lnL;ksa ds eqdkcys jktuhfrd ,oa lkekftd dk;ZdrkZvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh T;knk FkhA rhljk i{k ;g mHkjdj vk;k gS] ;fn ge iwoZ fo/kk;h dk;ksZ dk vuqHko djsa rks T;knkrj lkaln ,slh Fkh tks fd iwoZ esa jkT;lHkk ;k jkT; fo/kku e.My lnL; jg pqdh FkhA vxj ge yksdlHkk esa 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls ckr djsa rks rsgjoha yksdlHkk dh efgyk lnL; viuh iwoZorhZ yksdlHkkvksa dh vis{kk T;knk i<+h&fy[kh FkhA ;fn ge izfrfyfuf/kRo ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k djsa rksa rsgjoha yksdlHkk esa efgyk lkalnksa dh la[;k viuh iwoZorhZ yksdlHkkvksa dh vis{kk T;knk Fkh] ysfdu ;g fQj Hkh cgqr de gSA mijksDr fo'ys"k.k dks efgykvksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kus ls Li"V gksrk gS fd & 1& tula[;k ds vuqikr esa fo/kk;h la[;kvksa esa efgykvksa dk izsfrfuf/kRo dkQh de gSA 2& c<+rs gq, vijk/khdj.k] fo'ks"k :i ls pquko ds le; us efgykvksa dks fuokZpu dh jktuhfr esa vkus ls jksdk gS A 3& efgykvksa esa vius de 'kfDr'kkyh gksus dh /kkj.kk ds fo#) rhoz vkØks'k O;kIr gSA 4& efgykvksa dh iq:"kksa ij fuHkZjrkA 5& ekuokf/kdkjksa dk guu vkSj i;kZoj.k dk nq"izHkkoA 6& efgykvksa ds dY;k.k ,oa fodkl gsrq fufeZr lkekftd fo/kkuksa dh izHkkoghurkA ;fn ge efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+kuk pkgrs gS rks fuEu lq>ko gS] ftuds viukus ls efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh c<+k;h tk ldrh gS] tks fuEu gS %& 1& efgykvksa ds fy, laln vkSj jkT; fo/kkulHkkvksa esa de ls de ,d frgkbZ lhVs vkjf{kr djus ds iz;klksa esa rsth ykuk] rkfd fu.kZ; djus dh izfØ;k esa efgykvksa dks leqfpr izfrfuf/kRo lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsA 2& lHkh jktuhfrd ny pquko ds le; ,d frgkbZ fVdV efgykvksa dks nsaA 3& efgykvksa ds iw.kZ fodkl ds fy, jpukRed vkSj lkekftd uhfr;ksa ds ek/;e ls ,d ,slk okrkoj.k cukuk] ftlls viuh iw.kZ {kerk gkfly dj ldsA 4& fof/k O;oLFkk dks etcwr cukuk] rkfd efgykvksa ds fo#) lHkh izdkj ds HksnHkko lekIr fd;s tk ldsaA 5& fodkl izfØ;k esa fyax&ifjis{; dks eq[; /kkjk esa ykukA bl izdkj mUur jk"Vª dh dYiuk rHkh ;FkkFkZ dk :i /kkj.k dj ldrh gS] tc efgyk l'kDr gksdj jk"Vª dks l'kDr djsaA efgyk Lo;a fl)k gS] ogha xqa.kksa dh lEink gS] vko';drk gS bu 'kfDr;ksa dks egt izksRlkgu nsus dhA efgykvksa dh Js"Brk] vf}rh;rk ,oa vkn'kZ dks lefiZr gS] ;sa iafDr;ka & ukjh rqe 'kfDr gks] rqe Kku gks] rqe gh laLdkjksa dh [kku gksA ØkfUr dh vxznwr] xkSjo dk rqe lkj] ukjh rw psruk dk vkºoku gksAA lUnHkZ Ÿ euq Le`fr 3&56 o ;tqosZn 14&3 Ÿ iq:"kksRre ukxj& ^^vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa lkekftd ,oa jktuhfrd fpUru** t;iqj] 1994] i`"B 429 Ÿ f'ko iwtu lgk; ¼la0½ ^^fcgkj dh efgyk,a**] iVuk] 1960] i`"B 171 Ÿ eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr & ;'ks/kjk Ÿ la;qDr jk"Vª la?k ds pkVZj ds vuqaPNsn&55 Ÿ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & Hkkx&4] 73oka o 74oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku] 81oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku] 84oka o 85oka lafo/kku la'kks/ku Ÿ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn&14] 15] 15¼3½] 16] 39¼1½] 42] 46] Ÿ Hkkjr dk lafo/kku & vuqPNsn&243Mh¼3½ vuqPNsn&243Vh¼3½ Ÿ vfHky"kk dqekjh vkSj lfcuk fdnobZ ¼1994½ Illusion of Power friedrick‐Edert‐Stifting. D‐9, South Extension, Part II, New Delhi. Ÿ Rendel Margerita (1981) Women, power and political systems croon menm, London. Ÿ Hkkjr dh laln % rsjgoha yksdlHkk ¼1999&2004½ i`"B 45] 46] 47] 48 o 126

- 132 - dR;wfj;ksa us yxHkx 7oha lnh ls 16oha lnh rd ¼yxHkx 850 o’kksaZ rd½ nh?kZdkyhu “kklu fd;kA brus yEcs le; rd “kklu djus okys jktoa”k mÙkjk[k.M ds bfrgkl esa gh ugha iwjs fo”o ds bfrgkl esa fojys gh gq, gSaA dR;wj dky jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd o dyk ds mRd'kZ dk dky FkkA blfy, fo}kuksa o bfrgkldkjksa }kjk dR;wjh jktoa”k ds dky dks dqekÅ¡ ds bfrgkl dk egRoiw.kZ o ^Lof.kZe dky* dgk x;k gSA lSdM+ksa nsoky; o muesa LFkkfir ewfrZf”kYi vkt Hkh muds xkSjo rFkk dykfç;rk dh xkFkk lquk jgs gSaA dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk dk iz/kku fo’k; czkºe.k nsoe.My jgk gSA os eq[; :i ls czkºe.k /keZ ds “kSo mikld FksA v/;;u {ks= esa f”ko dh izrhd ¼fyax½ izfrekvksa o :i izfrekvksa dks lfEefyr :Ik ls ns[kk tk; rks lokZf/kd vadu f”ko dk gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk ds izfrek y{k.kksa ds v/;;u ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS] fd dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk LFkkuh; “kSyh u gksdj Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dh eq[; /kkjk dk ,d fgLlk jgh gSA bu izfrekvksa esa ls dbZ mRd`’V izfrek,a vf[ky Hkkjrh; egRo j[krh gSaA

mÙkjk[k.M esa dR;wjh jktoa”k dk vH;qn; lkroha lnh ds mÙkjk)Z esa gqvk ftlus dsUnzh; “kfDr ds :i esa X;kjgoha lnh rd “kklu fd;kA rRi”pkr mUgha dh fofHkUu “kk[kkvksa us yxHkx 1550 bZ0 rd vyx&vyx {ks=ksa esa LorU= :i ls “kklu fd;kA bl rjg ns[kk tk, rks dR;wfj;ksa us yxHkx 7oha lnh ls 16oha lnh rd ¼yxHkx 850 o’kksaZ rd½ nh?kZdkyhu “kklu fd;kA brus yEcs le; rd “kklu djus okys jktoa”k mÙkjk[k.M ds bfrgkl esa gh ugha iwjs fo”o ds bfrgkl esa fojys gh gq, gSaA dR;wj dky jktuSfrd] /kkfeZd o dyk ds mRd'kZ dk dky FkkA blfy, fo}kuksa o bfrgkldkjksa }kjk dR;wjh jktoa”k ds dky dks dqekÅ¡ ds bfrgkl dk egRoiw.kZ o ^Lof.kZe dky* dgk x;k gSA dR;wj dky esa dyk dh fo”ks’k mUufr gqbZA dqekÅ¡ ds ifjizs{; esa ns[kk tk; rks ;gk¡ LFkkiR; dyk o ewfrZdyk dk okLrfod vkjEHk dR;wj dky ls gh ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;gk¡ nsoky;ksa ds Li’V mnkgj.k dR;wjh dky ¼lkroha “krh bZloh½ ls gh ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA dR;wfj;ksa }kjk vius “kklu dky esa lEiw.kZ mÙkjk[k.M esa efUnjksa] ewfrZ;ksa] ukSys ¼tyk”k;½ vkfn dk cgqrk;r ls fuekZ.k djok;k x;kA muds }kjk fufeZr lSdM+ksa nsoky; o muesa LFkkfir ewfrZf”kYi vkt Hkh muds xkSjo rFkk dykfç;rk dh xkFkk lquk jgs gSaA dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk dk iz/kku fo’k; czkºe.k nsoe.My jgk gSA os eq[; :i ls czkºe.k /keZ ds “kSo mikld FksA v/;;u {ks= esa f”ko dh izrhd ¼fyax½ izfrekvksa o :i izfrekvksa dks lfEefyr :Ik ls ns[kk tk; rks lokZf/kd vadu f”ko dk gh ns[kus dks feyrk gSA muds }kjk fufeZr nsoky;ksa esa “kSo efUnjksa dh vf/kdrk gSA dqekÅ¡ esa tkxs”oj] dfiys”oj] }kjkgkV] cStukFk] ckxs”oj vkfn efUnj lewg dR;wj dkyhu “kSo dyk ds izeq[k dsUnz gSaA bu lHkh LFkyksa esa f”ko ds fofo/k Lo:iksa dk izfrekadu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA v?;;u {ks= ls izkIr f”ko izfrekvksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k x;k gS & & fyax izfrek,a & :Ik izfrek, fyax izfrek,a fyax izfrek,a f'ko dh izrhd izfrek,a gSaA f'ko vkSj 'kfDr dks fyax dk izrhd ekuk x;k gS] ftlls l`f’V dk mn~Hko gqvkA blesa ;ksfu ewy izd`fr vFkkZr miknku dkj.k dk izrhd gS vkSj fyax fufeÙk dkj.k dk izrhdA lef’V :i esa os ewy dkj.k ds izrhd gSaA vr,o fyax gh f'ko dh iz/kku izfrek gSA izfrdkRed :i esa f'ko mikluk gsrq fyax&foxzg ds iwtu dh ijEijk izkphu dky ls gh yksdfiz; FkhA f'ko dh :i izfrek dh vis{kk fyax izfrek dh mikluk vf/kd Qy nk;d ekuh tkrh gSA Hkkjr ds vU; Hkkxksa dh rjg gh dqekÅ¡ esa Hkh dR;wj dky ds nkSjku fyaxksikluk izpfyr FkhA fyax ds dbZ izdkj cryk, x, gSaA ftuesa eq[;r% ck.kfyax o ekuq”k fyax gSaA ck.kfyax izkd`frd izLrj [k.M gSaA tks - 133 - fd jsok ;k ueZnk unh ls izkIr fd, tkrs gSaA bUgaas ueZns'oj Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ^ekuq'k fyax * ekuo }kjk fufeZr gksrs gSaaaA Hkkjrh; f'kYi esa ekuq'k fyax gh lokZf/kd izpfyr FkkA ekuq'k fyax ds nks Hksn gSa& fu’dy o ldyA fu’dy fyax LFkk.okRed vFkkZr ljy gksrs gSa rFkk ldy fyaxksa ij eq[k ds ln`'k vkd`fr;k¡ vafdr gksrh gSaA fyax iqjk.k esa fu’dy fyaxksa dks gh iwtk gsrq mi;qDr ekuk x;k gSA dR;wjh 'kklu ds nkSjku dqekÅ¡ esa mijksDr lHkh izdkj ds fyaxksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk] fdUrq ldy fyaxksa dh vis{kk fu’dy fyaxksa dh la[;k vR;f/kd gSA ldy fyaxks esa ,d eq[kh o prqeqZ[kh fyaxksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA prqeqZ[kh fyaxksa esa f'ko ds pkjksa :iksa ¼l|kstkr] okenso] v?kksj] rRiq#’k½ dks vafdr fd;k x;k gSA

:i izfrek,a :i izfrekvksa esa f'ko dh ekuo&foxzg izfrek,a vkrh gSaA dR;wj dky dh fyax izfrekvksa ds lkFk&lkFk f'ko dh :i izfrek,a ¼ekuo & foxzg½ Hkh dqekÅ¡ esa i;kZIr la[;k esa ik;h tkrh gSaA v/;;u esa dR;wj dkyhu f”ko :i izfrekvksa ds vUrxZr Hkxoku f'ko ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dk izfrekadu fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u {ks= esa dR;wj dkyhu f”ko :i izfrekvksa ds fuEufyf[kr izdkj feyrs gSa& & dsoy ewfrZ & nf{k.kkewfrZ f'ko & uVjkt & mek&egs'oj@gj xkSjh ewfrZ & vuqxzg ewfrZ;k¡ & fo’kkigj.k f”ko dsoy ewfrZ iqjkrkfRod laxzgky; tkxs”oj esa iznf”kZr f”ko dh dsoy ewfrZ lEHkor% v/;;u {ks= esa bl izdkj dh ,d ek= izfrek gSA bl izfrek esa f”ko dks f}Hkqth iznf”kZr fd;k x;k gS] tks ,d lk/kkj.k vklu ij egkjktyhyklu esa fojkteku gSSA f”ko dk nk;ka gkFk muds nk,a iSj ds mBs gq, ?kqVus ij fVdk gqvk o{k rd mBk gS] tks v)Zfodflr in~e xqPN ;qDr iznf”kZr fd;k x;k gSA f”ko dk cke gLr ij”kq ds gRFks ds Åij fVdk gqvk foJke eqnzk esa fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA mDr izfrek esa f=us=/kkjh f”ko dks tVktwV lfgr NksVs ef.keqdqV] d.kZ dq.My] d.Bgkj] ;Kksifor] ds;wj] dad.k] vaxwBh] dfVlw=] ta?kk rd dh /kksrh] ;ksx iV~V o uwiqj }kjk lqlfTtr fd;k x;k gS rFkk izfrek dk izHkke.My lknk gSA ;g ,d jkspd rF; gS fd bl izfrek esa f”ko ds lkFk muds okgu uUnh dk fu:i.k ugha fd;k x;k gSA nf{k.kkewfrZ f'ko Hkxoku f'ko ;ksx] O;k[;ku] laxhr rFkk vU; 'kkL=ksa ds egku Kkrk vkSj vkpk;Z ekus x, gSaA f'ko }kjk nso ,oa egf’kZ;ksa dks nf{k.k dh vksj eq[k djds /keZ vkSj Kku dk mins'k nsus ds dkj.k izzLrqr Lo:i dh ewfrZ;ksa dks nf{k.kkfHkeq[k dgk x;kA nf{k.kkewfrZ Lo:i esa f'ko ds pkj Lo:iksa dk fu:i.k gqvk gS] ftUgsa Kku&nf{k.kkewfrZ] ;ksx&nf{k.kkewfrZ] oh.kk/kj& nf{k.kkewfrZ rFkk O;k[;ku&nf{k.kkewfrZ dgk x;k gSA dR;wj dky ds le; dqekÅ¡ esa f'ko dh dsoy oh.kk/kj&nf{k.kkewfrZ o O;k[;ku&nf{k.kkewfrZ gh ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA Kku&nf{k.kkewfrZ rFkk ;ksx&nf{k.kkewfrZ ds fu:i.k dk dR;wj dky esa loZFkk vHkko jgk gSA oh.kk/kj & nf{k.kkewfrZ & xk;u ;k oh.kkoknu dh f'k{kk ns jgs f'ko ds Lo:i dks oh.kk/kj&nf{k.kkewfrZ dh laKk nh x;h gSA oh.kk/kj& nf{k.kkewfrZ esa f'ko dk vadu vdsys ;k ikoZrh ds lax uUnh ij fojkteku gksdj oh.kk oknu djrs gqq, fd;k x;k gSA lkFk essa ifjokj ds vU; lnL; ;k mikldksa dks Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA f'ko dh oh.kk/kj&nf{k.kkewfrZ eq[; :i ls tkxs'oj] ckxs'oj o cStukFk esa ikbZ xbZ gSaA bu ewfrZ;kas ds vfrfjDr Hkh dgha&dgha oh.kk/kj f'ko dks fHkfRr;ksa o }kj yykV fcEc ij Hkh vafdr fd;k x;k gSA }kjkgkV ds jrunso efUnj lewg esa ,d efUnj ds izos'k }kj ij yykV fcEc dks oh.kk/kj& nf{k.kkewfrZ ds vadu ls Hkwf’kr fd;k x;k gSA

- 134 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk esa f’ko ds fofo/k Lo:i NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 133-136, ISSN 2348–3318 ¼ dqekÅ¡ e.My ds lanHkZ esa ½ latho vk;Z ,oa dSyk'k flag

O;k[;ku & nf{k.kkewfrZ & f'ko ds O;k[;ku&nf{k.kkewfrZ dk Hkh dR;wj dky esa lqUnj mRdh.kZu gqvk gSA tkxs'oj o cStukFk ls izkIr O;k[;ku& nf{k.kkewfrZ;k¡ vius ykfyR; ds fy, fo'ks’k mYys[kuh; gSaA O;k[;ku& nf{k.kkewfrZ esa f'ko dks ikoZrh ds lkFk uUnh ij vk:<+ O;k[;ku eqnzk esa iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS] lkFk esa vU; mikld] ekyk/kj vkfn dk Hkh fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA uVjkt uVjkt f'ko dk ,d izfl) :i gSA viuh ykfyR;iw.kZ lajpuk ds dkj.k f'ko dk ;g Lo:i Hkkjr gh ugha lEiw.kZ fo'o esa fo[;kr gSA f'ko dks ukV~;'kkL= dk izFke izfr’Bkid ekuk tkrk gSA vkxeksa esa of.kZr gS fd uVjkt f'ko ,d lkS vkB u`R;ksa ds vU;re uV gSaA f'ko dh u`R;ewfrZ esa /keZ] dyk vkSj foKku dh ,d lkFk vfHkO;fDr dh x;h gS] tks leLr czºekaM ds HkkokfHkO;fDr dh ladsrd ekuh x;h gSA Hkkjrh; f'kYi esa f'ko dk u`R; ;k uVjkt Lo:i xqIrdky ds i'pkr lHkh {ks=ksa esa lokZf/kd yksdfiz; jgk gSA uVjkt ewfrZ ds val[; mnkgj.k Hkkjr ds fofHkUu dyk dsUnzksa esa feyrs gSaA dqekÅ¡ esa Hkh dR;wj dky ds nkSjku f'ko ds uVjkt Lo:i dk mRd`’B mRdh.kZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA dqekÅ¡ e.My essa dR;wj dky esa fufeZr *f'ko& uVjkt^ dh LorU= izfrek,a ugha feyrh] mUgsa “kqdukl esa pUnz'kkyk ds e/; LFkkfir fd;k x;k gSA uVjkt f'ko dh ewfrZ;k¡ tkxs'oj efUnj lewg ds ckys'oj ¼uVs'oj½ efUnj rFkk dfiys'oj efUnj lewg ¼lSat xzke& vYeksM+k½ esa ns[kus dks feyrh gSaA bu nksuksa LFkyksa esa uVjkt dh ewfrZ dks efUnj 'kqdukl dh Hkw’kk gsrq mRdh.kZ fd;k x;k gSA tkxs'oj esa ,d o dfiys'oj esa rhu uVjkt ewfrZ;k¡ izkIr gqbZ gSaA miyC/k lHkh u`R;ewfrZZ;ksa esa dfiys'oj efUnj lewg ds eq[; egknso efUnj dh 'kqdukl ij vofLFkr uVjkt izfrek lokZf/kd ykfyR;iw.kZ] fo'kky o Li’V gSA mek&egs'oj@gj xkSjh ewfrZ & Hkkjrh; ijEijk esa f'ko vkSj 'kfDr dh la?kkr ;k la;qDr ewfrZ ds :i esa v)Zukjh'oj Lo:i ds lkFk gh mek&egs'oj Lo:i Hkh i;kZIr yksdfiz; Fkk] ftls ^gj&xkSjh* ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA vkfyaxu&fueXu mek&egs'oj ewfrZ;k¡ Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk esa ,d vk/;kfRed lR; gSA ;g izrhd ek= gS ftlesa dke&vkuUn Å¡ps mBdj ,d vk/;kfRed vkuUn cu x;k A v)Zukjh'oj Lo:i ds leku gh mek&egs'oj ewfrZ;k¡ izd`fr vkSj iq:'k ds ekuoh; :ikUrj.k vkSj muds ,sD; dh lwpd gSaA v)Zukjh'oj bl ;ksx ¼,sD;½ dk vO;Dr :i gS rks mek&egs'oj O;Dr :iA mek&egs'oj ewfrZ dks mdsjus dh ijEijk dq’kk.k dky ls gh feyrh gS] fdUrq 7oha ls 13oha 'krh bZ0 ds e/; f'ko dk ;g Lo:i vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij lHkh {ks=ksa esa lokZf/kd yksdfiz; fo’k; FkkA fgeky; ds dSyk'k ibvoZr esa f'ko o ikoZrh ds fojkteku gksus ds dkj.k ;gk¡ ds f'kfYi;ksa ds fy, LokHkkfod :i ls ,d egRoiw.kZ fo’k; jgkA v/;;u {ks= esa izkIr 'kSo izfrekvksa esa fyax&foxzg ds i'pkr f'ko dh bl :i izfrek dks gh vf/kdrk ls izfrekafdr fd;k x;k gSA mek&egs'oj ¼gj&xkSjh½ ewfrZ;ksa esa f'ko o ikoZrh dks ,d gh ihfBdk ;k uUnh ij vklhu iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA dR;wj dkyhu mek&egs'oj ¼gj&xkSjh½ dh mRd`’B izfrek,a tkxs'oj] ukjk;.k&dkyh] ckxs'oj o cStukFk ls izkIr gqbZ gSaA buds vfrfjDr dVkjey efUnj ds xHkZx`g esa Hkh mek&egs'oj dh [kf.Mr izfrek j[kh gqbZ gSA vuqxzg ewfrZ;k¡ & f”ko dh vuqxzg ewfrZ;ksa esa f”ko ds vuqxzg Hkko dks iznf”kZr fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa mUgksaus fdlh u fdlh ds Åij viuk vuqxzg Hkko fn[kk;k gSA f”ko ds ,sls gh dqN izeq[k vuqxzg :i jko.kkuqxzg] fdjkr vtqZu] p.Ms”kkuqxzg] fo'.kouqxzg] uUnh”kkuqxzg] fo?kzs”ojkuqxzg gSA iqjk.kkfn esa buls lEcfU/kr dFkkvksa dk o.kZu feyrk gSA f”ko ds vuqxzg Lo:iksa ds f”kYi esa jko.kkuqxzg Lo:i gh lokZf/kd yksdfiz; Fkk] ftlds mnkgj.k NBh&lkroha “krh bZ0 ls lHkh {ks=ksa esa feyrs gSA v/;;u {ks= esa jko.kkuqxzg izfrek dk ,dek= mnkgj.k izkIr gqvk gS] tks xwuk ukSyk ¼vYeksM+k½ ls izkIr gqvk gS rFkk orZeku esa jktdh; laxzgky; vYeksM+k esa ladfyr gSA bl izfrek esa prqHkZth jko.k dks vius nks gkFkksa o LdU/kksa ls dSyk”k ioZr dks mBkrs gq, fu:fir fd;k x;k gSA Åij dSyk”k ioZr esa uUnh lfgr f”ko ikoZrh dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA fo”kkigj.k f’ko & f”ko dk ;g Lo:i leqnz eUFku ds Ik”pkr fudys fo’kiku ls lEcfU/kr gSA v/;;u {ks= esa fo’kkigj.k f”ko dh ,dek= izfrek izdk”k esa vkbZ gS] tks iqjkrkfRod laxzgky; tkxs”oj esa iznf”kZr gSA bl izfrek esa prqHkZqth f”ko ds vxys ck,a gkFk esa fo’kik= vxyk nk;ka gkFk ojn eqnzk esa] fiNys nk,a gkFk esa uhyksRiy rFkk fiNys ck,a gkFk esa f=”kwy iznf”kZr gSA f”ko ds pkjksa vksj czºek] fo’.kq] x.ks”k dkfrZds;] ekyk/kkjh&fo|k/kj] ukx rFkk f”ko x.kksa dk vadu fd;k x;k gSA “kSyh ds vk/kkj ij bl izfrek dh frfFk 9&10oha “krh bZ0 ekuh tkrh gSA

- 135 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk esa f’ko ds fofo/k Lo:i NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 133-136, ISSN 2348–3318 ¼ dqekÅ¡ e.My ds lanHkZ esa ½ latho vk;Z ,oa dSyk'k flag

dqekÅ¡ e.My esa dR;wj dky ds le; :ikf;r dh x;h ;s izfrek,a Hkkjrh; izfrek foKku dh n`f’V ls Hkh fo”ks’k egRoiw.kZ gSaA dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk ds izfrek y{k.kksa ds v/;;u ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS] fd dR;wj dkyhu ewfrZdyk LFkkuh; “kSyh u gksdj Hkkjrh; ewfrZdyk dh eq[; /kkjk dk ,d fgLlk jgh gSA bu izfrekvksa esa ls dbZ mRd`’V izfrek,a vf[ky Hkkjrh; egRo j[krh gSaA lUnHkZ lzksr Ÿ tks”kh] egs”oj izlkn] 1994] mÙkjk¡py esa lkaLd`frd ifjorZu% ,d lS)kfUrd v/;;u] _f’k&1] mÙkjkapy fgeky; % lekt] laLd`fr] bfrgkl vkSj iqjkrRo] Jh vYeksM+k cqd fMiks] i`0la0& 17 Ÿ dBksp] ;”koUr flag] 2010] e/;fgeky; [k.M% 3]mÙkjk[k.M dk uohu bfrgkl] fculj ifCyflax dEiuh]nsgjknwu] i`0la0&265 Ÿ nqEdk] pUnz”ks[kj] tks”kh] ?ku”;ke] 1999] mÙkjk[k.M% bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr] izdk”k cqd fMiks] cjsyh] i`0la0&32 Ÿ dBksp] ;”koUr flag] 1981] e/;fgeky; dk iqjkrRo] jksfgrk”o fizaVlZ] ,s”kckx y[kuÅ] i`0la0&50 Ÿ iwoksZDr] 2003] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&121 Ÿ iUr] fxjh”k] 2007] lj;w ?kkVh dk iqjkrRo vizdkf”kr “kks/k izcU/k] dq0fo0fo0 uSuhrky] i`0la0& 144 Ÿ frokjh ek:fruUnu] dey fxjh & 1997] e/;dkyhu Hkkjrh; izfreky{k.k] fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] okjk.klh i`0la0&23 Ÿ “kekZ] Mh0Mh0] 2010] mÙkjk[k.M dk ikSjkf.kd nsodqy] vafdr izdk”ku gY}kuh] i`0la0&46 Ÿ fyax iqjk.k] 31-1 Ÿ frokjh ek:fruUnu] dey fxjh & 1997] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&29 Ÿ iwoksZDr] 1997] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&29 Ÿ dBksp] ;”koUr flag] 2003] e/;fgeky; [k.M% 2] e/;fgeky; dh dyk] fculj ifCyflax dEiuh]nsgjknwu] i`0la0&128 Ÿ “kekZ] Mh0Mh0] 2010] mÙkjk[k.M dk ikSjkf.kd nsodqy] vafdr izdk”ku gY}kuh] i`0la0&56 Ÿ frokjh ek:fruUnu] dey fxjh] 1997] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&70 Ÿ iwoksZDr¨1997] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&24&25 Ÿ dBksp] ;”koUr flag¨1981] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&55 Ÿ frokjh ek:fruUnu] dey fxjh1997] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&25 Ÿ dBksp] ;”koUr flag¨ 2003] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&131 Ÿ 19& frokjh ek:fruUnu] dey fxjh & 1997] iwoksZDr] i`0la0&19

- 136 - ;wjksi esa ewfrZf'kYi dyk ds ewyHkwr rRoksa dks ysdj laLFkkiu dyk dk tUe gqvk] ftleas fuekZ.k gsrq jaxeap] izfrd`fr;kWa] ukVd o ?kVuk ds ekSfyd rRoksa dks ,df=r dj la;ksftr fd;k x;k] lkB ds n'kd ds vUr rd gh bls igpku feyuh izkjEHk gqbZA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk eas laLFkkiu dyk dsUnzh; vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e gks xbZ gSA ;d ,d ,slk eap gS] ftlesa dykdkj izs{kd dk /;ku [khapus gsrq lEiw.kZ okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj viuh vfHkO;fDr dks lkeus ykrs gSaA lu~ 1990 esa usdpUnz }kjk p.Mhx<+ eas O;FkZ oLrqvksa }kjk cuk;k x;k jkWd xkMZu Hkkjr esa dykRed laLFkkiu dyk dk izFke iz;kl Fkk] tks LFkk;h gSA blesa gLr&dq'ky fp=dkjksa ds vfrfjDr vU; {ks=ksa o fo"k;ksa esa ikjaxr O;fDr Hkh viuh ckSf)d l`tukRedrk dk izn'kZu djus eas lQy fl) gks jgs gSaA laLFkkiu dyk esa vk/kqfud rduhdksa o fl)kUrksa] n'kZu] foKku] euksfoKku rFkk vfHk;kaf=dh dk viwoZ leUo; n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gS] tks lgt gh n'kZd dks vkdf"kZr fd;s fcuk ugah jgrkA

ledkyhu dyk esa iw.kZr% O;fDrxr HkkokfHkO;atuk ds :i esa laLFkkiu dyk dh fof'k"V o fHkUu ijEijk gSA ;wjksi esa ewfrZf'kYi dyk ds ewyHkwr rRoksa dks ysdj laLFkkiu dyk dk tUe gqvk] ftleas fuekZ.k gsrq jaxeap] izfrd`fr;kWa] ukVd o ?kVuk ds ekSfyd rRoksa dks ,df=r dj la;ksftr fd;k x;k] lkB ds n'kd ds vUr rd gh bls igpku feyuh izkjEHk gqbZA ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk eas laLFkkiu dyk dsUnzh; vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e gks xbZ gSA vc laLFkkiu dyk dyk&nh?kkZvksa dh dyk izn'kZfu;ksa esa viuk LFkku cuk pqdh gSA ledkyhu dykdkj ek= fp= gh ugha cukuk pkgrs vfirq og ,d lEiw.kZ okrkoj.k cukuk pkgrs gSaA os vusd dykvksa dks ,d lkFk viuh vfHkO;fDr dk ek/;e cukuk pkgrs gSaA og LFkkiR;] jaxeap] ohfM;ks] dEI;wVj] fQYe] /ofu vkfn lHkh ek/;eksa dk bLrseky viuh izLrqfr esa djuk pkgrs gSaA laLFkkiu dyk ,d ,slk eap gS] ftlesa dykdkj izs{kd dk /;ku [khapus gsrq lEiw.kZ okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa vkSj viuh vfHkO;fDr dks lkeus ykrs gSaA lu~ 1990 esa usdpUnz }kjk p.Mhx<+ eas O;FkZ oLrqvksa }kjk cuk;k x;k jkWd xkMZu Hkkjr esa dykRed laLFkkiu dyk dk izFke iz;kl Fkk] tks LFkk;h gSA blh nkSjku ,e- ,Q- gqlSu }kjk fnYyh esa cuk;k x;k laLFkkiu dyk&:i ÞfFk;sVj vkQ n ,ClMZÞ ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk dk egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu FkkA lu~ 1991 eas fookWu lqUnje~ ds laLFkkiu ÞeSeksfj;yÞ }kjk jktuSfrd oS'ohdj.k ifjn`'; dks dyk eas mtkxj fd;k x;kA blds ckn rks Hkkjr esa laLFkkiu dyk dk ,d nkSj izkjEHk gks x;kA lqf"erk fo'okl ds 'kCnksa esa ÞlaLFkkiu dykdkj Hkkjrh; dyk izsfe;ksa dks dSuokl ds ckgj dk vuqHko iznku dj jgs gSaAÞ lapkj ØkfUr vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k us rks laLFkkiu dyk ds lkeus vusdksa vk/kqfud fo/kkvksa dks ijksl fn;k gSA futhZo o O;FkZ oLrqvksa ls cus laLFkkiuksa ds vfrfjDr dykdkjksa dh dyk ohfM;ks] vkWfM;ks] jkscksV] dEI;wVj] ijQkfeZax] fMftVy eYVhehfM;k rFkk gkbfczM eYVhehfM;k esa Hkh vfHkO;Dr gks jgh gSA jkW;y dkWyst vkWQ vkVZ] yUnu ls mPp dyk f'k{kk izkIr txUukFk ikaMk ds vuqlkj Þdyk dk vH;kl ek= iRFkj mdsjuk] /kkrq dks ds lkFk i;kZoj.k dh cqfu;knh leL;k dks ,d dykRed vfHkO;fDr nsrs gSaA ljkst xksxhiky dk laLFkkiu flagkoyksdu Þyky lj;w dh vkWa[ksaÞ orZeku Hkkjrh; L=h dh n'kk dks bafxr djrk gSA ,e-,Q- gqlSu us Þ'osrkEcjhÞ uked bULVkys'ku vk/kqfud dyk nh?kkZ esa vk;ksftr fd;k Fkk ftlesa lQsn diM+s dks iwjs Q'kZ ij QSykdj u;h jpuk dks tUe fn;k FkkAÞ lqcks/k xqIrk ds laLFkkiu ÞMsV okbZ MsVÞ rFkk ^Ldwy* esa mUgksaus xzkeh.k o e/;oxhZ; Hkkjrh;ksa ds fnu&izfrfnu ds vuqHkoksa dks 'kq)re rFkk lw{ere :i esa fo'o izs{kdksa ds le{k izLrqr fd;k gSA nhokj ,oa /kjkry ij gsek mik/;k; dh dksØkspksa dh jpuk ;k ikyhFkhu dh cM+h&cM+h FkSfy;ksa esa ia[ksa dh gok Hkjdj xfr o ok;q izokg vfoLej.kh; jgk gSA

- 137 - txUukFk ikaMk ds laLFkkiu Þgkml iSV] ikWyhFkhu] ,vj] QSu] g~;weu gsvjÞ eas rhozrk ds lk{kkr~ n'kZu gksrs gSaA ikWyhFkhu] dkxt] xsSl] izdk'k] gok vkSj /ofu dk vkd"kZd leUo; muds laLFkkiuksa dh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA ÞjRukcyhdkar us ohfM;ks fQYeksa dk iz;ksx fd;k rks lqn'kZu 'ksV~Vh us ydM+h ij vØsfyr yxkdj Qkbcj Xykl] jLlh rFkk jaxhu dkap ls bULVkys'ku fd;k FkkAÞ vius vkl&ikl miyC/k mi;ksxh] vuqi;ksxh] lk/kkj.k] mÙke] O;FkZghu oLrqvksa ls feykdj laLFkkiu cukus okys fookWu lqUnje~ ds fy, ;s lHkh oLrq,Wa dyk ds fy, cgqr lkFkZd o vFkZiw.kZ gSaA ÞjsfLVax vxsULV VsUVÞ] ÞeSudkbUMÞ] fMLis;j ,.M gksi vkWQ dYio`{kÞ] n oMZ] n Vªh ,.M n ¶ykoj ,t VªkWQhtÞ muds Lej.kh; laLFkkiu gSaA vk/kqfud e'khuksa rFkk muds ekuo tkfr ij izHkko ls fpafrr cStw ikFkZu us gkbZfczM eYVhehfM;k vkSj fMftVy laLFkkiu cuk;sA ÞMk;jh vkWQ n bUuj lkboktZÞ mudk laLFkkiu gSA d`".kekpkjh cksl dk Þ,E;wteÞ uked laLFkkiu izeq[k gSA fizaV esdj iksyk lsuxqIrk Hkh laLFkkiu esa vPNh iSaB j[krh gSaA ,syhuk cSfud us Hkh fp=dkj vkSj ewfrZdkj ls ohfM;ks rFkk eYVhehfM;k laLFkkiudkj rd dh dyk ;k=k dh gSA #V~l&,u&jkmV uked izn'kZuh esa mudk laLFkkiu fo'o ;k=kvksa ds nkSjku ,df=r FkSyksa o FkSfy;ksa ls cuk;k x;k FkkA ÞeqEcbZ ds dykdkj uotksr vYrkQ }kjk 2001&03 esa ÞFkzh gkYol* uked laLFkkiu esa n`'; ds lkFk JO;] 2001&02 esa ÞfcVfou eSeksjh ,.M fgLVªhÞ uked laLFkkiu eas n`'; o JO; ds lkFk fyf[kr lkexzh rFkk 1994 eas ÞfyaDl MsLVªkW;M ,.M jh&fMLdcMZÞ uked laLFkkiu eas fp=] inkZ] Nkis] fQYe rFkk laxhr dk iz;ksx dj dyk dks ,d uohu vk;ke fn;kA is'ks ls osc fMtkbuj f'kYik xqIrk ds laLFkkiu dk;Z eas Hkh lapkj ek/;eksa dh fofo/krk n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSAÞ Jh/kj v;~;j ,d ohfM;ks laLFkkiu dykdkj gS] 'kdqUryk dqyd.khZ Hkh eYVhehfM;k esa laLFkkiu cukrh gSA ufyuh ekfyuh ds js[kkfp= vkSj fp=] ,suhes'ku] ohfM;ks vkSj fQYe rd foLrkfjr gSaA lqcks/k dsjdj dk Þn ewu ,.M n VkbMÞ] fparu mik/;k; dk Þek;kÞ] ÞfMtkbuj oschtÞ] Þckj&ckj] gj ckj] fdruh ckj \Þ rFkk ÞcksV~lÞ] fdju lqcsgk dk ÞL;wlkbM uksVÞ] lq"kek cgy dk ÞLoaHkw 2011Þ] jksfeu fe=k dk ÞMªhe gkse&izsVh vXyh 2010Þ] jatuh lSÙkj dk ÞcMZ lkaxÞ vkfn laLFkkiuksa ds vfrfjDr vusdksa ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dykdkj laLFkkiu dyk esa layXu gSa] ftueas ghju fe=k] 'kSok{kh] 'khyk xkSM+] ftrs'k dYyV] jhuk lSuh dYyV] vuhl diwj] ,y-,u- rYywj] fl)kFkZ] fp=Hkkuq etwenkj] vnhi nÙkk] :ipan dqaMw] lqfer nkl] fouksn Js"B] juohj dkysdk] vrqy MksfM;k] vatw MksfM;k] f'kow urslu] lqjsUnz uk;j] t;Jh pØorhZ] js[kk jksMqfÙk;k] th juohj jsM~Mh] viZ.kk dkSj] lrh'k xqtjky] 'ke'kkn gqlSu] ,u- iq"iekyk] jktsUnz fVDdw] jktho lsBh] ,u-,l- fjetkWu] fugky 'kkg] T;ksfr dksYVs] n'kZuk oksjk] ,p- th v#.k dqekj vkfn izeq[k gaSA izn'kZu gsrq fo'kky txg dh vko';drk] dyk laxzg esa dfBukbZ] le>us o ljkgus okys n'kZdksa dh deh rFkk dyk cktkj esa [kjhn&Qjks[r u gksuk vkfn ledkyhu Hkkjrh; dyk esa laLFkkiu dyk ds fy, mB jgs fofHkUu iz'u mldh lkFkZdrk vkSj lhekvksa ds }U} dks n'kkZrs gSaA ijUrq blesa dksbZ nks jk; ugha gSa fd blesa izn'kZu dh vikj lEHkkouk,Wa gSaA bleas dqN Hkh iznf'kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA O;kid oLrqvksa o ek/;eksa ds iz;ksx dh bruh LorU=rk 'kk;n gh vU; fdlh dyk&fo/kk eas fey ik;sxhA fdlh cM+h ?kVuk ;k Toyar eqn~ns ij viuh izfrfØ;k dks izHkkoh

- 138 - dk’B dk iz;ksx ekuo vfr izkphu le; ls djrk vk;k gSA rkezik’kk.k] uoik’kk.k] egkik’kk.k dkyksa esa ydM+h ds dk;Z ds dbZ u;s {ks= [kksts tk pqds gSaA fo”o dh izkphure xzUFk _xosn esa dk’B ds miLdkj] crZu] jFk] uko vkSj ;K midj.kksa dk gh o.kZu ugha gS vfirq c<+bZ vkSj uDdk”k dk Hkh foospu gSA dkelw= ds 64 dykvksa esa dk’Bdyk Hkh lfEefyr gSaA Hkjreqfu ds ukV~; “kkL= esa jaxeap cukus dh fof/k esa cryk;k x;k gS fd jaxeap lkyHkatdkvksa] liksZa vkSj vkys[kuksa ls vyad`r gksuk pkfg,A fo’.kksÙkjiqjk.k ds fp=lw= [k.M esa ik’kk.k] dk’B vkSj /kkrq dh izfrekvksa esa Hkh fp= ds gh izfreku viukus dh lykg nh gSA Hkkxor egkiqjk.k esa v’Vfof/k ewfrZ;ksa esa dk’BewfrZ dk lekos”k Hkh gSA dqekÅ¡ ds yxHkx lHkh xka¡oksa esa ikjEifjd Hkou vkt Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ;|fi dbZ Hkou ttZj voLFkk esa ;k [k.Mgjksa esa rcnhy gks pqds gSaA fQj Hkh vkt dbZ Hkou vius ikjEifjd lkSUn;Z dh xkFkk xk jgs gSaA

orZeku le; esa dqekÅ¡ esa dk’B vk/kkfjr gLrf”kYi ds mRd`’V uewus ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA bldk vfr lqUnjre~ mnkgj.k ;gk¡ ikjEifjd Hkouksa esa dk’B dkjhxjh] mRd`’V vyadj.k uDdk”kh rFkk dk’B ik= vkSj Ñf’k midj.k gaSA fo”ks’kKksa us ;gka¡ dh dk’Bdyk dks yksd laLd`fr dk lcls LFkwy pk{kq'k izfrfuf/k ekuk gSA ;gk¡a ds dk’B f”kYi dk ;gk¡a dh yksd laLd`fr dks lgstus esa fo”ks’k ;ksxnku jgk gSA ;gk¡a ds dk’B f”kYi dks nks :iksa esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA igyk lkSUn;Z ;k dykRedrk ds vk/kkj ij nwljk vko”;drk ds vk/kkj ijA ;g dk’B f”kYi ;gk¡a ds lkekU; xzkeh.k d`’kd lekt dh vko”;drk iwfrZ ds :Ik esa ,oa iqjkus Hkouksa ds }kj LrEHkksa] izos”k }kjksa] eksgfj;ksa ,oa NTtksa ij lqUnj vyadkfjd uDdk”kh ds mRd`’Vre~ :i esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA iqjkrkfRod lkfgR; ,oa ,sfrgkfld lk{;ksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dk’B dk iz;ksx ekuo vfr izkphu le; ls djrk vk;k gSA rkezik’kk.k] uoik’kk.k] egkik’kk.k dkyksa esa ydM+h ds dk;Z ds dbZ u;s {ks= [kksts tk pqds gSaA dk’B dh izd`fr ;|fi uk”koku gksrh gS vr% blds izkphure mnkgj.k cgqr de feyrs gSaA fo”o dh izkphure xzUFk _xosn esa dk’B ds miLdkj] crZu] jFk] uko vkSj ;K midj.kksa dk gh o.kZu ugha gS vfirq c<+bZ vkSj uDdk”k dk Hkh foospu gSA dkelw= ds 64 dykvksa esa dk’Bdyk Hkh lfEefyr gSaA bl izdkj dk’Bdyk ds izkphure~ izek.k oSfnd lkfgR;] jkek;.k] egkHkkjr esa Hkh miyC/k gaSA ckYehfd jkek;.k esa uDdk”kh ;qDr jFk] ;wi] udyh ioZr vkSj cM+s&cM+s cDls cukus okys n{k Ros’Vkvksa dk o.kZu vk;k gSaA ftl ikydh esa ckyh dh e`r nsg dks ys tk;k x;k og o`{k] i{kh inkfr lSfudksa vkSj tkfy;ksa ls vyad`r FkhA Hkjreqfu ds ukV~; “kkL= esa jaxeap cukus dh fof/k esa cryk;k x;k gS fd jaxeap lkyHkatdkvksa] liksZa vkSj vkys[kuksa ls vyad`r gksuk pkfg,A fo’.kksÙkjiqjk.k ds fp=lw= [k.M esa ik’kk.k] dk’B vkSj /kkrq dh izfrekvksa esa Hkh fp= ds gh izfreku viukus dh lykg nh gSA Hkkxor egkiqjk.k esa v’Vfof/k ewfrZ;ksa esa dk’BewfrZ dk lekos”k Hkh gSA egkdfo rqylhnkl us Hkh jkepfjr ekul esa dk’B iqrfy;ksa dk mnkgj.k nks LFkkuksa ij fn;k gSA dqekÅ¡ ds dk’Bf”kYi dyk dks mi;ksfxrk vkSj dykRedrk ds vk/kkj ij fuEu Hkkxksa esa cka¡Vk tk ldrk gSA 1- ikjEifjd Hkouksa esa iz;qDr gksus okyh dk’Bf”kYi dyk 2- ?kjsyq mi;ksx esa iz;qDr gksus okyk dk’B vk/kkfjr gLrf”kYi ikjEifjd Hkouksa esa iz;qDr gksus okyh dk”B f’kYidyk dqekÅ¡ ds yxHkx lHkh xka¡oksa esa ikjEifjd Hkou vkt Hkh ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA ;|fi dbZ Hkou ttZj voLFkk esa ;k [k.Mgjksa esa rcnhy gks pqds gSaA fQj Hkh vkt dbZ Hkou vius ikjEifjd lkSUn;Z dh xkFkk xk jgs gSaA dqekÅ¡ ds tuin vYeksM+k esa vYeksM+k uxj esa tks pUnjktkvksa }kjk clk;k x;k gS vuds ikjEifjd Hkou orZeku le; esa Hkh fo|eku gSaA ;”kks/kj eBiky th ds vuqlkj tuin vYeksM+k dk’Bdyk esa dqekÅ¡ esa lcls /kuh gSA bu ikjEifjd Hkouksa dk fuZek.k feV~Vh] iRFkj] ydMh+ ls - 139 - fd;k tkrk FkkA bu Hkouksa ds vkxs lqUnj iRFkj ds vk¡xu ftls dqekÅ¡uh Hkk’kk esa ^iVk.k* dgk tkrk gS] cuk;s tkrs FksA ;s ikjEifjd vkokl ,d efUtyk] nks efUTkyk rFkk rhu efUtyk rd cuk;s tkrs gSaA bu ikjEifjd Hkouksa esa lcls dykRed vkSj vkdZ’k.k dk dsUnz eq[; izos”k }kj vkSj f[kM+fd;ksa ds NTts gksrs gksrs gaSA ftldk fuekZ.k Hkwry ls yxHkx 1 QhV Å¡pkbZ esa fd;k tkrk gSA [kksyh esa f}eaftyk ds fy, izos”k dk jkLrk gksrk gSA [kksyh ds e/; esa etcwr iRFkj xk<+k tkrk gS] vkSj blds ,d nwljs ds Åij pkSM+s&pkSM+s iRFkjksa ls lh<+h cukbZ tkrh gSA ftlls bu lh<+h;ksa ls ^pk[k* esa izos”k fd;k tkrk gSA pk[k ikjEifjd Hkouksa esa Åijh eafty dk vkxs dk dejk gskrk gSA blh dejs esa pkSM+h&pkSM+h vyad`r f[kM+fd;k¡ cukbZ tkrh FkhA bUgha f[kM+fd;ksa dks ^NTtk* dgk tkrk gSA mRdh.kZ nsoh nsorkvksa ds vfrfjDr dqekÅ¡ esa ikjEifjd Hkouksa esa csy] fHkMh] uhcw] fepZ] iihrk] vke] dsyk] v[kjksV vkfn dk vyadj.k Hkh fd;k x;k gSA vr% bu ikjEifjd dk’B fufeZr Hkouksa ds [kksyh vkSj NTtksa esa mRdh.kZ vkSj vyad`r uDdk”kh dks bl izdkj ck¡Vk tk ldrk gS& 1- ouLifr vyadj.k 2- ekuo] Ik”kq] i{kh;ksa dh mRdhZ.k 3- nsoh&nsorkvksa dh mRdh.kZ vko`fr;k¡ 4- izrhd fpUg vyadj.k 5- vkys[ku fMtkbu vyadj.k 1& ouLifr vyadj.k [kksyh vkSj NTtksa esa ;gka¡ ds dk’Bf”kfYi;ksa us ouLifr vyadj.k cM+h dykRedrk ds lkFk fd;k gSA ouLifr vyadj.k esa ;gka¡ ds }kj LrEHkksa esa o`{k] yrk,sa] iq'Ik rFkk iÙkksa dk lqUnj vkys[ku n`f’Vxkspj gksrk gSA 2& ekuo] i’kq vkSj if{k;ksa dh mRdh.kZ vkd`fr;k¡ izkphu ikjEifjd Hkouksa dh [kksyh esa ekuo vkd`fr;ksa esa v”okjksgh] /kuq’k] ryokj vkfn /kkj.k fd;s gq, lSfud] }kjiky] jktk vkfn dh mRdh.kZ vkd`fr;k¡a ns[kus dks feyrh gSA gSA 3& nsoh&nsorkvksa dh mRdh.kZ vkd`fr;k¡ mÙkjk[k.M nsoHkwfe ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd blds d.k&d.k esa nsork fuokl djrs gSaA vr% ;gka ds ikjEifjd Hkouksa ds dk’B iV ij nsorkvksa dh mRdh.kZ vkd`fr;ksa dk fo”ks’k egRo gSA nso vkd`fr;k¡ eq[;r% [kksyh ds Åij fLFkr iVko ij mdsjh tkrh FkhA 4& izrhd fpUg vyadj.k vusd LFkkuksa esa LokfLrd dks [kksyh ds “kh’kZ iê ij mdsjk x;k gSA ihiy dk iÙkk] v’Vdks.kh; rkjk] eaxydy”k vkfn dk izrhd fpUg ds :i esa vyadj.k fd;k x;k gSA 5& vkys[ku fMtkbu vyadj.k bu ikjEifjd Hkouksa ds [kksyh NTtksa ij vkM+h frjNh js[kkvksa ls lqUnj vkys[kuksa fMtkbuksa dk vyadj.k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA dgha csy iq’i ;qDr lqUnj vyadj.k gS rks dgha dsoy csy }kjk lqUnj vkys[ku vyad`r fd;k x;k gSA

- 140 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES dqekÅ¡ ds e/;fgeky; {ks= esa NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 139-142, ISSN 2348–3318 dk”B vk/kkfjr gLrf’kYi latho vk;kZ ,oa uhye fc”V

2& ?kjsyq mi;ksx eas iz;qDr gksus okyk dk”B vk/kkfjr gLrf’kYi

Bsdh & Bsdh dk mi;ksx ngh tekus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Bsdh lkuM+ vkSj xsBh dh ydM+h ls cukbZ tkrh gSA Bsdh esa tek;k ngh Lokfn’V ,oa vkS’k/kh; xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksrk gSA MkSd& MkSd dks LFkkuh; cksyh esa ^fc.Mk* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA MkSd dk mi;ksx eq[;r% eB~Bk eFkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA MkSd vyx&vyx eki dk gksrk gSA blds rys dh xksykbZ eqg¡ dh xksykbZ ls vf/kd gksrh gSA gM+ih& gM+ih ?kh j[kus ds mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA ;g “kaDokdkj rFkk v.Mkdkj vkd`fr dk cuk;k tkrk gSA bldk y?kq :i ^dqeyh* dgykrk gSA bldh eksVkbZ yxHkx 1 bap bldh Å¡pkbZ yxHkx 1 QhV vkSj rys dh xksykbZ yxHkx 4 bap gksrh gSA gM+ih esa ydM+h dk k] rkfj.kh”k] 1958] fo’.kq /keksZRrj iqjk.kkukxr fp=lw=e~ if=dk dyk vad] i`’B la[;k&433&475A Ÿ tyku] eksrhyky] 1965] Jh Hkkxor egkiqjk.k ¼ewy ek=e~½] xksj[kiqj xhrk izsl] i`’B la[;k&11]12]27A Ÿ eBiky] ;”kks/kj] 1997] mRrj[k.M dk dk’Bf”kYi] i`’B la[;k&28&29 A Ÿ ?kks’k] byk] 2004] laLdr okM+e; esa f”kYi dyk,a] i`’B la[;k&238] bLVZu cqd fydZl fnYyh Ÿ pkSgku] pUn flag] 2009] dqekÅ¡ fgeky; ds ijEijkxr vkokl] i`’B la[;k&8] e/; fgeky; dh lkLdfrd izFkk;sa] euh'k izdk”ku vYeksM+kA

- 142 - dchj iuk nksuksa gh vlaHko gSA lekt lq/kkjd ds :i esa] HkDr ds :i esa] dzkfUrdkjh ds :i esa Hkh dchj dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA lekftd psruk dk izlQqVu djus esa Hkh budh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA

^^Ekfl dkxn Nqoks ufga] dye xgks ugha gkFkÞ ds vuqlkj dchj iesa gS] rw tkx lds rks tkxAA · vgadkj dk R;kx& tc eSa Fkk rc gfj ugha] vc gfj gS eSa ukkfgaA lc vaf/k;kjk fefV x;k] tc nhid ns[;k ek¡fgAA · dchj dh lkekftd psruk&ew¡M+ eqMkrs gfj feys] gj dksbZ ys eqaMk;A ckj&ckj ds ewaMrs] HksM+ u cSdqaB tk,AA

- 143 - dchj ds jke dchj ds jke fuxqZ.k gSa] og vKs; gSaA pkjksa osn] Le`fr;k¡] iqjk.k] O;kdj.k vkfn dksbZ Hkh mldk eeZ ughas tkursA og fujatu ek;kjfgr gSA u og tUe ysrk gS] u u’V gksrk gS] u mldh dksbZ :ijs[kk gS] u dksbZ o.kZ gS] u mldk dksbZ xk¡o gS] u Bk¡oA u xq.k] u os”kA u og ckyd gS u ;qok u o`)A ml fuHkZ;&fujkdkj] vy[k fujatu dks dksbZ Bhd ls ugha tkurkA og *o.kZ&vo.kZ* ls eqDr] *varjfgr*] *l`f’V vkSj y; ls ijs* ,oa vdF; gSA tc u iou Fkk u ikuh] u /kj.kh Fkh u vkdk”k] u fi.M Fkk u izkf.k;ksa dk vkokl] tc u xHkZ Fkk u ewy] tc u dyh Fkh u Qwy] u “kCn Fkk uk mldk vkLokn] u fo|k Fkh u okn] tc u xq: Fks u f”k’;] tc l`f’V gh ugha Fkh] ml le; Hkh xE; vkSj vxE; nksuksa ifjfLFkfr ls ijs tks vfoxr rRo fo|eku Fkk] Hkyk mldh O;k[;k dSls gks ldrh gS\ bl vfoxr fujk/kkj rRo dk vkj&ikj ugha tkuk tk ldrkA og yksd vkSj osn nksuksa ls ijs gSA og lkjs lalkj ls vyx gSA ,slk lkgc dqy jfgr gSA mldk :i Lo:i dqN dgrs ugha curkA mldk gYdkiu ;k Hkkjhiu Hkh ugha rkSyk tk ldrkA og Hkw[k&r`’.kk] /kwi&Nk¡g] lq[k&nq[k lHkh ls jfgr gSA og vfoxr vijaikj czã loZ= fo|eku gS] mlds leku dksbZ nwljk ugha gSA os ckj&ckj ml ijerRo dks lHkh izdkj ds LFkwy rRoksa ls vyx djuk pkgrs gSaA os dgrs gSa fd jke uke dh ppkZ rks cgqr gqbZ ij mldk eeZ dksbZ ughsa tkurkA oLrqr% og osnksa dh lhek ls ijs gSaA lHkh izdkj ds Hksnksa ls jfgr gSaA og iki vkSj iq.;] Kku vkSj /;ku] LFkwy vkSj lw{e lHkh ls ijs gSA dchjnkl ckj&ckj dgrs gSa fd og tSlk gS mls Bhd oSlk gh le>uk nksuksa gh vlaHko gSA igyh dfBukbZ rks Lo:i ds okLrfod cks/k dh gS] D;ksafd & tl rw¡ rl rksfg dksbZ u tkuA yksx dgSa lc vkufga vkuAA nwljh dfBukbZ Hkk’kk vkSj vfHkO;fDr dh gSA D;ksafd& tl dfFk;s rl gksr ugha] tl gS rSlk lksbZA mls O;Dr djus ds fy, ge ftruk gh cksyrs gSa] mruk gh rRo ls nwj gksrs tkrs gSa& cksyuk dk dfg;s js HkkbzZA cksyr cksyr rRo ulkbZAA ;g tkurs g, Hkh fd cksyus ls fodkj c<+rk gS] cksyrs blfy, gSa fd fcuk cksys fopkj gks gh ugha ldrk& Ckksyr cksyr c<+S fcdkjA fcu cksY;k¡ D;w¡ gksb fopkjAA dchj dk ;g fuxqZ.k jke loZe; gksrs gq, Hkh ,d gSA os ckj&ckj dgrs gSa fd eSusa rks ml ,d rRo dks *,d gh* djds le>k gSA tks nks dgrs gSa mUgksaus mls Bhd ls igpkuk ugha gSA dHkh&dHkh os Hksn&n`f’V okyksa dh tM+rk ij [kh> tkrs gSa vkSj dgrs gSa fd& vjs HkkbZ] D;ksa O;FkZ esa chp esa Hksn iSnk djrs gks\ rRo nks dSls gks ldrk gSA jke vksj jghe] ds”ko vkSj djhe] fcfLey vkSj fo”oEHkj esa Hksn ugha djuk pkfg,A vius er dks Li’V djrs gq, dchjnkl dgrs gSa fd esjk lkjk Hkze nwj gks x;k gS vkSj esjk ,d fujatu esa yx x;k gSA lalkj ds ljs inkFkksZa esa ml ,d us gh vius dks LFkkfir fd;k gS tks :i&jax jfgr gS] ogh ?kV&?kV esa ¼izR;sd “kjhj esa½ lek;k gqvk gSA og lcesa vkSj lc mlesa fo|eku gSaA mlds vfrfjDr nwljk dksbZ ugha gSA os dgrs gSa fd eqlyeku ,d [kqnk dh ckr djrk gS] fdUrq esjk Lokeh rks ?kV&?kV esa lek;k gqvk gSA og ijerRo ,d gksus ij Hkh lc esa fdl izdkj lek;k gS\ bldk mRrj nsrs gq, og dgrs gSa fd tSls ,d lw;Z dk izfrfcac izR;sd izdkj ds ty ¼unh]]] leqnz dq¡vk ?kM+k vkfn½ esa iM+rk gS] mlh izdkj ,d gh jke lHkh inkFkk sZa esa izfrfcafcr gSaA tks ijekRek lkjh l`f’V esa lek;k gqvk gS] tks vf[ky czãk.M esa O;kIr gS] ogh gekjs ân; esa Hkh fo|eku gSA mls izkIr djus ds fy, b/kj&m/kj HkVdus dh vko”;drk ughsaA blfy, dchj eu dks le>krs gq, dgrs gSa dh js eu! dgha tkus dh vko”;drk ugha gSA og vfouk”kh rks ân;&ljksoj esa gh fo|eku gSA gfj rks ân; esa gh gSA blfy, og vkRekjke gSA jeSuh esa dchj dgrs gSa fd ijekRek us dqaHkdkj dh Hkk¡fr l`f’V dh jpuk dh gS] ftl izdkj dqaHkdkj cM+s ;Ru ls vusd izdkj ds crZuksa dh l`f’V djrk gS] mlh izdkj dqaHkdkj :ih ijekRek us Hkh vusd uke :i lalkj dh jpuk dh gSA mUuhloha jeSuh esa os dgrs gSa fd ijekRek {k.k Hkj esa otz ls frudk vkSj frudk ls otz dj ldrk gS& lkgc lksa lc gksr gS cans rs dNq ukfgaA jkb rs ijcr djs ijcr jkb ekfgaAA

- 144 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES dchj ok.kh esa yksdrRo NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 143-146, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL Hkkouk vxzoky

dchj ds fuxqZ.k jke *d`ikyq* gSa] nkrk gSaA mUgha dh d`ik ls dchj tUe&ej.k ls eqDr gks lds gSaA dchj dgrs gSa fd gs izHkq u rqEgkjs leku dksbZ nkrk gS vkSj u gekjs leku dksbZ ikihA nkl dchj tkurs gSa fd “kj.k esa vkus ij mUgksaus vEcjh’k dh j{kk dh vkSj vius lqn”kZu pdz ls nqokZlk dks la=Lr dj fn;kA os *nqfjr&fudanu* vkSj *nq%[k&Hkatu* Hkh gSaA blh izdkj dchj us vius jke ds fy, *izfrikyd*] *HkDroRly*] *rkjugkj* vkfn fo”ks’k.kksa dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;kA blls Li’V gS fd dchj tc ijerRo dks fuxqZ.k dgrs gSa rc mudk rkRi;Z gksrk gS fd ijerRo lr jt re ls ijs gS vFkkZr ;g ek;k ds xq.k ls jfgr gS fdUrq mlesa os lHkh xq.k gSa tks mls HkDrksa dk mikL; cuk ldrs gSaA *ikapjk=* n”kZu esa Hkh Hkxoku dks fuxqZ.k ekuus ds lkFk gh muesa N% xq.kksa Kku] ”kfDr] ,”o;Z] cy] oh;Z rFkk rst dh fLFkfr ekuh xbZ gSA Kku ls rkRi;Z muds Lo&izdk”k] fuR; rFkk lokZoxzkgh xq.k ls gSA tgk¡ dchj us ,d bZ”oj dh ckr dgh gS ogk¡ izk;% muds lkeus fgUnqvksa vkSj eqlyekuksa ds vKku&tfur fooknksa dks fuiVkus dk Hkh mís”; jgk gSa ,slk Hkxoku tks lc dqN cuk&fcxkM+ ldrk gS] og HkDrksa ij d`ik Hkh dj ldrk gS] vkSj mUgsa Hkolkxj ls ikj Hkh yxk ldrk gS] mudh j{kk Hkh dj ldrk gS] muds nq%[kksa dks nwj dj ldrk gSA blfy, mls d:.kke;] n;kyq] nq%[kgj.k] rju&rkju tSls “kCnksa ls lacksf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls Hkxoku dks b/kj&m/kj

- 145 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES dchj ok.kh esa yksdrRo NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 143-146, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL Hkkouk vxzoky lUnHkZ lwph · MkW0 jkefd”kksj “kekZ % 2003 % dchj xzUFkkoyh] yksdHkkjrh izdk”ku] bykgkcknA · MkW0 t;nso flag % 1998 % dchj ok.kh ih;w'k] fo”ofo|ky; izdk”ku] okjk.klhA · vkpk;Z jkepUnz “kqDy % 2012 % fganh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl] t;Hkkjrh izdk”ku] bykgkcknA · jkeLo:i prqosZnh % 2011 % fganh lkfgR; vkSj laosnuk dk fodkl] yksdHkkjrh izdk”ku] bykgkcknA · ia0 ujgj “kkL=h [kj”khdj % vizSy&twu 2013 % dchj] iapoVh lans”k] vad&2] MkW0 cychj flag lkfgR; dsanz] nsgjknwuA

- 146 - x<+oky mRrjk[k.M jkT; dk cM+k ,oe~ egRoiw.kZ HkwHkkx gS] ;gk¡ ds dfo;ksa us fgUnh lkfgR; dh le`f) esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;k gSA lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj izkIr yhyk/kj txwMh] eaxys”k Mcjky] ohjsu Maxoky blh {ks= dk izfrfuf/kRo djrs gSaA ;gk¡ ds dfo;ksa us dkO; txr ds gj fo/kk es viuh ys[kuh pykbZ gS] ;gk¡ ds dfo;ksa dh lkekftd izfrc)rk vVwV gS vkSj bl {ks= dh le`f) ds vk/kkj efgyk ”kfDr ds gj lq[k&nq[k] g’kZ&fo’kkn]lEiUurk&foiUurk dks dfo;ksa us viuh dforkvksa ds ek/;e ls mdsjk gSA ukjh psruk ls lUnfHkZr lkfgR; esa mDr dfork,sa efgykvksa ds nq%[k&nnZ dks gh lkeus ugh ykrh] oju leL;k dk lek/kku Hkh lq>krh gSaA tks fgUnh lkfgR; txr esa ukjh psruk ls lEcfU/kr lkfgR; esa fo”ks’k LFkku j[krh gSa] izLrqr “kks/k i= x<+oky ls fgUnh dfo;ksa ds dkO; esa ukjh psruk ij jps x;s lkfgR; dk lkaxksikax v/;;u gSA

Hkkjro’kZ fo”o dk ,d fo”kkyre jk’Vª gS] bldk vUksdrk esa ,drk dk oSf”k’V~; izkphudky ls pyk vk jgk gS] bldh vk/;kfRed vkSj lkaLd`frd ,d yEch ijEijk jgh gSA x<+oky {ks= dqekÅ¡ ds if”pe esa f”keyk ds iwoZ esa vkSj mRrj izns”k ds ftyk fctukSj vkSj lgkjuiqj ds mRrj esa i`Foh ds mRrjh v{kkal 290 26^10^* vkSj iwohZ ns”kkUrj ds 780 12^0^* ij fLFkr gSA ;g iz”kklfud vk/kkj ij x<+oky e.My ,oa lkr tuinks es foHkkftr gS] x<+Okky {ks= dh tula[;k orZeku esa yxHkx lkB yk[k gSA x<+oky ls fgUnh ds izeq[k dfo;ks esa dey lkfgR;kyadkj] Jhjke “kekZ ^^izase**] ikFkZlkjfFk Mcjky] Jhfoykl Mcjky] eaxys”k Mcjky] ohjsu Maxoky] yhyk/kj txwM+h] MkW0 uUn fd”kksj dj mls leku vf/kdkjksa ls oafNr j[kk] Qyr% og vHkkoxzLr gksdj vkthou vR;pkj ekSu jgdj lgrh jgh gSA fdlh Hkh lekt esa lH;rk dk vuqeku ml lekt }kjk L=h dks fn;s x;s vknj ls tk¡pk tk ldrk gS] bl vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS] fd ifjokj ds m}kj ;k fouk”k dk dkj.k L=h gks ldrh gSA blh dkj.k fdlh lekt dh fodkl dh ckr djrs le; L=h dh n”kk ij Hkh xkSj djuk dfo viuk izFke drZO; le>rk gSA Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa fofHkUu dkyks esa L=h dh n”kk Åij uhps gksrh jgh gSA ukjh psruk ds lEcU/k esa orZeku esa ukjhokn dk cksyckyk gS] ukjhokn L=h&iq:’k ds leku vf/kdkjksa dk i{k ysus okyk fl)kUr gS] os L=h ;k iq:’k ukjhoknh dgykrs gSa tks ekurs gSa fd L=h&iq:’k ds chp dh vusd vlekurk,sa u rks uSlfxZd gSa u vko”;d] ukjhokfn;kas dk ekuuk gS fd bu vlekurkvkas dks cnyk tk ldrk gS vksj L=h&iq:’k ,d lerkiw.kZ thou th Lkdrs gSaA ukjhokn ds vuqlkj L=h&iq:’k vlekurk fir`lRrk dk ifj.kke gS] fir`lRrk bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd iq:’k vkSj L=h izd`fr ls fHkUu gSaA ukjhoknh bl utfj;s ij lokfy;k fu”kku yxkrs gSaA vxj ge Hkkjr ds lUnHkZ esa ns[ks rks ge ikrs gSa ujd`r lHkh “kkL=ksa ds cU/ku ukjh dks ysdj gSa] ftruh Hkh dqizFkk,as gekjs lekt esa fo|eku Fkh] bu lcds dsUnz esa ukjh Fkh] cky fookg izFkk] cgq&fookg izFkk] ijnk izFkk] ngst izFkk] lrh izFkk] tkSgj izFkk bu lcesa ukjh ds izfr iq:’kksa dk utfj;k gh FkkA x<+oky dh efgyk,sa Hkh blls vyx ugh gSa] ;gka dh efgykvks dk thou igkM+ dh rjg dfBu gS] x<+oky ds lkfgR;dkjkas dh n`f’V ek¡] cgukas dh fofHkUu euksn”kkvkas lq[k&nq[k] g’kZ&fo’kkn] lEiUurk&foiUurk ij xbZ gSA fL=;ka ns”k dh ekrk,as gSa] i”kqvkas dh Hkk¡fr [kjhnh csph tkus okyh ekrk,sa i”kq larku gh turh gSa] euqLe~fr esa dgk x;k gS]

- 147 - tks ifr] firk] lEcU/kh ykyp esa vkdkj L=h /ku ls xqtj&clj djrs gSa os ikrdh ujdxkeh gksrs gSa] orZeku Hkkjrh; lekt esa ;g dkQh de ns[kus dks feyrk gS] ysfdu ftl rjg ls ns”k esa cky fyxkauqikr ,d gtkj iq:’k ij ukS lkS ckfydk jg x;k gS] lekftd fonzqirk dk ;g psgjk fQj lkeus vk ldrk gSA ;g fufoZokfnr lR; gS fd dksbZ lekt rc rd rjDdh ugha dj ldrk tc rd efgykvksa dks cjkcjh dk ntkZ ugha nsrk] fL=a;k xkM+h ds vkxs ds ifg;ksa ds leku gSa ftlesa iq:’k ihNs ds ifg;s gaS] ,d ds fcuk nwljk dqN nwj rd Hkh ugha tk ldrk gSA fgUnh lkfgR; ij utj nkSMk;sa arks ge ikrs gSa fd chjxkFkk dky ,oa jhfrdky esa L=h;ksa ds izfr dfo;ksa dk n`f’Vdks.k dkQh ghu ,oa ladqfpr Fkk] rqylhnkl th us jkepfjrekul esa fy[kk gS&

vk/kqfud dky esa HkkjrsUnq gfj”pUnz ds vkxeu ls ukjh ds izzfr dfo;ksa ds n`f’Vdks.k esa Hkh ifjorZu vk;k] t;“kadj izlkn us vius dkO; esa ukjh dks egRrk iznku djrs gq;s mls J)k dh lk{kkr izfrEkk dgkA dfo uUnfd”kksj qdrs gq,] ,d ekrk dk e/kqj Lru fi;k] ,d ekrk us eq>s ve`r fn;kA /kU; gS nksuksa exj] eerke;h jk”Vª dh Hkwfe lcls Js”B gSA

Xk<+oky ds lkfgR;dkjksa dh n`f’V esa fL=;ksa dk fo”ks’k egRo Fkk] ukfj;ksa dh n”kk Hkkjrh; lekt esa mRrj oSfnd dky ds ckn ls gh ghu Fkh] cgqfookg] cky fookg] lrh izFkk us ukjh thou dks Tokykeq[kh dk fuokl cuk fn;k Fkk] bl dkj.k dfo;ksa ds ân; esa ukjh ds fy, fo”ks’k vknj vkSj J)k dk gksuk LokHkkfod gS] izLrqr dfork esa MkW0 jes”k iks[kfj;ky ^^fu”kad** ekrk ds ml ri dks iz.kke djrs gSa] ftlesa og Loa; rks tyrh gS] ijUrq vkSjksa dks lksuk cuk nsrh gS& ftlus la?k”kksZa esa ridj] fnO; cuk;k Fkk thouA ,slh tuuh tUeHkwfe] dks vfiZr esjk ru&eu&/kuAA

igkM dk ,d cMk nnZ] iyk;u gS] ;gkaWa dk ;qok fd”kksjkoLFkk esa gh ukSdjh dh ryk”k esa vU;= pyk tkrk gS vkSj dbZ&dbZ o’kkZs rd “kgjksa dh /kwy Nkurk jgrk gS dfo us ;gkWa ij ^^nhiw** dks ,d izrhd ds :Ik essa bLrseky fd;k gS& dSlk gksxk nhiw esjk O;kdqy eu ls dgrh FkhA vka[kksa esa vklw dh /kkjk mldh vfojy cgrh FkhA dSls dfBu riL;k djds mldks bruk cMk fd;kA nqX/k&lq/kk dk iku djk Loa; nq%[kksa dk nnZ fi;kAA

iyk;u ds ckn tc fd”kksj “kgj iagqprk gS rks jg&jgdj mls vius ?kj&ifjokj dh ;kn vkrh gS vkSj mldh vka[kksa esa lglk dh vJq/kkjk QwVus yxrh gS& vVy lR; ;g Hkkjr Hkwfe] mldh viuh ekrk gSA ysfdu ftlus tUe fn;k] D;k mlls Hkh dqN ukrk gSA dgkWaaa yksfj;k gSa oks esjh D;ksa u mls cqykrh gSaA HkwywaWaa fdruh ;knksa dks eSa jg jgdj eq>s :ykrh gaSAA

,slk ugha gS fd ns”k dh efgyk,as ?kj dh ngyht rd gh lhfer jgh vkSj ,slk Hkh ugha fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr dh efgyk,sa [ksr&[kfygkuksa ls ckgj u vk ikbZ gksa ] jk’Vª }kjk iqdkjs tkus ij LorU=rk laxzke esa os lMdksa ij vk xbZ vkSj tsy ;k=k,sa rd dh] igkM esa mRrjk[k.M vkUnksyu dh lQyrk iwjh rjg ls efgykvksa ds Øfed vkUnksyu dk ifj.kke Fkh&

- 148 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES Xk<++oky ls fgUnh dfo;kas ds NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 147-151, ISSN 2348–3318 dkO; esa ukjh psruk deys’k dqekj feJ txk ns’k dk HkkX;] ns’k dh txh ukfj;ka gSa] cuh ikou nqyfj;ka gSA ijk/khurk ds cU/ku dh dld mBh gSa dfM;kaA cw

Hkkjrh; lekt esa ukjhokfn;ksa dh Hkwfedk orZeku esa mYys[kuh; gaS] ukjhoknh fdlh Hkh n`f’V esa efgyk o iq:’k esa foHksn ugha djrs] os ukjh LorU=rk ds iSjksdkj gaS rFkk ukfj;ksa dh lekt esa cjkcj dh Hkwfedk dh odkyr djrs gSa] fuEukafdr dfork esa tks mUuhl lkS ipkl ds vkl&ikl jph xbZ] dey lkfgR;kyadkj ds “kCnksa esa & ftlesa lq[k Lokra=; lnk gks] ,slk tx fuekZ.k djksa gsA ftlesa uj dh lafxuh ukjh] lnk oa/k gks eaxydkjh] uj ds dU/kksa ls dU/kk ns] ‘kfDr :ih.kh Hko&Hk; gkjhA x`g&thou lq[k LoxZ cukus] ukjh dk lEeku djks gsA ukfj lqrk ukjh lgpj] ukjh vxztk] vuqtk ekrk] ukfj l`f”V dh ojn dyk gS] x`gh ?kjksa dks lq;”k iznkrkA feVs ukjh&uj ds nq%[k ftlesa] ,slk ;qx fuekZ.k djks gsAA

igkM+ esa L=h;ksa dk nnZ Hkh cMk gS] og ns”k dh vU; txgksa dh rjg ngst gR;k dk f”kdkj gksrh gS] ?kj esa lkl dh izrkM+uk >syrh gS vkSj tc taxy esa tkrh gS rks ujHk{kh ck?k mldk bartkj dj jgk gksrk gS] ugha rks [kMs igkM rks gSa gh mldh thou yhyk [kRe djus ds fy,A bu lcds ckotwn lEeku mlls dkslksa nwj g]S dfo MkW0 ukxsUnz izlkn /;kuh L=h “kfDr dk xq.kxku djrs gq, dgrs gSa& ukjh&’kfDr le`f) jk”Vª dh] djssa mls lEekfur] ekr`:Ik esa iwtsa mldks] djks ugh viekfurA ;gh jk”Vª&,drk lH;rk& laLd`fr dh mnxkrkA fuxekxe bfrgklksa esa gS] bldh vuqie xkFkkAA

LorU=rk ds brus o’kksZa ds ckotwn Hkkjr esa xjhch] Hkw[kejh] csjktxkjh] vf”k{kk] ckye`R;q tSlh leL;,sa cuh gqbZ gaSA vktknh ds ckn bu ij dkQh dk;Z gqvk gS] ;s leL;k,sa fodjky ds LFkku ij vkt lkekU; Lrj ij igWaqp pqdh gSa] ysfdu bUgsa tM ls [kRe fd;s tkus dh vko”;drk gS] bu lc leL;kvksa ls lcls vf/kd izHkkfor efgyk,sa gh gksrh gSa] dfo MkW0 /;kuh viuh dfork esa blh rF; dk mYys[k djrs gSa& D;k ugha nw/k eqWags cPpksa dh&?kqVrh Hkkjr esa lkaaWals \ ugha nzkSinh tSlh D;k] vcyk viekfur gksrh \ D;k lhrk dh rjg ugha&ukjh fuokZlu gksrk \ ugha jktiFk ij turk D;k vc Hkh Hkw[kh lksrh \ ;g Hkkjrh; lekt dh =klnh jgh gS fd mUgkssaus dHkh Hkh efgykvksa dks cjkcjh dh Hkwfedk esa ugha j[kk] Hkkjrh; lekt us efgykvksa dks u flQZ “kkjhfjd :Ik ls detksj ekuk] oju ekufld :Ik ls detksj ekudj mldh vogsyuk dh] vkt ;g - 149 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES Xk<++oky ls fgUnh dfo;kas ds NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 147-151, ISSN 2348–3318 dkO; esa ukjh psruk deys’k dqekj feJ izekf.kr gks pqdk gS fd efgyk,sa os lHkh dk;Z dj ldrh gSa tks iq:’k djrs gSa] bu lcls Åij bZ”oj us fL=;ksa dks larkuksRifRr dk nkf;Ro nsdj vius cjkcjh dk ntkZ fn;k gS& ,slk D;k gS dk;Z txr esa] ftldks ukjh ugha dj ldrhA nwts ij gh D;ksa fuHkZj gksa] og d" V Loa; Hkh gj ldrhA ukjh ghs rks nqxkZ gS] lhrk] lkfo=h ukjhA rhyw] jkeh] y{eh] iUuk] j.k p.Mh nsoh /kkjhAA

Xk<+oky dh ukjh [ksr&[kfygkuksa] taxyksa esa viuk thou O;rhr dj nsrh gSa] lkekftd dqizFkk L=h;ksa ds Ø;&foØ; ij dof;=h us ekfeZd vfHkO;fDr nh gS& dgha ckfydk O;kgrs ckydksa dks] firk csp nsrk gS dgha csfV;ksa dksA dgha o`) O;kgrs gSa fd’ kkksfj;ksa dks] dgha iq" V&iq=h egkjksfx;ksa dksA ifr csp nsrk dHkh ukfj;ksa dks] nq[krk&:ykrk vcyk cspkfj;ksa dksA O;kikj gksrk ;gkaWaa bu ukfj;ksa dk] nqjkpkj ns[kk u tkrk bu ikfi;ksa dkAA

izLrqr dfork esa x

igkM+ dh efgykvksa dh ;”kLoh xkFkk flQZ ?kj x`gLFkh rd ugh gS] ;gk¡ dh ukfj;ks us ns”k dh j{kk esa u flQZ viuk cfynku fn;k] oju vius lrhRo dh j{kk ds fy;s “k=q dk lagkj Hkh fd;kA ukjh tks fd l`fØV dh jfp;rk gS dfo ds “kCnks esa && dgs tks pkgs ;g lalkj] ukjh gS tx esa lnk egku] blh us fn;s fo’ o dks nku] jRu gSa rqylh] lwj lekuA ukjh ls mitss‘’ kadj] O;kl] ukjh us gh fo o dks fn;s jke] eksgEen] bZlk] xkSre] cq)] ;qf/kf"" Vj] d` .k vkSj cyjkeAA

- 150 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES Xk<++oky ls fgUnh dfo;kas ds NATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 147-151, ISSN 2348–3318 dkO; esa ukjh psruk deys’k dqekj feJ vkt x<+oky esa tks Hkh fodkl dk;Z g,s gSa] muesa ukjh “kfDr dk cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku gS] ukfj;ksa }kjk ;gk¡ iRFkj ydMh dk] le; buls lnk agkjk] ogh x

fu"" d kZ Lo:i dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;gk¡ dh ukjh vius thou i;ZUr dfBukb;ksa dk lkeuk djrh gS] x<+oky dk dfo ukjh ds bl lkgl ,oa R;kx ls ifjfpr gS] og ukjh ds bl :i dk o.kZu djrk gS vkSj mlds cjkcjh ds ntsZ dh odkyr Hkh djrk gS] vkSj mlds lkFk iwjh lgkuqHkwfr j[krk gSA bl izdkj ge ns[krs gSa fd xqyls ik¡o& Jhjke “kekZ ^^izse** i`0 29 Ÿ vkxs c

- 151 - efgyk ân;kRed ek/kq;Z dh l`f’V iw.kZrk] ifjiDork ,oa vf}rh;rk dh n`f’V ls rks ekul leLr vkf/kHkkSfrd] vkf/knSfod ,oa vk/;kfRed lkSan;Z ds Hkh ikj dk lkj ekywe gksrh gSA vk/kqfud le; esa tc efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA fujarj efgyk vf/kdkjksa dh ekax dh tk jgh gS vkSj tks vko”;d gSa iwjh Hkh dh tk jgh gSa D;ksafd fyax Hksn djuk fdlh Hkh lekt ds fy, fgrdj ugha gksrk gSA fQj Hkh lekt dgha foJa[ky u gks tk; blfy, ekul dh vkn'kZ ukfj;ksa dk vkn'kZ vkpj.k vkSj Hkh vuqdj.kh; ,oa izklafxd gks tkrk gSA D;ksafd uj vkSj ukjh nksuksa gh lekt :ih jFk ds nks ifg, gSa] ,sls esa fdlh ,d dh mis{kk djds nwljs dks egRoiw.kZ crkuk fodkl jFk dks u’V djuk gSA

lR; dgfga dfo ukfj lqHkkÅA lc fof/k vxe vxk/k nqjkÅAA fut izfrfcEc c#dq xfg tkbZA tkfu u tkb ukfj xfr HkkbZAA ekul v;ks/;kdkaM] nksgk&47@4 rqylh dk /;ku ukjh dh lkekftd ,oa vk/;kkfRed mUufr lEca/kh lk/kuk ij vofLFkr jgk gSA lar dfo;ksa dh ekU;rk jgh gS fd ukjh dk lkSan;Z gh O;fDr ds eu dks papy cukdj vius lkSan;Z&ik'k esa vkc) dj ysrk gS] ftlls euq’; iru dh vksj mUeq[k gks tkrk gSA lqanj nkl th dgrs gSa& dkfeuh dks nsg ekuks dfg, l?ku ou tgka dksm tkb lq rks Hkwfy ds ijrq gSA dqp gS igkj] tgka dke pksj jgsa rgka] lkf/k dS dVk{k cku izku dks gjrq gSA laqnj dgfr ,d vkSj Mj rkesa] jk{kl cnu [kkma&[kkma gh djrq gSA lqanj xzaFkkoyh] laik0&iqjksfgr gj ukjk;.k “kekZ] i`0&437 nknw ukjh dks ek;k dgrs gSa& ek;k lkaif.k lc MlS] dud dkfe.kh gksbA czºe fo”uq egsl lksa] nknw cpS u dks;AA nknw ckuh]i`0&131 e/; dky ds Jaxkjh dfo;ksa us fookfgrk ukjh dks gh iz'kaluh; crk;k gSA ftlds fy, uSfrd vkn'kksZa dk Hkh fu/kkZj.k fd;k gSA muds vuqlkj ukjh vius ifr dks NksM+dj vU; iq#’k ls lnSo foeq[k jgs] ;gka rd fd ij iq#’k dh Nk;k rd iM+us ls drjkrh jgs&Nkag ijs ij iq#”k dh ftu fr; /keZ ulkbZA jlyhu] xzaFkkoyh ¼jlizcks/k½] lq/kkdj ikaMs;] Nan&82 vfi p& NksfM+ ifr izhfr djh fucgh ufg JS.k lquh ge lksmA ekSu Hk, lgusb ijkS tks dgS dNq dksmA ek;k feyh ufga jke feys nqfo/kk esa x;s ltuh lquq nksÅA Bkdqj dfo vkSj mudk dkO;&MkW0 lqjsanz dqekj ekFkqj] Nan&175

Ikfrozrk ukjh ds lEca/k esa fparkef.k dgrs gSa& thou Hkj fut ifrfg ij] fr; vuqjkfxfu gksbA iafMr lar dfo dgr ;g] ifrozrk dg lksbAA fparkef.k Jaxkj eatjh] MkW0 HkxhjFk feJ] Nan&231

efrjke ds vuqlkj&fookfgrk L=h vius ifr ds leLr nks’k fNik;s j[krh gS vkSj mlds nks’kksa dks Lo;a ij vkjksfir dj ysrh gS& xq#tu nwts C;kg dks] izfrfnu dgr fjlkbA ifr dh ifr jk[ks cgw] vkiqu cka> dgkbAA efrjke xzaFkkoyh ¼lrlbZ½] laik0&d`'.k fcgkjh feJ

- 152 - lsukifr dh n`f’V esa ukjh nkEiR; thou esa viuh lkSr ds lkFk Hkh bZ’;kZ dk O;ogkj u djds uezrk dk O;ogkj djrh gS] ;g mldh uSfrdrk dh pje lhek gS& tkmdks fyykj rkds ikmdks v/kj] uSu vatu gS vkTk eujatu ylr gkSA okjh gkSa frgkjh Nfo Åij fcgkjh] esjs rkju dkS I;kjs lq/kkjl cjlr gkSAA Nwft;S u ikb gkSa rkSa rqe lsod gkS lsukifr] izkuifr esjs rqe thrS rjlr gkSAA lsukifr] dfoRr jRukdj] laiknd] mek”kadj “kqDy&2@33 Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa iRuh dks ifr dh v/kkZafxuh ekuk tkrk gSA og lq[k nq%[k izR;sd ifjfLFkfr esa ifr dk lkFk nsrh gSA og vius nq%[k ls mruk nq[kh ugha gksrh ftruk ifr ds nq[k lsA fparkef.k us blh Hkkouk dk fp=.k fd;k gS& jhfr ifrozrk lqanjh dh ifr eSa euqok dks jgs vuqjkxhA isf'k l'kh ifr gksfr lq'kh] ifr ds nq[k nqfjr gksr lHkkxhAA fparkef.k Jaxkj eatjh] MkW0 HkxhjFk feJ] Nan&255 larkuorh L=h gksuk fganw /keZ vkSj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh n`f’V ls /kkfeZd iw.kZrk dk ifjpk;d gSA ukjh ds fy, larku dk ikyu iks’k.k Hkh ,d “kqHk dk;Z ekuk tkrk gS& O;kgh dqy vkpkj lksa] lq) lqdh;k cke] lq[k lsok laru fgr] tl jl fueZy ukeAA nso xzaFkkoyh ¼lqfer fouksn½] laik0&y{eh/kj ekyoh;] 2@12 larku dk ikyu iks’k.k djus ds lkFk gh mls xq.koku cukuk Hkh ukjh dk ,d uSfrd /keZ gSA dqN dfo;ksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;fn eka iq= dks xq.koku ugha cukrh rks og iq=orh u gksdj oa/;k gSA dkelw=dkj] okRL;k;u dk dFku gS fd ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds izfr mls e`nqHkk’kh gksuk pkfg,A dkelw= f}rh; Hkkx% Vhdkdkj xaxk fo’.kq Jhd`’.k] i`0&6 la;qDr ifjokj ds chp jgrs gq, ukjh dk uSfrd drZO; gS fd og jfr lEca/kksa dh e;kZnk dk iw.kZr% ikyu djsA vius ifr ls feyus dh vnE; bPNk gksrs gq, Hkh og mu ij vadq”k yxkrh gqbZ ikfjokfjd e;kZnk dk iw.kZr% ikyu djrh gS& I;kjks dsfy eafnj rsa djr blkjks mr tkbcks dks I;kjh gw ds eu vfHkyk[;ks gSA nkl xq#tu ikl oklj izdkl rs u /khjt u tkr dsgq ykt&mj yk[;ks gSA uSu yypkS gS iS u dsgwa fuj[kfr cuS] vksaB QjdkS gS iS u tkr dNq Hkk[;ks gSA dktu ds C;kt okgh nsgjhds lkeqgs gS lkeqgS dS ekSt vkoxkSu dfj jk[;kS gSA fHk[kkjhnkl Jaxkj ¼fu.kZ;½ izFke [kaM] laik0&fo”oukFk izlkn] Nan&260

Hkkjrh; ukjh dh yTtk”khyrk ,oa e;kZnk dh ijkdk'Bk ;g gS fd og vius izFke iq= dks lkl ,oa uun ds lEeq[k xksn ysus rd esa ytkrh gS& ful fnu fuanr uan gS] fNu fNu lklq fjlkrA izFke Hk, lqr dks cgw] vadfg ysfr ytkrAA efrjke xzaFkkoyh ¼lrlbZ½] laik0&d`'.k fcgkjh feJ] Nan&156

vf/kdka”k HkDr dfo;ksa ¼lekt lq/kkjdksa½ us ukjh ds lqy{k.kh vkSj dqy{k.kh nksuksa :iksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA rqylhnkl us ukjh dks cqf)ghu ,oa ek;kfouh dgk gSA ysfdu dsoy piyk ,oa deuh;k ds ckjs esa gh ,slh /kkj.kk gSA ukjh ds nwljs Lo:Ik vFkZkr~ dqekjh ¼dU;k;sa½] ekrkvksa ,oa ifrozrk fL=;ksa dks mUgksaus vR;ar mPp LFkku fn;k gSA ;|fi ukjh ds dqekjh :Ik dk o.kZu cgqr de fd;k x;k gS] fQj Hkh tgka dgha o.kZu gS] dU;kvksa dks ifo= ,oa oanuh; ekuk gSA “kk;n bldk izeq[k dkj.k ;g gS fd ;g og voLFkk gksrh gS tc og u rks vius ;kSou ls ifjfpr gksrh gS vkSj u gh vius fiz;re lsA bl fu”Ny :Ik dk o.kZu djrs gq, dchj dgrs gSa& tc yfx iho ijpk ugha] dU;k dqekjh tkf.kA rqylhnkl us ukjh dh Hkjiwj fuank vU; HkDr dfo;ksa dh rjg dh gS blfy, muds Åij ukjh fuank dk vkjksi Hkh yxk;k tkrk gSA ijarq lE;d~ foospu djus ij bl vkjksi dk fujkdj.k Hkh gks tkrk gSA ekul esa ukjh fp=.k djus ds fy, rRdkyhu ¼rqylh;qxhu½ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa foospu dj ysuk U;k; laxr gksxkA rqylh us ftl ;qx esa tUe fy;k] og vfHk”kkiksa dk ;qx FkkA og Fkk rqylhnkl dk og vdcjh ;qx] ftlesa lezkV ds euksjatu ds fy, fL=;ksa dk ehuk cktkj yxrk FkkA vFkksZikluk ds bl ;qx esa yksxksa us Hkksx foykl dk bruk ?k`f.kr thou fcrkuk “kq: dj fn;k Fkk ftldh dksbZ lhek ugha FkhA Hkksx foykl ds dkj.k yksxksa essa L=S.k Hkkouk,a ?kj dj x;ha FkhA lekt ds bl O;fHkpkj ls] ns'k ds bl iki ls rqylhnkl dh vkRek jksrh Fkh vkSj blh #nu ,oa phRdkj esa mUgksaus ukjh dh fuank dh gSA - 153 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES lekt esa ukjh dk LFkku NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 152-157, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL jke th oekZ

ftl lekt esa Hkys yksx viuh fookfgrk lg/kfeZ.kh dks fudkydj] fud`’V dksfV dh fL=;ksa dks ?kj esa cSBkdj cM+s cus jgrs Fks] ml lekt esa rqylhnkl tSLks yksd usrk ,oa Økafrdkjh lekt lq/kkjd us ukjh fuank djds Hkksx foykl dh c<+rh gqbZ izo`fRr] mn~naM ,oa dkeqd oklukvksa dk “keu djus dk dsoy ,d LrqR; iz;Ru Hkj fd;k FkkA bl iz;Ru ds fy, rqylhnkl euq’; ek= ds J)k ds ik= gSa fuank ds dnkfi ughaA rqylhnkl dk ukjh lkSan;Z] }kjk ia0 nsohjRu voLFkh]i`0&189 MkW0 jktifr nhf{kr xksLokehth dh ukjhxr Hkkouk dh ehekalk djrs le; viuk fu’d’kZ nsrs gSa& rqylhnkl dh rhu n`f’V;ka gSa ,d rks dfo :Ik esa gekjs lkeus vkrs gSa] nwljs laLdrkZ ds :Ik esa vkSj rhljs lk/kd ds :i esaA dfo ds :Ik esa mUgksaus ukfj;ksa ds fofHkUu Lo:iksa dh dYiuk dhA ukjh tkfr ds pfj=xr oSf'k’V~; dh n`f’V ls tks fofHkUu :Ik fn[kk;h nsrs gSa og dfo rqylhnkl dh n`f’V gSA lekt laLdkj dh n`f’V ls mUgksaus ukjh ds lEca/k esa og /kkj.kk xzg.k dh tks ijEijk ls pyh vk jgh Fkh ;k ;ksa dfg, fd ml le; tSlh /kkj.kk Fkh mls gh ekU; Bgjk;kA lk/kd dh n`f’V ls mUgksaus ukjh dks cgqr gh oftZr dgkA leUo;drkZ yksduk;d rqylh lkef;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls iw.kZr;k fHkK FksA vr% rRdkyhu lkekftd fo’kerkvksa ls vfHkrIr rqylh us ukjh ds fofHkUu :iksa ds fp=.k fd;sA jkek;.k dky dh vis{kkd`r iqjk.k dky ls gh ukfj;ksa dh izfr’Bk] eku ,oa “kfDr esa {kh.krk vkrh x;hA ;= uk;ZLrq iwT;rs jears r= nsork dk vkn'kZ foyhu gksrk x;kA iq#’k oxZ us LokfHkeku] LokFkZ ,oa vga Hkko dh izsj.kk ls ukjh ij ,dkf/kiR; LFkkfir fd;k vkSj blfy, ukjh ds izfr ladh.kZrk gh c<+k;hA ikfjokfjd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd ,oa vkfFkZd {ks=ksa esa ukfj;ksa ds izfr ladh.kZrk dk O;ogkj gksus yxkA ,slh fo’ke ifjfLFkfr esa ukfj lgt tM+ ;K gh oLrqr% cuh jghA og x`g dh pgkjnhokjh esa gh jgus yxh vkSj jkek;.kdky dh fonq'kh u jg ldhA eqxydkyhu ;a=.kkvksa ,oa /keZ ladV dh ifjfLFkfr esa ukjh thou dh xfr dqafBr gks pyh]mlds lEeku ij Hkh vk?kkr gksus yxsA lw{e ikj[kh lekt lz’Vk rqylh us vius le; dh mPpkfrmPp ,oa ghu&foghu Lrj dh ukfj;ksa ds LoHkko dk fujh{k.k fd;kA muds le; esa ukjh lkSan;Z ,oa okluk dk gh lk/ku ekuh tkus yxh FkhA ml lkekU; i)fr dk rqylh us ?kksj fojks/k fd;kA lqjlfj le lcdk fgr djus okys yksd mUuk;kd dfo ds fy, ;g ije vfuok;Z Fkk fd os iq#’k lekt dh ukjh fo’k;d bl dkeklfDr ,oa mPNJa[ky okrkoj.k ds LFkku ij e;kZnk dk LFkkiu djrsA blhfy, mUgksaus e;kZnkghu ukfj;ksa dh vksj y{; djds dqN dVqfDr;ka dgh gSa] ijarq bldk rkRi;Z ;g ugha fd rqylh us ukjh tkfr dk vieku fd;k gSA cfYd mUgsa lq/kkjus ds y{; ls muds izfr ,slh vfHkO;fDr dh x;h gSA mudh Hkkoukvksa dk fnXn'kZu ekul esa vafdr m)j.kksa ls gks ldrk gS ftuls ukjh ds izfr mnkRr Hkkoksa ds gh gesa n'kZu gksrs gSaA dU;k :Ik esa ukjh vius lgt ,oa fuf'pr lkSan;Z :Ik esa ekrk&firk ij vk”oLr jgrh gSA fd'kksjh tkudh dk ;g :Ik vR;ar je.kh; ,oa fpRrkd'kZd gSA os uSfR;d iwtukfn lkfRod dk;Z djrh gq;h ekrk&firk ds vuq”kklu ls “kkflr gksrh gSaA okfVdk esa foyEc gks tkus ij Hk;Hkhr gks tkrh gSa & xw<+ fxjk lqfu fl; ldqpkuhA Hk;m foyacq ekrq Hk; ekuhAA ekul ckydkaM]nksgk&233@7

bl o;% lfU/k esa Hkh mldk la;e] e;kZnk dk /;ku ,oa la;r ekufld fLFkr vkn”kZ gSA iq’Ik okfVdk izlax esa lhrk vR;ar e;kZfnr

dU;k ds xq#rj drZO; okyu djus ds Ik”pkr~ ;qorh :Ik esa os iRuh :Ik esa xq#re~ thou ;kiu djrh gqbZ lq”kksfHkr gksrh gSaA drZO;fu’Bk ,oa LokyEcu ;qDr ifrozr /keZ ds lcy ikFks; ds vkJ; ls jktdqekjh lhrk nqoZg ?kj dk thou ;kiu djrh gqbZ vfXu ijh{kk esa lQy gksdj vkn'kZ dh LFkkiuk djrh gSaA bu nksuksa :iksa ds vfrfjDr ekr`Ro in dh Hkh izfr’Bk ekul esa dh x;h gS ijarq muesa jkek;.k dh vis{kkd`r HkfDr dh izcyrk dh fof”k’Vrk gSA ekrk dkS”kY;k ,oa lqfe=k okRlY; dh vkJ; :ik ,oa R;kxe;h rks gSa gh ijarq muesa izeq[krk dfo ds O;fDrRo dh izsj.kk dh gS tks fd Li’V dgrk gS& iq=orh ;qorh tx lksbZA j?kqifr Hkxr tklq lqrq gksbZAA ekul v;ks/;kdkaM] nksgk&74@1

ekul esa izenk ,oa vcyk :iksa dk vadu ukjh ds fo:Ik dks gh izLrqr djrk gSA rqylh ds le; esa lar dfo;ksa ,oa lk/kdksa dk ;g loZekU; fl)kar cu pqdk Fkk fd dkapu ,oa dkfeuh dks ,d gh :Ik esa j[kk tk;A blh ijEijk dk vuq”khyu ,oa lk/kuk iFk esa dkeuk dk cfg’dkj dk ladsr djuk gh xksLokeh th dk y{; Fkk& voxqu ewy lwyizn izenk lc nq[k [kkfuA ekul v;ks/;kdkaM] nksgk&44

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blh izdkj vcyk “kCn dk izlax Hkh xksLokeh th ds e;kZnk fparu dh vksj gh ladsr djrk gS& dk u djS vcyk izcy------A ekul v;ks/;kdkaM] nksgk&47

esa xksLokeh th dk y{; ukjh dh ve;kZfnr izcyrk ij gS ftlesa og D;k ugha dj ldrh\ bl gsrq os dSdsbZ dk vuqdwy izlax izLrqr djrs gSaA ijarq mudk lkadsfrd mn~ns'; ukjh dks mPNJa[kyrk ls foghu ns[kuk gSA vFk xksLokeh th us ukjh ds ve;kZfnr] mxz ,oa vokaNuh; :Ik dk ;FkkFkZ fp=kadu dj lkadsfrd vkn'kZ iznku fd, gSaA ijarq vf/kdka'k ukjh fp=.k esaaaaaaa mudh izLrqfr vkn'kZ gh jgh gSA ekul esa ukjh leL;k ij fopkj &foe'kZ djrs gq, panzHkku th fy[krs gSa& 'kkL=kuq'kklu vkSj yksd ijEijk bu nks rRoksa ls rqylh dh ukjh lEca/kh fl)karksfDr;ksa dk tUe gqvk gSA dfo ds O;fDrRo dh vfojy >yd rks mu ;kstukvksa esa gS ftldh jpuk dfo izfrHkk] O;kid dYiuk ,oa varjkRek dh O;atuk ls gqbZ gSA fdlh dfo ds fopkjksa dk fo”ys’k.k pfj= fp=ksa esa varfuZfgr /ofu ds vk/kkj ij gksuk pkfg,A LQqV mfDr;ka dsoy ,d i{k dks O;Dr djrh gSa& “kkL= vkSj yksd dh ekU;rkvksa dk i{kA vr% dsoy bu ij vk/kkfjr v/;;u v/kwjk gh jgsxkA v/;;u nksuksa n`f’Vdks.kksa ls gksuk Bhd gS] rHkh dfo ds lkFk iw.kZ U;k; gks ldsxkA jkepfjrekul esa yksdokrkZ] i`0&209 d`f’k ;qx ds i'pkr~ lekt dk foHkktu o.kZ ,oa O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij gksus yxkA ijarq ukjh dh fLFkfr dks “kwnz dksfV esa gh ”kkL=ksa us vuqeksfnr fd;kA leqnz us Hkxoku jke ls {kek ekaxrs gq, dgk gS& 'kwnz xaokj

bl izdkj ukjh izR;sd fLFkr esa iq#’k ds iw.kkZ/khu Fkh vU;Fkk og mPJa[ky gks tkrhA o’kkZ _rq ds izlax es jke dgrs gSa& egko`f”V pfy QwfV fd;kjhA ftfe Lora= Hk, fcxjfga ukjhA ekul fdf'da/kkdkaM] nksgk&14@7

vr,o iq#’k eq[kkis{kh ukjh x`fg.kh ,oa nklh gh cu ldhA izR;sd n`f’V ls og iq#’kkoyfEcr FkhA ,d ek= x`g gh mldk lhfer {ks= gksus ls jktuSfrd {ks= ls mldk dksbZ ljksdkj u FkkA bl lkoZnsf”kd ijra=rk ls ukjh dh lekt esa n'kk vR;ar ghu gks x;hA bl “kkL=h; ,oa ykSfdd :Ik js[kk dk izfrfcEc “kkL=kuqeksnd rqylh ds ekul esa gksuk LokHkkfod FkkA bUgha ifjfLFkr;ksa ls tU; dfri; nqcZyrkvksa dk vkjksi Hkh ukjh tkfr ij fd;k tkrk gSA lkgl] vu`r] piyrk] ek;k] Hk;] vfoosd] v'kkSp ,oa vnk;k buesa vkB nks’k ns[ks x;s& ukfj lqHkk; lR; lc dgghaA voxqu vkB lnk mj jgghaAA lkgl] vu`r] piyrk] ek;kA Hk;] vfoosd] v'kkSp vnk;kAA ekul yadkdkaM] nksgk&15@3

ekufld izf'k{k.k ds vHkko esa mlesa piyrk vkbZA viuh mi;qZDr ladh.kZ ifjfLFkfr esa mleas Hk; ,oa vfoosd dh fLFkfr Hkh LokHkkfod FkhA Ikq= ,oa ifr dk va/kkuqdj.k mldk fofgr Fkk vr,o vfoosd gh mldk vk/kkj cukA ml vfoosd dk lnqi;ksx mls ifrozrk :Ik nsdj fd;k x;k rFkk blls lkekftd la?k’kZ dh “kkafr Hkh gqbZA ifr ds xq.kksa esa nks’k n`f’V dk foosd j[kus ls] ifjR;kx :Ik esa lkekftd la?k’kZ gksus dh lEHkkouk FkhA mlls lekt fo:Ik gks tkrkA vr,o ;g vfoosd ukjh tkfr dh ewy izd`fr ds varxZr ugha oju mikftZr gqvkA viuh tfVy x`gLFkh ds Hkkj dh lqj{kk ,oa eu ds ladYi dks iwjk djus ds fy, ;g ek;k ,oa vu`r dk vkJ; ysrh gSA ;g mlds fy, vko”;dh; gks tkrk gSA bl izdkj ek;k mldh dkeukiwfrZ dh lk/ku Lo:ik curh gS rFkk vu`r }U}kRed fLFkr esa dop dk dke djrk gSA vnk;k :Ik ukjh ds lcy O;fDrRo dk gh izrhd gSA og viuh dk;Z iz.kkyh esa n`<+ ladYikfRedk gksrh gS Hkys gh mls vf/kd ls vf/kd ewY; pqdkuk iM+sA dSdsbZ ,oa lwiZ.k[kk blh ds funsZ'ku gSaA dqN lekykspdksa dk dguk gS fd ekul ds ukjh pfj= O;fDrxr pfj= gSa] ukjh tkfr ds izrhd ughaA rFkk os lHkh pfj= jke HkfDr ds dsanz ls gh ifjpkfyr gksrs gSaA ijarq ;g dFku fujk/kkj izrhr gksrk gS tc ge ekul esa ukfj;ksa ds fofHkUu oxksaZ dk fp=.k ikrs gSa] ftuesa ls ,d ukjh ,d fof'k’V oxZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSA lhrk dk O;fDrRo vkn'kZ dk izrhd gS tks Lo;a vius eas Lora= ,oa lcy gS rFkk ukjh tkfr ds fy, vkyksd LrEHk gSA lrh ds fp=.k esa ;FkkFkZ rRoksa dk fun”kZu gS tks vius v[kaM ifrozr /keZ dk vkJ; xzg.k dj lk/kuk ds mPp Lrj dks izkIr

- 155 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES lekt esa ukjh dk LFkku NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 152-157, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL jke th oekZ djrh gSA fof/k ds fo/kku ls izsfjrk ,oa vkn'kZ ;FkkFkZ ds la?k’kZ ls ihfM+rk dSdsbZ dk fp=.k Hkh vR;ar U;k; laxr gSA vuk;Z tkfr dh ukfj;ksa dk izfrfuf/kRo eanksnjh ,oa rkjk djrh gS ftudk HkO; nwjn'khZ] uhfre; :Ik fdlh Hkh izdkj de HkO; ugha dgk tk ldrk gSA muesa rks o`ank tSlh lrh ukfj;ksa dk Hkh vfLrRo gSA fuEu oxZ dh ukfj;ksa dh vkn'kZ izrhd “kcjh gS] fonq’kh jef.k;ksa dk vkn'kZ vuqlqb;k mifLFkr djrh gSA e/;e oxZ dh ukfj;ksa] v;ks/;k ,oa tudiqj dh cgqvksa dk Hkh fp=.k HkO; ,oa uSlfxZd NVk ls ;qDr gSA bl izdkj rqylh us ekul esa ukjh fp=.k vR;ar O;kid ,oa mnkj o`fRr ls fd;k gSA ftlesa lHkh ukjh oxZ viuk Lora= eq[kfjr vfLrRo j[krh gSaA ekul esa bl izdkj ds ukjh fuank ds LFky rhu izdkj ds gSaA dgha ukjh us fuank dh gS] dgha iq#’kksa us vkSj dgha jke ds eq[k ls djkbZ x;h gSA bu izlaxksa ds m)j.k ls ;g Li’V gks tk;sxk fd muesa oLrqr% rqylh dk mn~ns”; ukjh fuank ugha FkkA dSdsbZ eaFkjk dk ifjgkl djrh gS& dkus [kksjs dwcjs dqfVy dqpkyh tkfuA fr; fo'ks”k iqfu psfj dfg Hkjr ekrq eqLdkfuAA ekul v;ks/;kdkaM] nksgk&14 bl izlax dh eqnzk gkl ifjgkl rFkk eaFkjk dh dqea=.kk ij [kh> dh gS] lS)kafrd fu:i.k dh ughaA “kcjh Lo;a viuk nSU; izn'kZu djrh gq;h dgrh gS& dsfg fof/k vLrqfr djkSa rqEgkjhA v/ke tkfr eSa tM+ efr ekjhAA v/ke rs v/ke v/ke vfr ukjhA frUg ega eSa efrean v/kkjhAA ekul vj.;dkaM] nksgk&34@2&3

okLro esa dksbZ Hkh egkRek vius dks egku cuus dk nEHk ugha HkjrkA [kkyh ?kM+k gh vkokt djrk gSA ;g rks “kcjh ds vkfrF; lRdkj ,oa viuh okLrfod egRrk izn'kZu dk :Ik FkkA ;gka ij ukjh dh v/kerk rks rc izekf.kr gksrh tc jke Lo;a ml dFku ls lger gksrs ;k ekSu Lohd`fr nsrsA ijarq ;gka rks foijhr mRrj gS& ekuma ,d Hkxfr dj ukrkA ekul vj.;dkaM] nksgk&34@4 dgdj jke ukjh dks HkfDr iFk dh vf/kdkfj.kh ekurs gSa v/ke ughasA “kcjh dh mfDr mldh v/kerk ds LFkku ij mRrerk dks gh O;aftr djrh gSA iq#’kksa }kjk ukjh fuank ds LFky Hkh lkoZtfud u gksdj O;fDrxr gSaA ukjh fauank dh izeq[k v/kkZyh bl izdkj m)r dh tkrh gS &

oSls bl iafDr ds vusd Hkko vkykspdksa us yxk, gSa ijarq okLro esa lanHkZ ;g gS fd ;g mfDr tM+ leqnz ds }kjk dgh xbZ gS tks fd mldh “kBrk dk gh ,d vkoj.k ek= gks ldrh gS vFkok vijk/k {kek djokus dk ,d rjhdkA ;g lef’Vxr fl)kar ugha gSA jke us leqnz ls fou; dh ijarq fou; ls og nzohHkwr u gqvkA ;g mldh “kBrk dk izek.k gSA jke Øq) gks mBs vkSj djky vuqla/kku dj MkykA leqnz dh lEifRr izTtofyr gks mBh] og rqjar czkºe.k :Ik /kkj.k dj izkFkZuk djrk gqvk bls dgrk gSA ;g Hkh mldh ijo”krk ,oa “kBrk dk gh izPNUu :Ik gSSA jke ds izxfr iFk dk vojks/kd leqnz dk pfj= fdlh Hkh izdkj ls vkn”kZ u Fkk vr,o mldh mfDr rqylh dh /kkj.kk dSls dgh tk ldrh gSA bl mfDr esa dsoy rqylh ds ledkyhu vkn'kZ P;qr O;fDr;ksa dh ukjh ds izfr vuk;Z /kkj.kk dk gh ;FkkFkZ fp=.k gSA e;kZnk iq#’kksRre jke dgrs gSa& voxqu ewy lwy izn izenk lc nq[k [kkfuA rkrs dhUg fuokju eqfu eSa ;g ft; tkfuAA ekul vj.;dkaM] nksgk&44 mDr nksgs ds vk/kkj ij rqylh ukjh fuank ds Hkkxh cuk, tkrs gSaA ijarq bl nks’k n`f’V dk fuokj.k f}rh; iafDr ls gh rqjar gks tkrk gSA izFker% rks izenk “kCn ukjh dh fo”ks’k fLFkr dk ifjpk;d gS] ukjh tkfr dk ughaA nwljk izeq[k dkj.k bl nksgs esa gS] fuo`fRrekxhZ lk/kd ukjn ds izfr mins'kA fuo`fRrekxhZ lk/kd dks dkapu dkfeuh ds voxq.k n'kkZuk gh jke us mi;qDr le>kA oSjkX; lk/kuk djus okys eqeq{k] lU;klh] okuizLFk ,oa czºepkfj;ksa ds fy, ,slh ukjh uSfrd Hkkouk ds lk/ku ds iFk dk vojks/kd=h gSA blfy, ,sls izlaxksa ij ukjh fuank dk fp=.k pfj=kuqdwy lkFkZd Hkh gSA ekul esa rqylh us ukjh tkfr dk Hkh yksd uk;dRo fd;k gSA ijEijkxr ukjh dh vukf/kdkj Hkkouk ds LFkku ij rqylh us mls Hkh HfDr] Kku vkSj eqfDr dh vf/kdkfj.kh cuk;k vkSj Lo;a jke }kjk dgyok;k& uo egqa ftuds ,dm gksbZA ukfj iq#”k lpjkpj dksbZAA lksb vfrl; fiz; Hkkfefu eksjs------AA ekul vj.;dkaM] nksgk&350@6&7

- 156 - RECENTRESEARCHESINSOCIALSCIENCES&HUMANITIES lekt esa ukjh dk LFkku NATIONAL Issue : 1, Year : 2, Apr.-May-Jun. (2015), Pages : 152-157, ISSN 2348–3318 REFEREED JOURNAL jke th oekZ

blds vfrfjDr iwoksZfYyf[kr “kkL=kuqeksfnr ijra=rk ij Hkh xksLokeh th us viuh lgkuqHkwfr iznf'Zkr dh gSA ml ewd Økafr dh vfHkO;fDr bl izdkj gqbZ& dr fof/k l`th ukfj tx ekghaA ijk/khu liusgqa lq[k ukghaAA ekul ckydkaM] nksgk&101@5

lh; jkee; lc txq tkuh dks ekuus okys rqylh v/kkZafxuh dh fuank dSls dj ldrs FksA muds vuqHkoh fopkj tgka dqYVkvksa dh vkykspuk djrs gSa ogha dqiq#’kksa dh Hkh& ukfj foo'k uj ldy xkslkbZaA ukpfga uV edZV dh ukbZaAA lwnz f}tUg minslfga X;kukA esfy tusÅ ysfga dqnkukAA lc uj dke yksHk jr Øks/khA nso foiz Jqfr lar fojks/khAA ekul mRRkjdkaM] nksgk&98@1&3 lekt esa uj ,oa ukjh] nksuksa dks leku LFkku fn;k x;k gSA Lo;aoj ds le; uj&ukjh nksuksa gh leku :i ls n'kZd curs gSaA lHkh mRloksa esa nksuksa oxZ lEeku lfgr Hkkx ysrs gSaA la{ksir% ge ekul ds ukjh fp=.k ds fo’k; esa ia0 jke fuokl “kekZ dk dFku furkar mi;ksxh ekurs gSa& efgykvks ds vkn'kZ nks :iksa esa fpf=r gSa& 1&ek/kq;kZRed 2&,s'o;kZRed ek/kq;kZRed esa mPp vkn'kksaZ dk Ik;kZIr o.kZu gSA og vkn'kZ pfjrkoyh ds ;'k ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ,s'o;kZRed esa ,s'o;kZRed rRoksa ds lQy vfHku; dh mRd`’V >kadh] vkJ;] cy] ikS#’k] izpaM “kfDr] uSlfxZd rRoksa dk fnXn'kZu] vnE; “kfDr ,oa lalkj :ih egkek;k dk fp=.k gSA efgykvksa ds lHkh :Ik fPkf=r gSa tks vius vki esa vkn'kZ ,oa foy{k.k gSaA ;Fkk& lkSr :Ik xfgZr gksrk gS ij ;gka vknj.kh;k ,oa iwT;uh;k] funkZs’k lkiRU; :Ik dh vkn”kZ izrhd Hkxorh dkS'kY;k ,oa lqfe=k rFkk va”kr% dSdsbZ gSaA muesa ifj’d`r] mnkRr] vfHkuanuh; ,oa iwtuh; lkiRU; Hkko] fu’diV lgkuqHkwfr] vkReh;rk] yksdkpkj Lusg dh ve`rksie /kkjk izokfgr gSA------lkl:Ik lqpfj= gS------;g Hkh rqylh dh LoxhZ; lk/kuk dk Qy gS blesa ftruk lkSjHk] ek/kq;Z ,oa lkSan;Z gS og vU;= nqyZHk gSA------iRuh :Ik ds fo’k; esa dguk lw;Z dks nhid fn[kkuk gSA dkS'kY;k] lqfe=k] lqu;uk vkSj txnEck lhrk dk ifo= uke ysuk gh Ik;kZIr gSA------ekrk :Ik LoxZ dks Hkh ytkus okyk vkSj lektks)kj ds fy, ekuoh; vkn'kkZsa dks vuqizkf.kr djus okyk gSA------ekul dk izR;sd efgyk ik= vius O;fDrro esa iq#’k ik= ls Js’B gSA ,s'o;Zoku iq#’k tkfr dh vis{kkd`r ek/kq;Z iz/kku efgyk tkfr dk egkRE; gh fo”ks’k vfHkuanuh; Bgjrk gSA------ekul dk izR;sd efgyk ik= izk;% lkef;d lR;] f'ko ,oa lkSan;Z dk izrhd gSA L=h ik=ksa dh vk/;kfRedrk] lkekftd ,oa uSfrd Hkkouke;h dYiukrhr] yksdksRrj ,oa dykRed gSA------dSdsbZ] eaFkjk] ”kwiZ.k[kk ds pfj= Hkh iz'kaluh;] dykiw.kZ ,oa ;FkkFkZ gSA------;fn HkRlZuk] lq/kkj]m)kj ,oa HkykbZ dh n`f’V ls fuank Hkh dh xbZ gS rks og Hkyk;h gh gSA varr% efgyk ân;kRed ek/kq;Z dh l`f’V iw.kZrk] ifjiDork ,oa vf}rh;rk dh n`f’V ls rks ekul leLr vkf/kHkkSfrd] vkf/knSfod ,oa vk/;kfRed lkSan;Z ds Hkh ikj dk lkj ekywe gksrk gSA ekul dk vfua| efgyk pfj= fp=.k] Qjojh&1939 vk/kqfud le; esa tc efgyk l'kfDrdj.k dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA fujarj efgyk vf/kdkjksa dh ekax dh tk jgh gS vkSj tks vko”;d gSa iwjh Hkh dh tk jgh gSa D;ksafd fyax Hksn djuk fdlh Hkh lekt ds fy, fgrdj ugha gksrk gSA fQj Hkh lekt dgha foJa[ky u gks tk; blfy, ekul dh vkn'kZ ukfj;ksa dk vkn'kZ vkpj.k vkSj Hkh vuqdj.kh; ,oa izklafxd gks tkrk gSA D;ksafd uj vkSj ukjh nksuksa gh lekt :ih jFk ds nks ifg, gSa] ,sls esa fdlh ,d dh mis{kk djds nwljs dks egRoiw.kZ crkuk fodkl jFk dks u’V djuk gSA

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